ABARRACOSO - Week 1 Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology With Pathophysiology

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE
Gov. D. Mangubat St., Brgy. Burol Main, City of Dasmariñas, Cavite 4114, Philippines
Tel. Nos. (046) 416-4341-42 www.eac.edu.ph
ISO 9001:2015 CERTIFIED
SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
COLLABORATIVE MODULE FOR OUTCOMES-BASED AND FLEXIBLE LEARNING IN (Human

Anatomy and Physiology with Pathophysiology)
Student:_ABARRACOSO,FLORA MAY A._____________________
Student Number: _20-1-03777________ Name of Professor:_Prof. Leila _____________
Year Level/Section: 1st/ Nurs 1-6_ Schedule: _9-11 am-Thursday________ Week No: 1
Duration: 1 week Lesson No: 1 No of Hours: 3
LESSON/TOPIC: Introduction to the Human Body

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Define anatomy, physiology and their subspecialties
2. Discuss the levels of structural organization that make up the human body
3. Describe the functions that humans must perform to maintain life
4. Explain the importance of homeostasis and feedback mechanisms
Content/Concepts
CONTENT STANDARD/TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLA)

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
https://youtu.be/6_BKeoFXOdo
A. Definition
Anatomy: The science of body structures and the relationships among them
Example: heart, blood vessels, and lungs
• Derived from the Greek words meaning to cut (tomy)apart (ana)
• The study of the structure & parts of the body & the relationship of its constituent parts to each
other.
• Before: Dissection (cutting apart of body structures to study their relationships)
1. Surface Anatomy – study of the form

(morphology) & markings of the surface of the body
through non-invasive procedures:
Surface Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

https://youtu.be/WxubJrJAyyo
• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

Visualization
Palpation – examiner feels body surface with the use of the hands.
Auscultation –
examiners listens to body sounds to evaluate the
functioning of certain organs after using a stethoscope to
amplify the sound
Percussion – examiner taps of the body surface with the

fingertips & listens to the resulting sound.
2. Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy – study of the

structures that can be examined without using a
microscope.
3. Systematic/
Systemic
Anatomy – study of the specific systems of the
body.

4. Regional Anatomy – study of the specific region of the body:

Head
Neck
Trunk
Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvic
Upper limbs/Upper Extremities (UE)
Lower limbs/Lower Extremities (LE)
5. Radiographic Anatomy - study of the structure of the body that includes the use
of X-rays.
6. Embryology - study of the development from the fertilized egg through the 8 th week in the
utero
7. Developmental Anatomy - study of the development from the fertilized egg to the adult form.
8. Histology - microscopic study of the structure of the tissue
9. Cytology - microscopic & chemical study of the structures of the cell.
10. Pathologic Anatomy - structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with
disease.
B. Physiology
- Physio (nature); ology (the study of)
- Scientific study that deals with the processes & functions of living things
- Explains the physical & chemical factors that are responsible for the origin, development, &
progression of life.
Subdiscipline of Physiology
1. Cell Physiology - study of the functions of the cells
2. Pathophysiology - study of the functional changes associated with disease & aging
3. Exercise Physiology - study of the changes in cell & organ functions during muscular activity
4. Neurophysiology - study of the functional characteristics of nerve cells
5. Endocrinology - study of the hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) & how they control body
functions
6. Cardiovascular Physiology - study of the functions of the blood, heart, & blood vessels
7. Immunology - study of body defense mechanisms
8. Respiratory Physiology - study of functions of the air passageways & lungs
9. Renal Physiology - study of the functions of the kidneys
C. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS

1. Chemical Level
- The chemical level involves interactions between atoms, which are tiny building blocks of
matter.
- Atoms can combine to form molecules, such as water, sugar, fats, and proteins.
- The function of a molecule is related intimately to its structure.
- For example, collagen molecules are ropelike protein fibers that give skin structural
strength and flexibility.
- With old age, the structure of collagen changes, and the skin becomes fragile and is torn more
easily.
2. Cellular Level
- Cells – basic structural & functional units of all living things; made up of organelles
- Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, which make up cells.
- Cells are the basic structural and functional units of organisms, such as plants and
animals. Molecules can combine to form organelles, which are the small structures that make
up cells.

