အနုပဋိလောမ ရုပ်ဝါဒ

1 jroef;wifh
tEky#davmr &kyf0g'
«tvkyform; vlwef;pm;tbd"r®m»
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jroef;wifh
xGef;vif; ® pmay
1963-ck? arv/
tEky#davmr&ky0f g' 2
xkwfa0ol/ /armifxGef;cif(0612)
3? 2 vrf;? csif;acsmif;uGufopf?
Munfhjrifwkdif? &efukef/
ykHESdyfol/ /py,f (0377)
200? vrf;-50/
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3 jroef;wifh
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,aeYum; urÇmhtvkyform;aeY/
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þpmtkyfum; tvkyform;wkdY\oabmw&m;udk zGifhqkdonfhpmtkyf/
odjYk zpfí þtpk;d &vufxuf? þaeYwiG f þpmtkyt f m; xkwaf 0jzefcY sdvu dk Ef idk jf cif;
udk txl;ESpfaxmif;tm;& jzpfrdonf/
wenf;xyfí wifjyvkdygonf/
tu,fí þpmtkyfudk ,cktcsdefrSr[kwfbJ? vGefcJhonfhESpfESpf yxptpkd;& vuf
xufu xkwfa0cJhonfqkdMuygpdkY/

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& bk&m;ocifu zefwD;ay;vkdufjcif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ csrf;omolrsm;onf tokH;tpGJuspf
vpfí t&SnfudkarQmfwwfum qif;&Jolrsm;rSm tokH;tpGJ vufzGmum tajr§mftjrif r&Sd
aomaMumifhjzpfonf}}[laom oabmw&m;ESifhajzqkdcJh Muonf r[kwfygvm;/
xkpd OfwiG f þpmtkyrf sKd; xkwaf 0cJyh gvQif ta&;rvSjzpfc&hJ rnfrmS aocsmygonf/
odaYk omf ,aeY b,foabmw&m;rsKd; vTr;f rd;k vmNyDenf;/ qk&d , S v f pfoabmw&m;
vTr;f rd;k vmNyD r[kwyf gvm;/ txufazmfjyyg jyóemukyd if ajz&Si;f &m0,f ]]vlt Y zGt YJ pnf;
wGif qif;&JoEl iS chf srf;omol[k uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ae&jcif;onf b0wnfNrJrI &ky0f w¬Krsm; xkwf
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orQ tvSL'gejyK qkawmif;}}qko d nfeh nf;jzifh ajz&Si;f rnfah cwf/ ,ckacwfum; þjyóem
ukd ajz&Si;f &mwGif ]]vlt Y zGt YJ pnf;BuD;tm; ajymif;vJ&ef enf;vrf;uk&d mS azG}}qko d nfeh nf;jzifh
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onf/
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txl;ESpfaxmif;tm;&jzpfrdygaMumif;/
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1963-ck? arv 1-&uf/
5 jroef;wifh
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7 jroef;wifh

tydkif; 1/
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tvkyform;vlwef;pm;tzkdY awmfvSefaomvlwef;pm;tjrifw&yfudk azmfjy
onfhtbd"r®mw&yfvkdtyfavonf/ ,if;odkYaom tbd"r®mw&yf uif;rJhjcif;onf tvkyf

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aygufaponf/
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rsm;pGmaom EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhtbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;tzkdY þzGifhqkdcsufonf
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avmutjrif[kvnf; ac:Ekdifayonf/
,if;odkYjzpfvQif vlwkdif;ü tbd"r®m&Sdonf/ vlwkdif;onf tbd"r®mqkdif&m &Ijrif
csufrsm;\MoZmudk vTrf;rdk;rIudk cHMu&onfqkdonfhtcsufrSm xif&Sm;onf/
9 jroef;wifh
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uHMur®mzefwD;orQudk cHpm;awGUMuKHMu&rnf/ uHMur®mzefwD;ay;aom tajctaersm;
avmufESihfowå0grsm; aumif;usKd;udk twwfEkdifqkH;vkyfaqmifMu&efom &Sdawmhonf[k
,lqMuonf/ ,if;rSm tbd"r®mwrsKd;? avmutjrifwrsKd;jzpfonf/
tcsKdUuvnf; urÇmavmuBuD;onf pnf;pdrfcsrf;omudk pHpm;&ma'ojzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh vlwkdif;onf ukd,fhudk,fudkom tm;udk;um ukd,fusKd;udkomMunfh&rnf[k qkdMu
onf/ þonfrSmvnf; tbd"r®mwrsKd; jzpfonf/
uREkfyfwkdY\tbd"r®monf uREkfyfwkdY\avmutjrifjzpfonf qkdcJhNyD/ odkYjzpfvQif

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aemufnn D wT af om oabmw&m;w&yftjzpf xlaxmif&efjyóemay:aygufvmayonf/
,kHMunfcsufrsm;ESifhoabmxm;rsm;ukd pepfusaom vrf;nTef0g'rsm;tjzpf xkwfaz:
wifjy&ef vkdtyfvmayonf/ ,if;rSm tbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;\tvkyfjzpfayonf/
tbd"r®mynm&Sirf sm;u ¤if;wk\ Yd oabmw&m;rsm;udk xlaxmifMu&mwGif ¤if;wkYd
onf &IyfaxG;pGm az:jycJhMuonf/ 0dk;w0g;zGifhqkdcJhMuonf/ vlrsm;em;rvnfatmif az:jy
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11 jroef;wifh
vnf; tbd"r®mqkdif&m ykHoP²mefjzifh az:jy&ef vkdtyfayNyD/ tvkyform;vlwef;pm;onf

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l jd rifjcif;onf t&if;tjrpfwiG f bmom
a&;jzifh cH,lodjrifjcif;ESifhtwlwlyif jzpfayonf/
bmoma&;udk pGJykdufouf0if,kHMunfjcif;? pdwfESifhoufqkdifaom obm0r[kwf
aom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ouf0if,MHk unfjcif; ponfwu Ydk kd jyKvky&f mü xm0&bk&m;ukd ,kMH unf
olrsm;onf pOf;pm;ÓPfjzifh vufcHMujcif; r[kwfay/ ol\pdwfobm0twGif;wGif udef;
atmif;aeonfh wpkHwckaom t&mjzifhom vufcHMujcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpfvQif ,if;odkY
aom ouf0if,kHMunfrIrsKd;onf b,fvkdpwifcJhoenf;/ b,fu pwifcJhoenf;/ bk&m;o
cif>rufqcdk sufrsm;wGif tpjyKonf[¤k if;? obm0r[kwaf om taMumif;t&mrS xGuaf y:
vmonf[¤k if;? bmomw&m;rsm;u a[mMum;cJMh uonf/ uREkyf w f u
Ydk rl vufrcHEidk af y/ þ
ouf0if,MHk unfrrI sm;ü obm0Zpfjrpf&adS yonf/ þZpfjrpfonfvnf; &SmazGp;l prf;í &Ekid f
ayonf/
vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk &ifqkdifvm&aomtcgwGif obm0tiftm;pk
rsm;\taMumif;udk odem;vnfjcif;r&Sb d ?J ckud ;dk &mrJh jzpfvm\/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;tm;
0dnmOfrsm;\udk,fxifjyrI[k vlrsm;u ,lqcJh\/ þonfESifhwNydKifeuf vlonf obm0
r[kwfaom t&mrsm;udk¤if;? bmoma&;awG;ac:rIrsm;udk¤if;? ,kHMunfouf0ifvmawmh
onf/
Oyrm/ /rkd;csKef;oHonf xm0&bk&m;ocif\trsufa'goaMumifh[k
,lqcJMh uonf/ aumufyo J ;D ESrH sm; zGNYH zdK;jcif;onf or®ma'0ewf\rIid ;f rrIaMumif[ h k ,lqcJh
onf/ v,fxGufoD;ESHaumif;jcif;onfvnf; vrkdif;ewf\apmifrrIaMumifh[k ,lqcJhMu
onf/
vlay:pacwfOD;rSpí vlonf obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk þenf;jzifhom t"dyÜg,f

aumuf,lcJhonf/ vlwef;pm;tzGJYtpnf; ay:aygufvmaomtcgwGif vlrIqufqHa&;w
&m;rsm;onf vlukd BuD;pk;d vmonf/ vlwo Ydk nf vlrq I ufqaH &;w&m;rsm;\ ckid ;f apcsuft&
vkyaf qmifvm&onf/ od&Yk mwGif vlonf olt Y m; vlrq I ufqaH &;w&m;rsm;u pd;k rk;d cs,fv, S f
aejcif;udk roday/ odkYjzifh vlonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;\tpkd;&paom obm0r[kwfonfhudk,f
pm;jyKtzGJYrsm;udk wDxGifvmMuonf/ omrefvlrsm;xuf &Sifbk&ifrsm;? rSL;rwfrsm;u jrifh
jrwfonf/ &Sifbk&ifrsm; rSL;rwfrsm;xuf bk&m;ocifu jrifhjrwfonf[k wDxGifzefwD;vm
Muonf/ odjYk zifh urÇmavmuBuD;udk pdwef mrfqidk &f m urÇmavmuESi&hf yk q f idk &f murÇmavmu
[lí ESpfckjzpfatmif zefqif;vmMuonf/
bmomw&m;tm;vk;H ? pdw0f g'tm;vk;H onf ,if;odjYk zifh pdwef mrfurÇmavmu? &kyf
urÇmavmu[k urÇmavmuESpcf pk vk;H udk vufcMH uonf/ wu,f&h yk u f rÇmudk pdwef mrfurÇm
u vTrf;rkd;aeonfqkdaom t,ltqudk zefwD;vmMuonf/ odkYjzifh urÇmavmuBuD;onf
ESpfckESpfyu© jzpfvmayonf/
pdwf0g'\t"duvu©Pmrsm;wGif ,if;odkYaom ESpfyu©toGifrsm;om jzpfvmMu
onf/ 0dnmOfESifhcE¨mudk,f? xm0&bk&m;ESifhvl? edAÁmefbkHESifhvlYbkH? todÓPfjzifhom zrf;,l
&Ekdifaom awG;ac:pdwful;rIrsm;ESifh tm&kHjzifhzrf;,lEkdifaom &kyftrSefw&m;ponfwkdYjzpf
onf/
pdw0f g't&qkvd Qif ydí k txufusaom ydí k ppfreS af om &kyrf [kwo f nfh urÇmavm
uBuD;wck&o dS nf/ þ&kyrf [kwaf om urÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyu f rÇmavmuBuD;xuf y"me
usonf[k¤if;? &kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;onf tqkH;pGefaom rlvESifhtaMumif;w
&m;jzpfonf[k¤if;? &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyfr[kwfaom urÇmavmuBuD;\vuf
25 jroef;wifh
atmufcrH Qom jzpfonf[¤k if; ,lqonf/ &ky0f g't&qkv

d Qif wckwnf;aom urÇmavmu
BuD;om &Sdonf/ ,if;rSm &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;omjzpfonf[k,lqonf/
odjYk zpf&m &kyu
f saom trSew
f &m;\txufü pdwef mrfusaom trSew
f &m;&So
d nf/
&kyfusaomtrSefw&m;udk pdwfemrfusaom trSefw&m;jzifhom az:jyEkdifonf[laom o
abmukd aqmifonfhMo0g'wkdif;onf pdwf0g'wGif tusKH;0ifMuonfcsnf;omjzpfayonf/
acwfopftbd"r®m\tcsKdYaom trsKd;tpm;rsm;
þae&mü acwfopf"e&Sit f bd"r®m\xl;jcm;aom Mo0g'tcsKdu Y kd tusOf;wifjy
vkod nf/
vGecf ohJ nfEh pS af ygif;ok;H &meD;yg;avmufu (Subjective Idealism) qE´ppJG w d 0f g'

[laom tbd"r®mw&yfay:aygufco hJ nf/ ,if;\tqkt d &qkv d Qif &kyu
f rÇmonf b,ftcg
rQ r&Sd[lí jzpfayonf/ wu,fwnf&Sdonfht&mrSm uREkfyfwkdY\pdwfxJü &SdonfhawG;ac:rI
rsm;? tm&krH sm;om jzpfonf/ ,if;wkrYd v S í
JG jyify&kyuf saomtrSew f &m;[lonfr&S?d tjcm;
bmrQvnf;r&Sd[k ,if;u ,lqonf/
þqE´pGJpdwf0g'onf aemufü todw&m;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom Mo0g'wckudk zGifhqkdcJh
onf/ ,if;tqkdt& uREkfyfwkdY\tjyifywGif uREkfwdkYodEkdifaom 'd|jzpfaomtrSefw&m;[l
í r&SdEkdif/ uREkfyfwkdYonf A[d'ÿkHyef;ü todw&m;udkom &EkdifMuonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\
olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&Sdaejcif;(tewåw&m;)udk rod&SdEkdif[k ,lqonf/
,if;odaYk om pdw0f g'onf ,cktcsdeüf rsm;pGmacwfpm;vsuf&o dS nf/ uREkyf w
f oYdk nf
wu,f&Sd t[kwf&Sdaom urÇmavmuBuD;\taMumif;udk ydkí odvmEkdifonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh
obm0tiftm;pkrsm;udk xde;f csKyfEidk u f m vltY EG,Bf uD; wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf &;twGuf vkyf
aqmifEidk rf nf[k "e&Sit f awG;tac: ynm&Sirf sm;u qkcd MhJ uonf/ olwaYdk jymonft h csderf mS
t&if;&Sifpepfonf wkd;wufaomtif;tm;pkw&yftjzpf? wnf&Sdaecsdefu jzpfonf/ odkY&m
wGif t&if;&Sifpepfonf csKyfNidrf;aeaom ,aeYumvwGifrl olwkdYonf wrsKd;ajymvmMu
jyefonf/ olwu Ydk wu,f&dS t[kw&f adS om urÇmavmuBuD;onf rodEidk af omt&mjzpfonf
[k qkdvmMujyefonf/ ,if;odkYaom Mo0g'rsm;\Aavmif;AvJjzpfaeMuykHonf t&if;&Sif
pepfcsKyfNidrf;jcif;\vu©Pmyif jzpfayonf/
pdwf0g'onf urÇmavmuBuD;ESpfck&Sdjcif;udk ,kHMunfaMumif; jyqkdcJhNyD/ pdwfurÇm
avmuESifh&kyfurÇmavmuESpfck&Sdí pdwfurÇmavmuonf &kyfurÇmavmuxuf y"meus
onf[k ,lqaMumif;udv k nf; az:jycJNh yD/ tjcm;wbufü &ky0f g'onf &kyu f rÇmavmuBuD;
wckwnf;om&Sdí 'kwd,jzpfaom pdwful;jzpfaom tqifhjrifhaom pdwful;arQmfrSef;csuf
urÇmavmuBuD;&Sdonfqkdjcif;udk jiif;y,fcJhonf/
&ky0f g'ESiphf w
d 0f g'wko Yd nf aphpyfí r&atmif qefu Y sifjcm;em;Muayonf/ odw Yk idk f
atmif tcsKdaY omtbd"r®mynm&Sirf sm;url &ky0f g'ESiphf w d 0f g'udk aphpyfaygif;pnf;&ef BudK;
pm;vsuf&SdaeMuao;onf/ tbd"r®mwGif ,if;odkY &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g' aphpyf&ef enf;trsKd;
rsKd;jzifh BudK;yrf;cJhMuzl;onf/
,if;odYk aphpyfaygif;pnf;rdatmif BudK;yrf;rIrsm;teuf wckrmS Dualism &kyef mrf
'Gewf 0JG g'jzpfonf/ ¤if;wku Yd pdwef mrfurÇmavmuBuD;wckonf &kyu f rÇmavmuBuD;ESiu hf if;
vsuf oD;jcm;&Sad eonf/ od&Yk mwGif ,if;pdwef mrfurÇmavmuESi&hf yk u f rÇmavmuonf b,f
olYb,folurQromvGefbJ b,folu b,folYxufrS edrfhusjcif;r&SdbJ wef;wltajccHay:ü
wajy;nDpGm wnf&SdaeMuonf[k qkdMuonf/ obm0tiftm;pkrsm;\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrI
paom &kyu f rÇmavmuonf pdwef mrfurÇmavmuBuD;\pGuzf uf0ifa&mufrrI ygbJ ya,m*

rygbJ olYtvkdtavsmuf wnf&SdvIyf&Sm;onf[k ,lqonf/ þtcsufwGif &kyfemrf'GefwGJ
0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrif&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif vlESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk Munhfjrifonfhtcgürl pdwf
emrfvyI &f mS ;ajymif;vJro I nf t"dujzpfonf[k ,lqMuonf/ þtcsufü &kyef mrf'eG w f 0JG g'
onf pdwf0g'tjrif &Sdayonf/
,if;odkYjzifh &kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'onf pdwfemrftjrifESifh&kyf0g'tjrifudk aygif;pyfay;
vkud o f nf/ od&Yk mwGif vl? vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;? orkid ;f ponft
h a&;BuD;aomjyóemrsm;wGirf l &kyf
emrfESpfyu©0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifudk qefYusifum pdwf0g'tjrifudk vufcHayonf/
tjcm;aphpyfa&;tbd"r®mwckrSm ]]trSefwu,f0g'}} (Realism) jzpfayonf/
trSefwu,f0g'onf qE´pGJpdwf0g'udk qefYusifonf/
trSew f u,f0g'onf tbd"r®mynm&Sirf sm;\tvkt d & jyify&kyuf rÇmavmuBuD;
onf uREkfyfwkdY\odjrifrIrsm;rSuif;vsuf wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k ,lqMuonf/ okYdjzifh
qE´pGJpdwf0g'udk qeYfusif&mü trSefwu,f0g'orm;rsm;ESifh&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf wlnD
Muayonf/ pifppftm;jzifv h nf; &kyuf rÇmavmuBuD;\t[kw&f ?dS wu,f&rdS u I kd vufcaH om
trSefwu,f0g'Dwa,muf rjzpfbJ &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfEkdifay/
odkY&mwGif jyify&kyfurÇmavmuBuD;onf uREkfyfwkYd\odjrifrIrsm;rS uif;vsuf t
[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdonf[k vufcHumrQjzifhvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf rjzpfao;ay/ þ
twkdif;omjzpf&vQif acwfv,fbk&if*sDtbd"r®mynm&SifwOD;jzpfaom aomrwf(pf)tuf
uGdemh(pf)onfvnf; &kyf0g'orm;wa,muf jzpfaeayvdrfhrnf/ tcsKdYbk&if*sDbmomt,l
0g'qkdif&mynm&Sifrsm;rSm ,aeYwkdif tbd"r®mcef;wGif ]]trSefwu,f 0g'orm;}}rsm;jzpf
aeMuayao;onf/ odkY&mwGif bk&if*sDbmom0ifwkdYu þü&yfraeMubJ t[kwf&Sd wu,f
27 jroef;wifh
&Sad om&kyu
f rÇmavmuBuD;onf xm0&bk&m;ocifu zefqif;í pdwef mrfwefc;dk tmPmpuf
w&yfjzpfaom xm0&bk&m;ocif\wefc;dk awmfu pd;k rk;d cs,fv, S x
f m;onf[k qufvufí
,lqMujyefaomtcg ,if;wkdYonfvnf; pdwf0g'orm;rsm;tpkwGif usa&mufoGm;Muay
onf/
,if;odjYk zifh &kyo
f nf oD;jcm;uif;vGwpf mG wu,ft[kww
f nf&adS eonfqodk nft
h
csuftxd trSefwu,f0g'onf &kyf0g'ESifhwlnDí useftcsufrsm;wGifrl pdwf0g'ESifhwlnD
oGm;ayonf/
xkjYd yif ]]trSewf u,f0g'}}qkad ompum;vk;H onfvnf; tbd"r®mynm&Sirf sm; ok;H
zefrsm;ojzifh qDonfr vufokwfzwfjzpfaeayNyD/ wpkHwckudk wu,ftrSefwnf&Sdonf[k
,lqolwkdif;tm; trSefwu,f0g'orm;[k ac:aeMuonf/

