LESSON 1 3.

NATURAL SCIENCE

SCIENCE  Study and understand natural world.

 Systematic enterprise, build and organize

knowledge. (Explanations) (Predictions)
TWO Division of natural science
TECHNOLOGY
1. PURE SCIENCE
 Making, modification, usage, & knowledge
 Basic questions
of tools, machines, techniques, crafts,
 Support Applied Science
system, & methods.
 Restrict abstract/theories
BRANCHES OF SCIENCE  Research purposes

1. SOCIAL SCIENCE Ex.

 Study of society - Study human vision

 Study of people history and cultures - Cell study
- Experiments
Ex. - Anatomy, botany

Anthropology – study of humanity 2. APPLIED SCIENCE

Archeology – study of human past using material  Solve questions
remains  Suggest questions for pure science
Business Ad. – course of study
 Actual practices / solve practical problems
 Problem solving purposes
Communication – exchange info. Interactional process  Technology
Criminology – scientific study of crime and criminals Ex.
Economics – branch of knowledge to production, - Inventions (eye glasses)
consumption and transfer of wealth - Drugs and medicine manufacturing
- Engineers create bridge
Education – process of receiving systematic instruction
- Medicine, ComSci. Engineering
methods of teaching

Government – body of persons that control authority PURE SCIENCE

to certain nation
Linguistics – study of human language
International Relation – two or more nation interact
in political, economic context
Political Science – study of politics
Phycology – study of human mind and behavior
Sociology – social study
Geography – study of physical features of earth
History – study of past events
Physics – study of behavior of matter
Chemistry – study of properties (Changes, behavior)
Earth Science – study of physical, chemical, and
hemisphere of earth
Biology – study of life, and all organism made of cells
Mathematics – Abstract and theory
APPLIED SCIENCE
Technology – existing knowledge to develop practical
application

Law – system of rules Medicine – medical knowledge, microbiology

2. FORMAL SCINCE Electronics – study of used to controlled motion of

 Studying discipline concerned with abstract
structures describe by formal system.
Ex.
Logic – system, reasoning principles
electrons
Environmental Science – info. Skills related to the
fundamental science, and management of ecosystem
Computer Science – translate knowledge into
algorithm

Mathematics – study of pattern, number, quantity, Engineering – develops technology and research
and space Divisions of Pure Science
Theoretical Computer Science – math and computer
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
computation