- For example, the nucleus contains the cell’s hereditary information, and mitochondria
manufacture adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a molecule used by cells for a
source of energy.
- Although cell types differ in their structure and function, they have many characteristics in
common. Knowledge of these characteristics and their variations is essential to a basic
understanding of anatomy and physiology
3. Tissue Level
- Tissues – group of cells & the materials surrounding them)
Four Basic types of tissues:
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Muscle tissue
• Nervous tissue
- Similar cells and surrounding materials

make up tissues.
- A tissue is a group of similar cells and the
materials surrounding them. The
characteristics of the cells and
surrounding materials determine the
functions of the tissue.
- The numerous different tissues that make
up the body are classified into four basic
types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and
nervous.
4. Organ Level
- structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue; have specific
functions & have recognizable shapes
- Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder.
- An organ is composed of two or more tissue types that perform one or more common
functions.
- The urinary bladder, heart, skin, and eye are examples of organs.
5. System Level/Organ System Level
(Systems –consists of several related organs that have common functions)
- Sometimes an organ is part of more than one system (hypothalamus is part of nervous and
endocrine system)
- Organs such as the urinary bladder and kidneys make up an organ system.
- An organ system is a group of organs that have a common function or set of functions and are
therefore viewed as a unit.
- For example, the urinary system consists of the kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and
urethra. The kidneys produce urine, which is transported by the ureters to the urinary
bladder, where it is stored until eliminated from the body by passing through the urethra.
6. Organism Level
- Organism – represents the highest level of structural organizations; composed of 11
systems)
- Organ systems make up an organism

- An organism is any living thing considered as a whole—whether composed of one cell, such
as a bacterium, or of trillions of cells, such as a human.
- The human organism is a complex of organ systems, all mutually dependent on one
another.
Organ Systems of the body:

 Integumentary System
 Skeletal System
 Muscular System
 Circulatory System
 Cardiovascular System
 Lymphatic System/Immune System
 Respiratory System/Pulmonary System
 Digestive System
 Nervous System – Fast Acting Control System of the Body
 Endocrine System – Slow Acting Control System of the Body
 Urinary System
 Reproductive System
D. SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
1. Integumentary System
- Provides protection, regulates temperature, reduces water loss, and produces vitamin D
precursors.
- Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
2. Skeletal System
- Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores
minerals and fat.
- Consists of bones, associated cartilages, ligaments, and joints
3. Muscular System
- Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat
- Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.
4. Lymphatic System
- Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue
fluid balance, and transports fats from the digestive tract.
- Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs
5. Respiratory System
- Exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH.
- Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.
6. Digestive System
- Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and
elimination of wastes.
- Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.
7. Nervous System

- A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiologic
processes, and intellectual functions.
- Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.
8. Endocrine System
- A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other
functions.
- Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.
9. Cardiovascular System
- Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays
a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature.
- Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
10. Urinary System

- Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water
balance.
11. Reproductive System
- Produces hormones that influence sexual functions and behaviors.
E. ORIENTATION CONCEPTS AND POINT OF REFERENCE

Anatomical Terms
https://youtu.be/kvHWnJwBkmo
1. Standing Positions
Fundamental
- standing erect, feet slightly separated and parallel, arms hanging easily at sides and, palms
facing the body
Anatomical
- standing erect, feet slightly separated and parallel, elbows fully extended and, palms facing
forward
The Anatomical Position

- The position of the body can affect the description of the body parts relative to each other.
- To avoid confusion: relational descriptions are always based on the anatomical position, no
matter the actual position of the body
- Includes: The person is standing erect with feet flat on the floor
Upper limbs hanging at the sides
Face & palms of the hands are directed forward
Two terms to describe a reclining body