pdwf0g'ESifhqefYusifjcm;em;vsuf&Sdaom &kyf0g'\tajccH oifMum;csufrsm;
&kyf0g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf toGiftrsKd;rsKd;aom pdwf0g'wkdYESifhqefY
usifonf/ &kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'udk aphpyfay;aom&kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g'ESifhvnf; qefYusifonf/
&ky0f g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;udk ykrd ydk o D pGm od&EdS idk &f eftwGuf pdw0f g'\t"dutcsuf
BuD;rsm;udk yXrjyvkdonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm-
(1) &kyfurÇmBuD;onf pdwfemrfay:wGif trSDo[JjyKaeonf/
(2) pdwfemrf okdYr[kwf pdwf odkYr[kwf pdwful;awG;ac:rIwkdYonf &kyfESifhoD;jcm;uif;vGwfí
wnf&SdaeEkdifonf/ wu,fvnf; wnf&Sdaeonf/ (,if;wkdYteuf tjyif;xefqkH;aompdwf
0g'rSm &kyq f o dk nfrmS vk;H 0r&S?d &kyo
f nf tm&kw H iG f xifpm;csufrQomjzpfonf[k qkad omqE´
pGJpdwf0g'yifjzpfonf/)
(3) odyyHÜ nm? tawGt Y MuKH? odjrifrwI jYdk zifh ppfaq;prf;oyfo&d EdS idk af om t&mrsm;\]]aemuf
uG,w f iG }f } odrYk [kwf ]]txufwiG }f } okrYd [kwf ]]vufvrS ;f rrS&D m}}wGif eufecJ ufcaJ om? rod
Ekdifaom bkHwck&Sdonf[lí jzpfonf/
&ky0f g'\tajccHoifMum;csufrsm;onf az:jyyg pdw0f g'\t"dutcsufrsm;ESihf
qefYusifayonf/
(1) urÇmavmuBuD;onf jyuawhobm0tm;jzifh &kyfjzpfonf/ wnf&Sdaeaomt&m0w¬K
wkdif;onf &kyftaMumif;w&m;rsm;ay:wGif tajccHí jzpfay:vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ &kyf\
armif;ESifrIOya'orsm;t& jzpfay:wkd;wufvmMujcif;jzpfonf/
(2) &kyfonf 'd|usaom trSefw&m;jzpfí pdwf\jyifywGif oD;jcm;uif;vGwfwnf&Sdonf/
pdwo f nf &kyEf iS u hf if;uGmí oD;jcm;&yfwnfaejcif;r[kwaf y/ pdwf odrYk [kwf pdwef mrfEiS phf yf
orQt&mwkdif;onf &kyfjzpfpOf\tusKd;w&m;om jzpfonf/

(3) urÇmavmuBuD;ESifh¤if;\Oya'orsm;onf vkH;0od&SdEkdifaomt&mrsm; jzpfonf/ o
bm0tm;jzifh rodao;aomt&mrsm;om&Sdí rodEkdifaom&mrsm;[lí bmrQr&Sd? ponfht
csufrsm; jzpfonf/
wavQmufvkH;wGif ,drf;,kdifjcif;r&Sd? worwfwnf;jzpfaom &kyf0g'udk pGJukdifjcif;
jzifh¤if;? pdwf0g'udk b,ftcsuf? b,fae&mwGifrS tavQmhray;jcif;jzifh¤if;? rmhufpfvDeif
0g'\tbd"r®monf xl;jcm;jcif;udk aqmifayonf/ odkYjzifh pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif;
ajymcJhayonf/
]]---(u)urÇmavmuBuD;onf ]]xm0&0dnmOfawmf}}? ]]wurÇmvk;H ESiq hf idk af om
pdwfemrf}}? ]]odpdwf}}ponfwkdYjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;aom t&mrQomjzpfonf[laom pdwf0g'ukd
qefYusifvsuf urÇmavmuBuD;onf jyuawhobm0tm;jzifh &kyfjzpfonf¤if;? þurÇm

avmuBuD;\txl;xl;taxGaxGaom toGio f P²mefrsm;onf vIy&f mS ;armif;ESiaf eaom
&kyfj'yftrsKd;rsKd;wkdYjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onf[k¤if;? xkdYjyif urÇmavmuBuD;onf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;
rI Oya'orsm;t& jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum ]]wurÇmvkH;ESifhqkdifaompdwfemrf}}rygbJ
uif;vGwf&yfwnfaeonf[k¤if;? rmhufpf\tbd"r®mqkdif&m&kyf0g'u ,lqayonf/
]](c) uREkyf wf \ Ydk pdwof mvQif wu,fwnf&í dS tjcm;bmrQ wu,ftrSerf &S[ d k ,l
qaom pdw0f g'ESiq hf efu Y sifvsuf? &ky?f obm0 ponfwo Ydk nf pdw\f jyifywGif oD;jcm;uif;
vGwfwnf&Sdaeonfh 'd|usaom trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k¤if;? &kyfonf tm&kHrsm;? awG;ac:
rIrsm;ESifhpdwfwkdY\t&if;tjrpfjzpfí &kyfonfom t"dujzpfonf[k¤if;? pdwfonf jzpfrI\
ta&mif[yfcsuf? &kyf\ta&mif[yfcsufrQomjzpfí? omrnjzpfonf[k¤if;? tawG;t
ac:onf &kyf\&vm'frQomjzpfí OD;aESmufjzifhom jynfhpkHaom tawG;tac:tqifhodkY
a&mufapojzifh OD;aESmuf(&ky)f onf tawG;tac:(pdw)f udjk yKvkyo f nfuh &d ,
d mBuD;jzpfonf
[k¤if;? urÇmavmuBuD;ü rod&ao;aomt&m[líom&SNd yD;? rodEidk af omt&m[lí r&S[ d k
¤if;? xkdrod&ao;aomt&mwkdYonf odyÜHynmESifhvufawGYBudK;yrf;tm;xkwfrIrsm;rS od&Sd
vmawmhrnf[k¤if;? rmhufpf\tbd"r®mqkdif&m &kyf0g'u ,lqayonf/}}
&kyf0g'ESifhpdwf0g'wkdY vufawGYwGif jcm;em;MuykH

az:jycJoh nft h wkid ;f &ky0f g'ESiphf w
d 0f g'jcm;em;ykw
H o
Ydk nf urÇmavmuBuD;\obm0
ESiyhf wfoufaom pdwZå qefaom todw&m;ESpcf k jcm;em;MuykrH sKd; r[kwaf y/ jyóemwkid ;f
wGif em;vnfy?Hk t"dygÜ ,faumuf,yl u Hk tp jcm;em;aeMuaom t,ltqESpcf jk zpfayonf/
xkdYaMumifh ,if;ESpfck\jcm;em;csufudk txl;rSwfom;&ef vkdonf/
29 jroef;wifh
&ky0f g'ESiphf w
d 0f g'jcm;em;Muyku H kd vufawGeY nf;rsm;jzifh aemufxyfEidI ;f ,SOpf pfaq;
MunfMh u&atmif/
Oyrm - pdw0f g'orm;wku Yd odyyHÜ nmtay:wGif ]]vGerf if;pGm}} tm;xm;jcif;rjyK
&ef rMumcPajymwwfMuonf/ ta&;BuD;aom opömw&m;rsm;onf odyÜHynmvufvSrf;
rrSDaomae&mwGif &Sdonf[kvnf; olwkdYu qkdMuonf/ odkYqkdjcif;onf oufaoom"u&Sd
aom? tawGYtMuKHu jyaom? vufawGYjzifh prf;oyfEkdifaom t&mrsm;udk r,kHMunfESifh[k
qkjd cif;yifjzpfonf/ odq Yk jdk cif;jzifh ]]tqifjh rif}h }aom todw&m;udk &&Sad v[ef trSeq f ;Hk udk
odav[ef aqmifaeMuonf/ pdw0f g'orm;rsm;udo k m ,kMH unfMu[kq&dk ma&mufayonf/
þenf;jzifh pdwf0g'onf azgufjyefaom 0g'jzefYcsDrIa&mif;&if; rdwfaqGaumif;
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uREkfyfwkdYonf vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhobm0tiftm;pkrsm; taMumif;udk odem;vnfEkdifaom
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vnf; puf,EÅ&m;wck\tvkyfvkyfykHjzifh EIdif;,SOfodem;vnfayonf/
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I yI &f mS ;aqmif&u
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cPajymoHMum;&onf/ ,if;rSm puf,EÅ&m;qefaom &kyf0g'udkqkdvkdjcif; jzpfayonf/ odkY
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rIrsm;udk odjrifem;vnf&ayvdrfhrnf/
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avmuBuD;jzifh &Sif;vif;az:jyayonf/
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I twGi;f rSmyif ajymif;vJjcif;
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ta&;BuD;aomtpdwt f ydik ;f jzpfonf/ olwo Ydk nf ajymif;vJjcif;udk aMumufMuonf/ ajymif;
vJjcif;aMumifh olwo Ydk nfvnf; aysmufu, G v f iG phf ifomG ;awmhrnf[k pd;k &drMf uonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
olwkdYonf wnfNrJaomt&m? edpöjzpfaomt&m? ajymif;vJjcif;w&m;(tedpö)r[kwfaom
t&mudk &SmazGMuonf/
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orm;rsm;u ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom xm0&jzpfaom t&mrsm;udk pdwfemrfbkHü &SmazGMuí
&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf tvm;wlt&mudk &kyfurÇmavmuBuD;xJü &SmazGaeMuonf/ odkY&m
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bd"r®mxJwGif jr§KyfESHXmyemxm;onfhajr&Sifya'o&mZfawG;ac:rIrsm;onfvnf; NydKusae
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35 jroef;wifh
onf vlrIESifhEkdifiHa&;tbd"r®mrsm;wGifom xif[yfaeonfr[kwfbJ obm0tbd"r®mxJ

wGifvnf; xif[yfaeonf/
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onf/ od&Yk &dS if;jzifh pMum0VmpepfBuD;tm; tusKd;jyKaeMu&onfqadk om obm0tbd"r®m
rSm ajr&Sifya'o&mZfacwfwGif xGef;um;aom tbd"r®mrsKd; jzpfayonf/
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w&m;aot,ltqrsm;udk y,fum obm0onf &kycf E¨mrsm; tnrnwkjYH yefvyI &f mS ;Muonfh
pepfBuD;omjzpfonf[k olwkdYu ,lqMuonf/ obm0onf rnfodkYrnfykHajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;

aeonfudk odjrif&eftwGuf obm0tm; pl;prf;&SmazG&rnf[kvnf; qkdcJhMuayonf/
yx0D0ifqidk &f m awG&Y cdS sufrsm;? ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESio hf ,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;wk;d
wufrrI sm;? pufrEI iS phf ufxw k vf yk rf I wk;d wufzNYHG zKd;rIrsm;ESit
hf wl obm0pl;prf;&SmazGro I nf
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&ky0f g't,ltqudk a&SUodw Yk qifh wGe;f ydv Yk u
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wGif xif[yfaeouJhodkY obm0ESifhywfoufaom az:jyyg "e&Sift,ltqonfvnf; "e
&SifvlrIqufqHa&;wGif xif[yfaeayonf/ odkY&mwGif "e&Sif vlrIqufqHa&;opfonf ajr
&Sifya'o&mZfaESmiftzGJYrsm;udk jzwfawmufum ukefvkyftiftm;pkHopf\wkd;wufjzpfay:
rIopfudk jzpfay:apouJhodkY obm0ESifhywfoufaom "e&Sift,ltqopfonfvnf; ajr

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jzpfay:apcJhayonf/
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udk MunfhjrifouJhodkY¤if;? Munfhjrifayonf/ obm0BuD;rnfodkY tvkyfvkyf vIyf&Sm;onfudk
37 jroef;wifh
Munfjh rif&mü puf,EÅ&m;BuD; rnfot Ykd vkyv

f yk vf yI &f mS ;onfukd Munfo h uJo h Ykd Munfah yonf/
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&Sm;rIESifhpyfvsOf;í tufyDusL;&wfpfu puf,EÅ&m;yrm wdusaom ae\vIyf&Sm;oGm;vm
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vnf;BuD;ayonf[k ajymcJhayonf/ aeonf yx0DajrBuD;udk vSnfhywfoGm;vmaeonf/
odvYk n
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,if;tEkjrLrIHuav;rsm;onf vkH;0uGJaysmufvGifhpifum wjcm;pD jzpfoGm;NyD; aemufwaeY
eHeufusrS wzef ,if;tEkjrLrIHuav;rsm;onf jyefí pkaygif;zGJYpnf;vmMujyefum ]]ae
opf}}wckjzpfay:vmonf[k tufyu D sL;&wfpu f ,lqayonf/ olt Y zkYd obm0BuD;jzpfay:
vmykHomvQif ta&;BuD;í obm0BuD;vIyf&Sm; tvkyfvkyfykHonf ta&;rBuD;ay/ e,lwef
url obm0BuD;jzpfay:vmykHonf ta&;rBuD;? rnfokdYrnfykH tvkyfvkyf vIyf&Sm;ykHonfom
ta&;BuD;onf[k ,lqonf/ pMum0Vmpepf rnfokdYtvkyfvkyfonfudk od&Sd&efom ta&;
BuD;onf[k ,lqonf/ pMum0Vmpepf tvkyfvkyfykHukdvnf; e,lwefonf puf,EÅ&m;yrm
wifpm;í az:jyonf/ qGiJ ifjcif;tm;? puf,EÅ&m;tiftm;pk ponfwjYdk zifh wifpm;jyonf/
,if;odaYk om puf,EÅ&m;qefonfch sOf;uyfavhvmrIrsKd;udk [maA;\aoG;vSnyhf wf
oGm;vmrIoabmw&m;xJwGifvnf; awGYEkdifonf/ [maA;u aoG;oGm;vmvSnfhywfykHudk
puf,EÅ&m;BuD;wck tvkyfvkyfouJhodkY jrifonf/ ESvkH;onf ykdufvkH;BuD;wckESifhwlonf/ xkd
ykdufvkH;rS aoG;rsm;udk aoG;vTwfaMumrsm;wavQmuf yef;xkwfvkdufNyD; aoG;jyefaMumrsm;
rSjyefí pD;qif;aponf/ odkYjzifh aoG;vSnfhywfoGm;vmrIonf ydkufacgif;rsm;rSwqifh oGm;
vmvSnfhywfaeonf[k [maA;u ,lqayonf/
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qifhqifh ppfaq;MunfhMu&atmif/
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(2) puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rI\toGifvu©Pmrsm;onf bmvJ¿
(u) puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIwckwGif wckESifhwcktHukdufaeMuaom xm0&tpdwft
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jyefvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ okdYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;zGJYpnf;rIOya'orsm;t& wduspGm ajymqkdEkdifaom
tajzrsm;udk &&Sdonf/
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trsKd;rsKd;aom tpdwftydkif;rsm;ygonf/
(c) em&Dudk armif;ESifa&;tiftm;jzpfaom oHywfjzifh oGm;aponf/
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pdwtf ydik ;f wko Yd nf wckEiS whf ck tnrnwkjYH yefvyI &f mS ;Muum 'kid cf u G af y;wGif wduspGm xkwf
az: ajymqkdEkdifaom em&DvufwHrsm;\vIyf&Sm;rIudkjzpfay:aponf/ ,if;em&D\puf,EÅ
&m;zGJYpnf;rIudk odem;vnfvkdvQif em&D\tpdwftydkif;rsm;ukd wckpDjzKwfMunfh&ef vdkonf/
xkt
d pdwt f ydik ;f rsm; wckEiS whf ck rnfot Ykd u H u kd af tmif wyfqifxm;onfukd od&&dS efvo dk nf/
vkdtyfaom armif;ESifa&; tiftm;pku wGef;vkdufaomtcg xkdtpdwftydkif;rsm; tcsif;
csif;rnfokdYwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;Muonfudk odem;vnf&efvkdonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;onf obm0udkvnf; þenfjzifh Munfhjrifayonf/
olwo Ydk nf obm0\tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;udk wckpcD jJG cm;um Munfo h nf/ obm0tpdwt f ydik ;f
rsm; wckESifhwck tHudkufjzpfaeMuonfudk Munfhonf/ xkdtpdwftydkif;rsm;\tnrnwkHY
jyefvyI &f mS ;rIaMumifh ajymif;vJjcif;rsm;rnfoYkd rnfyaHk y:vmaMumif;udk Munfo h nf/ ,if;odYk
Munfjh rifNyD;aemufwiG f obm0\rnfonft h pdwt f ydik ;f udk rnfojYdk yifrnf/ rnfonfth pdwf
tydkif;udk rnfodkYwkd;wufatmif vkyfrnfpojzifh awG;ac:Muayonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\pGrf;tm;owådESifhatmifjrifcsufrsm;
obm0ukd odem;vnfa&;wGif puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'onf ta&;BuD;aomrSww f idk w
f
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39 jroef;wifh
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oabmxm;Muonf/ owå0gtm;vkH;onf atmfwkdarwm[kac:aom &IyfaxG;aompuf
,EÅ&m;rsm;omjzpfonf[k jyifopftbd"r®mynm&Siaf ';um;u 17-&mpkEpS u f wnf;uyif
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ol\]]vlonf puf,EÅ&m;wck}}trnf&Sdusrf;wGif az:jycJhayonf/
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rGrf;rHjyifqifrI&Sdonf? tjcm;t&mrsm;rSm z&kdz&JEkdifonf? npfywfonf? pepfusjcif;r&dS?
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urÇmavmuBuD;onf puf,EÅ&m;wckESifhwlonfqkdvQif xkdpuf,EÅ&m;udk rnfol
vkyo f enf;/ rnfou l pwifoenf;/ urÇmavmuBuD;udk zefqif;&eftwGuf &kyu f rÇmavm
uBuD;\tjyifbufwiG f ]]teEÅwefc;dk awmf&iS }f }&So d nf/ teEÅwefc;dk awmf&iS o
f nf urÇmBuD;
udk zefqif;&kHom zefqif;NyD;aemufwGif bmudkrQ 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; r&Sd? urÇmavmu

