MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY - branch of linguistics that deals wih meaningful unit of words.

Unconditional: Un - prefix, Condition - root word, Al - suffix

CONCEPTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

MORPHEME

 smallest grammatical meaningful unit of a language

 linguistics unit which exist either as a words or a constituent of a words

 addition of morpheme could affect the meaning of a word in a certain extent

Example:
 Possible - no constituent
 Impossible - im-possible
 Asocial - a-social Boys - boy-s
 Truthfulness - truth-ful-ness
 Unfaithfulness - un-faith-ful-ness

MORPH

 Orthographic (written form) and subsequently phonetics realization of a morpheme, i.e it is physically identifiable
morpheme

● Possible - has only one morph (one morpheme)

However there are words which have two morphemes but only one morph or phonetic realization

Example:

Morp - morphemes
 Went - go + past morpheme (-ed)
 Took - take + past morpheme (-ed)
 Liked - like + past morpheme (-ed)

All nouns that don't have plural forms, the morph is technically called ZERO MORPH
 Sheep - sheep + zero morph
 Deer - deer + zero morph

Irregular verbs - go, take

Regular verbs - like, pla

ALLOMOPRHS

 Variants or alternative realization of morphemes.

 Since allomorph are also orthographically represented they are all morphs but not all morphs are allomorph.

Example: S - plural morpheme but has three realization or allomorph

 Cats (raw s)
 Dogs (with z)
 Nurses /iz/
Morpheme — Morph — Allomorph
LEXEME

 Fundamental forms of a word in which it appears in a dictionary and works as the source of other forms of the
words.

Example: Play - main word in a dictionary is lexeme

AFFIXATION - Process of addition of morphemes (affixes) to a words according to the grammatical (inflectional) or
semantic (derivational) requirements in a particular context.

Example: (Ali goes) to school - es morpheme

• If affixation is added before the root word is called prefixation

• If affixation is added after the root word is called suffixation

CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES

 Free Morphemes - root words which always carry the main meaning of a sentence. Dependent

 Lexical Free Morphemes - morphemes are open to affixation. You can adda prefic or suffix to the word. Mercy
(ful), Play (ful). Content words in a language, nouns verbs adjectives adverbs. Contain the central meaning in a
sentence.

 Functional Free Morphemes - morphemes which are not open to affixation because they are the function words
and it refers to the words that are required fulfill a certain grammatical function.

Examples: a, an, the - articles and, but, because - conjunctions in, on, by, under over - prepositions i, me, he, she -
pronouns

 Bound Morphemes - Meant to be connected to free morphemes. All prefixes and suffixes. Independent.

 Derivational Bound Morphemes - these are prefixes or suffixes that are use in forming a word.

 Inflectional Bound Morphemes - realize only to suffixes and doesn't change the classification of word

Talk - verb - talked - verb (add inflectional bound morphemes -ed)

Play - verb - play (ful) - playful - adjective - derivational not inflectional

Nominal inflection Derivational - book + ish = bookis

Inflectional Morphemes

 Those which are used to fulfill the grammatical requirements. It is seen that nouns or verbs take different forms
depending on person, number, tense etc. in sentences.

a) Nominal Inflections (affixed with nouns)

 They are used as plural makers words like cats, dogs, mangoes, etc. and as possessive markers (genitive) in words
with apostrophe, such as cat's, Ram's, etc.

b) Verbal Inflections (affixed with verbs)

 They are used as present tense arker in words like goes, plays, etc., as st tense marker in words like worked, nced,
etc., as present participle rker in words like going, walking, ,and as past participle in words like en, given, etc.

c) Adjectival Inflections (affixed with adjectives)

 They are used as comparative and superlative degree markers in words like greater, sweeter, greatest sweetest,
etc.

INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL

 It fulfills the grammatical necessity in a sentence.  It fulfills the semantic necessity in a sentence.

 It is always terminal in position.  It may be initial, medial, or final in position.

 Doesn't change the class of the root, ie. it is always  It change the class of the root, ie. it is always class
class maintaining. maintaining and class changing.

 It doesn't alter the meaning of the word.  It alters the meaning of the word.

 It is limited in form.  It is diverse in form.

CLASS CHANGING MORPHEMES - those that change the grammatical category of the root after affixation.

Kill (verb) Killer (noun)

Urban (adjective) Urbanize (verb)

Law (noun) Lawful (adjective)

Kind (adjective) Kindness (noun)

CLASS MAINTAINING MORPHEMES - those that do not cause the change of grammatical class of

the root after affixation.

Child (noun) Childhood (noun)

King (noun) Kingdom (noun)

Lion (noun) Lioness (noun)

Friend (noun) Friendship (noun)

Political (adj.) Apolitical (adj.)

 Meter (noun) Pentameter (noun) Class Maintaining Prefixes

Behave (verb) Misbehave (verb)

Sleep (verb) Asleep (adj.)

Brave (noun) Degrade (verb) Class Changing Prefixes

Little (adj) Belittle (verb)

NUMBER PREFIXES PREFIXES RELATED TO TIME

Mono
One
Uni

Bi
Two Ante Before
Di
Ex Former
Tri Three
Fore Before
Tentra Four
Pre Before
Penta Five
Post After
Hexa Six
Neo New
Hepta Seven
Re Again
Octa Eight

Nano Nine

Deca Ten

Multi Many

Poly

PREFIX RELATED TO SCIENTIFIC STUDY PREFIXES RELATED TO SIZE

Thermo Heat Ab Unexpected

Socio Society Mini Small

Osteo Bone Hyper More

Physio Body Micro Small

Psycho Mind Macro Big

Neuro Nerves Sub Below

Zoo Animals Ultra Beyond

Under Within

Intra Within
 Inter Out

PREFIXES RELATED TO NEGOTIATION MISCELLANEOUS PREFIXES

A Not Anti Against

Dis Not Pro In support of

De Not Super Extraordinary

In Not Over Extra

Im Not Out Away

Il Not Tele Far

Ir Not Co Together

Mis Not Counter Against

Non Not Pan Over

Un Not

Mal Not

SUFFIXES FREQUENTLY USED

SUFFIXES USED TO FORM NOUNS SUFFIXES

ance Attendance, Assistance ar Liar, Beggar

ant Assistant, Pollutan er Layer, Teacher

ation Information, Confirmation or Director, Inspector

an Indian, Libyan ee Employee, Refugee

acy Delicacy, Bureaucracy dom Kingdom, Dukedom

ary Secondary, Dictionary ess Lioness, Tigress

age Mileage hood Childhood, Falsehood

ion Correction, Relation ence Dependence, Excellence

ship Kingship, Friendship sion Admission, Conclusion

ty Crue;ty, Tasty ure Failure

IDENTIFICATION OF MORPHEME WORDS

Monamorphic Word - word that has one morpheme (free morpheme)

Polymorphic Word - words with many morpheme

CONCEPTS OF ROOT, BASE AND STEM
ROOT - Free morpheme to which any other morpheme (bound) is affixed. Is it that morpheme which remains as a
word after all affixes are removed.

STEM - Part of a words which remains after an inflectional suffix is removed from it.

BASE - Form of a words which is open to affixation of any kind, inflectional or derivational.