1. Supine – lying face upward
2. Prone – lying face downward
F. CARDINAL PLANES
Plane
- area in which movement takes place
- A plane is a flat surface—real or imaginary—upon which a straight line can join any two points
on the plane.
Axis
- imaginary line about which movement occurs

a. Sagittal Planes
- sometimes referred to as mid
- sagittal or YZ plane divides the body into left and right parts movement occurs
around the X axis (transverse or lateral or horizontal axis)
b. Frontal Planes
- coronal or XY plane is parallel to the frontal
bone divides the body to front and back parts
movements occur around the Z axis (sagittal /
anteroposterior)
c. Horizontal or Transverse Plane
- transverse or XZ plane divides the body into upper
and lower parts movements occur around the Y
axis (vertical axis)
d. Oblique Plane
- passes through the body or an organ at an
angle between the transverse plane & either
sagittal or frontal plane.
G. DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGIES
1. Superior/Cranial/Cephalic
- Superior means above, toward the head end or
upper part of a structure or the body
- The elbow is superior (above) to the hand.
2. Inferior /Caudal
- Means below
- away from the head end or toward the lower part of
a structure or the body.
- The foot is inferior (below) to the knee.
3. Anterior and Posterior
- Anterior means toward the front (chest side) of the body, posterior means toward the back
4. Medial and Lateral
- Medial means toward the midline of the body, lateral means away from the midline. Ipsilateral
means on the same side—the left arm is ipsilateral (on the same side) to the left leg.
5. Proximal and Distal
- Proximal means closest to the point of origin or trunk of the body, distal means farthest away.
- Proximal and distal are often used when describing arms and legs. If you were describing the
shin bone, the proximal end would be the end close to the knee and the distal end would be
the end close to the foot.
- In the fingers of the hand, a proximal joint is closest to the wrist and a distal joint is farthest
from the wrist.
6. Superficial and Deep.
- Superficial means toward the body surface, deep means farthest from the body surface.

Terms used indicate front or back of the body

Anterior/Ventral/Volar
– front part of the body
Posterior/Dorsal/Dorsum
– at the backside of the body; behind
Special directional terms for the hand & foot

 Palmar - anterior aspect of the hand
 Dorsum/Dorsal - posterior aspect of the hand
 Plantar - lower surface of the foot
 Dorsum/Dorsal - upper surface of the foot
Terms used to describe the relative distance of a structure from the center of an organ or cavity
1. Internal
2. External
3. Ipsilateral – refers to the same side of the body
4. Contralateral – refers to the opposite side of the body
Regional Terminologies
1. Anterior/Lateral Body Landmarks
2. Posterior Body Landmarks
H. BODY CAVITIES
https://youtu.be/xL4TWO5CC84
https://youtu.be/YWxv6pq22dY
BODY CAVITIES
- Confined spaces within the body that
contain internal organs
- Helps protect, separate, & support the
organs
- Maybe separated from each other by
structures such as muscles, ligaments, or
bones
Human Body Cavities

1. Dorsal Body Cavity

- The dorsal cavity, or dorsal body cavity, is a fluid filled space which surrounds the
brain and spinal cord of vertebrates.
- The dorsal cavity is usually considered as two semi-separate spaces, the cranial cavity and
the spinal cavity, housing the brain and spinal cord,
respectively.
- However, the fluid in the dorsal cavity connects between
the brain and spinal cord, but is separated completely from
the blood
- The separation of the brain via the dorsal cavity and
specialized epithelial cells is known as the blood-brain barrier
.
Cranial Cavity - space inside the bony skull & contains the brain.
- Within the cranial cavity, there are a series of membranes
which help contain the dorsal cavity and surround the brain.
- These membranes are called meninges
- The thick dura mater sits just below the bone of the skull, and
attaches there.
- The arachnoid membrane attaches just below.
- Between the arachnoid and the final pia mater,
there exists the cranial cavity.
- The cranial cavity is filled with cerebrospinal
fluid and reinforced by a variety of cross
membrane support proteins.
Spinal/Vertebral Cavity (canal)

- Extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end
of the vertebral column; formed by the vertebrae & contains the spinal cord the spinal
nerve roots
- The spinal cavity, the lower portion of the dorsal cavity, consists of a series of holes running
down the length of the vertebral column
- The meninges of the brain extend down the dorsal cavity to protect the spinal cord
- The main purpose of the spinal cavity is similar to that of the cranial cavity.
- The spinal cord is extremely sensitize to damage and must be cushioned.
- Further, the separation provides some protection from exposure to bacteria and viruses.
- When these invaders do attack the brain and spinal tissues, the dorsal cavity provides an open
space through which immune cells can respond to the attack.
2. Ventral Body Cavity
- larger than the dorsal body cavity; walls are lined
by a thin slippery tissue called Serous Membrane
- The ventral cavity, or ventral body cavity, is a fluid
filled space surrounding the organs on the ventral
side of humans and other tetrapods
- The ventral cavity, in humans, is actually made
up of two separate cavities, separated by the
diaphragm, a thin muscle which helps control the
expansion and contraction of the lungs.

- The human ventral cavity is divided into two main parts, the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic cavity.
Thoracic Cavity
- The thoracic cavity is further divided into separate parts.
- Two pleural cavities, the left and right, hold the lungs.
- A central membrane, the mediastinum, divides these two chambers.
- The heart sits within the pericardial cavity.
- This cavity protects the heart from damage and allows it to beat without rubbing on the lungs
and body tissues.
- Below this portion of the cavity lies the diaphragm, a thin muscle.
- The diaphragm, when it contracts, pushed upward on the lungs, forcing the air out.
- The ribs, forming the outside of the ventral cavity, also squeeze together to force the air out.
- In this way, all the carbon dioxide rich air sitting in the lungs can be forcefully
expelled outward, while oxygen-laden air can be drawn in afterwards and be taken into
the bloodstream.
- The ventral cavity expanding and contracting is what works the lungs, as the lungs
themselves are essentially a mucous membrane wrapped around blood vessels.
Abdominopelvic cavity
- The inferior portion of the ventral cavity is the abdominopelvic cavity.
- This sits below the diaphragm, and can be subdivided into two areas.
- The abdominal cavity sits on top, while pelvic cavity sits below.
- The abdominal cavity houses the stomach, small intestines, most of the large
intestines, kidneys, spleen, and liver.
- The pelvic cavity houses the internal reproductive organs and the bladder, while the
large intestine briefly passes through it.
- The abdominopelvic portion of the ventral cavity also must expand and contract.
- The walls of the abdomenhave thick muscles, mostly for moving the body.
- However, these muscles push and work on the internal organs in the cavity, stimulating them
and moving food and fluids through the system.
- Further, the abdominal cavity of many animals can expand a great deal, allowing for massive
meals to be consumed.
- A python, for instance, can swallow prey several times the size of its head. The ventral cavity
must also expand to deal with this massive meal.
I. QUADRANT
- Commonly used by the clinicians in describing
the site of abdominopelvic pain, tumor, or other
abnormality
- One vertical line - should pass through the
umbilicus
- One horizontal line - should also pass through
the umbilicus
® upper quadrant
• Liver, stomach, gallbladder, duodenum, right
kidney, pancreas, and the right adrenal gland.
® lower quadrant
• Liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen,
and the left adrenal gland.
(L) upper quadrant
• appendix, reproductive organs, right ureter.
(L) lower quadrant
• left ureter, reproductive organs
NOTE: All four quadrants contain portions of the small and large intestines

J. REGIONS
More widely used for anatomical studies
- Two horizontal lines:
 Subcostal line – (superior) drawn just inferior to the ribcage across the inferior portion of the
stomach
 Transtubercular line – (inferior) drawn just inferior to the tops of the hip bones
Two vertical lines:

® & (L) Midclavicular lines – are drawn through the
midpoints of the clavicles (collar bones) just medial to the
nipples
Umbilical Region
Epigastric region
Hypogastric (pubic) region
® & (L) iliac (inguinal) regions

® & (L) lumbar regions
® & (L) hypochondriac region
K. BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

- The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body.
- Ability to use energy to perform vital functions
PHASES
Catabolism: the breaking down of complex chemical
substances into simpler ones.
Anabolism: the building up of complex substances from

smaller, simpler ones.
L. HOMEOSTASIS
https://youtu.be/Iz0Q9nTZCw4
- Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment (regulating
hormones, body temp., water balance, etc.).
- Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously monitors its internal conditions.
- From body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients, each
physiological condition has a particular set point.
- A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates.
- A normal range is the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable.
- For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F)

