Kuliah 6.

Cell,
Chromosome and Genetis Materials

Dwi Suryanto
Program Studi Biologi
Universitas Sumatera Utara
dwisuryanto@usu.ac.id
Untuk kalangan sendiri dan diambil dari banyak sumber WA: 082165131177
Tiada yang tak berubah….
 The Cells
• Sel adalah unit terkecil kehidupan, karenanya setiap organisme terdiri dari sel.
• Virus bukanlah sel, sehingga virus bukanlah organisme
• Sel dibatasi oleh membran selektif permeabel fosfolipid bilayer.
• Berdasarkan ada tidaknya inti sejati sel dibagi menjadi 2: sel prokaryota (sel
tanpa membran inti dan organela) dan eukaryota (sel dengan membran inti dan
organela).

Procaryotic cell Eukaryotic cell

Procaryotes,
• A prokaryotic cell is a type of cell that does not have a
true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
• Organisms within the domains Bacteria and Archaea are
based on the prokaryotic cell, while all other forms of life
are eukaryotic.
• The usual method of prokaryote cell division is
termed binary fission.
• The prokaryotic chromosome is a single DNA molecule that
first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part
of the cell membrane.
• When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicate and
original chromosomes are separated
Cell Division in Prokaryotes:
• DNA Replication. Just
before the cell divides,
its DNA is copied in a
process called DNA
replication.
• Chromosome
Segregation. The two
chromosomes
segregate, or separate,
and move to opposite
ends (known as "poles")
of the cell.
• Daughter cell
separation.
The Eucaryotes,
• Eukaryote refers to any of the single-celled or multicellular
organisms whose cell contains a distinct, membrane-
bound nucleus.
• It has mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and chloroplast in
plants
• It also contains locomotory organs such as cilia and
flagella.
• Organisms whose bodies are made up of eukaryotic cells,
such as protists, fungi, plants and animals.
Cell Division in Eukaryotes:
• Mengalami pembelahan
mitosis pada sel tubuh
dan meiosis sewaktu
gametogenesis
• Pembelahan mitosis
menghasilkan jumlah
kromosom yang sama
dengan jumlah kromosom
sel induk 2 n).
• Pada pembelahan meiosis
II dihasilkan sel anak
dengan jumlah kromosom
separuh dari sel induk (n)
 Genome
• The genome is the entire set of DNA instructions found in a
cell. In humans, the genome consists of 23 pairs of
chromosomes located in the cell's nucleus, as well as a small
chromosome in the cell's mitochondria. A genome contains all
the information needed for an individual to develop and
function. The nuclear genome includes protein-coding genes
and non-coding genes, the other functional regions of the
genome, and any junk DNA if it is present.
Genome
 Chromosomes
The Eucaryotes,
• The German scientists Schleiden,
Virchow and Bütschli were among the first scientists who
recognized the structures now familiar as chromosomes.
• In a series of experiments beginning in the mid-
1880s, Theodor Boveri gave definitive contributions to
elucidating that chromosomes are the vectors of heredity,
with two notions that became known as chromosome
continuity’ and ‘chromosome individuality.
• A chromosome is a
long DNA molecule with part or all of
the genetic material of an organism.
• Most eukaryotic chromosomes
include packaging proteins
called histones which, aided
by chaperone proteins, bind to
and condense the DNA molecule to
maintain its integrity.
• These chromosomes display a
complex three-dimensional
structure, which plays a significant
role in transcriptional regulation.
Histone
• Chromosomes are normally visible under a light microscope only
during the metaphase of cell division (where all chromosomes are
aligned in the center of the cell in their condensed form).
 Human karyotypes

Normal chromosome Down syndrome Klinefelter

(trisomy 21) (kelebihan X kromosom)
At the gene level, chimps and people
are over 98% the same. Chimps and
humans have a different number of
chromosomes, but because they are so
similar they probably have about the
same number of genes. In fact, a close
look at chimp and human
chromosomes shows that one of the
human chromosomes is really made up
of 2 of the chimp chromosomes.
The Procaryote,
• The prokaryotes – bacteria and archaea – typically have a
single circular chromosome, but many variations exist.
• The chromosomes of most bacteria, which some authors
prefer to call genophores.
• Prokaryotes do not possess nuclei. Instead, their DNA is
organized into a structure called the nucleoid.
• The nucleoid is a distinct structure and occupies a defined
region of the bacterial cell.
• This structure is, however, dynamic and is maintained and
remodeled by the actions of a range of histone-like
proteins, which associate with the bacterial chromosome.
• In archaea, the DNA in chromosomes is even more organized,
with the DNA packaged within structures similar to eukaryotic
nucleosomes.
• Certain bacteria also contain plasmids or
other extrachromosomal DNA.
• These are circular structures in the cytoplasm that contain
cellular DNA and play a role in horizontal gene transfer.
• In prokaryotes (see nucleoids) and viruses, the DNA is often
densely packed and organized; in the case of archaea, by
homology to eukaryotic histones, and in the case of bacteria,
by histone-like proteins.
• Bacterial chromosomes tend to be tethered to the plasma
membrane of the bacteria.
• Prokaryotic chromosomes and plasmids are, like eukaryotic
DNA, generally supercoiled.
E. coli chromosome Eucaryote chromosome
Jumlah kromosom pada beberapa jenis sel
Jumlah kromosom pada beberapa organisme
Chromosome size of some organisms
 Asam Nukleat
Nukleotida,
The building block dari suatu asam nukleat, terdiri atas 3 senyawa: gula
berkarbon lima berikatan kovalen dengan basa nitrogen dan gugus fosfat.
Asam nukleat,
• Suatu polimer (polinukleotida) terdiri dari monomer
nukleotida; bertindak sebagai cetak biru (blueprint)
pembuatan protein.
• Nucleic acids are naturally occurring chemical compounds
that serve as the primary information-carrying molecules
in cells.
• Ada 2 jenis asam nukleat: DNA and RNA.
DNA,
• Terdiri atas 2 rantai (utas) polinukleotida.
• Kedua rantai (utas) memiliki arah berlawanan satu sama
lain dan menjadi satu oleh ikatan hidrogen.
• Pembawa sifat pada organisme hidup
• Mempunyai basa nirogen: adenin, timin, sitosin, dan guanin.
• Karena ukuran, bentuk, dan susunan gugus polar, basa
DNA membentuk pasangan komplementasi.
• Adenin berpasangan dengan timin, sitosin berpasangan
dengan guanin.
RNA
• Terdiri atas
rantai
polinukleotida
tunggal.
• Pembawa sifat
pada beberapa
virus
• Mempunyai
basa nirogen:
adenin, urasil,
sitosin, dan
guanin.
1 HELIX = 10 BASE (34 A0)
1 BASE DISTANCE = 3.4 A0 DNA structure
 Beberapa Sifat DNA (atau RNA)
1. Bermuatan negatif karena ada fosfat pada tulang
punggungnya.
2. Ikatan hidrogen antar basa dapat dirusak oleh panas
(100O C) atau alkalin.
3. Ikatan fosfodiester dapat dipotong dengan nuklease
(restriction endonuclease, exonuclease).
4. Arah polimerisasi dari 5’ ---> 3’
https://www.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/ask69
 Diskusi
“ Jika engkau punya satu apel dan aku punya satu apel lalu kita
pertukarkan maka kita masing-masing hanya punya satu apel, jika
engkau punya satu ide dan aku punya satu ide lalu kita pertukarkan
maka kita masing-masing punya dua ide” (George B. Shaw)
Terima Kasih