LAB

REPORT
Experiment Title:
FARADAY’S LAW
Submitted by:
OKASHA KHAN (leader)
Sp23-bse-057
SHABAN ALI
Sp23-bse-157
M-HASNAIN
Sp23-bse-056
Subject:
APPLIED PHYSICS (Lab)
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic
Induction: A Comprehensive Report

Executive Summary
The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive understanding of Faraday's Law of
Electromagnetic Induction, a fundamental principle in electromagnetism. This law, formulated
by Michael Faraday in the early 19th century, describes the phenomenon of induced
electromotive force (EMF) in a conductor due to a changing magnetic field. The report covers
the theoretical background, mathematical formulations, practical applications, and experimental
verification of Faraday's Law.

1. Introduction

1.1 Background
Faraday's Law is a cornerstone in the field of electromagnetism, explaining the relationship
between magnetic fields and induced electric currents. This principle laid the foundation for
various technological advancements, including electric generators and transformers.
1.2 Objectives
 To understand the concept of electromagnetic induction.
 To explore the mathematical expressions of Faraday's Law.
 To investigate practical applications of Faraday's Law.

2. Theoretical Framework

2.1 Faraday's Law Statement

Faraday's Law can be stated as follows: The electromotive force (EMF) induced in a closed loop
is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux passing through the loop.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:
2.2 Lenz's Law
According to Lenz's Law, the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change
in magnetic flux that produced it. This law is essential for determining the direction of the
induced current in a conductor.

3. Mathematical Formulations

3.1 Induced EMF in a Conductor

3.2 Magnetic Flux Calculation
4. Experimental Verification
4.1 Setup
To experimentally verify Faraday's Law, a simple setup involves a coil connected to a
galvanometer and a magnet that can be moved in and out of the coil.
4.2 Procedure
1. Secure the coil and galvanometer.
2. Move the magnet into the coil and observe the deflection of the galvanometer.
3. Repeat the process, moving the magnet out of the coil.
4. Note the direction of the deflection in each case.

4.3 Results
The observed deflections confirm the induction of an EMF when there is a change in magnetic
flux.

5. Practical Applications
Faraday's Law has numerous practical applications, including:

 Electric Generators: Conversion of mechanical energy to electrical energy.

 Transformers: Induction of voltage in a secondary coil through a changing magnetic
field.

 Induction Cooktops: Use of induced currents for heating.

6. Conclusion
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction is a foundational principle in electromagnetism,
with broad applications in technology. This report has provided an in-depth exploration of the
theory, mathematical formulations, experimental verification, and practical applications
associated with Faraday's Law.