-Physiological parameters, such as body temperature and blood pressure, tend to fluctuate
within a normal range a few degrees above and below that point.
- Control centers in the brain play roles in regulating physiological parameters and keeping them
within the normal range.
- As the body works to maintain homeostasis, any significant deviation from the normal range
will be resisted and homeostasis restored through a process called a feedback loop.
CONTROL HOMEOSTASIS
- The body can regulate its internal environment through many feedback systems.
- A feedback system or feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, re-evaluated, and so on.
- Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or blood glucose level, is
termed a controlled condition.
- Any disruption that changes a controlled condition is called a stimulus.
- A feedback system includes three basic components: a receptor, a control center, and
an effector.
M. FEEDBACK SYSTEM
A feedback loop has three basic components
1. A sensor, also known as a receptor, is a component of a feedback system that monitors a
physiological value.
 It is responsible for detecting a change in the environment.
 This value is reported to the control center.
 Monitors the value of a variable such as blood pressure
 Sends input to the control center (nerve impulses or chemical signals) Afferent Pathway
2. The control center is the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the
normal range.
 Establishes the set point (ideal normal value) around which the variable is maintained
 Generates output commands (nerve impulses, hormones, & other chemical
signals) when they are needed
 If the value deviates too much from the set point, then the control center
activates an effector.
3. An effector is the component in a feedback
system that causes a change to reverse the
situation and return the value to the normal range.
 Effectors are muscles and glands.
 Can change the value of the variable
 Receives the output from the control center
& produces a response or effect that changes
the controlled condition
 Can produce either:
O Negative Feedback Mechanism
O Positive Feedback Mechanism
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- reverses a change in a controlled condition
- It is a mechanism in which the effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off
the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
- Negative feedback loops are the body’s most common mechanisms used to maintain
homeostasis.
- The maintenance of homeostasis by negative feedback goes on throughout the body at all
times, and an understanding of negative feedback is thus fundamental to an
understanding of human physiology.

Example:
Humans have a similar temperature regulation feedback System that works by promoting
either heat loss or heat gain. When the brain’s temperature regulation center receives data from
the sensors indicating that the body’s temperature exceeds its normal range, it stimulates a cluster of
brain cells referred to as the “heat-loss center.” (please see photo above) This stimulation has
three major effects:
• Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate allowing

more blood from the body core to flow to the
surface of the skin allowing the heat to radiate
into the environment.
• As blood flow to the skin increases, sweat glands
are activated to increase their output. As the
sweat evaporates from the skin surface into the
surrounding air, it takes heat with it.
• The depth of respiration increases, and a person
may breathe through an open mouth instead of
through the nasal passageways. This, further
increases heat loss from the lungs.
- In contrast, activation of the brain’s heat

- gain center by exposure to cold reduces blood flow to the skin, and blood returning from the
limbs is diverted into a network of deep veins.
- This arrangement traps heat closer to the body core and restricts heat loss.
- If heat loss is severe, the brain triggers an increase in random signals to skeletal muscles,
causing them to contract and producing shivering.
- -The muscle contractions of shivering release heat while using up Adenosine triphosphate
(ATP)
- is an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes
in living cells,
- The brain triggers the thyroid gland in the endocrine system to release thyroid
hormone, which increases metabolic activity and heat production in cells throughout the body.
- The brain also signals the adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline), a
hormone that causes the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, which can be used as an
energy source.
- The breakdown of glycogen into glucose also results in increased metabolism and heat
production.
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- Tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s-controlled conditions.
- Operates similarly to a negative feedback system, except for the way response affects
the controlled condition.
- The condition will continue until it is interrupted by some mechanism outside the system.
- Positive feedback intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition rather than
reversing it.
- A deviation from the normal range results in more change, and the system moves farther away
from the normal range.
- Positive feedback in the body is normal only when there is a definite end point.
- Childbirth and the body’s response to blood loss are two examples of positive feedback loops
that are normal but are activated only when needed.