BuD; vIyf&Sm;ykHudk apmifhMunfhaeonf[k tm;vkH;aom puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;u ,lqMu
onf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifukd puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ teEÅwefckd;awmf
&Sifudk puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;wkdif;u vufcHMuonf/ (Oyrm - aAgvfwJ,m;? wGefydef;
ponfhynm&Sifrsm;/) odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'wGif pdwf0g'wydkif; 0ifaeonf/
(2) puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'onf t&mwkid ;f wGif ajymif;vGrJ &I o dS nf[k ,kMH unfonf/ toGiof P²mef
tm;vkH;udk pufrIqefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;pepftjzpf tqifhedrfhí jrifonf/
,if;ajymif;vJro I nfvnf; trsKd;tpm;wlonfph ufrq I efaom jzpfpOfrsm; tpOftNrJt&pf
ywfvSnfhywfaejcif;om jzpfonf/ ajymif;vJrIonf puf0dkif;&pfywfovkd txyfxyf vSnfh
ywfajymif;vJjcif;rsKd;om jzpfonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;tm; puf,EÅ&m;uJo h kYd Munfjh rifvQif ,if;uefoY wfcsufonfvnf;
&Sdaernfjzpfonf/ puf,EÅ&m;wckonf jyKvkyfNyD;onfESifh jyKvkyfNyD;onfhtwkdif;om &Sdae
rnfjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJjcif;r&S?d xyfro H pfviG jf cif;r&S?d xkaYd Mumifh topfay:aygufvmaom
t&nftaoG;opfrsm; sm;udk pOf;pm;aomtcgwGif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf pOf;pm;jcif;rjyK
wwfawmhay/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf ajymif;vJrIudk vufcHaomfvnf; topfajymif;vJ
jcif;? wk;d wufajymif;vJjcif;udo k m em;rvnfay/ puf0ikd ;f yrm &pfywfajymif;vJjcif;udo k m
em;vnfayonf/
obm0jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;udk &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm;\pufrIqefaom tnrnwHYkjyef
vIy&f mS ;rItwGi;f rSmom&So
d nf[k wxpfcs ,lqí r&ay/ Oyrm - "mwfjzpfpOfrsm;ESio hf uf
&Sd&kyf\jzpfpOfrsm;ukd ,if;odkYMunfhjrifí r&Ekdifay/
41 jroef;wifh
"mwfrsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;onf pufrIqefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf

&Sm;jcif;ESifhuGmjcm;ayonf/ "mwfrsm;\tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:aom
ajymif;vJrüI t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI yg&Sad yonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh "mwkaA'ypön;f ESprf sKd;
udk "mwkaA'enf;tm;jzifh aygif;pyfvkdufjcif;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tusKd;w&m;rSm t
&nftcsif;tm;jzifh xkEd pS rf sKd;ESirhf wlaom "mwkaA'ypön;f opfwrsKd; jzpfay:jcif;jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif "mwf0w¬KESpfck\puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;jcif;aMumifh &&Sdaom
tusKd;rSm t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrI r[kwaf y/ ta&twGuaf jymif;vJro I m jzpfonf/ xif
&Sm;aomO'g[&kPfrSm awaZm"mwfyifjzpfonf/ "mwkaA'wGif awaZm"mwfonf t&nf
tcsif;ajymif;vJru I kd jzpfaponf/ (tyl&edS jf yif;jcif;aMumifh a&onf tck;d taiGt Y jzpfajymif;
vJomG ;enf;rsKd;)pufryI nmwGirf l awaZm"mwfonf &ky\ f vIy&f mS ;ta&twGuu f dk wk;d wuf

vmap&krH Qomjzpfonf/ (tyltm;aMumifh pufvnfywfrI ta&twGurf sm;jym;vmjcif;rsKd;)
tvm;wlyif obm0\jzpfpOfrsm;onfvnf; puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyef
vIyf&Sm;rIrsKd; puf0dkif;yrmtxyfxyf &pfywfvSnfhvnfaejcif;rsKd; r[kwfay/ obm0jzpf
pOfrsm;onf tqufrjywf jzpfay:wkd;wufvsuf&Sdum wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJ
vsuf&adS yonf/ odaYk jymif;vJypHk rH sKd;jzifh yko
H P²mefopfrsm;? wnf&rdS tI opfrsm;onf jzpfay:
vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;rSm &kyf\&kyfajymif;vJjcif;jzpfayonf/ odkYjzpf&m obm0udk t"dyÜg,f
aumuf,&l mwGif puf,EÅ&m;qefaomenf;rsm;udk tok;H jyKavav uefo Y wfcsufrsm;jym;
um tjrifusOf;ajrmif;vmavav jzpfayonf/
(3) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vlrIwkd;wufjzpfay:rIudk &Sif;vif;wifjyjcif; rjyKEkdifay/

puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf "e&Sif\vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhpyfvsOf;aom ouf0if,kHMunf
rIudk az:jyavonf/ ,if;t&qkdvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;aeaom
vlrt I EkjrLrIu
H av;rsm;jzifo
h m zGpYJ nf;xm;jcif;jzpfayonf/ vlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;jzpfay:wk;d wuf
rIukd aphaqmfonfph ;D yGm;a&;ESiv hf rl aI &;taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk þ&Ijrifcsufjzifh &SmazGawGY
&SEd idk of nfr[kwaf y/ þ&Ijrifcsufjzifo h m vltzGtYJ pnf;udk Munfjh rif&ygvQif vlraI jymif;vJ
rIrsm;onf a&Smifwcif jzpfay:vmMuonf[k xifz, G &f mom&Sad yonf/ vl\vIy&f mS ;aqmif
&GufrIonfvnf; jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;rS xGufay:vmaom puf,EÅ&m;qefonfht
usKd;w&m;rsm;[k ,lqzG,f&mom &Sdavonf/ odkYr[kwf taMumif;w&m;r&SdbJ o,HZmw
tvkdtavsmuf ay:aygufvmonf[k ,lq&awmhrnfom jzpfayonf/ ,if;tcsufüyif
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf &kyf0g'tjrifrS a&GUavsmum "mwf0g'toGifodkY ul;ajymif;oGm;ay
awmhonf/
tcsKyfqkd&vQif puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vl\vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ukd

&Sif;vif;az:jyjcif; rjyKEkdifay/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'ESifhpdwful;,Of qkd&S,fvpf0g'
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf vludk pdwåZqefpGm Munfhjrifonf/ vlwa,muftm; vlrI
tEkjrLrIHuav;wrIH[k ,lqonf/ xkdvltEkjrLrIHuav;tm; ADZowådrsm;? t&nftaoG;
rsm;? ydkifcGifhrsm;udk obm0u tyfESif;vkdufonf[k ,lqonf/
,if;udk ]]vl\ykdifcGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom "e&SifcH,lcsufwGif az:jyxm;onf/ ]]vl
wkdif;onf wef;wlnDrQMuonf}}[laom "e&SifawmfvSefa&; a<u;aMumfoHrSm þouf0if
,kHMunfrI(cH,lcsuf)rS aygufzGm;vmjcif;jzpfayonf/
]]vl\ykid cf iG }hf }ESiphf yfvsOf;í ,if;odaYk z:jyjcif;rSm pdwZå qefvaS yonf/ ]]vl\ykid f
cGifh}}ESifhpyfvsOf;aom cH,lcsufudk ,if;odkYpdwåZqefqef qGJ,lír&Ekdifay/ trSeftm;jzifh
]]vl\ykid cf iG }hf }ESiphf yfvsOf;aom cH,cl sufukd vlwaYdk exkid af omvlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;a&muf&adS eonfh
tqifhuom tqkH;tjzwfjyKayonf/ vlwkdYonf ,cktajcteodkY a&muf&SdaeMujcif;rSm
]]obm0uzefwD;}}\r[kwfay/ vlwkdY,cktajctaeodkY ajymif;vJa&muf&Sdvmjcif;rSm vl
wk\Yd vlrv I yI &f mS ;aqmif&u G cf sufaMumifo h m jzpfonf/ ]]obm0tm;jzif}h } vlwidk ;f onfvnf;
wef;wlnrD QMuonf r[kwaf y/ ,if;odaYk om t,ltqrSm wef;wlnrD Qa&;udk pdwZå qefpmG
az:jyaom "e&Sio f uf0if,MHk unfro I m jzpfayonf/ wef;wlnrD Qa&;ESiyhf wfoufí rmhupf f
ESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdYu atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;cJhayonf/
]]ypön;f rJw h ef;wlnrD Qa&; awmif;qkcd suf\wu,ft h ESpo f m&onf vlwef;pm;rsm;
udk zsuford ;f &ef awmif;qkjd cifyif jzpfonf/ vkt d yfrx I uf ykrd adk om wef;wlnrD Qa&;awmif;
qkdcsufonf t"dyÜg,fuif;rJhvSayonf---}}
,if;odjYk zifh puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'orm;rsm;onf vlukd tEkjrLrIaH v;wrIo H zG,f pdwZå
qefpGm puf,EÅ&m;qefpGmMunfhjrifonf/ xkd&IjrifcsufwGif tajccHí vlYtEG,fBuD;twGuf
rnfodkYaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;ykHpHrsKd;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfrnf[k pdwåZqefpGmawG;onf/
rmhupf rf wkid rf u D ay:aygufcahJ om pdwu f ;l ,Ofq&dk ,
S vf pfrsm;onf ,if;awG;ac:&Ijrifcsuf
udk qufcHjyefYyGm;cJhMuonf/ olwkdYonf qkd&S,fvpf0g'udk pHjyvlYtzGJYtpnf;w&yftjzpf xl
axmifcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh olwkdYonf vlrsm;uom pdwfygvQif qkd&S,fvpfvlYtzGJYtpnf;
udk b,ftcsdet f cgwGif xlaxmifEidk o f nf[k ,lqcJMh ujcif; jzpfonf/ þt&monf vlo Y bm
0\vkt d yfcsufrsm;tm; w&m;rQwqk;H ? taumif;qk;H jznfph rG ;f ay;Ekid o f nf[k vlwidk ;f u ,kH
Munfvmonfrh nfonft h csdew f iG rf qkd jzpfvmvdrrhf nf[k ,lqcJMh ujcif;jzpfonf/ qk&d , S v f pf
43 jroef;wifh
vltY zGtYJ pnf;xlaxmifa&;twGuf t&if;&Sipf epf y#dyu©jzpfay:wk;d wufrrI sm; vkt d yfonf
ud¤k if;? tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;u t&if;&Sipf epftm; tNyD;owfatmifEidk &f ef vkt d yfonf
udk olwkdYrjrifcJhMuay/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; a&mbwftkd0ifonf ol\qkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfukd
axmufc&H ef uifwmbm&D*P dk ;f csKyfBuD;ESi0hf w
d &dk ,
d bk&ifrBuD;udk yefMum;cJjh cif; jzpfavonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'orm;rsm;ESifhpdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfrsm;u vl? vl\tusifhpm
&dwåESifhvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrItm;vkH;wkdYudk vl\ywf0ef;usifESifhynma&;wkdYu tqkH;tjzwf
jyKonf[k ,lqMujyefonf/ xkaYd Mumifh vlrsm;\aysmf&iT af &;? aumif;rGeaf &;ESiÓ hf Pftajrmf
tjrif&v dS ma&;wkt Yd wGuf aumif;aomywf0ef;usifEiS ahf umif;aomynma&;udk zefw;D ay;
&efvkdonf[k ,lqonf/
,if;udk rmhufpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhonf/

]]vlonf ywf0ef;usifavmuESifholBuD;jyif;vm&aom tajctaersm;\om;
aumifomjzpfonf[k¤if;? okdYtwGuf ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaomvlonf ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaom
ywf0ef;usifavmu? ajymif;vJNyD;jzpfaomBuD;jyif;rItajctaewk\ Yd om;aumifrQomjzpf
onf[¤k if;? puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'orm;rsm;u ,lqMuonf/ (ywf0ef;usifajymif;vJvQif vl
vnf;ajymif;onf)od&Yk mwGif ywf0ef;usifonf vlaY Mumifo h m ajymif;vJ&onfqo dk nft h csuf
udk¤if;? xdkYaMumifh olwyg;tm; ynmay;rnfhol(ajymif;vJrnfhol)onf olYudk,fol jyefí
ynmay;&OD;rnf(ajymif;vJatmifvkyf&OD;rnf)qkdonfhtcsufudk¤if; olwkdYarhaeMuay
onf/
tu,fí vlonf ywf0ef;usif\om;aumifomjzpfonfqkdygvQif vlonf ywf
0ef;usifjyKorQ Ek&awmhrnftajcwGifom &Sdayonf/ trSeftm;jzifh þodkYr[kwfay/ vl
onf ol\ywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJypfEkdifayonf/ vlonf ajymif;vJaomywf0ef;usif
aMumifh puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm ajymif;vJvm&jcif; r[kwfbJ xkdywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJ&if;
jzifhyif rdrd\vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIumvtwGif; xkdvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrI\taMumif;w&m;
aMumifh ajymif;vJvmjcif;ayonf/
odkYjzpfvQif vlYtzGJYtpnf;wGif t[kwfjzpf? wu,fjzpfí &kyfvnf;usaom rnf
onfv h rl t I aMumif;w&m;rsm;&So d enf;/ rnfonft h &maMumifh vIy&f mS ;aqmif&u G rf tI opf
rsm;? awG;ac:rItopfrsm; ay:aygufvm&oenf;/ rnfonfht&maMumifh ajymif;vJNyD;
ywf0ef;usifESifhajymif;vJNyD; vlwkdYay:aygufvm&oenf;/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf þar;cGef;rsm;udk ajzqkdjcif;rjyKEkdifay/ vlrIjzpfay:wkd;
wufa&; Oya'orsm;udk az:jy&Si;f vif;jcif;rjyKEkid af y/ vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;tm; rnfoaYdk jymif;
vJypf&rnfudk jyojcif; rjyKEkdifay/
xkdYaMumifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf olYacwfolYtcgwGif wkd;wufawmfvSefoabm

w&m;jzpfaomfvnf; vlYtzGJYtpnf;tm; ajymif;vJypfa&;wGif tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\
wkdufyGJudk a&SUaqmifvrf;nTefjcif; rjyKEkdifay/
®
45 jroef;wifh
tcef;(4)
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'rS tEky#davmr&kyf0g'odkY
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'onf atmufygw&m;ao,lqcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:aponf/

(1) urÇmavmuBuD;onf rajymif;vJaom? wnfNidraf om t&m0w¬Krsm; "mwf0w¬Krsm;jzifh
omzGJYpnf;xmonf/ ,if;t&m0w¬Krsm; "mwf0w¬Krsm;wGif ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom rlao
ADZowådrsm;&Sdonf/
(2) jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;\aphaqmfrIr&SdvQif &kyf"mwf0w¬Krsm;onf vIyf&Sm;jcif;r&Sd
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd?
(3) ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH; ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;onf &kyf\oD;jcm;aom "mwf0w¬Krsm;