Information theory – how rapidly information

 Study of non-living things
transmits Physics
System theory – study of society as a whole
 Science that deals with matter and energy
orientation
and the interactions between them
Decision theory – study of formal or abstract
Kinetics – studying classical mechanics, rate of
properties of decision making
reaction, relationship between motions
Statistics – analyzing numerical data
Nuclear Physics – study of the structure of nuclei
Linguistics – analyze natural language
Quantum Mechanics – motion and interaction of
subatomic particles
Aeronautics – study of science or practice of travel
through the air
Solid State Physics – study of rigid or solid
Theoretical Physics – mathematical model of
abstraction
Thermodynamics – deals with relationship between
heat and energy
Mechanics – study of relationship between force,
matter, and motion
Chemistry
 Science that deals with matter its
compositions, structures, changes, and
energy
Analytical Chemistry – obtained process about the
composition and structures of matter
Inorganic Chemistry – deals inorganic compounds
Nuclear Chemistry – deals with nuclear reactions,
radioactivity
Organic Chemistry – deals with carbon-containing
compounds
Qualitative Chemistry – deals with identification of
elements (atom, ion)
Quantitative Chemistry – calculate/determine
amount/percentage of quantities of sample materials
Earth Science
 Study of earth and its composition,
processes, and properties
Astronomy – study everything in universe, space
Geology- study of earth
Hydrology – study of water and its movement
Meteorology – study of atmosphere and weather
Oceanology – study of ocean
Seismology – study of earthquakes and seismic waves
Soil Science – study of soil
Volcanology – study of volcanoes
Overlapping Science
Astrophysics – study of astronomical objects,
examining sun, solar system
Atmospheric Chemistry – deals on chemical process
within earth atmosphere
Geochemistry – study chemical change
Physical Chemistry – study macroscopic and
microscopic phenomena
Physical Geology – study of rocks and minerals
Soil Chemistry – study of chemical characteristic of
soil
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
 Study of living things
Biological Science
Zoology – study of animal’s behavior and structures
Botany – study of plants
Physiology – study of functions of living organism
Anatomy – study of body structures
Histology – study of tissues and cells under microscope
Cytology – study of single cell type
Genetics – study of genes and heredity
Taxonomy – study of naming, classifying biological
organism
Agriculture – study of domesticated animals and
plants, and soil
Overlapping Science
Biochemistry – study of chemical and physiochemical
process of living matter
Biophysics – application of laws of physics biological
phenomena
Paleontology – study of fossils
Astrobiology – study of life in the universe
Human Kinetics - study and practices of human
movement and exercises
Ecology – study of relationship between living organism
to their environment
Agricultural Chemistry – study of processing raw
product of agriculture
 Goal of Science is the pursuit of
knowledge for its own sake (knowing)
 Goal of technology is to create products
that solve problems and improve human life
(doing)
 Technology is the practical application of
science
 Science and technology are the pivot of
any nation’s development and
modernity
Modern sample:
 Electricity
 Aircrafts
 Telephones
 Televisions
 Computer
 Machinery
 Production of medicine and treatment
LESSON 2A
IMPACT OF SIGMUND FREUD
SIGMUND FREUD
Born: May 6, 1856 Freyberg town, Crech Republic
1881 – graduate in Medical Faculty, University of
Vienna
1896 – officially recognized
1900 – released Interpretation of Dreams
Died: September 23, 1939 in Hampstead House
PHYCHOANALYSIS
 A set of philosophical of human nature
 Both an approach to therapy and a theory
of personality
 Emphasizes unconscious motivation
View of Human Nature LESSON 2B: PHYCHOSEXUAL STAGES
1. DETERMINISTIC  Children progress 5 psychosexual stages
during development
 Life is about gaining pleasure and  FIXATED or stuck in stage when basic
avoiding pain need is not met
2. HUMAN AS ENERGY SYSTEM 5 STAGES
 Motivated by unconscious, where id is 1. ORAL 0-2
found along with aggression and sex
instincts  Mouth – sucking, biting
 Helpless and dependent on other
THREE LEVELS OF AWARENESS
 Needs to be protected
1. CONSCIOUS  Cries to communicate

 Being or exist persons awareness Fixation:

2. PRECONSCIOUS - May become dependent on cigarette or alcohol

 Not currently in persons awareness, but she
can recall them
3. UNCONSCIOUS
 Totally unaware
 Most defense mechanism (The person
represses into the unconscious the memory of
traumatic events that are too painful to
remember)
STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY
1. ID
 Operate on PLEASURE PRINCIPLE to gain
pleasure, avoid pain
 Driven by sexual and aggressive urge
 Does not follow logic or reasoning
 Chaotic and animal-like
 Primitive and unconscious
Ex.
- I’m going to steal money from my friend!
Because I want money now!
- I’ll kill that guy
2. EGO
 Operate on REALITY PRINCIPLE
 Balance between id and superego
 Does realistic and logical thinking
 Decision-making part of mind
 moral ethical values parental mediator
Ex.
- I’m going to ask her if I can borrow money
instead because I don’t wat to go to jail
- That might ruin our life, ill kill small animals
instead
3. SUPEREGO
 Partially unconscious
 Operates on MORAL PRINCIPLE
 Differentiate between good and bad, right
and wrong
 They feel proud, if not follow they feel
guilty and anxious
 Conscience / Ideal / learned / moral
 Incorporates the values and morals
 Mature adaptive behavior
Ex.
- If I need money, I should work for it and earn it
my self
- Let’s not kill anything
- Will make bitingly sarcastic remarks or be
argumentative
- Unsatisfied or over satisfied
- Continued attachment to old stage
- Problematic behavior pattern
2. ANAL 2-3
 Bowel movement – withholding /
eliminating farces
 Toilet training - Potty training
 Accomplishment and interdependence
Fixation:
- Become obstinate and stingy
- Bad temper, cruelty, and messy disorderliness
3. PHALLIC 3-7
 Sex organ / genitals
 Difference between males and females
 Awareness of sexual organ
 Love-hate relationship with the same-sex
parent
Fixation:
- Reckless or afraid of love
- Narcissistic
- Self-Assured or selfish
- Poor Opposite sex relationships
 Oedipus complex in males
- Desire to possess his mother and
displace his father: Rivalry with father
- Stimulation or masturbation of his own
genitals
- Fears to punished by father
(Castration Anxiety) Fear of losing
sexual organ
- Introduced by Sigmund Freud in 1899
 Electra complex in females
- Desire to possess his father and
removed her mother
- Attracted towards their father
- Feeling of being castrated by her
mother
- Experienced penis envy
- Introduced by Carl Jung
Mother-Daughter Pair or duo
4. LATENCY 7-11
 Latent means “hidden”
 Focused on school, hobbies, friendships
 Develop new skills
 Play with same gender
 “Girl-Like” and “Boy-Like” behaviors
  Called identification process
 Shows us what means to be male or female
 No fixation occurs (sexual issues)
 Cooties Stage catching something in form
of disease
5. GENITAL 12- Adult
 Sexual / romantic interests towards one’s
peers
 “Normal” adult heterosexuality
 Fixation stage is normal
LESSON 2C: DEFFENSE MECHANISM
 Invented by ego to resolve conflict b/w id
and superego – healthy manner
 Deny or distort reality or feelings
 Used to reduced stress
 Individual is trying to avoid reality
 Ways to protect or depend from anxieties
The conscious all mental process that we are aware of
The preconscious “Available Memory”
The unconscious mental process that we are not
aware of
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DEFENSES
PRIMITIVE DEFFENSE MECHANISM
1. DENIAL
 Refusal to accept reality or fact
 Acting as if painful events, thought, or
feelings did not exist
 Characteristic of early childhood
development
 Reality distorted
Ex.
- Alcoholic addicted fails to acknowledge
2. REGRESSION
 Reversion /returning characteristics to an
earlier stage of development when faced
fearful thoughts
 Fetal position
Ex.
- An adult curling up
- crawling
3. ACTING OUT
 Performing extreme behavior to express
thoughts or feelings
Ex.
- Self-injury
4. DISSOCIATION
 Breaking of part of memory or
consciousness to avoid problem
 Trying to disconnect from real world
Ex.
- Amnesia
5. COMPARTMENTALIZATION
 Part of self are separated from awareness
 Separate set of values
Ex.
- Honest person cheating in income taxes and
keeping both sets of values separated
6. PROJECTION
 Misattribution of owns undesired feelings
onto other persons
 Attribution of one’s unacceptable urges or
qualities to others
Ex.
- A spouse angry for not listening, when in fact he
is the one who is not listening
- A person is an extremely bad mood then
accuses other for being hard to get along
7. REACTION FORMATION
 Converting unwanted or dangerous feelings
into opposite
 Extreme opposite to the real intension
Ex.
- Woman angry at boss and wanting to quit
becomes overly kind and generous to the boss
- Woman loves man but behave she hates him
LESSON 2D:
LESS PRIMITIVE, MORE MATURE DEFFENSE
MECHANISM
REPRESSION
 Unconscious blocking of unacceptable and
disturbing thoughts and feelings
 Repressed memories – never retrieved the
same
 Stored deep in subconscious mind and can’t
access by conscious mind
Ex.
- Accident victim nearly dies but remember none
of details
- Repressed memories of abused suffered
- Inability to recognized
DISPLACEMENT
 Redirecting of thoughts and feelings,
hostility and violence from one person to
another person
 Transfer of negative emotion
Ex.
- Boss –> Me –> Spouse
- Work –> Home
INTELLECTUALIZATION
 Individual deals with emotions conflict by
excessive used of abstract thinking
 Used intellectual process
 Thinking away an emotion that you don’t
enjoy
Ex.
- Greg, learn he has cancer then he studies about
cancer
- Boy start research of failed romance
 - Fight with spouse turns to her best friend