Example
1. Childbirth at full term is an example of a situation in which the maintenance of the existing
body state is not desired. Enormous changes in the mother’s body are required to expel the
baby at the end of pregnancy. And the events of childbirth, once begun, must progress
rapidly to a conclusion or the life of the mother and the baby are at risk. The
extreme muscular work of labor and delivery are the result of a positive feedback system
2. A second example of positive feedback centers on reversing extreme damage to the body.
Following a penetrating wound, the most immediate threat is excessive blood loss. Less
blood circulating means reduced blood pressure and reduced perfusion (penetration of
blood) to the brain and other vital organs. If perfusion is severely reduced, vital organs will shut
down and the person will die. The body responds to this potential catastrophe by releasing
substances in the injured blood vessel wall that begin the process of blood clotting. As each
step of clotting occurs, it stimulates the release of more clotting substances. This accelerates
the processes of clotting and sealing off the damaged area. Clotting is contained in a local
area based on the tightly controlled availability of clotting proteins. This is an adaptive,
life-saving cascade of events
Integrating Systems
- Each organ system performs specific functions for the body, and each organ system is
typically studied independently.
- However, the organ systems also work together to help the body maintain homeostasis.
Example
- The cardiovascular, urinary, and lymphatic systems all help the body control water balance.
- The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems transport fluids throughout the body and help sense
both solute and water levels and regulate pressure.
- If the water level gets too high, the urinary system produces more dilute urine (urine with a
higher water content) to help eliminate the excess water.
- If the water level gets too low, more concentrated urine is produced so that water is conserved.
- The digestive system also plays a role with variable water absorption.
- Water can be lost through the integumentary and respiratory systems, but that loss is not directly
involved in maintaining body fluids and is usually associated with other homeostatic mechanisms.
- Similarly, the cardiovascular, integumentary, respiratory, and muscular systems work together to
help the body maintain a stable internal temperature.
- If body temperature rises, blood vessels in the skin dilate, allowing more blood to flow near the
skin’s surface.
- This allows heat to dissipate through the skin and into the surrounding air.
- The skin may also produce sweat if the body gets too hot; when the sweat evaporates, it helps to
cool the body.
- Rapid breathing can also help the body eliminate excess heat.
- Together, these responses to increased body temperature explain why you sweat, pant, and
become red in the face when you exercise hard. (Heavy breathing during exercise is also one way
the body gets more oxygen to your muscles, and gets rid of the extra carbon dioxide produced
by the muscles.)
- Conversely, if your body is too cold, blood vessels in the skin contract, and blood flow to the
extremities (arms and legs) slows.
- Muscles contract and relax rapidly, which generates heat to keep you warm.
- The hair on your skin rises, trapping more air, which is a good insulator, near your skin.
- These responses to decreased body temperature explain why you shiver, get “goose bumps,” and
have cold, pale extremities when you are cold.

HOMEOSTASIS IMBALANCE
- A state wherein one or more of the components of the body lose their ability to contribute in
homeostasis.
1. Disorder
- any derangement or abnormality of function
2. Disease
- more specific term forms an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs & symptoms.
Signs
- objective changes that a clinician can observe & measure; can either be anatomical (swelling
or rash) or physiological (fever, high blood pressure)
Symptoms (Sx)
- subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
e.g.: headache, nausea, & anxiety
Epidemiology
- science that deals with why, when, & where diseases occur & how they are transmitted in a
community
Pharmacology
- is the science that deals with the effects & use of drugs in the treatment of disease.
Pathophysiology
- Pathophysiology is the study of the physical and biological abnormalities occurring within the
body as a result of the disease.
- Pathology describes the abnormal condition, whereas pathophysiology seeks to
explain the physiological processes because of which such condition develops and
progresses.
- In other words, pathophysiology defines the functional changes associated resulting from
disease or injury.
- In many ways, pathophysiology is the basis of the nursing practice, as it helps build a strong
foundation for a nurse’s main responsibilities, such as ordering diagnostic tests, treating acute
and chronic illnesses, managing medications, and managing general health care and disease
prevention for patients and their families.
- Nurses who are able to recognize the pathophysiological signs and symptoms of the
conditions of their patients will be able to provide a higher quality of advanced care.
Skills Nurses Need for Pathophysiology in Practice