\puf,EÅ&m;qefaom tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;om jzpfonf/
(4) "mwf0w¬Kwkid ;f wGif t&mtm;vk;H ESio hf ;D jcm;uif;vGwaf eaom rlaoobm0&So d nf/ oD;
jcm;t&m0w¬Krsm;\qufoG,frIonf jyifyA[d'¨qufoG,frIom jzpfonf/
tEky#davmr&ky0f g'onf az:jyyg puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'\w&m;ao &Ijrifcsufwu Ydk kd
ausmfveG q f efu Y sifonf/ tEky#davmr&ky0f g'tjrifü urÇmavmuBuD;onf t&m0w¬Krsm;
\ zGJYpnf;rIBuD;r[kwfrlí jzpfpOfrsm;\zGJYpnf;rIBuD;om jzpfonf/ &kyfonf ajymif;vJvIyf
&Sm;rIEiS chf cJG mG ír&/ &ky\
f ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rIonf tqk;H tpr&Sd rsm;jym;aomyko
H P²mefrsm;
jzifh jzpfay:vsuf&Sdonf/ wckonf tjcm;wckrS ay:xGufvmí tjcm;wckodkY ul;ajymif;
oGm;wwfaomoabm&Sdonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onfvnf; woD;yk*¾v,lepfrsm;tjzpf oD;
jcm;wnf&Sdjcif;r[kwf/ wckESifhwck t"du&pyfum; tnrnqufoG,faeMuonf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;\zGJYpnf;rIESifhjzpfpOfrsm;\zGJYpnf;rIwkdY uGmjcm;ykH
(1) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'tjrifwGif urÇmavmuBuD;onf ajymif;vJaom wnfNrJ
aom t&m0w¬Krsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onf/ xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;ü ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sdaom rlao
ADZowådrsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;odkYaom t&m0w¬Krsm;udk tajccHí ajymif;vJrItm;vkH;jzpfay:
vm&onf[k ,lqonf/
tEky#davmr&ky0f g'onf ,if;t,ltqudk y,fonf/ puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'u nTef
jyouJhodkY urÇmavmuBuD;onf t&m0w¬Krsm; rsm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;[k r,lqay/ urÇm
avmuBuD;onf jzpfpOfrsm;sm;jzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;om jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/ xkjzpf djzpfpOfrsm;
t&omvQif t&m0w¬Krsm;onf jzpfay:vmMuum ysufokOf;oGm;Mu&jcif; jzpfonf/
]]urÇmavmuBuD;onf toifjh yKvkyNf yD; t&m0w¬Krsm; rsm;jzifh zGpYJ nf;xm;jcif; r[kwf
rlí jzpfpOfrsm;jzifhom zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkjzpf djzpfpOfwavQmufü rvIyfr&Sm; wnfNrJ

aeonf[k xif&aom t&m0w¬Krsm;onf jzpfvmMu? ysufoGm;Muojzifh tqufrjywfbJ
tNrJwap ajymif;vJaeMuonf-}}[k tdef*s,fvfpfu ajymcJhayonf/
odyÜHynm\aemufqkH;awGY&Sdcsufrsm;uvnf; tdef*s,fvfpf\tqkdtrdefYrSefuef
aMumif;udk jyocJNh yD;jzpfayonf/ xko d jYkd zifh wcsdewf cgu xm0&wnfonf[¤k if;? cGjJ crf;pdwf
jzmír&[k¤if; ,lqcHc&hJ onft h EkjrLudk tDvufx&Ge?f y&kw d eG ?f EsLx&Ge"f mwfrsm;tjzpfoYkd
cGJpdwfí &&SdvmcJhonf/ wzef þt&mrsm;onfvnf; cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmír&aom t&mrsm;
r[kwfao;/ tEkjrLuJhodkYyif cGJpdwfí&aom t&mrsm;jzpfayonf/
xkaYd Mumifh urÇmavmuzGpYJ nf;rI\tajccHrmS ]]t&m0w¬ t&m0w¬K}}}}rsm;r[kwb f J obm0\
jzpfpOfrsm;
tqk;H r&Sad om]]jzpf sm;}}omjzpfayonf/ þ]]jzpf jzpfpOfrsm;
sm;}}jzifo t&m0w¬Krsm;
h m ]]t&m0w¬ rsm;}}onf
jzpfvmMu? ysufoGm;MuESifhtqufrjywfbJ tNrJwap ajymif;vJaeMujcif; jzpfayonf/

xkjYd yif obm0\jzpfpOfonfvnf; tqk;H tpr&Sad y/ topfrsm;udk aemufxyfawG&Y v dS mMu
í xkdtopfonfvnf; tqkH;pGefaom omtpdwftydkif;rsm; r[kwfMuao;bJ ¤if;wkdYudk aemuf
xyfcjJG crf;pdwjf zmí &Ekid af o;onf/ xkaYd Mumifh tDvufx&Ge"f mwfonfvnf; ]]tEkjrLuJo h Ykd
yif cGJpdwfrIü ukefqkH;jcif;odkY ra&mufao;ay/ obm0onf tqkH;r&Sd? tpr&Sdacswum;}}
[k vDeifu a&;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
vlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;udk awG;ac:&Ijrif&mwGiv f nf; tvm;wlyifjzpfonf/ wpkw H ckaom
vlYtzGJYtpnf;onf rdef;r? a,musfm;? woD;yk*¾vrsm;udk pkpnf;xm;aom ajymif;vJjcif;
r&SdonfhykHaoum;us tzGJYtpnf;wckr[kwfay/ vlrIjzpfpOfrsm;onf jzpfay:vsuf&Sday
onf/ xkdvlrIjzpfpOfrsm;t& pepfESifhvlrsm;onf ajymif;vJjzpfay:aeMuayonf/
&kyfESifhajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwkdY qufpyfaeykH
(2) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\'kwd,w&m;ao,lqcsuft& jyifytaMumif;w&m;\
aphaqmfrIr&SdvQif rnfonfhajymif;vJrIrS r&SdEkdif[k ,lqonf/
puf,EÅ&m;wck\tpdwftydkif;wck? cvkwfwckonf tjcm;tpdwftydkif;wck? c
vkww f ck\wGe;f rIr&Sb
d EJ iS rhf jzpfEidk /f xkaYd Mumifh &kyo
f nf olt
Y vkt
d avsmuftm;jzifh vIy&f mS ;
ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? jyifyt&m0w¬KwpkHwck wGef;rIygrS ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;onf[k ,lqonf/
,if;0g't&qkdvQif &kyfudk vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJatmif aphaqmfaeaomt&mrSm teEÅwefckd;
awmf&Sifwyg;[k ,lqonf/ ,if;wefckd;awmf&Sifu pwifwGef;ykdYvkdufrS &kyfonf vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJvmum pufBud,mtpdwftydkif;rsm;uJhodkY tjcm;&kyfrsm;udk wqifhwqifhwGef;ydkY
armif;ESifvIyf&Sm;aponf[kqkdonf/
47 jroef;wifh
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf &kyfESifhywfoufí ,if;odkYtoufuif;rJhpGm Munfhaom

tjrifukd ypfy,fonf/ ,if;tjrifonf &kyEf iS v hf yI &f mS ;ajymif;vJjcif;udk wjcm;pDcMJG unfo h nf/
&kyu f kd aoaeaom tpdik t f cJBuD;wcktjzpf oabmxm;NyD; tjyifyrS wGe;f ydaYk rmif;ESirf o S m
vnfywfomG ;vmaomt&mBuD;wck[k oabmxm;onf/ tEky#davmr&ky0f g'onf þt
,ludk jiif;y,fonf/ vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJjcif;onf &kyf\wnf&SdaeykHpHepfyif jzpfonf[k tdef
8s,fvfpfu qkdcJhonf/
]]...vIy&f mS ;ajymif;vJro I nf &ky\f wnf&adS eykpH epfjzpfayonf/ vIy&f mS ;ajymif;
vJrrI &Sad om &ky[ f o l nf b,ftcgurQ r&Sad y/ &Sv d nf;r&SEd idk af y/ aumhprpfv[mjyif&dS vIyf
&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf¤if;? ajryx0Day:wGif tpdkiftcJrsm;\puf,EÅ&m;qefpGm vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJro I nf¤if;? awaZm"mwf? vQyfppf"mwf? oHvu dk "f mwfponfyh &rmEkjrLrsm;\vIyf

&Sm;ajymif;vJrIonf¤if;? "mwfrsm;\aygif;pnf;rIESifhcGJjcrf;pdwfjzmrIrsm;onf¤if;? ouf&Sd
b0onf¤if; urÇmavmuBuD;twGif;&Sd t&mrsm;onf wpkHwckaom tcsdefwGif vIyf&Sm;
ajymif;vJryI o Hk P²meftrsKd;rsKd;jzifh vIy&f mS ;ajymif;vJaeMuonfcsnf; jzpfonf/ ajymif;jcif;
r&Sd wnfNidrfaeonf[kxif&aom t&mrsm;onf jrifvG,fxifvG,fajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;ae
aomt&mrsm;ESifhEIdif;,SOfMunfhaomaMumifhom ajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? wnfNidrfaeMuonf[k
xif&jcif;jzpfonf/ trSet f m;jzifrh l ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;vsufom &Sad yonf/ OyrmjytH/h ajr
BuD;ay:wGif t&m0w¬Kwck(opfyif? wku d w
f m? taqmuftODponfah jrBuD;ay:wGif &Sad om
rnfonfht&m0w¬Kudkrqkd)wnf&Sdonf qkdygpkdY/ puf,EÅ&m;qefqefMunfhvQif ,if;onf
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;r&Sd? wnfNidrfaeonf[k xif&onf/ odkY&mwGif xkdt&m0w¬Konf
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeaom pMum0VmpepfBuD;twGif;&Sd r[myx0DajrBuD;\ajymif;vJvIyf
&Sm;vnfywfrx I wJ iG f yg0ifaeonfr[kwyf gavm/ xkt d &m0w¬K\tao;i,fq;Hk tpdwt f
ydik ;f uav;onfyif tyl&edS af Mumifh ajymif;vJae&onfr[kwaf vm/ xkt d &m0w¬K\tEkjrL
uav;rsm;onf "mwfjzpfpOft& ajymif;vJae&onfr[kwfygavm/ (tyltat;ajymif;
jcif;? ,if;aMumifh usKHUjcif; csJUum;jcif;ponfhajymif;vJrI)&kyfESifhuif;aomajymif;vJvIyf
&Sm;jcif;[lí r&SdEkdifay/ xkdYtwl ajymif;vJjcif;ESifhuif;aom &kyf[lívnf; r&SdEkdifay}}[k
tdef*s,fvfpfu ajymcJhayonf/
xkdYaMumifh &kyfonf taor[kwfay/ toufuif;rJhonf r[kwfay/ wnfNidrfae
onf r[kwfay/ tqufrjywf ajymif;vJjcif;? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;ponfh jzpfpOftwkdif;
jzpfay:&efrmS &ky\ f obm0yifjzpfonf/ ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;jcif;onf &kyu f ohJ yYkd if tpr&Sad cs/
&kyfESifhajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;wkdY cGJjcm;í r&Ekdifjcif;? ]]ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;onf
&ky\ f wnf&adS eykpH eH pf}}jzpfonfqadk omtcsufukd ouf0if,MHk unfjcif;jzifh &ky0f g'ESiyhf wfouf
aomtjrifrsm;udk &Sif;vif;usepGm em;vnfoGm;Ekdifaponf/

urÇmavmuBuD;udk teEÅwefcdk;awmf&Sifwyg;u zefqif;oavm/ &kyf\tprlv
onf bmvJ/ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;jcif;\tprlvonf bmvJ/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\tprlvonf
bmvJ/ taMumif;w&m;onf bmvJ/
þar;cGef;wkdYudk atmufygtwkdif; ajzvdkonf/
urÇmavmuBuD;udk teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sifwyg;u zefqif;jcif;r[kwf/ &kyf\wpkH
wckaom zGJYpnf;rI? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeaom &kyf\wpkHwckaomjzpfpOfwkdYü tpjyKonf/
,if;rSm NyD;cJah om
om&ky\ f zGpYJ nf;rIjzpfonf/ NyD;cJah om omajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;aeonf&h yk \ f wpkw H ck
aomjzpfpOf jzpfonf/ &kyfzGJYpnf;rIta[mif;rS &kyfzGJYpnf;rItopf ay:vmonf/ &kyfjzpfpOf
ta[mif;rS &kyfjzpfpOftopf ay:vmonf/ wzef xkd&kyfzGJYpnf;rI ta[mif; &kyfjzpfpOf t
a[mif;onf b,fuvmoenf;/ xkdYxuf a[mif;aom&kyfzGJYpnf;rI? xkdYxufa[mif;aom

&kyfjzpfpOfrS vmonf/ odkYjzifh qufíqufí oGm;onf/ &kyfü rlvr&Sd? tpr&Sd/
&kyfESifhajymif;vJ vIyf&Sm;rI cGJr&EkdifaMumif;udk odyÜHynmu nTefjycJhonf/ wnfNidrf
vsuf &Sdonf[k xif&aom t&mrsm;onf twGif;ü tqufrjywf ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;aeMu
onf/ tEkjrLonf ¤if;\tpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;u tqufrjywf vIyf&Sm;ay;aejcif;
jzifh wnf&Sdae&jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh ajymif;vJrI\taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk avhvm&mwGif xkdajymif;vJrI\
jyifyA[d'¨taMumif;rsm;udkcsnf; ravhvmtyf/ jzpfpOftwGif; vIyf&Sm;rItwGif;&Sdajymif;
vJrItaMumif;w&m;udkvnf; avhvmtyfayonf/ tvm;wlyif vlrIwkd;wufjzpfay:rIt
aMumif;w&m;rsm;ESifh¤if;\Oya'orsm;udk avhvm&müvnf; xkdvlrIajymif;vJrIrsm;onf
xif&mS ;BuD;us,faomyk*K¾ v d Bf uD;rsm;\aqmif&u G rf ?I xkyd *k K¾ v
d Bf uD;rsm;u wnfNidraf jymif;vJ
jcif;r&Sad omvlt Y zGtYJ pnf;xkx,fBuD;udk yko H iG ;f rIponfwaYdk Mumifh ay:aygufvmonf[k r
,lqtyfay/ vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;xJ&dS twGi;f tiftm;pkrsm;\jzpfay:wk;d wufru I ek v
f yk af &; vl
rItiftm;pkrsm;\jzpfay:wk;d wufrw I aYdk Mumifh xkad jymif;vJrrI sm; ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfay
onf/
xkaYd Mumifh pdwu f ;l ,Of0g'orm;rsm;xifouJo h Ykd qk&d ,S vf pf0g'onf avmuBuD;udk
jyKjyifvadk om jyKjyifa&;orm;rsm;\pdwu f ;l rsm;rS ay:xGuv f mjcif; r[kwaf y/ t&if;&Sif
vlYtzGJYtpnf;\wkd;wufjzpfay:rItwGif;rS ay:xGufvmjcif;omjzpfayonf/ t&if;&Sif
vltY zGt
YJ pnf;onf rdrt d m; tqk;H owfp&D ifum qk&d , S vf pfawmfveS af &;udk a&muf&adS prnfh
taMumif;w&m;rsm;udk rdrd\twGif;ü vG,fydkufxm;&onf/ (rdrd\toufudk qkH;&IH;ap
rnfhoaEöm;udk ydkufxm;&aomrdcif a>rayG;ouJhokdYyifwnf;/)
49 jroef;wifh
&kyfajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\ykHoP²meftrsKd;rsKd;/
(3) puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'\wwd,w&m;ao,lqcsufrmS þodjYk zpfonf/ "mwf0w¬K
uav;rsm;\puf,EÅ&m;qefaom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI? jyifytiftm;pkrsm;\aphaqmfrI
aMumifh "mwf0w¬Kuav;rsm;\omrefajymif;vJrIonf tqkH;pGefjzpfonf/ xkdajymif;vJykH
onf &kyf\tajccHtusqkH;aom ajymif;vJrIykHoP²mefjzpfonf[k ,lqonf/
þod, Yk q
l jcif;onf &kyaf jymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rI[o
l rQudk puf,EÅ&m;\omrefvyI &f mS ;
rIrsKd; tjzpfMunfh jrif&ma&mufayonf/ &kyfwGif ajymif;vJaeaom t&nftcsif;rsm;tm;
vk;H onfvnf; tay:,HrQomjzpfaeonf/ &ky\ f oD;jcm;&Sad om tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;onf puf
,EÅ&m;qefpGm tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf&Sm;um puf0kdif;yrm w&pfywfywfvSnfhvnfaeMuonf
[k qkd&ma&mufonf/

,if;ESifhywfoufí tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]]ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rIonf a,bk,st"dygÜ ,ftm;jzifh &ky\ f wnfaeykpH epfjzpfonf/
&kyf\ADZypönf;jzpfonf/ ae&majymif;a&TUjcif;rStp? awG;MuHjcif;txd? pMum0VmwckvkH;
wGif jzpforQaomajymif;vJrIrsm;ESifhjzpfpOftm;vkH;wkdY yg0ifayonf/ ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI
\obm0ukd &SmazGp;l prf;vQif xkad jymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rI\tedrq hf ;Hk ? omreftusqk;H yko H P²mef
rsm;u pí &SmazGpl;prf;&ayvdrfhrnf/ odkYrSomvQif ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\ydkrkdjrifhrm;aom
ydkrkd&IyfaxG;aom ykHoP²mefrsm;udk em;vnfoabmaygufrnf jzpfayonf/}}
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\omreftusqkH;aomykHoP²mefrSm &kyfcE¨mrsm;\omrefae
&majymif;a&TUjcif;ponfu h pd rö sm; jzpfonf/ ,if;udk pufrt
I wwfynmOya'orsm;jzifh avh
vmEkdifonf/ odkY&mwGif ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rItm;vkH;tm;? ,if;odkY omreftusqkH;aom ykH
oP²mefrsm;jzifch snf;jzpfEidk o f nf[k r,lqtyfay/ omreftusqk;H aom ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;
rIykHoP²mefrsm;rS ydkíjrifhrm;aom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefrsm; rnfodkYrnfykH ay:xGuf
wkd;wufvmonfudk avhvm&rnfjzpfayonf/ &kyfcE¨mrsm;\omrefae&m ajymif;a&TUrIrS
awG;MuHrIodkY rnfodkYrnfykH ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;wkd;wufvmonfudk avhvmtyfayonf/
ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefwckxJrS tjcm;ykHoP²meftopfwckonf ay:xGuf
ajymif;vJvmayonf/ ydkíjrifhrm;NyD; ydkí&IyfaxG;aom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIykHoP²mefonf
ydkíedrfhNyD; ydkíomrefusaom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIrS ay:xGufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh acgif;xJwiG f ay:aygufvmaom awG;MuHrrI sm;onf &kyw f nf;[laom OD;aESmuftwGi;f
wGif "mwkqkdif&m vQyfppf"mwftm;qkdif&m ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwkdYaMumifh ay:xGufvmjcif;
jzpfayonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh oufrJh&kyfonf tjrifhqkH;? t&IyfaxG;qkH;? ykHoP²mefudk aqmif
í wkd;wufjzpfay:vmNyD;aemuf wpkHwckaom tqifhodkY ta&mufwGif ouf&Sd&kyfjzpfvm
onf/
t&m0w¬Krsm;ESi¤hf if;wkEYd iS thf nrnqufo, G rf I