RATIONALIZATION
 Making excuses SELF-ASSERTION
 Provide reasonable explanation to appear
 Deals with emotional conflicts, firmly and
logical
respectfully
Ex.  Express opinions and need in respectfully
manner
- Student fails test because did not study blames
 Balance between communicating passively
teacher
or aggressively
UNDOING
Ex.
 Trying to reverse or undo feelings
- Wife regarding husband consuming alcohol
 Attempt to take back or erased an
unconscious behavior ALTRUISM
 Involves symbolically nullifying
 Constructive service to other that bring
Ex. pleasure and personal satisfaction
 Dedicating self to meet the needs of other
- Hate the boss, send gifts
- Husband gives wife chocolate after a year of  Received gratification from his own
neglect goodness or others
Ex.
THE MATURE MIND - Helping other than feel good
Mature Defense ANTICIPATION
SUBLIMATION  dealing with stressor by anticipating the
 Channeling of unacceptable thoughts, consequences
emotion into socially acceptable behavior  realistic planning or anticipating future inner
 Dealing with emotion stress, using energy discomfort
of other Ex.
 Transformation of negative emotion into
positive - Moderate amount of anxiety before surgery
promotes post-surgical adaptation
Ex.
SELF-OBSERVATION
- Punching bag to channel angry impulse. Sports
- Venting frustration in kick-boxing  Dealing with stress by reflection
- Unhappy lives used arts and music to express  Monitoring thoughts
themselves
- Teenage boy competitive, become football Ex.
player - Engaging in journaling, self-exploration, therapy,
- Young man lost lover, become poetry bibliography
COMPENSATION SUPPRESSION
 An attempt to make up deficiency by  Intentionally avoiding thinking problem
directing his energies to other  Voluntary blocking of unpleasant feeling to
 Person’s weaknesses, developed strength in avoid discomfort and anxiety
other area
 Psychologically counterbalancing Ex.
 Trying to balance or cover up hi deficiency - Thinking sweet stuff and wanting to eat while on
by exhibiting another field diet
- Student avoid thinking insult so he can study
Ex.
- Patient refused to considered his difficulties by
- Struggling in learning disability, become art club not talking about it
leader
- Physical unattractive adolescent start
weightlifting LESSON 2E:
- Napoleonic complex
- Poor academic, become athletic DEFENCE MECHANISM OF DISTORTION
- Not know to cook, can do dishes
MINOR
AFFILIATION
DEVALUATION
 Turning to others for help and support
 Sharing problem with other  Attributing exaggerated negative qualities to
self to other
Ex.
Ex.
- Going to therapy, support group, spiritual
council - Boy dot rejected by his long-time girlfriend, then
he tells his friend that girl is stupid and ugly
 Ex.