Strong Clinical Knowledge
- In order for a working nurse to effectively apply the discipline of pathophysiology to his or her
daily practice, it is important that the nurse has an in-depth understanding of acute and chronic
diseases and their effects on the human body.
- The nurse also needs a range of knowledge pertaining to medications and other treatments
used to address patients’ symptoms.
Critical Thinking
- Nurse practitioners benefit from adept critical thinking skills when applying pathophysiological
principles to the diagnosis and analysis of a patient’s disease or injury.

- Professionals who are able to quickly and accurately synthesize clinical data are better able to
help patients cope and to implement timely preventive measures.
Communication
- Written and oral communication is an essential skill for nurses when coordinating care.
- They must be able to communicate with physicians and other health care professionals
regarding their patients’ diagnoses and treatments.
- Nurse practitioners also instruct their patients on how to address their conditions and how to
prevent them from getting worse.

Note
Deadline of Submission for Module 1 : September 3, 2020 @ 8am
Note:
1. Take down all the unfamiliar medical terminologies and look for the meaning.
2. Take down the lesson that is hard to understand.
3.
ACTIVITY: Assessment
Learners will answer the following questions:

1. Contrast anatomy from physiology.
2. Differentiate cell from tissue and organ vs system.
3. Differentiate different system organs
4. Describe the concept of homeostasis.
5. Describe imaging tool
6. Differentiate cardinal planes from quadrants
7. Describe homeostasis, control homeostasis and homeostasis imbalance
Answers:
1.It deals with structure of body parts, forms and how they arranges. While physiology, consides
the functions of body part, what and how they look.
2.The body has levels of organization that build on each other. Cells make
up tissues, tissues make up organs, and organs make up organs systems. The function of
an organs system depends on the integrated activity of its organs.
3.The Integumentary System provides protection, regulates temperature, reduces water loss,
and produces vitamin D precursors. Skeletal System, it provides protection and support, allows
body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Muscular System, produces
body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Lymphatic System, removes
foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance,
and transports fats from the digestive tract. Respiratory System,exchanges oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Digestive System, it performs the
mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of
wastes.Nervous System, a major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls
movements, physiologic processes, and intellectual functions. Endocrine System, a major
regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions.
Cardiovascular System, transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones
throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body
temperature. Urinary System, removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion
balance, and water balance. Reproductive System, produces hormones that influence sexual
functions and behaviors.
4.Homeostasis defined as maintenance of relatively stable internal environment and its essential
for the survival of each cell. Also, each cell helps maintain the internal environment shared by all
cells.
-composition of blood and to tissue fluid
-body temperature
-blood pressure
5. Imaging tool refers to techniques and processes used to create images of various parts of the

human body for diagnostic and treatment purposes within digital health. Includes various
radiological imaging techniques such as: X-ray radiography. Fluoroscopy. Magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI)
6.The cardinal planes which are median (mid-saggital) plane,coronal (frontal) pane, and horizontal
(transverse) plane. Median (mid-saggital) plane, divides the body into right-hand and left-hand
sides as it passes front (toe side) to back (heel side). Through,Coronal (frontal) plane. It divides the
body into front and back halves as it passes side to side (shoulder to shoulder). Horizontal
(transverse) plane, divides the body into top and bottom as it passes perpendicular to the long axis of
the body. The quadrants commonly used by the clinicians in describing the site of abdominopelvic
pain, tumor, or other abnormality.
7.Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which an organism tends to maintain stability

