MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

FINALS
LESSON 4: (TOPIC 1-3) 3. DOCUMENT METHOD
4. OBSERVATION METHOD
5. EXPERIMENT METHOD
CORE IDEA
DATA PRESENTATION METHODS
“STATISTICAL TOOLS DERIVED FROM
1. TEXTUAL FORM
MATHEMATICS ARE USEFUL IN
2. TABULAR FORM
PROCESSING AND MANAGING
3. GRAPHICAL FORM
NUMERICAL DATA IN ORDER TO
DESCRIBE A PHENOMENON AND
POPULATION: Consists of all subjects
PREDICT VALUES”
under the study
SAMPLE: Representative subgroup or
NATURE OF STATISTICS AND TYPES
subset of a population
OF DATA
VARIABLE: A well-defined characteristics
or attribute that can assume different
STATISTICS: It is the science of
values
conducting studies to collect, organize,
summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions
from data
- TWO MAIN AREAS
1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Collection, organization,
summarization and presentation of
data
2. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Generalizing from samples to
populations, performing estimations
and hypothesis tests
TWO TYPES OF VARIABLES:
PROCESS OF STATISTICS 1. QUALITATIVE VARIABLES
- Express categorical attributes
such as sex, religion, marital status,
region of residence, highest
educational attainment
DATA MANAGEMENT: Process by which - Answers the question WHAT
information is acquired and processed to KIND
ensure the accessibility and reliability of the 2. QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES
data for its users - Numerical data whose sizes are
DATA: These are the values meaningful and answers the
(measurements or observations) that the question HOW MUCH/HOW
variables can assume MANY
- TYPES:
PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES 1. DISCRETE DATA
- Can be counted
DATA COLLECTION METHODS 2. CONTINUOUS DATA
1. INTERVIEW METHOD - Infinite number of
2. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD values
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
FINALS
MEASUREMENT SCALES: These are the
types of classification on how data are
categorized, counted and measured
- TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALE
1. NOMINAL
- No ranking or order
- Classifies data into mutually
exclusive (non-overlapping)
2. ORDINAL
- Data can be placed in
categories which can be
ordered or ranked
3. INTERVAL
- Ranks data
- Precise difference between
units exists
- There is no true or absolute
zero
4. RATION
- Ranks data
- Precise difference between
units exists
- True ratios exists
- There is no true of absolute
zero
SAMPLES:
Used to collect data and information
about a particular variable from a large
population
Saves time and money
Should not be biased
Equal chances of being selected
- FOUR BASIC METHODS OF
SAMPLING:
1. SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING
- In order to obtain a random
sample, each subject of the
population must have an
equals chance of being
selected
- The best way to obtain a
random sample is to use a
list of random numbers
- Fishbowl method using
random numbers
- Computer and
calculator-generated
random
- Table of random numbers
2. SYSTEMATIC RANDOM
SAMPLING
- Taken by numbering each
member of the population
and then selecting every kth
term where K is a natural
number
- Careful numbering in
population
3. STRATIFIED RANDOM
SAMPLING
- When population is divided
into groups where the
members of each group
have similar characteristics
and members of each group
are chosen at random, the
result is a stratified sample
- Dividing the population into
groups (Called strata)
according to variable that is
sampling from each group
4. CLUSTER RANDOM SAMPLING
- Population is divided into
groups called clusters by
some means such as
geographical area or
schools in a large school
district etc.
- Randomly select among the
clusters and uses all
members of the clusters as
samples
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
FINALS
DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLING
TECHNIQUES
RESEARCH DESIGN
TWO TYPES OF STUDIES
1. OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
- The researcher merely
observes what is happening
or what has happened in the
past and tries to draw
conclusions based on these
observations
- No type of research
intervention
2. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
- The researchers
MANIPULATES one of the
variables and tries to
determine how the
MANIPULATION influences
other variables
WEEK 4 (TOPIC 4-5)
ORGANIZING AND DISPLAYING DATA:
When conducting a statistical study, the
researcher must gather data for the
particular variable under study
RAW DATA: Data collected in original form
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION: The
organization of raw data in table form,
using classes and frequencies
- TYPES:
1. CATEGORICAL
- STEPS
1. MAKE A TABLE
2. TALLY THE DATA
3. COUNT THE TALLIES AND
PLACE NUMBERS IN THE
THIRD COLUMN
2. GROUPED
- STEPS
1. DETERMINE THE
CLASSES
- Find the class width
by dividing the range
by the number of
classes
2. TALLY THE DATA
3. FIND THE NUMERICAL
FREQUENCIES FROM
THE TALLIES
4. HISTOGRAM
STEM AND LEAF PLOT: It is a data plot
that uses part of the data value as the stem
and art of the data value as the leaf to form
groups or classes
- BACK TO BACK STEM AND
LEAF PLOT
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
FINALS
3 METHODS TO PRESENT/DISPLAY
DATA
1. TEXTUAL OR NARRATIVE
METHOD
- Textual or paragraph
- One describes data by
enumerating some of the
highlights of the dats
2. TABULAR METHOD
- This method is applicable
for large data sets
- Trends could easily be seen
in this king of presentation
3. GRAPHICAL METHOD
- Uses visual presentation of
the data
- Graphs are commonly used
for oral presentation

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

STATISTIC: Characteristics or measure

obtained y using data values from a
sample
PARAMETER: Characteristic or measure
obtained by using all the data from a
specific population
MEAN: Arithmetic average, found by
adding values of the data and dividing by
the total number of values WEEK 4 (TOPIC 6)

MEASURES OF POSITION AND

EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS

PERCENTILE: Divides the data set into

MEDIAN: Halfway point of data set when it
100 equal groups
is arranged in order. When data set is
- Percentiles are not the same as
ordered it is called array
percentage
MODE: The value that occurs most often in
a data set
UNIMODAL - Unique mode
BIMODAL - Two modes
MULTIMODAL - More than two
modes
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
FINALS
PERCENTILE STEPS

QUARTILE: This divides the data set into quarters

OUTLIERS: Extremely high or an extremely low

data value when compared with the rest of the
data values