Grammar and Vocab

Table of Contents | Mục lục
GRAMMAR POINT 1 | Present tenses 3
GRAMMAR POINT 2 | Past tenses 11
GRAMMAR POINT 3 | Future tenses 21
GRAMMAR POINT 4 | Nouns & Quantifiers 29
GRAMMAR POINT 5 | Linking words 34
GRAMMAR POINT 6 | Relative clause 40
GRAMMAR POINT 7 | Modals & Perfect modals 47
GRAMMAR POINT 8 | Passive voice 52
GRAMMAR POINT 9 | Causative forms 58
GRAMMAR POINT 10 | Verb patterns 62
GRAMMAR POINT 11 | Conditionals 68
GRAMMAR POINT 12 | Reported speech 77
GRAMMAR POINT 13 | Conjunction 84
GRAMMAR POINT 14 | Participle phrases 89
GRAMMAR POINT 15 | Comparisons 96
GRAMMAR POINT 16 | Clefting for emphasis 102
GRAMMAR POINT 17 | Enough - Too - So - Such 108
GRAMMAR POINT 18 | Tag questions 114
GRAMMAR POINT 19 | I Wish … 118
GRAMMAR POINT 20 | Subjunctive 124
GRAMMAR POINT 21 | Adverbial clauses 130
GRAMMAR POINT 22 | Inversion 136
GRAMMAR POINT 23 | Articles 141
GRAMMAR POINT 24 | Compound adjective 148
READING TOPIC 1 | Home and Family 153
READING TOPIC 2 | Food and Health 160
READING TOPIC 3 | Countries and Cultures 167
Table of Contents
READING TOPIC 4 | Education 174
READING TOPIC 5 | Business and Economy 180
READING TOPIC 6 | Leisure and Entertainment 185
READING TOPIC 7 | Nature and Environment 191
READING TOPIC 8 | Science and Technology 196
READING TOPIC 9 | Clothes and Fashion 202
READING TOPIC 10 | Law and Society 209
Table of Contents
GRAMMAR POINT 1 | Present tenses
Structure | Cấu trúc

Simple present | Thì hiện tại đơn
S + V (-s/-es)
+ - ?
I learn with Manabie I don’t learn with Manabie Do I learn with Manabie?
He/she/it learns with Manabie He/she/it doesn’t learn with Manabie. Does he/she/it learn with Manabie?
We learn with Manabie We don’t learn with Manabie Do we learn with Manabie?
You learn with Manabie You don’t learn with Manabie Do you learn with Manabie?
They learn with Manabie They don’t learn with Manabie Do they learn with Manabie?
don’t = do not doesn’t = does not

Khi chủ ngữ là he/she/it hoặc các tên riêng, các em thêm -s hoặc -es vào sau động từ như sau:
● Đối với hầu hết động từ: thêm -s vào sau động từ (learn 🡪 learns)
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng phụ âm + y: thay -y thành -i và thêm es (study 🡪 studies)
● Đối với các động từ kết thúc bằng-s, -z, -ch, -sh or -x: thêm -es vào sau động từ (miss 🡪
misses)
● Đối với do, go và have: thay bằng does, goes và has
Pronunciation of the ‘s’ ending | Phát âm âm cuối ‘s’
Khi phát âm -s và -es, các em cần nhớ 3 quy tắc sau:

● phát âm -es là /ɪz/ khi từ kết thúc bằng các âm “gió” /s/, /z/, /ʒ/, /ʃ/, /dʒ/ và /tʃ/.
buses /'bʌsɪz’; crashes /'kræʃɪ’/; watches /'wɒtʃɪ’/
● phát âm -es/-s là /s/ khi từ kết thúc bằng các âm “mạnh” /p/, /f/, /t/, /k/
laughs /lɑːfs/; looks /lʊks/; meets /miːts/
● phát âm -es/-s là /z/ khi từ kết thúc bằng các nguyên âm hoặc các âm “yếu” /b/, /m/, /l/, /v/
knows /nəʊz/; fill /fɪlz/; needs /niːdz/
Grammar point 1: Present tenses 3

Choose the word with the -s/-es ending pronounced differently from the others.
Chọn từ có phần tận cùng -s/-es phát âm khác với những từ còn lại.
Question 1: A. feelings B. letters C. nations D. delights

