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SHORT ENGLISH REVIEW NOTES

Taken from Grade 11 text book

Analysing the text and adding some points

FIRST SEMESTER

GRADE 11 BY ABDURAMAN ABIBEKER USSO

POINTS TO BE EDITED

UNIT ONE

1, Self expression

1.2, conversations, different dialogues

Examples _ from OXFORD ONLINE ENGLISH

Formal and informal conversation

1.3,some commonly used abbreviations

1.4, nationalities

1.5, the African Union

1.6, active and passive sentences

1.1 B what can you do to improve your English language skills?

1.2 B the achievements of the African Union

1.3 B the present perfec

1.4 B the languages of meeting

UNIT TWO

2.1, Education

2.2 the Education system in Ethiopia

2.3 the education system in the past, present and the future

2.4 Comparison _ comparing schools

2.5 A letter to a friend

2.6 Conditional sentences

2.7 Barriers to learning

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2.8 Overcoming barriers to learning

2.9 word building - formation of :

- Verbs Nouns pronouns adjectives adverbs

2.1B Reported speech

2.2B why don't many girls go to schools?

2.3B Increase your word power - prefixes

UNIT THREE

3. Traditional and modern medicines

3.1 A traditional healer speaks

3.2 Traditional Versus modern medicines

3.3 medical treatment

3.4 Increase your word power: Using: MAKE and LET

3.5 Relative Clauses

3.6 one minute talk

3.7 writing an Essay

3.8 some Iliness and symptoms

3.9 killer diseases

3.1B talking about the past: Using USED TO and WOULD

3.2B Third conditional

3.3B focus on speaking about health

UNIT FOUR

4.1 what do you know about HIV/AIDS VIRUS

4.2 How HIV/AIDS transmitted and prevented

4.3

SECOND SEMESTER

GRADE 11 ENGLISH NOTES

Edited by Abduraman Abibeker Usso

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TALKING ABOUT FUTURE

* A, Using WILL and GOING TO

WILL- is used

1, To express facts, certainty or reality of something to happen.

Eg. Your test will be on 21st June.

A new books will be published by the educational comp. Next year

I am sure they will be married and live happily ever afterwards.

I am really tired now ; I will do these test questions later.

I will be fourty years by next year.

I will see you when/ if I _______back.

A, get B, will get C, would get D, got

2, To predict the future with WILL and GOING TO

a, WILL- TO express what we think/ believe will happen.

Eg. I will not finish all my homework tonight.

I think it will rain tomorrow.

I believe you will have the best marks at the end of this month.

This time next year I'll be in grade 12.

Global warming will have many serious impacts.

b, GOING TO - To express something that we have strong evidence for in the present.

Eg. Look at that black clouds. It is going to rain.

I can see you are going to have a baby.

As Metrologist predicts ,the current rain bearing system is going to remain across western and
central parts of the country for a few days.

- A : I hear that you are leaving school, Aren't you ? B: Yes , I'm going to get a job.

Oh no ! Look at that child . He is leaning right over the edge of the bridge. Oh dear ! He is going to
fail in the river.

3, To express plans or intentions with existing evidence.

Eg we are going to take exams next week. Means

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= The exam has been arranged for us to be given.

We are taking exams next week.

= The exam has already been arranged for us.

I am about to start writing an essay.

= It has been arranged to be written.

We are going to take exams next Tuesday.

= It has been arranged.

* plans or arrangements can also expressed with:

A, S. + V1 + definite time or mathematical fixed events.

Eg. She leaves London at 6 am. tomorrow. ( Time table).

* S. + be to + V1

Eg She is to marry him next June. Means

We are to take exams.

= it has already been arranged.

We are leaving London tomorrow. ( no time table).

a, WILL - TO make promises , willingness , refusing or agreement .

Eg. I will never be rude to you again.

They will clean up their room, they promise !.

I will do exactly as you say.

I will pay you a house rent next week.

I will do your assignment in this evening.

You will not leave here until the director comes.

- A : Please don't tell anyone about my new boy friend. B : Don't worry I will keep your secret.

b. WILL - also used to express spontaneous or sudden decisions at the moment of speaking.

Eg. Someone wait me out side. I will go now.

I'm really tired now. I will do my homework later.

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I can't hear the radio ; I'll turn it on.

The phone is ringing. I will answer it.

All your clothes are dirty ! Yeah , I will wash them.

It is late, I think I will go now.

