Material Models LS-DYNA Theory Manual

Material Model 1: Elastic

In this elastic material we compute the co-rotational rate of the deviatoric Cauchy stress
tensor as
n+1
n + 12
sij∇ = 2Gεij′
2
(19.1.1)

and pressure

p n +1 = − K ln V n +1 (19.1.2)

where G and K are the elastic shear and bulk moduli, respectively, and V is the relative
volume, i.e., the ratio of the current volume to the initial volume.

Material Model 2: Orthotropic Elastic

The material law that relates second Piola-Kirchhoff stress S to the Green-St. Venant
strain E is

S = C ⋅ E = T t ClT ⋅ E (19.2.1)

where T is the transformation matrix [Cook 1974].

ª l12 m12 n12 l1m1 m1n1 n1l1 º

« 2 »
« l2 m22 n22 l2 m2 m2 n2 n2l2 »
« l32 m 2
n2
l3 m3 m3 n3 n3l3 »
T =« 3 3
» (19.2.2)
« 2l1l2 2m1m2 2n1n2 ( l1m2 + l1m1 ) ( m1n2 + m2 n1 ) ( n1l2 + n2l1 ) »
« 2l l
« 23
2m2 m3 2n2 n3 ( l2 m3 + l3m2 ) ( m2 n3 + m3n2 ) ( n2l3 + n3l2 ) »»
¬« 2l3l1 2m3 m1 2n3 n1 ( l3m1 + l1m3 ) ( m3n1 + m1n3 ) ( n3l1 + n1l3 ) »¼

li , mi , ni are the direction cosines

xi' = li x1 + mi x2 + ni x3 for i = 1, 2,3 (19.2.3)

and xi' denotes the material axes. The constitutive matrix Cl is defined in terms of the material
axes as

19.14
LS-DYNA Theory Manual Material Models

ª 1 υ 21 υ 31 º
« − − 0 0 0 »
« E11 E 22 E 33 »
« υ 12 1 υ 32 »
«− − 0 0 0 »
« E11 E 22 E 33 »
« »
« − υ 13 −
υ 23 1
0 0 0 »
« »
C l−1 = « E11 E 22 E 33
» (19.2.4)
« 1 »
« 0 0 0
G12
0 0 »
« »
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0
G23
0 »
« »
« 1 »
« 0 0 0 0 0
G31 »»¼
«¬

where the subscripts denote the material axes, i.e.,

υ i j = υ x′ x′
i j
and Eii = Exi′ (19.2.5)

Since Cl is symmetric
υ 12 υ 21
= , etc. (19.2.6)
E11 E 22

The vector of Green-St. Venant strain components is

E t = «¬ E11 , E22 , E33 , E12 , E23 , E31 , »¼ (19.2.7)

After computing Sij , we use Equation (18.32) to obtain the Cauchy stress. This model will
predict realistic behavior for finite displacement and rotations as long as the strains are small.

Material Model 3: Elastic Plastic with Kinematic Hardening

Isotropic, kinematic, or a combination of isotropic and kinematic hardening may be
obtained by varying a parameter, called β between 0 and 1. For β equal to 0 and 1,
respectively, kinematic and isotropic hardening are obtained as shown in Figure 19.3.1. Krieg
and Key [1976] formulated this model and the implementation is based on their paper.
In isotropic hardening, the center of the yield surface is fixed but the radius is a function
of the plastic strain. In kinematic hardening, the radius of the yield surface is fixed but the center
translates in the direction of the plastic strain. Thus the yield condition is

σ
2
1
φ = ξij ξij − y = 0 (19.3.1)
2 3

19.15