- Instead of telling you are angry you yell at them

or throw something against the wall

IDEALIZATION
PSYCHOTIC DISTORTION
 Attributing exaggerated positive qualities to
self to other  Involve a person believing something to be
true when it is not
Ex.
Ex.
- I am so wonderful, everyone has to like me
- I need new coach to complete me - Persons believed he failed because of difficult
questions
OMNIPOTENCCE
 Acting superior to others
 Acting as if self is possessed with special THERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUES
power
Role and functions of therapist
Ex.
1. Paying attention to client’s body language
- someone acts self-assured and assert 2. It talks
3. You talk
4. Questions
MAJOR 5. Language that denies power
6. Listening to client
AUSTISTIC FANTASY
 excessive daydreaming or imagining
 Dreaming/ imagining instead of living in Metaphors
present world
 Figure of speech to suggest likeness or
 Stuck in fantasy rather than using talents to
similarity
become successful
Ex.
Various Psychotherapy Techniques
- Wanting to look good and pretend like a movie
star PSYCHODYNAMIC/PSYCHOTHERAPY
- Making up stories about how successful you are,
 Talks therapy based on belief
rather than working for success
Ex.
PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION
- Patient talks about his past
 Unconscious modeling of one self upon
others PLAY THERAPY
 Modeling actions and opinions of influential
 Interaction with toys is used instead of talk
other
 Adjustment mechanism to achieve Ex.
satisfaction
- Patient child acts out family scenes with dolls
SPLITTING OF SELF-IMAGE
BEHAVIOR THERAPY
 Compartmentalizing opposite effect states
and failing to integrate positive and  Principle of learning applied to change
negative qualities undesirable behavior
 Aka all or nothing thinking  Not limited to overt actions we can observe
 Thinking black and white form  Include internal process such us cognitions,
 Seen world as all good or all bad images, beliefs and emotions
 Deals with Current problem
Ex.
DYSREGULATION
- Learn to overcome fears of elevators
DELUTIONAL PROJECTION
COGNITIVE THERAPY
 Attributing non-reality-based thought to
 Eliminate thoughts patterns that lead to
other
distress
 Frank delusions about external reality
Ex.
Ex.
- Learn not to over generalized failure based on
- Blaming others for self-failure single failure
PSYCHOTIC DENIAL COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
 Deals with internal or external refused to  Work to change cognitive distortion and
acknowledge some aspects of the reality self-defeating behavior
Ex.  Delusion
 Hallucination
- Overcome eating disorder
 Addiction  Flat effect
 Anxiety disorders  Bizarre behavior
 Bipolar disorder  Disorganized thinking
 Low self-esteem  Paucity of speech or thought
 Phobia
 Schizophrenia
 Suicidal ideation
Positive symptoms
 Depression
o Delusion
o Hallucination
HUMANISTIC THERAPY o Disorganized thoughts
 Increased self-awareness and acceptance Negative symptoms
 Developed by Carl Rogers
o Reduced speech (alogia)
o Lack of emotional and facial expression
Ex. (effective flatting)
o Avolition
- Learn to articulate thoughts that keep her from
o Decrease ability to find pleasure in everyday
achieving her goals
 Client-Centered Therapy (anhedonia)
 Active listening o Social withdrawal (asociality)

Psychodynamic Therapy Cognitive deficits

 Goal: Type of therapy to understand and o Memory

cope better feelings by talking about the o Attention
experiences o Planning
o Decision making

SCHIZOPHRENIA
Relationship Between Therapist and Client
 Serios mental disorder in which people
interpret reality abnormally  Empowerment and egalitarianism
 Combination of hallucination, delusions, and  Models how to identify and use power
extreme distorted thinking responsibility
 Required lifelong treatment  Self-disclosure
 Honor clients’ experience
Symptoms  Include the client as partner in assessing
 Social isolation treatment process
 Compulsive behavior  Define themselves, relate to other by
 Self-harm gender-role expectation
 Amnesia
 Belief that thoughts aren’t their own
 Memory loss
 Anxiety
 Detachment
 Hallucination
 Rapid speaking
 Fatigue
Causes
 No exact cause
 Family history
 Environmental factor such as drug
Early signs
 Withdrawal from family and friends
 Lack of motivation
 Trouble sleeping
 Depressed mood
 Worsening academic performance
 Irritability
Treatment
 Combination of antipsychotic drugs and
therapy
Symptom of Schizophrenia in Children