C, GOING TO - is used to express something we have already decided to do.

Eg. If I were you , I wouldn't walk across that old bridge. It looks like it is going to collapse.

- A : Why are you wearing that old clothes ? B : I'm going to paint my studing room.

X : What are you going to do at the weekend ? Y : I am going to go to Sodare with Adam and
Amina .

- M : Why are you looking at that bridal dress? N : I'm going to buy it, we have honeymoon.

- X : Do you know what you are going to give father on his birthday? Y : I don't have any money so
I'm going to make a small cake.

- We are going to eat with Lense tonight. She has asked us to be there at 7 pm.

NB - We must use SHALL instead of WILL with I and We In questions to express permission Eg Shall
I come tomorrow ? - Shall We go with you ? -

- But Shall is rare today and :

- I will / Shall. We will / Shall. You will. He will. She will. They will. are used.

Tips to Remember

There are three important futures

1, Programmed ,Planned, or sure future

Subject + be going to + V1 + time expressions

Eg. I am going to do English assignment with my sister at the weekend. - She is going to make coffee
for us a little later b/c all preparations are done . - They are going to finish all the works early
tomorrow b/c they want to go at 8 pm . - We are going to go to Finfine to visit the new parks at our
coming vaccination.

2, Unprogrammed, Unplanned or Unsure future

Form:

S + unsure words. + will +V1

Possibly

Probably
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Perhaps

I believe

I think

I don't know

If / whether

May be

Eg. It is possible that it will rain later today.

I don't know that I will make another job or not.

He has never said what he will do when he finished college.

We will understand you whether you speak slowly.

Perhaps the teacher will give us a test soon.

May be the students will ask some questions.

It is possible that it will rain later today.

* 3, The immediate future using the present continuous tense, especially stating time, date or place
to talk future plans or arrangements with time expressions.

Eg, We are flying to Mexico at the next time.

- A : Are you going to college with us later.

B : No, I am staying at home to look after my younger brother.

She is playing tennis on Sunday morning.

* B, The future progress

* For action will begin sometime in future and is going to last for a length of time in the future.

The action to happen in future is on the part of future continuous tense, while the activities going
on at the time of speaking now is on the part of the present tense.

Next month

This time next week

At 2 o'clock tomorrow + S + Will be + ing

On Tuesday afternoon

At 3 on Monday
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At this time next Sunday

At 4:30 on Friday

This afternoon ...

Eg - At three thirty on Wednesday afternoon I'll be typing your assignment.

- You will be feeling tired after that long journey as I expected.

- At this time time tomorrow, you'll be learning in this class.

- I am sure you _____ a good time staying here with me this summer.

A, Will have C, will be having

B, should have D, have

Eg. When they come, we shall be waiting at gate door.

He will be lecturing at the University next month.

I'll be helping them this afternoon

at this time next week.

in March/ next year. ....etc.

By this time next year , I will be studying at Harbard University.

The teacher will be asking for the requirement needed one of these days.

* C,The future perfect

Mostly used interchangeably with simple future. The difference is that, the future perfect refers to
an action which will begin in the future and will be completed by some definite time of stated.

Form

S + Will/ Shall + have + V3 + O + with expressions like:

By this time next year

By the end of next month

In two weeks from now

+ By dinner time tomorrow

By new year's day

Before the beginning of.summer

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In the next future

Within a few hours

By june..........etc .

Examples

1, We will have finished all our assignments by the end of next June.

2, By Tuesday morning, I'll have completed typing the story.

3, She will have become an old woman by the time her husband gets out of prison.

4, within a few hours, I will have done the assignment.

5, By this time next year, you'll have been studying in Grade 12 .

* 4, FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

An action going on, but will be finished at sometimes in the future. Or An action will be continued
until some times in the future.

By today

By July 2025 + will have been. + V3 + for/ since....

By this Monday

By tomorrow

By 6 o'clock this summer

Eg - 1, This time next week, I _____all my exams.

A, am finished C, will finish

B, have finished D, will have finished

2, By the end of August , we _____ our placement in the University.

A, Will know C will have known

B, will have been known D, All

3, Guess how long you ______at school by the end of this year.

A, Will have been C, will be

B, have been D, had been

4, By the year 2025 , the cure for both HIV and Corona ______ .

A, was discovered C, will be discovered

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B, will have been discovered D, had been discovered

HOPES AND FEARS

About the future

* Hopes we'll have good rain this year

I hope that. + there'll be good rain this year

I'm optimistic.

