PHYSICS FORMULAE & DEFINITIONS

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 4. To radiate signals with high efficiency, the

antennas should have a size comparable to
Service Frequency bands Comments 
the wavelength  of the signal (at least  )
4
Standard
5. If an antenna radiates electromagnetic waves
AM broadcast 540-1600 kHz
FM broadcast 88-108 MHz from a height h, then the range d is given by
Television 54-72 MHz VHF
76-88 MHz TV 2Rh where R is the radius of earth.
174-216 MHz UHF
6. The maximum time of sight distance d M be-
420-890 MHz TV
Cellular Mobile 896-901 MHz Mobile to base tween the two antennas having heights
station
840-935 MHz Base station to h T and h R above the earth is given by
mobile
d M  2Rh T  2Rh R
Satellite 5.925-6.425GHz Uplink
Communication 3.7- 4.2 GHz Downlink 7. The method in which the amplitude of carrier
is varied in accordance with the modulating
1. Bandwidth of video signals is 4.2 MHz
signal keeping the frequency and phase of
2. Coaxial cable is a widely used wire medium,
carrier wave constant is called Amplitude
which offers a bandwidth of approximately
modulation (AM).
750 MHz
8. The method in which the frequency of carrier
3. Communication through free space using ra-
is varied in accordance to the modulating sig-
dio waves takes place over a very wide range
nal, keeping the amplitude and phase of the
of frequencies from a few hundreds of KHz
carrier the same is called Frequency modu-
to a few GHz.
lation (FM)

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