PETE202 - F181 - CH2 - Pure Compounds

9/10/2018
© KFUPM | FALL 2018 | PETE-202: Phase Behavior| Chapter 02: Physical Properties of Pure Compounds Slide  1
Chapter [2]
Physical Properties of Pure Compounds

PETE-202 Phase Behavior
Abdullah Sultan, PhD

Department of Petroleum Engineering
College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
Fall 2018
Learning Objectives
• Envision and qualitatively predict the interrelationships among pressure,
temperature, and molar volume of a pure material
• Define four states of matter: solid, liquid, vapor, and supercritical ﬂuid
• Recognize qualitatively the conditions (primarily temperature and pressure)
at which solids, liquids, vapors, and supercritical ﬂuids exist and at which
transitions between the phases occur
• Appreciate the physical significance of the critical point and the triple point
• Distinguish between intensive and extensive properties of a material
• Recognize state properties of a material, and appreciate the significance of state
properties in solving problems
• Define enthalpy in relation to other state properties
• Quantify changes in enthalpy and internal energy using heat capacity
• List the three attributes of an ideal gas, and recognize situations in which real
vapors are reasonably modeled as ideal gases
• Define equation of state
• Quantify P, V, and T using the ideal gas law or van der Waals equation of state
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PVT for Pure Compound
Phase Diagram for Pure
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• Melting point or freezing point
• Boiling point
• Sublimation point
• Normal melting point
• Normal boiling point
• Triple point
• Critical point
• Supercritical fluid
• At boiling point vapor is called saturated vapor and liquid is called saturated liquid.
• A vapor that is at a temperature above its boiling point is called a superheated vapor.
• A liquid that is at a temperature below its boiling point is called a subcooled liquid.
• A liquid that is at a pressure above its vapor pressure is called a compressed liquid
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Properties
Properties
• State Property!
• Non-State property
• An intensive property of a system is not dependent upon either
the size of the system or the amount of the material present in
the system.
• An extensive property of a system is a property that is
proportional to the amount of material present in the system.
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Properties
Gibbs phase Rule

= − +
The number of degrees of freedom is the number of independent intensive

variables, such as temperature or pressure that can be varied simultaneously
and arbitrarily without determining one another.
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Class Exercise
Exercise (1): Consider the P-T diagram in Figure 2-15 for a pure substance:
A. What phase is represented by point A?
According to the Gibbs phase rule,
how many degrees of freedom exist at
this point?
B. What phase is point B? How many
degrees of freedom exist at this point?
C. How many phases are in equilibrium
at point C? What is the name of this
point? How many degrees of freedom
exist at this point?
D. How many phases are in equilibrium
at point D? What is the name of this
point? How many degrees of freedom
exist at this point?
E. What phase is point E?
F. What phase is point F?
G. What is the physical significance of the
curve that exists between points C and
D?
Enthalpy
= +
Dividing both sides of by

mass  Specific Enthalpy
= +
Dividing both sides of by
mole  Molar Enthalpy
= +
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Heat capacity
• Constant-volume heat capacity (CV):
• Constant-pressure heat capacity (CP):
Ideal Gas
=
Assumption for ideal gas:

1. The molecules in the gas can be considered small hard spheres.
2. All collisions between gas molecules are elastic and all motion is
frictionless (no energy is lost in collisions or in motion).
3. Newton’s laws apply.
4. The distance between molecules on average is much larger than
the size of the molecules.
5. The gas molecules are constantly moving in random directions
with a distribution of speeds.
6. There are no attractive or repulsive forces between the molecules
or the surroundings.
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Ideal Gas
VdW EOS
• Equation of state is a relationship among temperature, pressure,
and molar volume, such that if any two are known, the third can be
calculated.
= + − =
• The ideal gas model assumes particles have zero volume; the van der Waals
parameter “b” accounts for real gas departures from this assumption.
• The ideal gas model assumes particles have no intermolecular interactions; the
van der Waals parameter “a” accounts for the fact that they do interact.
• When V is very large, the a/V2 term will become vanishingly small, and b will be
insignificant compared to V. Thus, as V becomes larger, the van der Waals equation
becomes closer and closer to P = RT/V, which is the ideal gas law. This observation
is logical in that high volume, and correspondingly low pressure, is the exact
condition under which real gases are expected to behave like ideal gases.
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VdW EOS
• How to determine a and b?
27
=
64
1
=
8
VdW EOS
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Reading Materials
Chapters (2) Textbook
Practice all Examples
10

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9/10/2018

Physical Properties of Pure Compounds

Abdullah Sultan, PhD

PVT for Pure Compound

Phase Diagram for Pure

PVT for Pure Compound

PVT for Pure Compound

Gibbs phase Rule

The number of degrees of freedom is the number of independent intensive

Dividing both sides of by

• Constant-pressure heat capacity (CP):

Assumption for ideal gas:

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