I'm hoping for. Good rain this year

I'm optimistic about the rain this year

* FEARS

I am worried that

I'm afraid that

I'm concerned that + the rain will come late.

My worest is that

My fear is that

I doubt for. + the rain this year

I'm pessimistic about + the rain this year.

Pessimistic = lack of hope

WORD BUILDINGS

verbs can be made from base adjs.by adding - en , - is, - ify .

Eg . Adjs. Verbs .

short. shorten

modern modernises

* some spelling changes may occur

Adjs. Verbs. Adjs. Verbs. Adjs. Verbs

Eg. High heighten. flat. flatten. Popular. Popularise

simple. simplify. Legal. Legalise. Pure. Purifie

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broad broaden. Light. Lighten. Regular regularity

dark. darken. Long. Lengthen. Soft. Soften

deep. deepen. Loose. Loosen. Solid. Solidify

false. falsen. General generalise. Strong. Strengthen

Tight. Tighten. Weak. Weaken. Wide. Widden

Exercise page 186

Complete the following, adding verbs suffixes where necessary.

1, During the experiment, the _____ liquid _____and then hardened to a darken brown substance .
A, clear / solidified

2 , The main road in to the city is too _______and the city council is going to carried out 24 hours a
day, 7 days a week, which may not be _______with local residents.

A, narrow B , narrowed

3, If someone is feeling _______ and is likely to faint , lie them down on a ________ and loose any
clothing around their neck and give them some _______ water to drink.

A, weak / lie / cold

4, My muscles are too ______ , so I'm starting to do _______ exercise with weights , my aim is to
________ my stomach and strengthen my muscles all over.

A, soft / regular / flatten /

UNIT 8
The Water Cycle
Word Building

Recognising words with the same family can increase your word power !.

Verb. > adj. > noun. > adverb

Photograph. Photographic. Photographer photographically

atmosphere. atmospheric atmosphere atmospherically

breath. breathing. breather breathily

Connect. Connective. connection. connectively

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continue. Continual/ous. continuity continually

fortunate. fortunating. fortune. fortunately

realise. realizing realization/ity really

struggle. struggling. struggler. ..............

contain. contained. container. ................

Complete the ff. with correct form of words in the bracket. Make changes if possible.

1, The president made a _______visit to the scene of the accident. Students are _________
responsible for the payment of their fees.

A, Personal/ personally

2, I'm found of putting ________ milk in my tea. It is so hot in the kitchen that ________ is running
down the walls.

A,condensed/ condensation

3, You need to ______ very dry clothes before you iron them. Not a single drop of-______ was left
in the river during the drought.

A, moisten/ moisture

4, Plans should only fly in good ______ conditions . When I entered class room, the ________ was
not good. I quickly realised that someone was being pushed.

A, atmospheric/ atmosphere

5, There is a solitary trees in our garden. Sometimes I enjoy _________.

A, solitariness

6, The audience waited expecting for the concert to start . ________Mother's should stay calm and
rest as much as possible .

A, Expected B, Expecting C, Expect

Language Focus: Like and As

Like is a verb , but As is a connector. Both can be used to say something is similar, or the same
and have similar meaning.

Uses

Like + noun (pronoun ).

1, Like me , you are not good at sport .

2, My daughter is intelligent, like her mother .

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As + subject + verb

1, He doesn't want to like as he was brought .

2, I like your hair, as it is now.

3, As I promised, we have a test today.

# We can also use , As + noun , but it has different meaning : job, or function .

Eg. He works as a singer. ( he is a singer )

He works like a singer ( he isn't a singer, but he acts).

He behaves like a film actor. ( but he isn't)

NB The ff. Means similarly

1, It's raining again, It's been like this every day this week.

2, As we expected, the rains are early this year.

3, I want to be a doctor, like my mother.

4, The gov. did as they promised and built a new school.

# Look at the ff. Meaning.

1, My mother uses this room as an office .( function) or for the purpose of.

2, My bedroom is like an office with all my books and papers every where. ( similar to)

3, Some parts of the country, like the South East, receives a lot of rain. ( for example)

4, My father used to work as a nurse. (In the position of)

NB =Like + S. + v = is none standard .

Complete the ff. With Like and As

1, I want to join the army as an officer. ( job)

2, The garden looks _____ a jungle . We must tide it. ( like)

3, I usually wear light colours ____ white , pink or yellow. (like)

4, My eldest sister is _____ a boss at home. ( like)

5, ____ the oldest child, she has a lots of responsibility. ( job)

6, Your idea is good, I'll do ____ you suggest. ( as )

7, Mimi came first in the test , _____ we all know she would. ( as )
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8, ____ you know, term finishes in three weeks. (As)

9, When water evaporates, it rises in the air ___ water vapour. ( as) function

Complete the ff . Page 205 _

A, A few days ago I woke up in the morning ____ usual. ( as )

B, The only trouble with this news , ____ with all news , is that by the time it reaches me , it has
already reached half the town. (as)

C. I saw third floor bearing down ____ an angry buffalo. ( like )

D, we closed _____ a couple of old tanker . ( as )

LANGUAGE FOCUS

1, ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are words that modify nouns or pronouns.

They can be used before nouns. They can also be used after certain verbs; They are linking verbs
( verbs which refers back to the subject) .

Examples

become, seem, remain, appear, stay, look, grow, be, ends up,......etc. .

EG. Subject > Linking verbs > Adjectives

He becomes, grows a famous !

She remain, look

They appear, stay rich .

. seem, ended up. Successful .

. be is, am ,are.....

Adjectives can also be used after verbs of feeling and appearance .

Subject. > verbs > Adjectives

She. locked. beautiful

The ugali tasted delicious

You smelt horrible ......

# After most verbs, though, you use adverbs , not adjectives.

Subject > verbs. >;adverbs

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The children. ate quickly

Her clothes. fit beautifully.

She speaks well .

2, ADVERBS

# Adverbs modify verbs , adj. , or other adverbs , but they tell more about verbs . Mostly they
appear after the verbs . Most adverbs ends in - ly . D/t kinds of adverbs go in d/t positions. Some
adverbs can be both adj. and adv . Eg. Friendly, fast...... .

A, When adv. modify verbs. Examples

- Tola runs fast. - Halima speaks fluently.

- Chala writes nearly. - The bear eats greedily.

- I was very thirsty, so I need water .

B. When modify adjs.

- Nature is really amazing. - This book is unbelievably interesting. - The coffee is extremely hot so
be careful ! . - You look absolutely fabulous ! .

C, When it modifies other adverbs.

- She worked very quickly. - My computer is running very fast. After updating the system.

- The Meteorologists are almost always right in predicting the weather. -

Complete the following with the missing .

Adjectives > Verbs. Adjectives > adverbs

Children childishly. Probable Probably

Easy. easily. hopeful hopefully

Good well crowdily. Crowdily

Fast. fast. early. early

angry. angrily. late. lately

slow slowly

Eg . - The news was absolutely astonishing.

- I was extremely surprised by the news.

Page 210

Complete the ff. With adjective in bracket, using the adverbial form where necessary.
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A , The ____ cowards welcomed the competators in to the stadium with cheers and whistle.
friendly

B,The policeman ____ shouted at the boy who was playing a ball by the roadside in rush hours.
angrily

C, The teacher looked so ____ that the students decided to be on their best behaviours .angry

D, Juma played very ____ and lost the game. badly

E, The weather was so ____ we postponed the picnic. bad

F, The ahlet run ___ and beat the other competators. fast

G, The strike kicked the ball so ____ that it landed outside the stadium. hard

> # The comparative form, adverbs behave in a similar way to adjectives.

1, Aberash sings _____ . beautifully . Adv.

2, She sings more ____ than her husband. beautifully . Comp. Adv .

3, She sings the most _____ of anyone I know. beautifully . Sup. Adv .

4, Her guitar playing is as ____ as her singing. beautiful . Adv

5, Our new pump works more ___than the old one. efficiently . Com . Adv

1, Aberash's singing is ___ . Beautiful ( adj.)

2, It is more ____ than her husband. Beautiful ( comp.adj.)

3, It is the most ____ singing I have ever heard. Beautiful ( supr. Adj. )

4, Her guitar playing is as____ as her singing. Beautiful ( adj ).

# Complete the ff. With words in brackets , make any necessary changes if possible.

1, Nujuma studies harder than anyone else in the classroom. I think she is the hardest working
student in the school.

2,Our new pump works more effectively than the old one.

3, My younger brother behaves far worse than I did at his age.

4, I can't speak Swedish as fluent as I should after living in London for several years.

5, This afternoon the Ethiopian team played better than they normally do.

6, Generally dogs live longer than cats.

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- WISH

A, If only / I wish + S + V2 ( were or to be )

= express present or future wishes.

Examples

1, I wish I were good at maths. ( but I'm not good at it. )

= But for the fact that I am not good at maths, I would be an

accountant.

= If Only I were good at maths . ( but I am not good at maths).

2, I wish I could be a doctor. ( but I can't become a doctor. )

= If Only I could be a doctor.

= But for the fact that I am not a doctor, I would be working in a

hostel.

3, I wish I knew how to use computer.

= If Only I could use computer.

= But for the fact that I can't use computer , I would do editing.

Page 214

Make sentences indicating the same meaning with the original.

1,It's raining, so we can't go to the match.

= I wish it weren't raining so we could go to the match.

2, It is a pity there is no secondary school in the village.

= I wish there was/were a secondary school in the village

3, I didn't go to your party.

= I wish I had gone to your party.

4, I can't watch TV b/c I have got too much homework to do.

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= I wish I wouldn't have too much homework.

5, we don't see each other very often b/c you don't live near my house.

= I wish you lived near my house so we could see each other.

6, We don't have enough time to prepare for the exam

= I wish we had enough time to prepare for the exam.

NB = Don't confuse Hopes with wishes.

# Hopes are possibilities, while most wishes are impossibilities.

EXAMPLES

I hope I become a doctor. = It may be difficult, but you may do it.

I wish I could be a doctor. = But I can't become a doctor, or it is not

possible for me to do a doctorate degree.

B, If only / I wish + S + had + V3 = express regrets or unfulfilled

wishes in the past.

EXAMPLES

1, I Wish I had studied harder for the test. But I didn't study harder,
so I failed.

= If only I had studied harder for the test , ( I didn't study, so I

failed )

= But for the fact that I didn't study, I wouldn't have failed.)
2, I wish I had gone to your party. But I didn't get a time to go to your party.

= If only I had gone to your party. But I didn't go to your party.

= But for the fact that I didn't get a time, I would have gone to your party.

3, I wish I had been borned in another country. But I was born in this country.

= If only I had been borned in another country. But I was born in this country.
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= But for the fact that I hadn't been borned in another country, I wouldn't have been an Ethiopian.

UNIT 9
DISABILITY
> Disability is a permanent illness or injury that makes it difficult to someone to do
ordinary jobs such as seeing, walking ,hearing....... etc.

Disability is someone who cannot use a part of their body properly. # Disability is not obstacle to
success . Persons who are succeeded though they are disabled.

Eg. Mabhana in Zimbabwe. Hellen keeler in USA , Nicolas Viach ...

Some examples of disability are :

A, physical disability : paralysis is loses of body movement. Eg. Amputation - arms or legs cut off.

B, Sensory disability : deafness - inability to hear ( hearing impairment). Eg. Blindness inability to
see .

C, Mental disability : Intellectual disability - incomplete mental development and abnormaly low
intelligence .

# Dyslexia - difficulty to read and spell.

# Autism - disability to communicate properly or form relationships.

# Schizophrenia - a series illness when someone thinks that imaginary events, conversations, and
ideas are really happening true. It is a psychological disease.A Psychotic disorder characterized by
lose of contact with environment.

# Depression - feeling of sadness and anxiety and unable to live normal life.

NB > When referring to perons of mental disability, It is no longer acceptable in to use words like "
mad " and " stupid ".

> Complete the ff. With a suitable words.

1, John is blind since birth he has been unable to see anything at all.
2, Rosa is a deaf ( hearing impaired)she can only hear you if you sit very close to her.

3, There are many( amputees )disabilities in countries where a lot of landmines where left behind
after conflicts .

4, Austetic children often seem lonely, but they can be loving to people they know well .
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5, It is important to support those who are mentally disabled ( learning disabilities ) and not to
laugh at them or call them " stupid ".

6, A spinal injury left my cousin paralysed both legs and unable to walk.

VERBS and VERB PATTERNS

A, Verbs followed by - ING form.

Meaning Verbs

1, like/ dislike/

- dislike, hate enjoy, love, denay, allow , adore, avoid ,

2, ideas or opinions

imagine recommend , suggest, admit, mind, mention, pardon, risk , miss

3, actions or activities

- Continue ,keep , involve,practice, consider

4, After phrasal verbs like

Can't stop , don't mind , give up , keep on ,post pone ,put off ,good at , look
forward to....

Eg. - Do you mind waiting for me there ?

- Would you mind if you don't smoke in here ?

- some of you missed attending English class.

- Do you like walking in the evening?

B, Some Verbs followed by to infinitive

Meaning

1, future plans or arrangements

- expect , hope, plan, arrange, promise, offer, refuse

2, Mental activities or states

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- decide , agree , Choose, want, learn, need, remember, forget

3, appearance

- appear , tend , pretend

4, other verbs

- ask , afford , offer , try , deserve , fail

Eg. She can't afford to stay late.

C, Some Verbs followed by either to + infinitive , or - ING form.

1, with no meaning difference

- begin , continue , intend , start , like , hate , prefer

Eg. It begins raining . Or It begins to rain .

- I hate talking to Nanny, she is like mad .

- I hate talking to Nanny.

2, with difference in meaning - to + v1 = for something you should do .

- stop , remember , regret , try ,forget,

Eg. I stopped to eat my lunch = I stopped what I was doing in order to do

something else

- I stopped eating my lunch = I stopped this activity.

- I never forget to meet you .

- I never forget meeting you .

D, Some Verbs followed by an object and then by infinitive of other verbs.

1, with to infinitive [full infinitives].

- S + verb + O + to infinitives .

- ask, beg , encourage, Expect, allow, want , force , invite, order, persuade,
advice, permit, recommend, remind, teach, tell, warn, would like
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Eg. She reminds me to revise the lesson [right] , or She reminds me revise the
lesson . [wrong]

They advised us to study very hard [ right], but - They advised us study very
hard [ wrong] .

2, with verb + object + V1 bare [ without to ].

- Let, make & modal auxiliary verbs.

Eg. Let her stay there. - They made me go.

Farmers should make their farm land give available crops.

NB - HELP is followed by infinitive with or without to .

Eg. I help students to do well. Or I help students do well.

- Chaltu usually helps her mother to sell the shop .

- Chaltu usually helps her mother sell the shop

Eg. Fertiliser helps farmers to grow more.

# Complete the ff.

1, Do you mind closing windows.

2, It's okay, I don't mind you closing closing the windows.

3, Where is Joe? He promised to be here early .

4, I hope to be a doctor one day.

5, Please don't forget to thank your mother for the wonderful dinner.

6, Our teacher is trying to make

us read more outside class.

7, I want to go home now.

8, My father has persuaded me to join a sport club.

9. Do your parents let you stay late at weekends?

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# Complete the ff.

1, a, please don't stop sweeping the floor is still dirty. Sweeping

b, On the way home we stopped to look at sunset. look !

2, I like drinking water in the morning. drink

3, I like listening to the guitar. listen

4. I remember remember to see this film before.

5, Please remember seeing the door when you leave. lock

# Complete

1, I hope to go to University when I finish Grade 12 .

2, I like resting when I get home from school.

3, I don't enjoy smoking.

4, I stopped chewing chat when I started secondary school.

LANGUAGE FOCUS page 227

ABILITY past , present and future.

# Can/Could - express ability, permission, request, giving and

refusing permission, possibly and probability.

A, Can / be[is, am ,are] able to - for present ability.

- describe natural and learnt ability.

Eg . Messy is a strong player ; he is able to/can score goals even when he is at the back
wing side of the goal.

- She is crippled, she can't/isn't able to run competition with healthy persons.

- Turn can / is able to carry 200kgs of load because he is really weight lifters.

#, Can - not be able to - with verbs of perception [ see , hear, smell, taste, touch , feel ,
understand, remember...]

Eg. She can see tiny objects with her necked eyes. [not isn't able to ]

- I can't hear you when you're at some distance. [ not isn't able to]

B, Can - also express - what we are deciding now to do in the future .

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Eg. I can help you next Monday for an hour. [not be able to]

- We can discuss on the issue on Sunday's night next week.

- # will be able to - express something that will be possible to happen in the future .

Eg. One day, we will be able to live without war.

- I think I will be able to solve my today's problem one day.

- That child is very active , with this condition he will be able to speak three languages after
some months .

- I will be able to pass my driving test after I've had a few lessons .

C, Could / was / were able to - are used for past general ability .

Eg. They couldn't/weren't able to write when were in grade 4 .