while adjusting to conditions that are best for its survival and a property of cells, tissues, and
organisms that allows the maintenance and regulation of the stability and constancy needed to
function properly.
Through homeostasis imbalance, as a condition in which the human body’s interval environmental
variables become disturbed. It can be caused by a number of factors which include the aging of
the persons organs and the organ’s control system or feedback mechanisms, external disruption,
such as hot weather, or an internal disruption.
ACTIVITY: Reflection
1. Reflect on the present situation caused by COVID-19, in what way is this related to
studying anatomy? What organ system is greatly affected with this? Identify the signs and
symptoms and its relationship to homeostasis.
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body. COVID-19 infected different people
in different ways. Most infected people will develop mild to moderate illness that basically
affects their body. This virus causing disease is related to studying anatomy, in a way that when you
know the structures of the human body, it would be easy to identify the affected organ system. And
also an understanding of the anatomy is the key to the practice of health which is very important on
finding the cure or medicine for this disease . The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID-19.
Most common symptoms are fever, dry cough and tiredness while the less common symptoms are
sore throat, aches and pains, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell, headache , conjunctivitis. These
symptoms affects the homeostasis of human body, it causes imbalance. When certain individual is
infected with COVID-19, the body reacts to the virus that causes above mentioned symptoms and in
result the homeostasis of the body becomes disturbed since the organ system is being affected.
2.What is the importance of studying human anatomy and pathophysiology to your future practice as
Nurse?
As a future practice as nurse, Its really important to study the human anatomy and pathophysiology to
understand on how to care our patients. The body must remain in a balanced state to operate. In
other words, I am obligate to understand how the body works when it is in perfect health so that when
our patients get sick, as a nurse can understand why.
3.What specific organs are affected from referred pain to the location based on quadrants?
The organs that mostly affected based on quadrants are liver, pancreas, gallbladder,duodenum, and
usually hits in left upper quadrants which is appendix.

PRETEST/ POSTEST
WEEK 1: INTRODUCTION TO THEHUMAN BODY

Instruction: Match the following functions with their system.
__d__1. Eliminates waste; regulates the volume and chemical composition of blood.
__k__2. Produces gametes; releases hormones from gonads.
__f__3. Transfer oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and blood
__e__4. Powers movement of the body and stabilizes body position
__j__5. Support and protects the body; provides internal framework
__b__6. Regulates body activities through hormones
__a__7. Regulates body activities through action potential (nerve impulses).
__g__8. Carries out the physical and chemical breakdown of food.
__i__9. Protects against disease; returns fluids to blood
__h__10. Protects body by forming a barrier to the outside environment; helps regulate body
temperature.
a. Nervous system
b. Endocrine system
c. Cardiovascular system
d. Urinary system
e. Muscular system
f. Respiratory system
g. Digestive system
h. Integumentary system
i. Lymphatic system and immunity
j. Skeletal system
k. Reproductive system

“Your vision of
where or what you
want to be is the
greatest asset you
have. Without
having a goal it’s
difficult to score.”

- Paul Arden

ABARRACOSO - Week 1 Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology With Pathophysiology

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ABARRACOSO - Week 1 Introduction To Human Anatomy and Physiology With Pathophysiology

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

EMILIO AGUINALDO COLLEGE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

COLLABORATIVE MODULE FOR OUTCOMES-BASED AND FLEXIBLE LEARNING IN (Human

LESSON/TOPIC: Introduction to the Human Body

CONTENT STANDARD/TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES (TLA)

1. Surface Anatomy – study of the form

Surface Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Percussion – examiner taps of the body surface with the

2. Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy – study of the

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

4. Regional Anatomy – study of the specific region of the body:

C. LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATIONS

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

- Similar cells and surrounding materials

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Organ Systems of the body:

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

10. Urinary System

E. ORIENTATION CONCEPTS AND POINT OF REFERENCE

The Anatomical Position

Two terms to describe a reclining body

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Terms used indicate front or back of the body

Special directional terms for the hand & foot

Human Body Cavities

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

1. Dorsal Body Cavity

Spinal/Vertebral Cavity (canal)

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Two vertical lines:

® & (L) iliac (inguinal) regions

K. BASIC LIFE PROCESSES

Anabolism: the building up of complex substances from

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate allowing

- In contrast, activation of the brain’s heat

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Skills Nurses Need for Pathophysiology in Practice

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

• VIRTUE • EXCELLENCE • SERVICE

SCHOOL OF NURSING QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Learners will answer the following questions: