THE

DERIVATIVES
Differentiation
Process of determining the derivative of a function

Derivative
Calculus word for slope & Rate
 the limit of the ratio of the incremental change of
dependent variable to the incremental change of
independent variable as change of independent
variable approaches zero

𝒅𝒚 ∆𝒚
y’ = = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒅𝒙 ∆𝒙→𝟎 ∆𝒙
“Various symbols are used to represent
derivative of a function f”

y = f(x)

f’(x) y’ D f(x)x Dxy

𝑑𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of a constant function

𝑑
(c) =0
Example:
𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝟑
𝑑𝑥
(25) =0 𝑓 𝑥 =-100 𝒚=
𝟒
𝒅
𝒅𝒙
(5.460) =0
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝟎
𝒚′ = 0
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of Linear function

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑚
Example:

𝑓 𝑥 = 10𝑥 − 2 𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 5
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 10 − 0 𝑦′ = −2 + 0
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 10 𝑦’ = −2
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of a Power function

𝑑 𝑛
(𝑥 ) = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥
Example:
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥² (𝑥 −1 ) = −𝟏𝒙−𝟏−𝟏
𝑑𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2−1 = −𝒙−𝟐
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 1 𝟏
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 = − 𝟐
𝒙
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of Sum and Differences

Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of Sum and Differences

𝑓 𝑥 = −5𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 3𝑥 4 − 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 1
𝑑 2
𝑑 𝑑 4
𝑑 3
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = (−5𝑥 ) + (𝑥) 𝑦′ = (3𝑥 ) − (2𝑥 ) + (5𝑥) + (1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = (2)(−5)𝑥 2−1 + (1)𝑥 1−1 𝑦′ = 𝟏𝟐𝒙𝟑 − 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓 + 𝟎
𝑓′ 𝑥 = −10𝑥 1 + (1)𝑥 0
𝑓′ 𝑥 = −10𝑥 1 + (1)(1)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = −𝟏𝟎𝒙 + 𝟏
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of Sum and Differences

𝑓 𝑥 = 10𝑥 5 − 3𝑥
𝑑 5
𝑑
𝑓 𝑥 = 10𝑥 − (3𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 5 10 𝑥 5−1 − (1)3𝑥 1−1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝟓𝟎𝑥 4 − 𝟑
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of the Product

Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of the Product

f(x) = (x² + 4) (2x + 3)

𝑑 𝑑
f’(x) = (x² + 4) (2x + 3) + (2x + 3) (x² + 4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
f’(x) = (x² + 4) (2) + (2x + 3)(2x)
f’(x) = 2x² + 8 + 4x² + 6x
f’(x) = 6x² + 6x + 8
f’(x) = 2(3x² + 3x + 4)
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of the Quotient

Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Derivative of the Quotient

−5𝑥 2 +4 −30𝑥 2 +15𝑥 2 −12
f(x) = f’(x) =
3𝑥 9𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑
3𝑥 −5𝑥 2 +4 − −5𝑥 2 +4 3𝑥 −15𝑥 2 −12
f’(x) = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 f’(x) =
(3𝑥)² 9𝑥 2
3𝑥 −10𝑥+0 − −5𝑥 2 +4 3
f’(x) =
9𝑥 2
−30𝑥 2 − −15𝑥 2 +12
f’(x) =
9𝑥 2
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

Other Differentiation Formulas

𝑑𝑣
𝑑 𝑐 −𝑐
( ) = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
𝑑𝑢
𝑑
( 𝑢) = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢
Differentiation Formulas
Algebraic Functions:
u, v, w Differentiable functions
c, a, n constant

 Constant Multiple of a Function Rule

Differentiation Formulas
 Constant Multiple of a Function Rule

𝑦 = −5𝑥 2 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 −1
𝑑 2 𝑑 −1
𝑦′ = −5 (𝑥 ) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 4 (𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′ = −5(2𝑥 2−1 ) 𝑓′(𝑥) = 4 (−1𝑥 −1−1 )
𝑦′ = −𝟏𝟎𝒙 𝑓′(𝑥) = 4 (−𝑥 −2 )
𝑓′(𝑥) = −𝟒𝒙−𝟐
Differentiation Formulas
 Chain Rule

f(x) = (𝑥 2 − 8)3
f’(x) = 3 𝑥 2 − 8 3−1 (2𝑥)

f’(x) = 3(𝑥 2 − 8)2 (2𝑥)

f’(x) = 6x(𝑥 2 − 8)2
Differentiation Formulas
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
𝑥 100
b. f(x) = - 20 𝑥
a. f(x) = 10x - 2 25
1
𝑥 100
f’(x) = 10 f(x) = - 20(𝑥 2 )
25
1
100𝑥 100−1 1 −1
f’(x) = − ( )(20𝑥 2 )
25 2
1
−2
f’(x) = 4𝑥 99 − 10𝑥
10
f’(x) = 4𝑥 99 − 1
𝑥2
10
f’(x) = 4𝑥 99 −
𝑥
Differentiation Formulas
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

2 3 3
c. y = 𝑥 + 7 − 15𝑥
5 5 d. g(x) = (𝑥 − 5)( )
2
𝑥
2 −3 2 𝑑 3
y’ = 𝑥 5 − 9𝑥 −
5 g’(x) = 𝑥 − 52
+
5 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3 𝑑
2 9 ( ) (𝑥 2 − 5)
y’ = 3 − 2
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 5 𝑥5 −3 3
g’(x) = 𝑥 − 5
2
+( )(2𝑥)
𝑥² 𝑥
2 9
y’ = 5 −5 g’(x) =
−3𝑥²
+
15
+
6𝑥
5 𝑥3 𝑥2 𝑥² 𝑥² 𝑥
𝟏𝟓 𝟏𝟓
g’(x) = −𝟑 + +𝟔 g’(x) = 𝟑 +
𝒙2 𝒙²
Differentiation Formulas
SAMPLE PROBLEMS

e. y = 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 1
1
y = (2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 + 1) 2

1 1
y’ = ( ) 3
(2𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 1) −
2 (6𝑥 2 + 5)
2
6𝑥 2 +5
y’ = 1
2(2𝑥 3 +5𝑥+1)2

𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓
y’ =
𝟐 𝟐𝒙𝟑 +𝟓𝒙+𝟏