- Nyala played very well , but It couldn't / wasn't able to win any other teams in the
competition.

- Sofia could/was able to write and speak about people's right when he was five.

# To describe particular specific occasions of past ability .

Managed to / was/ were able to + V1

Successed in + ing verb. , but not Could

Eg. After six hours , we succeeded in / managed in / getting to the top of the mountain .

- After six hours , we were able to get to the top of the mountain

- At her first try, she managed to pass her driving test .

- Last weekend I stayed at home and I was able to finish writing my essay .

- It was difficult , but we were able to pass the river.

# We use Could / - not was / or were able to - with verbs of perception [ see, hear, smell,
taste, touch, feel, understand, remember...]

In the past ability .

Eg . I entered the house and looked here and there , but I _____ see anything at all .

A, couldn't B, wasn't able to C, A&B D, A only

- She _____ smell any bad and good odur because she has an olfactory nerve disorder . A,
couldn't B, wasn't able to C, was able to D, none
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# NB - 1, We use can / be [ is, am, are ,] able to - for present ability, can - is
usual; be able to - is formal .

- I can / am able to run a marathon.

- She can / is able to speak five languages.

2, Can / can't - not - be able to - with verbs of perception in present ability .

- what can / you see at this window ?

- I can / not am able to hear you everything you say at your home.

3, We use can - when we are deciding now what to do in the future .

- I can / not am able to give you a test next Monday in one period.

- We can / not are able to solve maths problems on Saturday night next week.

4, We use will be able to - to express something that will be possible in the

future .

- These children are very active , they will be able to use technological resources
and change the world in the future.

- Don't forget , Our country will be able to sustain peace and development
one day.

- I won't be able to finish my homework before tomorrow morning.

5, We use Could/ Couldn't/ [ was / wasn't /weren't / weren't able to ]- for

past general ability .

- I couldn't/ wasn't able to run the Abebe Bikila marathon last year.

- Daniel couldn't/ wasn't able to write when he was in grade four.

6, To express particular specific ability in the past we use .

- Managed in / succeeded in + ing or was/ were able to + V1

- There was fire last night in our block, but everyone was able to escape from
the building.
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- I managed to [have been able to ] type without looking at the keyboard

since I did a typing course.

# The negatives are :

didn't manage in / didn't succeed in + ing .

- I succeeded in using my study programmes properly and it helped me to

score 6As in those 10 months.

- When the guns fired Last month , we were able to hide from the incident
and no one hurt .

7, We use Could - not was/were able to with verbs of perception in past

ability .

- It was wonderful ! I could [ not was able to] hear people cheering me all the way round.
- The people in the next room were talking loudly and we could [ not were able to] hear
everything they said.

8, Can/ will be able to - is also used to express future ability.

Eg. I hope I can / will be able to do it in a faster time next year .

* Complete the ff. Using : can, could , able to, or was, were able to .

A, Can / able to are mostly used interchangeably .

B, Can is probably used more than be able to .

C, Can can't be used after to , or after modals i.e must , should . So we have to use be able
to in these contexts.

D, Sometimes Could is the past of can.

E, we can only use Could/ for general ability , not to express what happened at a particular
specific moment in the past . In this context we have to use was / were able to .

F, However, Could is possible in any situation in the past . We use With sense or
perception verbs such as see, hear, smell, taste, touch, feel, understand, remember, forget
.

# choose the best answer.

1, When my brother was a child he _____ turn upside down and walk on his hands.
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A, could B, was able to C , were able to D, A & B

2, What ____ you see from the window ?

A, Can B, are able to C, were able to

3, I won't ____ finish my homework before tomorrow morning .

A, be able to B, Can C, none

4, I ____ type without looking at the keyboard since I did a typing course .

A, have been able to B, will be able to C, Can

5, There was a fire last night in our block , but everyone ____ escape from the building.
A, was able to B, could

6, I used to ____ speak a little Oromo , but since we moved to Addis, I ____ .

A, be able to / can't B, Can / Could

7, I'm tired today as I ____ sleep last night.

A, couldn't B, am able to

8, Last weekend, I stayed at home and I ____ finish my essay.

A, was able to B, am able to

9, The people in the next room were talking loudly and we ____ hear everything they said.
A, could B, are able to C, were able to

- I expect [ think] that at your currcurrent age I couldn't have any responsibility .

- I think at 6 years of my age , I couldn't go to school alone , I couldn't use my personal care
.
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