(4) puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\aemufqkH; w&m;aot,ltqrSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpf
onf/ pMum0VmBuD;wGif pkaygif;zGJYpnf;rIBuD;wck jzpfay:vmatmif tnrnwkHYjyefvIyf
&Sm;Muonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;ESi&hf yk 0f w¬rsm;ü ¤if;wkt Yd vkt d avsmuf oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom
obm0&Sdonf[k ,lqonf/ wenf;qkd&vQif t&m0w¬Kwkdif;onf wckESifhwckuif;uGm&yf
wnfaeum vGwv f yfaom ,lepfrsm;jzpfMuonf[, k ql onf/ þtwkid ;f qkv d Qif t&m0w¬K
wckESifhwckwkdY\qufpyfrIonf jyifyqufpyfrIom jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh t&mwckvkH;onf
oD;jcm;aomtpdwftydkif;uav;rsm; pkaygif;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqonf/ wckvkH;\
jzpfay:wk;d wufrOI ya'orsm;ESio hf wård sm;onf ¤if;tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;\owård sm;t& jzpf
ay:&onf[k ,lqonf/
tEky#davmronf ,if;t,ltqudk y,favonf/ &So d rQt&mwkid ;f onf wckEiS hf
wck uif;uGm&yfwnfírjzpf/ uif;uGmí r&yfwnfEikd /f t&m0w¬Krsm;onf wckEiS w hf ckuif;
uGmaeMuonf r[kwfrlí wckESifhwck qufpyfvsuf jzpfvmMuonf/ wnf&SdaeMuonf/
wnf&jSd cif;rS a&GUavsmMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwck\obm0onf tjcm;t&m0w¬Krsm;ESiq hf uf
pyfrdaomtcgwGif ajymif;vJoGm;Muonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;onf ,if;odkYaomenf;jzifh quf
pyf,SufEG,foGm;MuaomtcgwGif t&mwckvkH;\tpdwftydkif;rsm;jzpfvmMuonf/ odkY&m
wGif wckvkH;t&monf tpdwftydkif;rsm;udk aygif;pyfzGJYpnf;xm;jcif; r[kwfay/ wckvkH;
t&mESit hf pdwtf ydik ;f uav;rsm;onf b,fob Yl ,fou l rkd S uif;vGwí f aeEkid Mf uonfr[kw?f
wckv;Hk udk tpdwt f ydik ;f uav;rsm;u qk;H jzwfí tpdwt f ydik ;f uav;rsm;udk wckv;kH u qk;H
jzwfonf/ xkdYaMumifh wckvkH;ESifhtpdwftydkif;uav;rsm;onf tjyeftvSef qufoG,fae
Muonf/
puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'udk jrifcsufrsm;
,if;odkYjzifh puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'udk y,fum &kyf0g'opfw&yfudk xlaxmif&ef vdktyf
vmonf/ puf,EÅ&m;&kyf0g'\ajymcsufrsm;? usOf;ajrmif;rIrsm;ESifhw&m;aot,ltq
rsm;udk y,f&ef vkdtyfonf/ ,if;&kyf0g'opfrSm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'aywnf;/
tEky#davmr&ky0f g't& &kyo f nf tNrJwrf; ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;aeonf/ ajymif;vJ
vIyf&Sm;jcif;onf &kyf\wnfaeykHpepfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIr&SdbJ &kyfr&Sd
Ekid ?f &kyrf &Sb
d J ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rIvnf; r&SEd idk af y/ ,if;ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rIonfvnf; &ky\
f
51 jroef;wifh
jyifytiftm;pkwckrS aphaqmfaomaMumifh jzpfay:vmjcif;r[kw/f xk&d yk \ f jzpfay:wk;d wuf

rItwGi;f rS xGuaf y:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ &kyt f wGi;f rS tvkt d avsmuf ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;jcif;
jzpfonf/ jzpfpOfrsm;tm;vkH;twGif;wGif&Sdaom ADZowådjzpfonf/
pMum0Vmwckv;Hk wGif &Sad eaom ajymif;vJrrI sm;tm;vk;H ESijhf zpfpOfrsm;tm;vk;H wkYd
onf &kyf\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:vm&onfcsnf; jzpfonf[k tEky#davmr
&kyf0g'u cH,lonf/ xkdYaMumifh tEky#davmronf &kyf\ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIwGif tqkH;tp
r&Sd rsm;jym;aom ykHoP²mefrsm;&dSonf[k todtrSwfjyKonf/ ykHoP²mefwrsKd;rS tjcm;w
rsKd;odYk ul;ajymif;onf/ &ky\ f ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;rIyo
Hk P²mefonf omrefrS tqef;wus,foYkd
tedrfhqkH;rS tjrifhqkH;okdY jzpfay:wkd;wufonf[k ,lqonf/
pMum0VmxJwGif jzpfay:aeaom trsKd;rsKd;aom jzpfpOfrsm;xJwGif jzpfay:ae

aomt&mrsm;? csKyfNidr;f aeaomt&mrsm;wko Yd nf wckEiS w
hf ck uif;uGmí jzpfay:csKyfNidr;f
aeMuonfr[kwfbJ wckESifhwck tnrn qufoG,frIjzifh qufoG,faeMuonf[k tEky#d
avmru ,lqonf/
xkaYd Mumifh tEky#davmronf puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'xuf tESpo f m&tm;jzifh <u,f0
avonf/ ydkívnf; &Sif;vif;avonf/
®
tcef;(5)
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIESifhpyfvsOf;í tEky#davmrusaom ouf0if,kHMunfrI
pMum0VmBuD;onf rsm;pGmajymif;vJjcif;r&Sd? a&S;enf;twkdif;om&Sdonf[k¤if;

jzpfpOfta[mif;rsm;udk xyfwvJvJ jzpfaom csm;&[wfvSnfhywfjcif;rsKd;[k¤if;? a[mif;
EGrf;aom tbd"r®mrsm;u ,lqcJhonf/ odyÜHynmurl pMum0VmBuD;onf wa&GUa&GUESifht
qifhqifhajymif;vJaeonf[k ,lqonf/ "e&Siftbd"r®mynm&Sifrsm;onf wa&GUa&GESifht
qifhqifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk vufcHaomfvnf; ¤if;udk &Sif;vif;az:jy&mwGifrl qef;Mu,f
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[D*Jvfu ,lqonf/ xkdYaMumifh [D*Jvf\t,ltqtwkdif;qkdvQif obm0ESifhorkdif;wGif
awGYjrif&onfhtEky#davmrjzpfay:wkd;wufrI[lonf rnfolrQ rodEkdifaomwae&mwGif
ouf0if,MHk unfpw d \ f tvkt d avsmuf wk;d wufjzpfay:ykt H wkid ;f jzpfay:aeonf/ xko d uf
0if,kHMunfpdwfonf awG;MuHwwfaom vl\OD;aESmufESifhuif;vGwfí oD;jcm;&yfwnfae
onf[k [D*Jvfu ,lqonf/

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aom tydkif;udk y,fypfayonf/ uREkfyfwkdYtjrifwGif uREkfyfwkdYOD;acgif;xJ&Sd ouf0if,kHMunf
pdwfqkdonfrSm wu,f&Sdaom t&m0w¬Krsm;\ykHoP²mefjzpfayonf/ [D*Jvf,lqouJhodkY
t[kwf&Sd? wu,f&Sdaomt&m0w¬Krsm;onf wpkHwckaom ouf0if,kHMunfpdwf\ykHyef;
oP²mef[k r,lqay/
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vmayonf/ jyifyurÇmavmuBuD;ESifhvlYtawG;tac:\a,bk,sOya'orsm; jzpfvm
ayonf/ odkYjzifh tEky#davmrusaom ouf0if,kHMunfpdwfonf t[kwf&Sd wu,f&Sdaom
urÇmBuD;\tEky#davmrusaom ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rI\a&mifjyef[yfcsufrQom jzpfav
onf/
tEky#davmrudk ,if;odkY&kyfusus odjrifem;vnfjcif;onf urÇmavmuBuD;t
wGif;&Sd wkd;wufjzpfay:rItiftm;pkrsm;udk jyifytaMumif;w&m;rsm;\qufpyfrIrygbJ
odjrifem;vnfa&;twGuf aomhBuD;wacsmif;jzpfavonf/ þawG&Y cdS sufonf odyyHÜ nmESihf
tbd"r®m\wk;d wufrrI &S &Scd jhJ cif; jzpfavonf/ xkrd Qru vlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;\Oya'orsm;? t
&if;&Sipf epf\y#dyu©rsm;xJrS xkw d &m;udk awG&Y cdS jhJ cif;vnf; jzpf\/ ,if;odaYk wG&Y jdS cif;onf
t&if;&Sifpepf\ysufpD;&m ysufpD;aMumif;jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; "e&SifawG;MuHrI
ynm&Sifrsm;onf þw&m;udk &SmazGrawGYcJhjcif; jzpfayonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; "e&SifawG;
MuHrIynm&Sifrsm;onf obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf; jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\wu,fh&kyfusaom
tiftm;pkrsm;udk &SmazGwifjy&ef rpGr;f cJjh cif;jzpfavonf/ þtiftm;pkrsm;udk &SmazGaz:
xkwfwifjyEdkifonfht&mrSm awmfvSefaom vlwef;pm;\wyfOD;jzpfaom tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;\awmfvSefaomtbd"r®mom jzpfavonf/
rmhupf af wG&Y cdS ahJ om tEky#davmrusonfh &ky0f g'Oya'orsm;onf uREkyf w f t Ydk m;
obm0\tEky#davmruspGm jzpfay:wkd;wufrIudk nTefMum;jyocJhayonf/ xkdrQru vl
rIajymif;vJrrI sm;udk em;vnfojd rif&efEiS q hf &dk ,
S v
f pf0g'twGuf tvkyo f rm;vlwef;pm;wku d f
yGJudk rnfokdYrnfykH qifETJ&efukdvnf; nTefMum;jycJhayonf/
rmhupf \ f awG&Y cdS sufonf tbd"r®mudk awmfveS af jymif;vJypfvu dk \
f / &ky0f g'u pdwf
0g'udk atmifycJG v H udk jf cif;jzpf\/ twdwrf S puf,EÅ&m;&ky0f g'\usOf;ajrmif;aom uefo Y wf
rIrsm;udk y,f&Sm;ypfvkdufjcif; jzpf\/ tbd"r®mudk tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;\awmfvSef
a&;vufeufw&yftjzpfodkY ajymif;vJvkdufjcif; jzpf\/ urÇmavmuBuD;udk ajymif;vJypf
&eftwGuf urÇmavmuBuD;tm; odjrifem;vnf&ef enf;vrf;wcktjzpfoYkd ajymif;ypfvu dk f
59 jroef;wifh
jcif;vnf; jzpfavonf/
tEky#davmr&kyf0g'\t"dyÜg,fudk pwmvifu atmufygtwkdif; tusOf;csKyfí
ajymcJh\/
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pD;aeaomt&m? awmfveS af &;ESiw hf efjyefawmfveS af &;...[lí tNrJ&adS yonf/ arG;zGm;í
aeYpOfEiS t
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f efaeaomt&m[lorQwku Yd kd zsufq;D í r&Ekid af y/ ¤if;wk\
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um aeYpOfESifhtrQ &SifoefBuD;xGm;vsuf&Sdonf/ ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf ,aeYtcsdefwGif
tm;enf;vsuf&Sdaumif;&Sdrnf jzpfaomfvnf; a&&SnfwGif atmifyGJcH&rnfomjzpfayonf/
tb,faMumifhenf;/ ypönf;rJhvlwef;pm;onf &Sifoefvsuf cGeftm;wkd;wufvsuf a&SUodkY

csDwufvsuf &SdaomaMumifh jzpfavonf/ tjcm;wbufwGif tkdrif;&ifha&mfí okomefodkY
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aemufqkH;wGif t&IH;jzifhom &ifqkdif&rnfomjzpfonf/ "e&Sif\ajcaxmufatmufrS ajr
BuD;onf wjznf;jznf; NydKí yJhí yJhí usaeayonf/ "e&Sifonf ,aeYtcsdefwGif cGeftm;
aumif;aeao;aomfvnf; aeYESifhtrQ ,dkifvJvsuf&Sdum a&&SnfwGif bkH;bkH;vJusqkH;&rnf
om jzpfayonf}}
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tydkif; (2)
tEky#davmr
61 jroef;wifh
tcef;(6)
tEky#davmrESiwhf uúaA'
tEky#davmronf wuúaA'ESifhqefYusifaom pl;prf;&SmazGrIenf;w&yf? awG;MuH

rIenf;w&yfjzpfonf/ wuúaA'awG;MuHenf;onf pdwåZt&mrsm;ESifhywfoufonf/ wuú
aA'onf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk oD;jcm;pOf;pm;onf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;\wuJhjzpfwnfrItajc
taersm;ESit hf nrnqufo, G rf rI sm;rS uif;uGmí pdwZå qefqef pOf;pm;onf/ t&m0w¬K
rsm;\wuJhajymif;vJrIESifhjzpfay:rIwkdYrS uif;í rlaocsí pOf;pm;onf/ xkdYaMumifh wuú
aA'onf wif;MuyfaomykHaoum;usenf;rsm;? rlaojzpfaom y#dyu©rsm;udk jzpfay:ap
onf/ wuúaA'onf obm0ESiv hf tYl zGt
YJ pnf;twGi;f &Sd qefu
Y sifbufw\
Ydk twku
d t
f cHjzpf

rIESifhaygif;pnf;nDnTwfrIudkrjrif/
tEky#davmrum; wuúaA'ESifhqefYusifonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;twGif;&Sd t&m
0w¬KwkdY\ajymif;vJrIESifhtnrnqufoG,frIwkdYudk avhvm&SmazGayonf/
wuúaA'awG;MurH eI nf;
rmhupf 0f g'vDeif0g'ygwD\avmutjrifjzpfaom tEky#davmr&ky0f g'onf t,l
tqcef;wGif &ky0f g' g'jzpfí t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; t"dygÜ ,faumuf,al z:jyonfeh nf;wGirf l t
Eky#davmrvmrenf;jzpfayonf/
tEky#davmrenf;onf t&m0w¬Krsm;tm; ¤if;wk\ Yd wuJah jymif;vJrjI zpfay:wk;d
wufrt I & odjrifatmif avhvmtm;xkwaf omenf;jzpfayonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,if;onf wuú
aA'
aA'udk qefYusifayonf/
odjYk zpfvQif wuúaA'
A'qko
d nfrmS tb,fenf;/ tEky#davmrawG;MuHreI nf;ESiq hf efY
usifaom wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;qkdonfrSm tb,fenf;/
tajccHtm;jzifh wuúaA'onf pdwåZqefaom awG;MuHrIenf;jzpfonf/ awG;MuH
rI[lorQonf tcsKyfwGif pdwåZqefonf/ Oyrm ]]vlwGif ajcESpfacsmif; &Sdonf}}[kqkdMuyg
pdkY/ þwGif uREkfyfwkdYonf vlwGif ajcESpfacsmif; &Sdjcif;rQudkom jrifí acgif;wvkH;? vufESpf
bufponfh vlü&Sdaom tjcm;owådrsm;udk rjrifbJ wckwnf;udkom uGufíMunfh&ma&muf
onf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;tqkdjyKcsufonf pdwåZqefonf/ aemufxyf Oyrmwckudk MunfhMu
ygOD;pkdY/ vl\obm0qkdygpkdY/ vl\obm0 þodkYþES,fygwum;[k rsufrjrifykPÖm;ajcmuf
a,muf qifukd prf;Munfí h qifukd t"dygÜ ,fziG o
hf nfeh nf;jzifh rMunfjh riftyfay/ vl\obm
0udk pdwZå qefqef ]]uGuMf unf}h }írjzpfay/ vlonf vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;wGif aexkid of jl zpfonf/
xkdYaMumifh vlYobm0onfvnf; vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk vkdufíjzpfay:&onf/ vlYtzGJYtpnf;\

ajymif;vJrI? wkd;wufjzpfay:rIvkdufí vlYobm0onfvnf; ajymif;vJjzpfay:&onf/ vlY
obm0onf vlaeaom vlYtzGJYtpnf;ESifhuif;í jzpfay:jcif; r[kwfay/ xkdYaMumifh vlY
obm0onf vl\b0wnf&rdS I tajctaersm;ESiu hf if;í jzpfay:onf[¤k if;? vlonf b,f
tzGJYtpnf;a&mufa&muf rnfonfhaexkdifrIb0rSmyif &Sd&Sd? vlYobm0onf ajymif;vJjcif;
r&Sd? twlwlyif jzpfonf[k¤if;? ,lqjcif;onf rSm;onf/ pdwåZqefonf/ wuúaA'qef
onf/
xkaYd Mumifh wuúaA'awG;MuHreI nf;udk csKHMunfv h Qif atmufygtESpo f m&ESprf sKd;wGif
tMuKH;0ifaeonfukd awGY&onf/
(1) t&m0w¬Krsm;udk Munfhjrif&mwGif ¤if;wkdY\tnrnqufoG,frIudk ypfy,fum wckpD
oD;jcm;uif;uGmí Munfhonf/
(2) t&m0w¬Krsm;onf ajymif;vJjcif;? jzpfay:wkd;wufjcif;r&Sd? ykHaoum;uswnf&Sdae
onf/ taovkdwnfNidrfaeonf[k ,lqonf/
wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;wckudk odEkdif&ef 'Drkdua&pDooabmw&m;udk O'g[&kPf
aqmifMunfMh u&atmif/
rsm;pGmaomolwkdYonf ppfrSefaom 'Drkdua&pD? t<uif;rJhjzpfaom 'Drkdua&pDudk r
MumcPa<u;aMumfonf/ odkY&mwGif wu,fwGifrl olwkdYatmfaom 'Drkdua&pDonf r&Sday/
vlYtzGJYtpnf;\wuJhjzpfay:wkd;wufrI? vlwef;pm;rsm;ESifhvlwef;pm;wkdufyGJ ponfwkdYESifh
uif;í oD;jcm;&yfwnfaeaom ppfrSefonfh'Drkdua&pD[lí r&Sday/ ,if;odkY ppfrSefaom 'Drkd
ua&pD&Sdonf[k ,kHMunfjcif;onf wuúaA'qefaom awG;MuHrIrS aygufzGm;vmjcif;om
jzpfonf/
'Dru dk a&pDtaMumif;udk odem;vnfvv dk Qif ,if;'Drudk a&pDonf rnfot Yl wGuv f ?J
aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,folwkdYtwGufvm;? aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fjcif;cH&olwkdYtwGufvm;/
'Dru dk a&pDonf tpd;k &tkycf sKyfryI oHk P²mefwrsKd;jzpf\/ 'Dru dk a&pDonf tkypf ;kd aom
vlwef;pm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifhtNrJwrf; qufpyfaeonf/ a&S;a[mif;acgracwGif ay:
aygufonf'h rD u dk a&pDonf tkypf ;kd olvw
l ef;pm;jzpfaom aus;ydik u f Refyikd &f iS rf sm;\'Drudk a&
pDomjzpf\/ t&if;&Siftpkd;&u ay;onfh 'Drkdua&pDonf t&if;&SiftusKd;pD;yGm;udk um
uG,fay;aomt&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDjzpfonf/ ,if;onf acgracwf 'Drkdua&pDxuf tqifh
jrif\h / tvkyo f rm;vlwefpm;u tmPm&&Sv d monft h cgwGiu f m; ,if;'Dru dk a&pDonf t
vkyform;vlwef;pm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,faom tvkyform;vlwef;pm;\'Drkdua&
pDjzpfonf/ ,if;onf t&if;&Sif'Drkdua&pDxuf tqifhjrifhonf/
63 jroef;wifh
xkdYaMumifh vlYtzGJYtpnf;\ajymif;vJjzpfay:wkd;wufrIrS¤if;? wu,f&Sdaom vlrI

qufqHa&;rsm;rS¤if;? oD;jcm;cGJxkwfí 'Drkdua&pD\t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhqkd&efrSm rjzpfEkdifay/
,if;odkY oD;jcm;cGJxkwfí awG;ac:jcif;onf wuúaA'qefaomawG;ac:rIom jzpf\/
aemufxyfO'g[&kPf/ /at;csrf;a&;0g'orm;rsm;u ppf[lonf raumif;
[k qefYusifa&;pum;qkdMuonf/ olwkdYonf ppfudk pdwåZqefqef MunfhjrifMujcif;omjzpf
onf/ wpkw H ckaom ppfy\ JG toGio f P²mefonf rnfonfo h rkid ;f acwfwacwf? rnfonf&h nf
&G,cf sufrsm;? odrYk [kwf rnfonfv h w l ef;pm;\tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf wku d cf udk &f onfqodk nfh
taMumif;w&m;udk Munfhjrifjcif;r&SdbJ t&rf;uma&m odrf;MuKH;í qefYusifaejcif;jzpf
onf/ e,fcsJYppfESifhvGwfajrmufa&;ppf? w&m;aomppfESifhrw&m;aomppfwkdYudk cGJjcm;í r
MunfMh uay/ ,if;odrYk MunfEh idk b f J ]]uGu}f }íMunfjh cif;onf wuúaA'tjrifyif jzpfayonf/

tcsKyftm;jzifhqkd&vQif wuúaA'awG;MuHrIenf;onf obm0udk¤if;? t&m0w¬K
rsm;\owådrsm;? pGrf;tm;rsm;udk¤if; taovkdMunfhjrifenf;rsKd;jzpfayonf/ wuúaA't
jrifonf ]]jzpfpOf}}udk rMunfhbJ ]]t&m0w¬Krsm;}}udk Munfhayonf/ urÇmavmuBuD;onf
,if;odaYk om t&m0w¬Krsm;om &Sí d ,if;odaYk om owård sm;omí&Srd nf[k ykaH oum;usenf;
jzifh wGufíMunfhayonf/
tbd"r®mwGif ]]wuúaA'}}qko d nfrmS pMum0VmBuD;\tqk;H pGeaf om tpdwt f ykid ;f
rsm;}}udk &SmazGjcif;[k t"dygÜ ,fxu G o f nf/ txufwiG f az:jycJo h nfph uf,EÅ&m;0g'udk wuú
aA'&kyf0g'[k ac:qkdEkdifayonf/
tEky#davmrawG;MuHreI nf;onf wuúaA'enf;udk qefu Y sifonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;
udk oD;jcm;]]uGu}f }írMunfb h J wuJah jymif;vJrrI sm;? tnrnqufo, G rf rI sm;t& Munfjh rif
onf/ tEky#davmrususawG;jcif;onf 'd|ususawG;jcif;jzpfí 'd|ususawG;jcif;onf
tEky#davmrusus awG;jcif;jzpfonf/
tEky#davmr (Dialectics) qkdaom pum;onf acgrbmom (Dilego) rSqif;
oufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm aqG;aEG;&ef? odkYr[kwf tajctwifjiif;ckef&efvJ t"d
yÜg,fxu G of nf/ jyóemw&yfukd tbufbufrS &Ia'gift h axGaxGrS Munfjh rifaqG;aEG;jcif;?
&Ijrifcsufwckudk tjcm;wbufowfusaom &Ijrifcsufwckjzifh qefYusiftwkduftcHjyKí
aqG;aEG;jcif;/ xkdenf;rsm;jzifh trSefodkYa&muf&Sdapjcif;[k t"dyÜg,fxGufayonf/ þenf;
udk qkdua&wD;paom acgrynm&Sifrsm;u pwiftokH;jyKcJhonf/
rmhufpf\tEky#davmronf acgrtEky#davmrenf;udk jcKHikHNyD;aemuf wkd;csJYjyefY
yGm;jcif;jzpfí acgrtEky#davmrenf;xuf tESpo f m&tm;jzifh <u,f0onf/ jrifuiG ;f us,f
jyefYonf/ xkdYaMumifh rmhufpf\tEky#davmrenf;onf opfvGifí awmfvSefaomenf;jzpf
ayonf/ rmhupf \ f tEky#davmrenf;onf a&SUaemufnn D w

T af om &ky0f g'jzifh aygif;pyfNyD;
onfhaemufwGif obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;udk pl;prf;avhvmaomenf;wenf;jzpfvmay
onf/ tacstwif jiif;ckeaf qG;aEG;aomenf;rQomruawmhbJ ajymif;vJvyI &f mS ;aeaom
urÇmBuD;xJrS xkd;xGufvmaom&kyf0g'orm;tjrifvnf; jzpfayonf/
wuúaA'enf;\]]wckr[kwfwck}}usKd;aMumif;jyw&m;
t&m0w¬Kwkdif;ü rlaoobm0&Sdonf/ rlaoowådrsm;&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh ,if;wkdY
udk woD;wjcm;cGJjcm;í Munfh&rnf/ tnrnqufoG,frIrsm;jzifh¤if;? ajymif;vJrIjzpfay:
wkd;wufrIrsm;jzifh¤if;? Munfhjrif&efrvkd[k wuúaA'u ,lqonf/
xkaYd Mumifh wuúaA'onf t&m0w¬Krsm;udk rlaoy#dyu©enf;rsm;jzifo h m Munfjh rif
onf/ t&m0w¬KtrsKd;tpm;wckukd tjcm;t&m0w¬KwcktrsKd;tpm;jzifh qefu Y sifbufjyK

Munfhonf/ t&m0w¬KwcktwGif;wGif jzpfay:aom y#dyu©rsm;udk rjrifbJ oD;jcm;t&m
0w¬KwckESifhtjcm;t&m0w¬KwckwkdY\tay:,H y#dyu©udkom jrifonf/ wcktwGif;üyif&Sd
aom y#dyu©udk rjrifay/
xkdYaMumifh tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymqkdcJhayonf/
]]wuúaA'ynm&Sifrsm;tjrifü t&m0w¬Krsm;? ¤if;wkdY\pdwfykHyef;oP²mefrsm;?
awG;ac:rIrsm;onf uif;uGmwnf&adS eMuum oD;jcm;í? cGjJ cm;í? wckpt D "dygÜ ,faumuf,l
Muonf/ xkdt&m0w¬Krsm;onf aphpyfír&aom y#dyu©rsm;xJwGif a&muf&Sdaeonf[k,l
qMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwckudk MunfhvQif [kwfjcif;ESifhr[kwfjcif;ESpfck wckckom&Sd&rnf[k
w&m;ao,lqMuonf/ t&m0w¬Kwckonf xkt d &m0w¬Komjzpfí tjcm;t&m0w¬Kwck r
jzpfEkdfif[k ,lqMuonf/}}
wuúaA'awG;MuHreI nf;udk tbd"r®mynm&Sirf sm;u atmufygtwkid ;f pdEu dÅ uxm
xkwfMuonf/ ,if;rSm]]t&m0w¬Kwckonf xdkt&m0w¬Komjzpfí tjcm;t&m0w¬Krjzpf
Ekdif}}[líjzpfonf/
&kww f &ufMunfv h Qif [kwo f vkvd &dk adS yonf/ ,if;tcsufonf vlwidk ;f aeYpOfvv dk dk
ajymqkdawGYjrifokH;pGJaeMuaom tcsufjzpfonf/ EkdifiHa&;orm;wa,mufonf vuf0Jo
rm;wa,mufjzpfvQifjzpf? rjzpfvQif vusfmorm;wa,mufom jzpf&rnf[kqkdwwfMu
onf/ trSet f m;jzifv
h nf; ,if;odv Yk ,G v
f ,G yf if awG;wwfMuonf/ odjYk zpf&m þtwkid ;f om
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,ufpkdufysKd;&onfhoD;ESHomjzpfonf/) odkY&mwGif t&if;&Sifyk*¾vduykdifqkdifrIonf ajr&Sify
a'o&mZf\yk*v ¾ ykid q f idk rf uI kd jiif;zsufvu kd o f nf/ zsufq;D ypfvu dk of nf/ t&if;&Siyf *k v ¾ u d
ydkifqkdifrIonf ajr&SifacwfwoD;yk*¾v xkwfvkyfolrsm;udk zsufqD;NyD; xGufay:vmaom
aMumifhjzpfonf/ t&if;&Sifonf woD;yk*¾vydkifukefvkyfwefqmyvmrsm;ESifhxkwfukefrsm;
udk pk,lvkdufonf/ (Oyrm woD;yk*¾vyef;bJq&muav;rsm;\yef;bJzkduav;rsm;udk t

&if;&Siw f a,muf pk0,fum oH&nfBudK&kBH uD;wckwnfaxmifjcif;rsKd;/) od&Yk mwGif woD;yk*v ¾
ydik &f iS uf av;rsm;udk zsufq;D cJah om t&if;&Siyf ikd q f idk rf o
I nfvnf; xyfrzH sufq;D jcif;cH&jyef
onf/ rnfolu zsufqD;ypfoenf;/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfu zsufqD;ypfonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepf
onf tvkyfrvkyfaomt&if;&Sifrsm;vufrS ydkifqkdifrIudk&,lum tvkyfvkyfaom tvkyfo
rm;wkid ;f tm; ud, k thf vkyrf &S &Sad omxkwu f ek f tjrwfudk ok;H pGaJ ponf/ cHpm;aponf/ odjYk zifh
t&if;&Sifonf vufrItvkyform;rsm;\yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk zsufonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepf
onf t&if;&Si\ f yk*v ¾ u d ykid q f idk rf u
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jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif toGifrSm ajr&Sifyk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIESifhrwlawmhay/ ,if;ESifhywfoufí
rmhufpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhonf/
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jyefí ay;tyfjcif;jzpfonf/ odjYk zifh ukex f w k of o l nf ajr,mESiu hf ek v f yk uf &d,mrsm;tm;vk;H
udk tjcm;olrsm;ESifhtwl pkaygif;ykdifqkdifí ukefvkyfa&;wGifvnf; pkaygif;aqmif&Gufay
onf/}}
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onf/ odjYk zifh bkx H wk u f ek w f ckwiG f ol\tpkonf yg0ifvmonf/ olt Y pkonf ol\wOD;csif;
ydik q f idk rf I jzpfvmonf/ uGejf rLepfpepf\yXrtqifw h iG f olonf ]]ol tvkyv f yk of avmuf
&&Sdí}} 'kwd,tqifhwGif ]]olvkdoavmuf}}&&Sdayonf/
t&if;&Sifpepfudk zsufodrf;&ef wckwnf;aom enf;vrf;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;
101 jroef;wifh
zsufjcif;enf;vrf;yif jzpfonf/ t&if;&Sipf epfzsufq;D ypfcahJ om wOD;csif;ykid q f idk rf u

I kd ydík
jrifhrm;aom tajccHay:wGif wnfaqmuf&ef jzpfonf/ þwGif rMumcPawGY&wwfaom
trSm;wrlukd nTejf yvko d nf/ Oyrm -t*Fvyd csm;wpf
fcsm;wpfvyI &f mS ;rItrSm;rsKd; jzpfonf/ csm;wpf
vIy&f mS ;rI\ajr,may:vpD\t"dutcsufrsm;rSm t&if;&Sipf epf\jzpfay:wk;d wufrrI sm;
udk tokH;jyKum ukefxkwfol\yk*¾vduykdifqkdifrI pepfa[mif;udk jyefíwnfaxmif&efjzpf
onf/ ,if;rSm csm;wpfvIyf&Sm;rI\trSm;jzpfonf/ jzpfoifhonfrSm ukefxkwfol\yk*¾vdu
ydkifqkdifrIudk zsufqD;cJhaom t&if;&Sifpepftm; xyfrHzsufqD;í opfvGifaomqkd&S,fvpft
ajccHay:wGif yk*¾vduydkifqkdifrIudk jyefíxlaxmif&ef jzpfonf/
tbd"r®morkid ;f udk Munfv h Qifvnf; trsKd;rsKd;aom tbd"r®mrsm;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;
udk jiif;zsufjcif;enf;jzifh wkd;wufjzpfay:vmaMumif;udk awGY&SdEkdifonf/ Oyrm - a&S;ya0

PDtusqk;H aom tbd"r®mq&mrsm;\ya0PDobm0&ky0f g'udk pdw0f g'u jiif;zsufco hJ nf/
pdw0f g'udk acwfopf&yk 0f g'(rmhupf 0f g')u jiif;zsufco hJ nf/ odjYk zifh jiif;zsufjcif;\jiif;zsuf
jcif;enf;tm;jzifh &ky0f g'onf wzefjyefí jzpfaomfvnf; ydí k jrifah om tajccHay:wGif ay:
aygufvmayonf/
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ya0PD&kyf0g'\tajccHrsm;ay:wGif ESpfaygif;ESpfaxmifausmfrQ jzpfay:wkd;wufcJhaom
tbd"r®mESio hf bm0odyyHÜ nmtawG;tac:wk\ Yd twGi;f tESpo f m&udk xyfraH ygif;xnfv h u
dk f
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aom opfaphrsm;&&Sd&eftwGuf opfaphudk pkduf&onf/ odkYjzifh yXropfaphudk zsufpD;ypf&
onf/ xkzd sufq;D jcif;ysKd;BuJc&H aom opfaphrS opfyf ifaygufvmonf/ opfo;D oD;vmonf/
xkt d yifukd zsufí opfaphrsKd;udk xkw, f &l onf/ odjYk zifh opfaphOyrmwGif jiif;zsufjcif;(zsuf
qD;jcif;)ESpBf udru f kd awG&Y onf/ tde*f s,fvpf u f jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufyu Hk kd tjcm;Oyrm
wckay;cJhao;onf/
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onf/ ajraqG;rsm;onf ysufpD;um ausmufyHokajrvTmwdkY ay:xGufvmMuonf/ wzef
xkdyHokajrvTmrsm;onf ajraqG;rsm;tjzpfodkY a&mufMujyefum yHokajrvTmtopfwckay:
vm&jyefonf/ ,if;odkYjzifh wckudk wckzsufí ay:vmMuonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdtzsufwkdY\
oabmonf tjyKoabmudk aqmifavonf/ ocsFmaA'wGiv f nf; xkt Yd wlyif jzpfayonf}}
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aemuf ]tEIwfu}(-u)jzifh ajr§muf&onf/ odkYjzifh uESpfxyf(u2)jzpfvmonf/ (-u_-u
=u2)[líjzpfvmonf/ ,if;rSm jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;jzifh &ykHjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif
(u_u=u2)ponf omrefwGufenf;jzifhvnf;&onf/ jiif;zsufjcif;udk jiif;zsufjcif;enf;
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wGif &&So d nfjh 'yfpifrsm;\owård sm;onf rsm;aomtEkjrLtav;csdef j'yfpifowård sm;xJwiG f
jyefay:vmykHrsKd; jzpfonf/
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onf/ a&S;OD;usaom ouf&u dS ,
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vdit f *Fgrsm; ay:aygufvmonftxd jzpfay:vmonf/ odjYk zifh ouf&&dS yk \ f jzpfay:wk;d wuf

rIonf jiif;zsufjcif;[laom aojcif;udkawGY&SdNyD;rSomvQif wkd;wufvmjcif;jzpfayonf/
okdYjzifh oufwrf;wkdaom ukd,ft*FgzGJYpnf;rIonf jzpfay:vmonf/ tyifrsm;ESifhwd&pämef
rsm;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrItqifhodkY a&mufvmonf/ aemuf vl[kay:vmonf/ vlay:vm
onfhtcgusrS vlrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf a&S;a[mif;bkHpepfrS acwfopfbkHpepftxd wkd;
wufjzpfay:cJhonf/ ,if;odkYjzpfay:&mwGif vlwef;pm;&SdaomvlYtzGJYtpnf;rsm; jzpfay:
vmonf/ aemuf vlwef;pm;&Sad om vlt Y zGt YJ pnf;onf zsufq;D jcif;cH&jyefum vlwef;pm;
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103 jroef;wifh
tcef;(11)
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\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIwGifvnf; obm0w&m;rsm;jzpfaeMurnfjzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif vlvl
csif; aoG;pkyfcs,fvS,fonfhpepfr&SdawmhonfESifhjzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf jyif;xefaomvlrI
y#dyu©rsm; tk<H urIrsm;udk jzwfoef;&efrvkad wmhbJ a0zefa&;ESiu hf , kd u
hf ,
kd u
f dk a0zefa&;[l
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ayvdrfhrnf/ ,if;onf jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\armif;ESifa&;tm;opf jzpfayonf/
rmhufpf0g'onf tpOftNrJ a&SUodkYcsDwufvsuf&SdNyD; jzpfay:wkd;wufrI\tajct

aeopfrsm;ESiv hf u
dk af vsmnDpmG usifo
h ;Hk aomwDxiG zf efw;D aom odyyHÜ nmw&yf jzpfayonf/
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onf/
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uGejf rLepfpepfNyD;onfah emufwiG f vlt Y zGt
YJ pnf;\jzpfay:wk;d wufrt I em*wfonf
rnfoeYdk nf;/ ,if;odyYk if jzpfay;wk;d wufr\ I tEky#davmrusaom Oya'orsm;onf quf
í jzpfay:aeMuOD;rnfavm/ &yfoGm;Murnfavm/
jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf &yfwefYoGm;rnfr[kwfay/ r&yfonfomru uGefjrLepf
pepftqifhodkY a&mufonfhtcgusrSom vl\jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf tpjyKonf[kyif qkd
csifawmhonf/ xkdtcgusrS jzpfay:wkd;wufrIonf vl\tkyfxdef;uGyfuGJrIt& pDrHudef;cs
rSwcf suft& odpw d tf & jzpfay:vmawmhrnfjzpfayonf/ vlonf jzpfay:wk;d wufru I kd xde;f
odrf;ívm&ayonf/
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oGm;aprnfjzpfonf/ vlonf obm0ukd csKyfuikd v f mEkid v
f rd rfh nf/ obm0udk toGiaf jymif;
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tm; enf;enf;jzifh xkwfukefrsm;udk xkwfvkyfvmEkdifvdrfhrnf/ NrdKUESifhaus;awmwkdY\jcm;
em;jcif;udk aysmufapvdrfhrnf/ cGeftm;tvkyfESifhÓPftm;tvkyfwkdY\jcm;em;jcif;udk
aysmufapvdrrhf nf/ vlrzYI pYJG nf;yk?H vlt
Y jrifv"Yl avh? vlaexkid rf pI epf ponfwt Ydk m;vk;H vnf;
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Mum;rS ay:aygufaeMuvdrfhrnfjzpfayonf/ ta[mif;rsm;onf csKyfNidrf;um topfrsm;
onf wkd;wufjzpfay:aevdrfhrnfjzpfayonf/
odkY&mwGif ,ciftcgrsm;uuJhodkY jyif;xefaomy#dyu©rsm;? vlrItkH<urIrsm;um;
jzpfay:awmhrnf r[kwaf y/ tde*f s,fvpf f ajymouJo h yYkd if ]]uGejf rLepf0g'ESit hf wl vlaY bmif
onf vkjd cif;qif;&J? r&Sjd cif;qif;&JrS uif;vGwu f m vGwv f yfjcif;edAmÁ efo}Ykd }a&muf&v dS rd rhf nf
jzpfayonf/ ,if;ESifhpyfvsOf;í tdef*s,fvfpfu atmufygtwkdif; ajymcJhayonf/
]],cifuqkdvQif vlrIvIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufcsufOya'orsm;onf obm0ed,mrOy
a'orsm;\twkdif;om jzpfMu&onf/ odkY&mwGif uGefjrLepfpepfodkYa&mufonfESifh vlrIvIyf
&Sm;aqmif&u G cf sufOya'orsm;onf vl\pdwt f vkq
d E´twdik ;f ? xde;f csKyfrt I wkid ;f omjzpf
Mu&ayawmhrnf/ ,cifu obm0ESifhorkdif;\vrf;aMumif;t&om jzpfay:aom vlrIt
aqmufttkHonf ,ckvl\tvkdt&om jzpfay:&ayawmhrnf/ odpdwftjynfh&Sdaom vl
onf ol\orkdif;udk ykHoGif;ayvdrhfrnf/}}

vlonf ol\vlrt I aqmufttk\ H Oya'orsm;udk em;vnfo&d u dS m pkaygif;odr;f
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aomtopfEiS chf sKyfNidr;f ysufp;D vsuf&adS om ta[mif;wk\ Yd y#dyu©ukd jynfph pHk mG em;vnfcsdef
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y#dyu©&SdNrJ&Sdrnfjzpfaomfvnf; vltcsif;csif;wGif y#dyu©onf aysmufuG,foGm;um jyó
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vrf;wkdYjzifh ajz&Sif;Ekdifvdrfhrnf/
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enf;wenf;om jzpfonf/ t&m0w¬Krsm;udk ajymif;vJypfa&;twGuf odjrifem;vnfatmif
vrf;nTefonf/
105 jroef;wifh
,if;wkrYd mS tEky#davmr\obm0ESit hf Eky#davmrenf;wkjYd zpfonf/ tEky#davm

rodyyHÜ nmonf jzpfay:wk;d wufvmí tEky#davmrenf;onf tawGt Y MuKHrsm;jzifh <u,f
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onf/ jyifMu&onf/ jyóemopfrsm;? tawGYtMuKHopfrsm;jzifh <u,f0ap&onf/ odkYjzifh
rmhupf 0f g'onf wk;d wufvsuf&adS om odyyHÜ nmw&yfjzpfayonf/ pwmvifu ajymonfrmS -
]]w&m;aousaom rmhupf 0f g'ESiw hf x
D iG zf efw;D aom rmhupf 0f g'[lí &So d nft
h euf
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0g'tm; tajctaersm;jzifh tudu k nf q
D ;Hk jzpfatmif usifo h ;Hk Ekid &f eftwGu¤f if;? ajymif;vJ
vsuf&adS om tajctaersm;t& ajymif;vJusifo h ;Hk Ekid &f eftwGu¤f if;? enf;vrf;rsm;udk &Sm
azGavhvmayonf/ ,if;onf orkid ;f rsm;rS aumufEw k cf sufrsm;? qGjJ cif;? O'g[&kPaf qmif

MuOf;jcif;ponfwu Ydk kd rjyKvkyb
f J wu,fjzpfay:aeaom tajctaersm;udo k m avhvmay
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ocFPf;pm,layonf/
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jzpfayonf}}[k tde*f s,fvpf u f ajymchaJ yonf/ vGecf o
hJ nfth ESpw
f &mtwGi;f awG&Y cSd ahJ om
odynHÜ m awG&Y cdS sufrsm;aMumifv
h nf; &ky0f g'onf toGiaf jymif;vJum ydí
k tEky#davmrenf;
usvmjcif;jzpfayonf/ þonfudk tdef*s,fvfpfu...

]]topfawG&Y cdS sufrsm;aMumifh ajymif;vJvmaom obm0odyyHÜ nmt,ltqrsm;
onf obm0tcsif;t&mrsm;\tEky#davmrusaom toGifvu©Pmudk xif&Sm;pGm jycJh
onf/ tEky#davmrudk qefYusifolrsm;uyif ,if;tcsufudk todtrSwfjyKvm&ayonf/
]]obm0onf tEky#davmr\rSwfausmufjzpfayonf/ acwfopfobm0odyÜH
ynmonf ,if;rSwaf usmufxiG f prf;oyfppfaq;&eftwGuf <u,f0rsm;jym;aom t&mrsm;
udk xkwfvkyfay;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;onfyifvQif obm0\jzpfpOfonf tEky#davmrus
aMumif;udk oufaojyvsuf&Sdayonf}}
q,fu h ;kd &mpkEpS t
f wGi;f &&Scd ahJ om odyyHÜ nmawG&Y cdS sufBuD;ok;H &yfonf tEky#davm
rrSefuefaMumif;udk oufaoxlcJhonf[k tdef*s,fvfpfu nTefjycJhonf/
,if;awGY&SdcsufBuD;okH;&yfrSm atmufygwkdY jzpfonf/

(1) uvmyfpnf;onf ,lepfwckjzpfonf/ xkd,lepfudk aygif;jcif;? EIwfjcif;tm;jzifh tyif?
odkYr[kwf wd&pämefwkdY\udk,fcE¨mzGHYNzdK;&onf[laom uvmyfpnf;(pJvf)oabmw&m;/
(1839-ckESpfwGif &Tef;qkdolodyÜHynm&SifwOD; awGY&SdcJhonf/)
(2) "mwftm;rsm; toGiful;ajymif;ykHoabmw&m;/ (1845-ckESpfwGif ar,m ar,mqkdol odyÜH
ynm&SifwOD;u awGY&SdcJhonf/)
(3) wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifh ajymif;vJjcif;oabmw&m;/ (1859-ckESpfwGif 'g0ifu awGY
&dScJhonf/)
þawG&Y cdS sufBuD;ok;H &yfonf tEky#davmrwGif rnfrQta&;BuD;yku H kd tusOf;csKyf
íMunfMh upk/Yd
Oyrm - "mwftm;rsm; toGiu f ;l ajymif;yko
H abmw&m;/ tyl&edS o f nf "mwfwyg;
jzpfí &kyfcE¨mrsm;wGif jzpfvkduf ysufvkdufESifh&SdaeMuonf[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ vQyfppf"mwf
tm; oHvkduf"mwftm;ponfwkdYonfvnf; &kyfcE¨may:wGif vIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh]]tiftm;
pk}}rsm;[k ,lqcJhMuonf/ odkYjzifh &kyfcE¨may:wGif¤if;? &kyfcE¨mxJü¤if;? vIyf&Sm;aeMuonfh
tyl"mwf? vQyfppf"mwf? oHvu dk "f mwfponfwo Ydk nf wckEiS w
hf ck oD;jcm;uif;uGm wnf&adS e
Muonf[k ,lqcJhonf/ okdY&mwGif q,fhudk;&mpkwGif;wGif "mwftm;toGiful;ajymif;rIESifh
xdef;odrf;rIoabmw&m;udk awGY&Sdvmonf/
]]puf,EÅ&m;vIyf&Sm;rI? tyl"mwf? tyl&Sdef"mwf?(tvif;a&mifESifhtvif;a&mifrS
&aomtyl&Sdefponf)vQyfppf"mwf? oHvkduf"mwf? "mwkaA'"mwftm;ponfwkdYonf vIyf
&Sm;ajymif;vJrIudk xif&Sm;jyaeaomt&mrsm;jzpfacsonf/ xkd"mwfrsm;onf tcsKd;us
aygif;pyfvIyf&Sm;um "mwfwrsKd;rS topfwrsKd;odkYul;um toGiftrsKd;rsKd;ajymif;aeMu
113 jroef;wifh
onf/ xkdYaMumifh obm0\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIwckvkH;onfvnf; toGifwckrS wckodkY ul;

ajymif;aeaomjzpfpOfom jzpfayonf}} (tdef*s,fvfpf)
odjYk zpf&m ,if;od"Yk mwftm;rsm;toGiu f ;l ajymif;rIukd b,ftbd"r®mwGirf S &SmrawGY
Ekdifay/ odyÜHynmwGifom &SmazGawGY&SdEkdifayonf/ Oyrm - a&aEG;aiGYjzifh armif;ESifonfh
tif*sifpufudk MunfhMupdkY/ ausmufrD;aoG;udk rD;&IdUjcif;jzifh tyl&SdefxGufvmonf/ rD;onf
a&aEG;aiGu Y kd xkwv f yk of nf/ a&aEG;aiGo Y nf qvif'grSwqifh ypöwefukd wGe;f onf/ ypöwef
onf puf\bD;rsm;udk vnfaponf/ odkYjzifh tylonf puf,EÅ&m;vIyf&Sm;rIudk jzpfay:ap
avonf/
wzef ausmufrD;aoG;rS xkwfvkyfvkdufaom "mwftm;onf b,fuvmoenf;/
odyÜHynmu &SmazGawGY&SdayNyD/ tylonf aea&mifjcnfrS&&Sdonf/ aea&mifjcnfonf opf

yifrsm;\yifpnfxw J iG f Mum&Snpf mG ude;f 0yfaeonf/ opfyifonf ausmufr;D aoG;udjk zpfap
onf/ odkYjzifh ausmufrD;aoG;udk rD;&IdUvkdufaomtcg tyl"mwfjzpfay:vmayonf/ wzef
aexJ&Sd tylonf b,fuvmoenf;/ ae\twGif;&Sd [dkuf'&kd*sif"mwftwGif;&Sd pMum0Vm
tEkjrLrIHrsm;rS ay:vmayonf/
,if;awGY&Sdcsufudk rlvu "mwftm; xdef;odrf;rIoabmw&m;[k ac:ayonf/
,if;\t"dygÜ ,frmS "mwftm;[lonf aMuysufomG ;jcif;r&S?d wnfíaeonf/ "mwftm;onf
toGiw f rsKd;rS wrsKd;ul;ajymif;aeonf[k qkv d o dk nf/ tde*f s,fvpf u f rl ,if;oabmw&m;
udk "mwftm;toGif ul;ajymif;rIoabmw&m;[kac:ayonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm "mwftm;[l
onf &kyf\vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJrIykHoP²mefwrsKd;rSwrsKd;odkY ul;ajymif;aeonf[k qkdvkdonf/
(tyl"mwfrS puf,EÅ&m;udk vnfapaom"mwfodkY ul;ajymif;enf;rsKd;/)
odjYk zifh &lyaA'onf toGiu f ;l ajymif;rIrsm;\odyyHÜ nmw&yf jzpfayonf/ &kyjf zpf
pOfrsm; ykHpHrsm;? ajymif;vJvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk woD;wjcm;pD avhvmjcif;rjyKbJ ¤if;wkdY\t
nrnqufoG,frIoabmw&m;t& avhvmaomodyÜHynm&yf jzpfayonf/
þtEky#davmr\oabmudk tkdifpwkdif;\aemufqkH;awGY&SdcsufwGifvnf; xyfrH
awGY&jyefonf/ tkdifpwkdif;u tpdkiftcJudk "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekdifonf[k awGY&SdcJh
onf/ ,cifurl tpdkiftcJqkdonfrSm "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;í r&[k xifrSwfcJhMu
onf/ (tav;csde?f zdEydS rf u I kd wkjYH yeftm;ponf)od&Yk mwGif tpkid t f cJqo dk nfrmS vnf; toGif
wrsKd;rS wrsKd;odYk "mwftm;tjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekid o f nfukd tkid pf wkid ;f u awG&Y vdS mcJo h nf/ Oyrm
tpdik tf cJukd tyl&edS t f yl"mwftjzpf ul;ajymif;Ekid o f nf/ odjYk zifh tpdik tf cJEiS "hf mwftm;onf
oD;jcm;wnfaeaomt&mrsm; r[kwb f J tEky#davmrenf;t& tnrnqufo, G af eaom
t&m0w¬Krsm; jzpfaMumif;udk awGYvm&onf/
'g0if\wa&GUa&GUESit hf qifq h ifh ajymif;vJro

I abmw&m;onfvnf; tEky#davmr
&kyf0g'\rSefuefrIudk az:jycJhayonf/
rsKd;ET,f&Sdí xm0&bk&m;ocifu oD;jcm;zefwD;onf[k ,cifu ,lqchJMuonf/
od&Yk mwGif rsKd;EG,o f nf xm0&bk&m;ocif\zefqif;rIr[kwaf Mumif;? obm0a&G;cs,frt I &
rsKd;EG,fwkdYonf wa&GUa&GUESifhtqifhqifhajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfaMumif;udk 'g0ifu
nTefjycJhonf/ Oyrm - a&owå0gjzpfaom ig;\qD;tdrfonf ukef;owå0g\tqkwftjzpf
odYk ajymif;vJvmaMumif;uk¤d if;? wGm;oGm;aomwd&pämefrsm;\taMu;rsm;onf iSurf sm;\
tawmifjzpfvmaMumif;udk ¤if;jyqkcd o hJ nf/ blrad A'wGf ajrvTmrsm;ajymif;vJMuyku
H kd Munfh
vQifvnf; wa&GUa&GUESit h ifah jymif;vJrI 'g0if\oabmw&m;rSeu
hf qifq f efaMumif;udk awGY
&onf/
uvmyfpnf;(pJvf)oabmw&m;wGifvnf; tvm;wlyif jzpfonf/ ,cifurl t

yifrsm;? wd&pämefrsm;\cE¨mukd,fonf &dk;wGif;csOfqDrsm;aMumifh wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;cJh&onf[k
,lqonf/ od&Yk mwGif aemufyikd ;f ü cE¨mud, k of nf uvmyfpnf;rsm;\twk;d tavQmhudk vku d f
í zGNH zdK;cJo
h nf[k awG&Y v dS monf/ uvmyfpnf;oabmw&m;onf tnrnqufo, G rf ?I vIyf
&Sm;rIukd jyaomoabmw&m;jzpfonf/ odjYk zifh obm0odyyHÜ nmonf tEky#davmrrSeu f ef
aMumif;udk oufaojycJhonf/
t&if;&SifpepftwGif; odyÜHynm\tMuyftwnf;/
t&if;&Sifpepfonf ,aeYtcsdefü taxGaxGtMuyftwnf;BuD;udk &ifqkdifae&
onf/ xkdYaMumifh t&if;&SifodyÜHynmonfvnf; tMuyfwnf;qkdufae&onf/ rnfodkYaom
tMuyftwnf;enf;/
tMuyftwnf;ESprf sKd;&So d nf/
yXr? odyyHÜ nmokawoevkyif ef; tMuyftwnf;jzpfonf/ t&if;&Siu f ek v
f yk pf rG ;f
tm;pkrsm;ESifhtwl odyÜHynmonf wkd;wufzGHYNzdK;vmonf/ odkY&mwGif odyÜHynmokawoe
onf wOD;csif;vkyfEkdifaom vkyfief;r[kwf? tzGJYtpnf;vkdonf/ ud&d,mwefqmyvmvkd
onf/ aiGvkdonf/ xkdYaMumifh odyÜHynmokawoersm;udk jyKvkyfMuaomtcgwGif vuf0g;
BuD;tkyv
f yk if ef;BuD;rsm;u aiGt&if;tES;D pdu k xf w
k Mf uonf/ odjYk zifh odyyHÜ nmokawoevkyf
ief;onf vuf0g;BuD;tkyv f yk if ef;rsm; ppf0g'Drsm;\vufatmufoYkd usa&mufvmavonf/
odyÜHynmonf tjrwftpGef;&&Sda&;ESifhppfEkdifa&;twGuf taxmuftuljyKonfht&mjzpf
vmawmhonf/ ,if;ESifhywfoufí urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD Ouú|? odyÜHynm&SifBuD;jzpf
ol ygarmu©*Ref? 'D? ume,fvfu atmufygtwkdif; a&;cJhonf/
115 jroef;wifh
]]...Oyrmtm;jzifh tyifrsm;\cE¨maA'ESifhywfoufaom odyÜHynmonf rsm;

pGmacwfaemufusí usef&pfcahJ yonf/ &Si;f &Si;f ajym&vQif aiGaMu;rwwfEidk af omaMumifh
þynm&yfonf aemufusaecJhjcif;jzpfonf/ t&if;&SifpepfatmufwGif v,f,mpdkufysKd;
a&;odyÜHynm\tajctaeonfvnf; acwfaemufususef&pfcJhonf/ odkYjzpf&jcif;rSm xkd
ynm&yfwGif okawoejyKvkyf&ef tajctaeray;aomaMumifh jzpfayonf/ tcsKdUodyÜH
ynm&yfrsm;rSm aiGaMu;pkdufxkwfokH;pGJjcif; rjyKMuojzifh wdrfaumyaysmufrwwfjzpfae
Mu\/ tcsKdUodyÜHokawoevkyfief;rsm;um; aiGtokH;vGefaomaMumifh wdrfaumyaysmuf
vkrwwfjzpfaeMu\/ ,if;tcsufrSm pdwf0ifpm;bG,faumif;ayonf/ Oyrm - blrd"mwk
aA'ynm&yfonf wdraf umrwwfjzpfaeayNyD/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf a&eHvyk if ef;&SiBf uD;
rsm;u blrd"mwkaA'ynmokawoevkyfief;rsm;udk wif;MuyfpGm vQKdU0Sufxm;Muaom

aMumifjh zpfayonf/
odjYk zifh t&if;&Sipf epfatmufü odyyHÜ nmonf pD;yGm;a&;oabmqefvmonf/ ppf
toGiaf qmifvmonf/ xkaYd Mumifh odyyHÜ nmonf z&kzd &Jjzpfvmum &kyyf sufqif;ysufb0odYk
a&mufvmcJo h nf/ odjYk zpfí odyyHÜ nmudk þtajcrS ausmfveG af tmif bmvkyMf u&rnfenf;}}
odyÜHynmtm; tvGJokH;pm;jyKvkyfaejcif;udk wm;qD;ypf&rnf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfodkY
csDwufjcif;omvQif odyyHÜ nmtm; vlt Y EG,Bf uD;\tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rSeu f efpmG tok;H cs
a&;udk jzpfapEkdifayonf/ qkd&S,fvpfpepfonf ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pkrsm;tm; pDrHudef;csí
pepfwuswkd;wufapum vlYtusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf jzpfapouJhokdY odyÜHynmtm;vnf; xkd
enf;twkdif; jzpfapayvdrfhrnf/
odyÜHynm\'kwd,tMuyftwnf;rSm odyÜHynmawG;ac:rIrsm;\tMuyftwnf;
jzpfonf/ rnfokdYenf;/
odyÜHynm\t"duwm0efrSm urÇmavmuBuD;tm; aphaqmfarmif;ESifaeonfhOy
a'orsm;? tnrnqufoG,frIrsm;udk &SmazG&ef jzpfonf/ odkY&SmazGawGY&Sdjcif;jzifh vlonf
todÓPf<u,f0um ukev f yk af &;ukd wk;d wufvmap&ef jzpfNyD; pm;0wfaea&;jynfph aHk umif;
rGefvmap&ef jzpfonf/ odYk&mwGif t&if;&SifpepftwGif;wGif odyÜHynmoabmw&m;rsm;
onf "e&Sit f ,ltqrsm;ESiyhf #dyu©jzpfaeMuonf/ "e&Sit f ,ltq\tESpo f m&jzpfaom
pdw0f g'
g'ESiwuú
hfwuúaA' A'onf odyyHÜ nm&yfrsm;xJwiG f 0ifa&mufx;dk azmufaeMuonf/ ,if;rSm
'kwd,tMuyftwnf; jzpfayonf/
®
ed*kH;
urÇmavmuBuD;tm; rmhufpf0g'u &kyfusus&IjrifykHudk¤if;? tEky#davmrenf;
usus&IjrifykHudk¤if;? tusOf;csKyfí az:jyNyD;ayNyD/ aemufqkH;taejzifh atmufygaumuf
csufrsm;udk qGJxkwfvkdfayonf/
(1) tEky#davmr&ky0f g'\avmutjrifonf a&SUaemufnn D wT í
f qifjcifww Hk &m;ESijhf ynfh
0aom tjrifjzpfonf/ xkdtjrifonf uREkfyfwkdYacwf\jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;&ef BudK;yrf;
&SmazGrrI S ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ t&if;&Siaf cwfonf vlt Y zGtYJ pnf;\jzpfay:wk;d wuf
rIwiG f jyif;xefaom jzpfay:wk;d wufrI acwfumvjzpfonf/ ukev f yk pf rG ;f tm;pkrsm;ESio hf yd HÜ
ynm&yf&mS azGawG&Y cdS sufrsm;\awmfveS af omcsDwufrrI sm;aMumifh xl;jcm;aom acwfumv
uvnf; jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vlrItajctaersm;onfvnf; tNrJwap uarmufurjzpf
Mu&onfhacwfumv jzpfonf/ obm0ESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;\jzpfay:wkd;wufrI? ajymif;vJ

rIOya'orsm;onf ,if;uarmufurjzpfrrI sm;udk Munfjh rif&mrS xGuaf y:vm&jcif; jzpfay
onf/ ,if;rSm tEky#davmr&kyf0g'tjrif jzpfayonf/
(2) tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf ,cifu usifhokH;NrJjzpfaom tbd"r®mpepfrsKd;wckr[kwf/
t&if;&SifvlYtzGJYtpnf;onf y#dyu©rsm;jzifh >yrf;vsuf&Sdonf/ t&if;&Sifpepfjzpfay:wkd;
wufrI BuD;xGm;vmonfEiS t hf rQ xkyd #dyu©rsm;\tusKd;w&m;rsm;udk tvkyv f yk af omjynf
olrsm;u rcHr&yfEkdifjzpfvmonf/ ukefvkyfa&;pGrf;tm;opfrsm;ukd vlYtzGJYtpnf;wckvkH;
\tusKd;twGuf tok;H rjyKbJ aoG;pkycf s,fv, S af omvlenf;pkuav;\tjrwftwGuo f m
tokH;jyKonf/ jynfolrsm;twGuf ]]xrif;a&acsmif;pD;}}onfhb0odkY a&SU&IcsDwuf&rnfht
pm; jynfolrsm;rSm pD;yGm;a&;tMuyftwnf;awGYjcif;? tvkyfvufrJhjzpfjcif;? qif;&Jjcif;?
ppfyGJrsm;jzpfjcif;ponfwkdYudkom awGYaeMu&onf/
xkaYd Mumifh obm0ESiv
hf t
Yl zGt
YJ pnf;\ajymif;vJr?I jzpfay:wk;d wufrOI ya'orsm;
ESifhywfoufaom tbd"r®mjyóemonf tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;twGuf vufawGYjy
óemw&yfjzpfvmonf/ jynforl sm;\pm;0wfaea&;udk zlvaHI prnfb h 0opfw&yfukd &SmazG
a&;jyóemonf jynfolrsm;\tbd"r®mjyóemjzpfvmonf/ tEky#davmr&kyf0g'onf
,if;jyóemajz&Sif;a&;okdY OD;wnfayonf/
(3) odkYjzpf&m tEky#davmronf bufvkdufaomtbd"r®m? ygwDtbd"r®m? tvkyform;vl
wef;pm;ygwD\tbd"r®mjzpfvmonf/ xkdtbd"r®m&Sdívnf; tjcm;bmrQrjzpfEkdifay/ xkd
tbd"r®monf tvkyfvkyfaom jynfolrsm;tm; qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;wGif acgif;aqmif
vdrrfh nfjzpfayonf/
(4) tEky#davmr&ky0f g'onf trsKd;rsKd;aomacwfNydKif"e&Sif tbd"r®mrsm;udk ajzmifah jzmifh
117 jroef;wifh
BuD;qefYusifonf/
(5) tEky#davmronf t&if;pepftMuyftwnf;ESiphf pfyrJG sm;rS vGwaf jrmuf&efvrf;udk nTef
jyonf/ tvkyfvkyfaomjynfolrsm;tm; EkdifiHa&;tmPmudk odrf;ydkuf&ef enf;vrf;udkjy
onf/
tEky#davmronf vufawGt Y bd"r®mjzpfonf/ qk&d , S v
f pf0g'wkud yf \ JG vufawGY
ESifhcGJcGmí r&atmif aygif;pnf;nDnTwfaeaom t&mjzpfonf/ ,if;tbd"r®monf uREkfyf
wkdYacwf\ta&;awmfykHBuD;rsm;rS aygufzGm;aomtbd"r®mjzpfavonf/
,if;tbd"r®mr&SdvQif uREkfyfwkdY\ta&;awmfykHonf vlwef;pm;pdwf"mwfudk &&Sd
Ekid rf nfr[kwaf y/ nDnw
T af &;udk &&SEd idk rf nfr[kwaf y/ wku
d yf rJG sm;udk atmifjrifEidk rf nfr[kwf
ay/

®
aemufqufwJG
(u) a0g[m&&Sif;vif;csuf
BuD;xGm;rI Growth
ukefvkyfa&;vlrItiftm;pkrsm; Social forces production
ukev f yk wf efqmyvm Instructions of production
ukev f yk u
f &d,m Means of production
ukefvkyfpGrf;tm;pk Productive forces
ukefvkyfa&;pepf Mode of production
ukefvkyfudef;0yfaeaomawG;ac:rIrsm; Preconceived thoughts
cH,lcsuf? ouf0if,kHMunfrI Conviction
cE¨mzGJYpnf;rI Organism
cGJa0rI? a0pk Appropriation
*kdPf;*P0g' Sectarianism
jiif;zsufjcif; Negation
pdwf0g' Idealism
puf,EÅ&m;qefaom Mechanistic
pD;yGm;a&;y"me0g' Economic determinism
pepf System
pdwåZqefaompepfrsm; Abstract systyems
qefYusifbuft&mrsm; Contradictions
qE´pGJpdwf0g' Subjective idealism
wuúaA Metaphysics
awG;ac:rI Idea
awG;MuHrI Thinking
wu,ftrSe0f g' Realism
wkefYjyefvIyf&Sm;rI Interaction
wnf&ydS pHk epf Mode of Existence
xm0&jzpfaom? t<uif;rJhjzpfaom Absolute
xm0&opöm Absolute truth
xm0&t<uif;rJÓ h Pf Absolute idea
xm0&0dnmOfawmf Universal spirit
119 jroef;wifh
'd|jzpfaomtrSefw&m; Objective reality

"mwkaA'qkdif&m "mwfaygif;pk Chemical compounds
'd|usaom? y&rw¬usaom Objective
emrfqkdif&m Spiritual
ajymif;vJrI Change
y#dyu© Antagonism, Contradiction
ywf0ef;usif Circumstances
jzpfrI Being
zGJYpnf;rI Complex
jzpfpOf Process

ADZowådrsm;(qGJiifaomowåd? at;aomowådponf) Properties
jA[®pdk&f0g' Humanitarianism
b0wnf&SdrI&kyf0w¬KBud,mrsm; Material means of life
&kyfqkdif&m Material
&kyfqkdif&m0w¬Krsm; Material particles
&kyfemrf'GefwGJ0g' Dualism
a&S;a[mif;bkHpepf Primitive Communism
&kyf0g' Materialism
v[mjyifEiS t fh csdeu
f mv Space and time
vlrb I 0 Social life
vlt Y EG,f Mankind
vlaY vmu Humanity
vlwef;pm; Class
vlt Y zGt YJ pnf; Society
avmutjrif World outlook
vIyf&Sm;ajymif;vJjcif; Motion
vlrIjzpfay:wkd;wufrI Social development
vlrIqufqHa&; Social relation
vIyf&Sm;aqmif&GufrIrsm; Activities
ouf0ifb0 Organic Matter
oufrb hJ 0 Inorganic
oabmw&m; Theory
obm0r[kwaf om Supernatural
obm0toGio f P²mef Natural Phenomena
obm0tiftm;pk Natural forces
odyÜHenf;usaom Scientific
opömw&m; Truth
odpw
d f Consciousness
omoemt,l0g' Clericalism
ouf0if,MHk unfrI Conviction
omref(jzpfaom) Simple
ouf&&dS yk f Living Matter

tajccHqefYusifbufrsm; Fundamental opposites
tqufrjywfjzpfrI Continuity
tnrn Interconnection
tEkjrL0g' Atomism
todynm Knowledge
tm&kH Sensation
tawG;tac: Thought
toGio f P²mef Phenomena
tbd"r®m Philosophy
tjrif Outlook
tewå Things in themselves
t<uif;rJÓ h Pfawmf Absolute idea
teEÅwefckd;awmf&Sif Supreme being
Oyg'gefpGJvrf;rI Supersition
t,ltq Ideology
tqef;wMu,f(jzpfaom) Complex
t&m0w¬Krsm; Things
twGit f iftm;pk Internal forces
t0dZÆm0g' Obscurantism
121 jroef;wifh
(c) yk*¾KdvftnTef;
um;vfrmhufpf/ /(1818-1883)*smreftbd"r®mynm&SiEf iS ahf bm*aA'ynm&Si?f rmhupf f
0g'udk wnfaxmifol/ ]]t&if;usrf;ESifhuGefjrLepfausnmpmwrf;}}paomusrf;rsmudkjyKpk
ol/
csm;wpfvIyf&Sm;rI/ /1840-ck? t*FvefjynfwiG f ay:aygufcahJ om Ekid if aH &;vIy&f mS ;
rIwck/ vufrSwfaygif; ESpfoef;ausmfa&;xkd;aom avQmufvTmwapmifudk ygvDrefodkYwif
um awmif;qkdcsufrsm;udk wifjyonf/
pwmvif/ /(1879-1953) qkdAD,ufuGefjrLepfygwDtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf/ 0efBuD;
csKyf/ ]]vDeif0g'}}paomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
Z'g'aemhzf/ /(1896-1984) qkAd , D uf,el ,D H uGejf rLepfygwD ay:vpfjAL&d0k ifvBl uD;?

ygwD0g'jzefYcsDa&;ESifhvIHYaqmfa&;Xmeacgif;aqmif/ xif&Sm;aomrmhufpf0g'oabmw&m;
a&;&macgif;aqmif/ ]]pmay*DwESifhtbd"r®m}}ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkcJhonf/
wGefydef;/ /NAdwo d Qwkid ;f jyKjynfjyKynm&Si/f "Right of Man" ponfu h srf;rsm;udk
jyKpko/l
xa&mhpuD/ /(1877-1940)&k&Sm;EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifqkdAD,ufygwD uGefjrLepf
acgif;aqmif/ 1927-ckESpfwGif ygwDrS xkwfy,fjcif;cH&onf/ qkd&S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;udk
urÇmht0Srf;wGif wNydKifwnf;vkyf&rnf[k ,lqolt,loD;orm;? tvGeftuRH0g'orm;/
a';um;/ /(1596-1650)jyifopfocsFmaA'ynm&SifESifhtbd"r®mynm&Sif/
"Prncipia Philosophia" ponfhurf;rsm;udk a&;ol/
'g0if/ /(1809-1882)NAdwdoQobm0odyÜHynm&Sif/ vlonf wd&pämefrSqif;
oufvmonf[al om t,ltqudk pwifxw k af z:cJo
h /l "Origin of Species" paomusrf;
rsm;udkjyKpkol/ awmfolae? rawmfolao oabmw&m;udk csrSwfcJhol/
e,lwef/ /(1642-1727)NAdwdoQocsFmaA'ynm&Sif? eu©wåaA'ynmESifhtbd
"r®mynm&Si/f ajrBuD;\qGiJ ifjcif;Oya'oudk pwifawGo Y /l "Principia" paomusrf;rsm;
udk jyKpkol/
ygarmu©ume,f/ /Ekdb,fqk&? NAdwdoQodyÜHynm&Sif? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpD
Ouú|/ "Maxism and Science" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
aAmfvfwJ,m;/ /(1649-1778)jyifopfpma&;q&m? jyZmwfa&;q&mESit hf bd
"r®mynm&Sif/ "Candide" paom0w¬Krsm;? usrf;rsm;udka&;ol/
bmh*fqef/ /ESpfq,f&mpkESpf jyifopftbd"r®mynm&Sif/ "Time and Free will"
paomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
rif',fv/f /(1822-84)Mopx&D;,m;odyyHÜ nm&Si/f rsKd;&k;d pOfqufvu dk rf OI ya'o

w&yfudk az:xkwfcJhol/
a&mbwftdk0if/ /(1771-1858)NAdwdoQvlrIjyKjyifa&;orm;/ rdrd\puf&kHt
vkyform;avmuwGif pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpfavmuav;wckudk wnfaxmifol/ olYtm;
pdwful;,Ofqkd&S,fvpf0g'\a&SUaqmifyk*¾Kdvf[k ac:Muonf/
vlu&D;wD;,mhpf/ /(98-55 bDp)D vufwifuAsmq&mESit hf bd"r®mynm&Si/f "De
Rerun Natura" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk a&;ol/
vkdifpifudk/ /qkdAD,ufygPaA'ynm&Sif/ udk,ft*FgzGJYpnf;ykHpepfonf ywf0ef;usif
udkvkdufí jzpfonf[laom oabmw&m;udk xkwfaz:cJhol/
vDeif/ /(1870-1924)&k&Sm;vlrsKd;? abmfvf&SDApfygwDudk wnfaxmifol/ qkdAD
,ufEkdifiHudk wnfaxmifol/ vDeif0g'udk wnfaxmifol/ ]]t&if;&Sifpepf\tjrifhqkH;jzpf

aome,fcsJYpepf}}ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/ rmhufpfESifhtdef*s,fvfpfwkdY\0g'udk vufquf
jyefYyGm;ol/
aomrwfpf tufuGdemhpf/ /(1226-1274)tDwvDc&pf,meftbd"r®mynm&Si/f "Summ
-a Contra Centles" ponfhtbd"r®musrf;rsm;udkjyKpkol/
[D*Jvf/ /(1770-1831)*smreftbd"r®mynm&Sif/
[m;bwfpyifqm/ /(1820-1903)NAdwdoQtbd"r®mynm&Sif/ ]]tDaumfaemfrpf
(pf)*sme,f}}t,f'Dwm? "Principles of Ethics" ponfhusrf;rsm;udka&;ol/
tufyDusL;&yfpf/ /(342-1 bDpD)acgrvlrsKd;tbd"r®mynm&Sif/ "On Holi-
ness" ponfhusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
tdef*s,fvfpf/ /(1820-1895)rmhufpfESifhwGJvsuf uGefjrLepfausnmpmwrf;
ESifhtjcm;usrf;rsm;udk jyKpkol/
tm&pöawmw,fvf/ /(384-322 bDp)D acgrtbd"r®mynm&Si/f t&m0w¬Kwkid ;f onf
pdwful;awG;ac:rIjzpfonf[laom yavwkd\t,ltqudk qefYusifonf/ t&m0w¬Kwkdif;
ü awG;ac:rIESifht[kwfjzpf? wu,fjzpfaom t&mwkdY aygif;pyfxm;onf[k,lqonf/
Organon tp&Sdaomusrf;rsm;udk jyKpkcJhol/

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