Question 2: A. watches B. washes C. lives D. rises
Question 3: A. clothes B. potatoes C. garages D. tables
Question 4: A. helps B. finds C. cooks D. laughs
Question 5: A. films B. trucks C. lifts D. tips
Present continuous | Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn

S + am/is/are+ V-ing
+ - ?
I am learning with Manabie I am not learning with Manabie Am I learning with Manabie?
He/she/it is learning with Manabie He/she/it isn’t learning with Manabie Is he/she/it learning with Manabie?
We are learning with Manabie We aren’t learning with Manabie Are we learning with Manabie?
You are learning with Manabie You aren’t learning with Manabie Are you learning with Manabie?
They are learning with Manabie They aren’t learning with Manabie Are they learning with Manabie?
‘m = am ‘s = is ‘re = are
isn’t = is not aren’t = are not
Đối với đa số động từ, -ing thường được thêm trực tiếp vào sau động từ. Ngoại trừ các trường hợp
sau:
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng “phụ âm” + “e”: bỏ “e” tận cùng và thêm -ing vào sau động từ
(have 🡪 having)
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng “nguyên âm” + “e”: thêm -ing vào sau động từ (see 🡪 seeing)
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng “ie”: thay “ie” bằng “y” và thêm -ing (lie 🡪 lying)
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng “ic”: thêm “k” vào sau động từ và thêm -ing. (panic 🡪 panicking)
● Đối với động từ tận cùng bằng “phụ âm – nguyên âm – phụ âm (ngoại trừ “h”, “w”, “x”, “y”)”
một âm tiết hoặc có nhiều âm tiết với trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết cuối: gấp đôi phụ âm cuối và
thêm -ing (stop 🡪 stopping)

Present perfect | Thì hiện tại hoàn thành
S + have/has + V3/-ed
+ - ?
I have learnt with Manabie I haven’t learnt with Manabie Have I learnt with Manabie?
He/she/it has learnt with Manabie He/she/it hasn’t learnt with Manabie Has he/she/it learnt with Manabie?
We have learnt with Manabie We haven’t learnt with Manabie Have we learnt with Manabie?
You have learnt with Manabie You haven’t learnt with Manabie Have you learnt with Manabie?
They have learnt with Manabie They haven’t learnt with Manabie Have they learnt with Manabie?
‘ve = have ‘s = has

haven’t = have not hasn’t = has not
Find the mistake in each sentence below and correct them. | Tìm và sửa lại các lỗi
sai trong mỗi câu dưới đây.
1. Harry gets up at 7 o'clock every day and catch the train at 8 o'clock.
2. Please wait for a few minutes. Sandy is openning the door.
3. Tim usually plaies football at the weekend.
4. Speak loudly to my grandparents because they doesn't hear very well.
5. Have you do all the homework?
Usage | Cách dùng
Hiện tại Hiện tại Hiện tại

đơn tiếp diễn hoàn thành
1. Diễn tả các thói quen hiện tại

Marsha goes to dance lessons every Saturday.
2. Than phiền về các thói quen xấu (với always)

My brother is always borrowing my CDs without
asking.
3. Diễn tả tần suất diễn ra các sự việc

Angela doesn't visit us very often.
4. Diễn tả các tình huống lâu dài

Does Dan work at the cinema?

5. Diễn tả các tình huống tạm thời
She is working at the museum until the end of the
month.
6. Diễn tả các trạng thái, sở thích, cảm xúc tại thời

điểm hiện tại
I like the new James Bond film.
7. Diễn tả các hành động đang xảy ra ở thời điểm hiện

tại
Jan is watching a DVD upstairs.
8. Diễn tả các thay đổi và phát triển

That child's getting bigger every day.
9. Bình luận thể thao trực tiếp

Adams passes to Kareshi. It's a goal.
10. Dùng để đánh giá và tóm tắt

The film ends with us not knowing whether they
have been successful or not.
11. Dùng cho các chỉ dẫn và chỉ đường

You turn left at the end of the road and the school is
up ahead.
12. Diễn tả các sự kiện và sự thật nói chung

You play chess with 32 pieces.
13. Diễn tả tình huống ở hiện tại có bắt đầu trong quá
khứ
Mrs Jenkins has been the head teacher for three
years so far.
14. Diễn tả tình huống đã xảy ra nhưng thời gian của

tình huống vẫn chưa kết thúc trong hiện tại
It's now lunchtime and I've completed three reports
today.
Read the given examples and decide which tense is used in each case. | Đọc các ví
dụ cho mỗi cách dùng và xác định thì nào được dùng cho mỗi cách dùng.
Khi sử dụng thì hiện tại đơn, các em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ chỉ tần suất hoặc cụm từ
dưới đây để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
always > usually | regularly | frequently > often > sometimes | occasionally > rarely | hardly >
never ⬤ every Monday/week/etc ⬤ each Tuesday/week/etc ⬤ once/twice a month/week/etc

Khi sử dụng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, các em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ hoặc cụm từ dưới đây
để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
now ⬤ right now ⬤ at the moment ⬤ today ⬤ this week
Khi sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành, các em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ hoặc cụm từ dưới
đây để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
for ⬤ since ⬤ until/till now ⬤ so far ⬤ today ⬤ this week ⬤ it is the ... time
Đôi khi để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của một hành động đã bắt đầu từ quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện
tại, thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn (have/has been V-ing) thường được dùng thay cho thì hiện tại
hoàn thành.
Complete the sentences below with the correct tense of the verb in the bracket
then decide which rule is addressed in each case. | Hoàn tất các câu dưới đây với cấu
trúc thích hợp và đưa ra giải thích dựa vào lý thuyết đã học
1. The sun __________ in the east. (rise)
Tense: __________ Rule number: __________
2. ‘It's now late. Where __________ you __________?' (go)
3. What time __________ she usually __________? (get up)
4. John always __________ to work by bus because he really __________ it. It’s so strange that
he __________ to work today. (go/ love/ drive)
5. The world __________ a massive shift in transport and tourism in the last decade. (see)

Exercise 1 | Bài tập 1 ☆
Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D) to complete the sentences below.
Chọn đáp án phù hợp (A, B, C, hoặc D) để hoàn thành các câu dưới đây.
1. This week our tours ___________ a little longer.
A. takes B. have taken C. take D. are taking
2. Many people ___________ living in Seattle because it often rains continually.

A. hates B. hate C. have hated D. are hating
3. My mother ___________ on the phone.

A. is always polite B. always is polite
C. has always been polite D. is always being polite
4. Women ___________ in presidential elections since 1921.

A. vote B. are voting C. have voted D. has voted
5. Most people __________ the new supermarket.

A. prefer B. are preferring C. have preferred D. does prefer
6. The population of the world __________ very fast.

A. rises B. rise C. are rising D. is rising
7. Jimmy __________ basketball this season. He wants to concentrate on his studies.

A. haven’t played B. isn’t playing C. doesn’t play D. hasn’t played
8. __________ to you?
A. Does this handbag belong B. Has this handbag belonged
C. This handbag belongs D. Is this handbag belonging
9. How __________ renew a passport?

A. have you often had to B. often do you have to
C. often you have had to D. you often have to
10. The birds __________ to the island every spring.

A. are turning B. have returned C. returns D. return
Exercise 2 | Bài tập 2 ☆☆

1. Listen! Someone ___________ at the door.
A. knocks B. knock C. are knocking D. is knocking
2. Tom ___________ things around the house, which is annoying.

A. always leaves B. always leave
C. is always leaving D. has always left

3. The existence of many stars in the sky ___________ us to suspect that there may be life on
another planet.
A. have led B. are leading C. leads D. lead
4. In career terms, having a good degree __________ to make little difference.

A. have appeared B. appear C. is appearing D. appears
5. Some kinds of fish __________ high levels of dangerous metals.

A. contains B. contain C. is containing D. are containing
6. Sam is back from his vacation. He __________ to Japan.

A. goes B. has gone C. is going D. has been
7. The ball __________ on the goal line.

A. is bouncing B. bounces C. has bounced D. has been bouncing
8. You __________ too much lately. You should stop smoking.

A. has smoked B. smoke C. are smoking D. ‘ve been smoking
9. This cheese __________!

A. smells terribly B. is smelling terribly
C. smells terrible D. is smelling terrible
10. Sorry I’m late. __________ long?

A. Have you been waiting B. Are you waiting
C. Have you waited D. Do you wait

Find the mistake in each of the sentences below.
Tìm lỗi sai trong các câu dưới đây.
1. In some areas, it has against the law to ride a motorcycle without a helmet.
A. has B. the law C. to ride D. without
2. We haven't seen each other from we left school.

A. haven't seen B. each other C. from D. left
3. My parent walks sometimes to work, but not very often.

A. My parent B. walks sometimes
C. not D. very often
4. I think your English is good. You are speaking very well.

A. think B. is C. are speaking D. very well
5. Pheebs doesn’t usually have breakfast, so she is getting hungry for lunch much more quickly.
A. doesn’t usually B. have
C. is getting D. much more quickly

6. Everything is going fine. We don’t have any problems so far.
A. is going B. fine C. don’t have D. any problems
7. The captain has a lot of travel experience, but he's never been flying in a helicopter.
A. has B. travel experience C. he's never D. been flying
8. Chandler is calling his girlfriend again. That’s the third time he’s called her that evening.
A. is calling B. That’s C. he’s called D. that evening
9. The car is working again now. My grandpa has been fixing it.
A. is working B. now C. has D. been fixing
10. Scientists nowadays slowly begin to understand more about how the brain works.
A. nowadays B. slowly begin C. to understand D. works

GRAMMAR POINT 2 | Past tenses

Simple past | Thì quá khứ đơn
S + V2/-ed
+ - ?
I learned with Manabie. I didn’t learn with Manabie. Did I learn with Manabie?
He/she/it learned with Manabie. He/she/it didn’t learn with Manabie. Did he/she/it learn with Manabie?
We learned with Manabie. We didn’t learn with Manabie. Did we learn with Manabie?
You learned with Manabie. You didn’t learn with Manabie. Did you learn with Manabie?
They learned with Manabie. They didn’t learn with Manabie. Did they learn with Manabie?
didn’t = did not
Khi đối với các động từ có quy tắc (regular verbs), các em thêm -ed vào sau động từ để tạo thành VED
như sau:
● Đối với hầu hết động từ: thêm -ed vào sau động từ (learn 🡪 learned)
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng phụ âm + y: thay -y thành -i và thêm ed (study 🡪 studied)
● Đối với các động từ kết thúc bằng -e: thêm -d vào sau động từ (decide 🡪 decided)
● Đối với động từ kết thúc bằng nguyên âm được nhấn trọng âm + phụ âm (ngoại trừ w và y):
gấp đôi phụ âm và thêm -ed (shop 🡪 shopped, refer 🡪 referred)
Pronunciation of the ‘ed’ ending | Phát âm âm cuối ‘ed’
Khi phát âm -ed, các em cần nhớ 3 quy tắc sau:

● phát âm -ed là /ɪd/ khi từ kết thúc bằng các âm /t/ hoặc /d/.
needed /'niːdɪd /; wanted /'wɒntɪd /
● phát âm -ed là /t/ khi từ kết thúc bằng các âm “mạnh” /p/, /f/, /t/, /k/...
laughed /lɑːft/; looked /lʊkt/
● phát âm -ed là /d/ khi từ kết thúc bằng các nguyên âm hoặc các âm “yếu” /b/, /m/, /l/, /v/...
played /pleɪd /; filled /fɪld/
Grammar point 2: Past tenses 11

Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from the
others.
Chọn từ có phần gạch chân phát âm khác với những từ còn lại.
Question 1: A. deceived B. watched C. discovered D. destroyed

Question 2: A. appeared B. smoked C. stopped D. missed
Question 3: A. decided B. collected C. asked D. invited
Question 4: A. reduced B. published C. escaped D. received
Question 5: A. pleased B. erased C. increased D. amused
Past continuous | Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn

S + was/were + V-ing
+ - ?
I was learning with Manabie. I wasn’t learning with Manabie. Was I learning with Manabie?
He/she/it was learning with Manabie. He/she/it wasn’t learning with Manabie. Was he/she/it learning with Manabie?
We were learning with Manabie. We weren’t learning with Manabie. Were we learning with Manabie?
You were learning with Manabie. You weren’t learning with Manabie. Were you learning with Manabie?
They were learning with Manabie. They weren’t learning with Manabie. Were they learning with Manabie?
wasn’t = was not weren’t = were not

Để thêm -ing vào sau động từ, các em xem lại bài Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn
Present perfect | Thì hiện tại hoàn thành

S + have/has + V3/-ed
+ - ?
I have learnt with Manabie I haven’t learnt with Manabie Have I learnt with Manabie?
He/she/it has learnt with Manabie He/she/it hasn’t learnt with Manabie Has he/she/it learnt with Manabie?
We have learnt with Manabie We haven’t learnt with Manabie Have we learnt with Manabie?
You have learnt with Manabie You haven’t learnt with Manabie Have you learnt with Manabie?
They have learnt with Manabie They haven’t learnt with Manabie Have they learnt with Manabie?
‘ve = have ‘s = has

haven’t = have not hasn’t = has not

Past perfect | Thì quá khứ hoàn thành
S + had + V3/-ed
+ - ?
I had learnt with Manabie. I hadn’t learnt with Manabie. Had I learnt with Manabie?
He/she/it had learnt with Manabie. He/she/it hadn’t learnt with Manabie. Had he/she/it learnt with Manabie?
We had learnt with Manabie. We hadn’t learnt with Manabie. Had we learnt with Manabie?
You had learnt with Manabie. You hadn’t learnt with Manabie. Had you learnt with Manabie?
They had learnt with Manabie. They hadn’t learnt with Manabie. Had they learnt with Manabie?
‘hadn’t = had not
Used to | Cấu trúc Used to

S + used to + V0
+ - ?
I used to learn with Manabie. I didn’t use to learn with Manabie. Did I use to learn with Manabie?
He/she/it used to learn with Manabie. He/she/it didn’t use to learn with Manabie. Did he/she/it use to learn with Manabie?
We used to learn with Manabie. We didn’t use to learn with Manabie. Did we use to learn with Manabie?
You used to learn with Manabie. You didn’t use to learn with Manabie. Did you use to learn with Manabie?
They used to learn with Manabie. They didn’t use to learn with Manabie. Did they use to learn with Manabie?
Find the mistake in each sentence below and correct them. | Tìm và sửa lại các lỗi
sai trong mỗi câu dưới đây.
1. I used to had an old Rolls-Royce.
2. I lived in London for ten years while I were a child.
3. We both heared him say that he was leaving.
4. Mozart died while he composed the Requiem.
5. We had been walked since sunrise, and we were hungry.

Usage | Cách dùng
Hiện tại Quá khứ

Quá khứ Quá khứ
hoàn hoàn Used to
đơn tiếp diễn
thành thành
1. Dùng để chỉ một hành động đã

hoàn tất tại một thời điểm không
xác định trong quá khứ
I've already read that book.
2. Dùng để chỉ các sự kiện tại một

thời điểm cụ thể trong quá khứ
I sent my first emails six months
ago.
3. Diễn tả một tình huống tạm

thời trong quá khứ
Greg was living in London at the
time.
4. Diễn tả hai hành động đang

diễn ra cùng một lúc trong quá
khứ
I was reading a book while you
were doing the washing-up.
5. Dùng để diễn tả một hành động

làm nền trong một câu chuyện
trong quá khứ.
It was raining when Wendy came
to the cinema.
6. Dùng để diễn tả một hành động

đột ngột xảy ra cắt ngang một sự
việc khác trong quá khứ.
It was raining when Wendy came
to the cinema.
7. Diễn tả một hành động và trạng

thái trước một sự việc hay thời
điểm trong quá khứ
I had finished my homework a few
minutes before the lesson started.

8. Nhấn mạnh tính liên tiếp của
chuỗi hành động xảy ra trong quá
khứ.
The lesson started when I arrived
9. Nhấn mạnh hành động xảy ra

trước trong chuỗi hành động xảy
ra trong quá khứ.
The lesson had started when I
arrived
10. Diễn tả một hành vi thói quen

hoặc một sự việc diễn ra thường
xuyên hoặc quan trọng trong quá
khứ và hoàn toàn không lặp lại ở
hiện tại.
Robert used to play a lot of
football.
Read the given examples and decide which tense is used in each case. | Đọc các ví
dụ cho mỗi cách dùng và xác định thì nào được dùng cho mỗi cách dùng.
Khi sử dụng thì hiện tại hoàn thành, các em có thể dùng thêm một số cụm từ dưới đây để làm
thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
ever ⬤ yet ⬤ already
Khi sử dụng thì quá khứ đơn, các em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc cụm từ
dưới đây để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
yesterday ⬤ ago ⬤ last ⬤ in 1998 etc.
Khi sử dụng thì quá khứ hoàn thành, các em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ hoặc cụm từ dưới
đây để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
by ⬤ by the time ⬤ before ⬤ after ⬤ just ⬤ when ⬤ It was the ... time
Khi sử dụng thì quá khứ tiếp diễn để diễn tả một hành động làm nền cho một hành động khác, các
em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ hoặc cụm từ dưới đây trước mệnh đề chứa thì quá khứ tiếp
diễn để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
when ⬤ while ⬤ at the time
Đôi khi để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của một hành động đã xảy ra trước một thời điểm trong quá khứ,
thì quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn (had been V-ing) thường được dùng.
Các em cần lưu ý phân biệt used to và be/get used to như sau:
● Be/get used to không dùng để chỉ sự việc trong quá khứ. Be/get used to dùng để nói về một
tình huống quen thuộc hoặc không còn xa lạ ở thời điểm hiện tại.
I didn't like being the goalkeeper at first but now I'm used to it.
● Get used to còn được dùng để nói về quá trình trở nên quen thuộc với một thứ gì đó.
I'm gradually getting used to being in a new team.

Complete the sentences below with the correct tense of the verb in the bracket
then decide which rule is addressed in each case. | Hoàn tất các câu dưới đây với cấu
trúc thích hợp và đưa ra giải thích dựa vào lý thuyết đã học
1. Daniel ___________ a window last night. (break)
Tense: ___________ Rule number: ___________
2. ‘We ___________ grammar exercises for over an hour. Can we have a break now?’ (do)
3. What ___________ you ___________ at eight o’clock yesterday evening? (do)

4. When I ___________ a child we ___________ to school. (be/ walk)

5. Mrs Cross ___________ a teacher for twenty years before she became a headmistress. (be)

1. Jimmy ___________ playing the piano a few years ago.
A. have started B. started C. is starting D. starts
2. My classmates and I ___________ my old school teacher in New Zealand last week.
A. visited B. have visited C. are visiting D. visit
3. We saw a lot of rubbish when we ___________ through the park.

A. walked B. are walking
C. have been walked D. were walking
4. Could you turn off the stove? The potatoes ___________ for at least thirty minutes.
A. were boiling B. have been boiling
C. are boiling D. boiled
5. I haven't met my aunt again since she ___________ Vietnam with her family five years ago.
A. was leaving B. has left C. is leaving D. left
6. His health ___________ a lot since he started doing regular exercise.

A. improve B. was improving C. has improved D. improved
7. Chris ___________ his homework when Susan rang and asked him out.
A. did B. was doing C. is doing D. has done
8. When the president got off the plane, the crowd ___________ for him for half an hour.
A. has been waiting B. waited
C. was waiting D. had been waiting
9. Yesterday my father was very busy, so he ___________ time to do a lot in the household.
A. doesn’t have B. hadn’t had C. didn’t have D. haven’t had
10. We ___________ very hard at the office lately as we're negotiating an important contract.
A. have been working B. worked
C. work D. were working

1. Reading books has always been my hobby since I has been very young.
A. Reading B. always C. my hobby D. has been
2. She is still working when all of her colleagues returned home.

A. is still working B. all C. colleagues D. returned
3. My best friends and I haven't seen each other from we left high school.
A. and B. haven’t seen C. from D. left
4. While Tom was playing the piano, his mother has done the cleaning.
A. While B. the piano C. has done D. cleaning
5. The children were going to bed before their parents came home from work.
A. were going B. their parents C. came D. from
6. When I was doing the washing-up, I had broken a plate.

A. When B. was doing C. washing-up D. had broken
7. As soon as Andy had graduated, he was returning to his hometown to visit his relatives.
A. had graduated B. was returning C. to visit D. relatives
8. When Peter was a child, there used to being a cinema near his house.
A. was B. used C. being D. near
9. I first met my soulmate while I was at Jame’s 20th birthday party.

A. met B. while C. was D. party
10. Charlie has been to the company meeting. He isn't at home now.
A. has been B. meeting C. isn’t D. now

Exercise 3 | Bài tập 3 ☆☆☆
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the sentence that is CLOSEST in meaning to
each of the following questions.
Chọn đáp án phù hợp (A, B, C, hoặc D) chỉ ra câu có nghĩa tương tự với câu cho sẵn.
1. It's been almost ten months since I stopped subscribing to that magazine.
A. I cancelled my subscription to that magazine almost ten months ago.
B. I have subscribed to that magazine for almost ten months, but now I stopped.
C. I subscribed to that magazine almost ten months ago.
D. I have subscribed to that magazine for almost ten months.
2. I haven't heard from Susan for several months.

A. I didn't hear from Susan several months ago.
B. Susan didn't hear from me several months ago.
C. I last heard from Susan several months ago.
D. Susan heard from me several months ago.
3. Harry no longer smokes a lot.

A. Harry used to smoke a lot.
B. Harry didn’t use to smoke a lot.
C. Harry now smokes a lot.
D. Harry rarely smoked a lot.
4. I haven't seen my grandparents for five years.

A. I didn't see my grandparents five years ago.
B. I often saw my grandparents five years ago.
C. I have seen my grandparents for five years.
D. I last saw my grandparents five years ago.
5. I went to work after I had walked the dog.
A. I was walking the dog when I worked.
B. I had went to work after I walked the dog.
C. After I had walked the dog, I went to work.
D. Before I had walked the dog, I went to work.
6. Tom began playing basketball for his school 6 months ago.

A. Tom has played basketball for his school since 6 months.
B. Tom has played basketball for his school for 6 months.
C. Tom played basketball for his school for 6 months.
D. Tom was playing basketball for his school 6 months ago.

7. They finished their homework, and then they went out for a walk.
A. After they had finished their homework, they went out for a walk.
B. They had gone out for a walk before they finished their homework.
C. After they went out for a walk, they had finished their homework.
D. They finished their homework after they had gone out for a walk.
8. During my childhood, our home was in Da Nang.

A. We have lived in Da Nang since I was a child.
B. We had to leave Da Nang in my childhood.
C. We used to live in Da Nang when I was a child.
D. I wasn't a child any more while we were living in Da Nang.
9. Before Jonathan arrived at the station, the train had left.

A. After the train had left, Jonathan arrived at the station.
B. By the time the train had left, Jonathan arrived at the station.
C. After the train left, Jonathan had arrived at the station.
D. While the train was leaving, Jonathan arrived at the station.
10. Andy used to travel around the country for work.

A. Andy started travelling around the country for work.
B. Andy never travels around the country for work.
C. Andy was accustomed to travelling around the country for work.
D. Andy no longer travels around the country for work.

GRAMMAR POINT 3 | Future tenses
Simple future | Thì tương lai đơn

S + will + V0
+ - ?
I will learn with Manabie. I won’t learn with Manabie. Will I learn with Manabie?
He/she/it will learn with Manabie. He/she/it won’t learn with Manabie. Will he/she/it learn with Manabie?
We will learn with Manabie. We won’t learn with Manabie. Will we learn with Manabie?
You will learn with Manabie. You won’t learn with Manabie. Will you learn with Manabie?
They will learn with Manabie. They won’t learn with Manabie. Will they learn with Manabie?
’ll = will won’t = will not
Future continuous | Thì tương lai tiếp diễn

S + will be + V-ing
+ - ?
I will be learning with Manabie. I won’t be learning with Manabie. Will I be learning with Manabie?
He/she/it will be learning with Manabie. He/she/it won’t be learning with Manabie. Will he/she/it be learning with Manabie?
We will be learning with Manabie. We won’t be learning with Manabie. Will we be learning with Manabie?
You will be learning with Manabie. You won’t be learning with Manabie. Will you be learning with Manabie?
They will be learning with Manabie. They won’t be learning with Manabie. Will they be learning with Manabie?
’ll = will won’t = will not

Để thêm -ing vào sau động từ, các em xem lại bài Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn
Grammar point 3: Future tenses 21

Simple present | Thì hiện tại đơn
S + V(-s/-es)
+ - ?
I learn with Manabie I don’t learn with Manabie Do I learn with Manabie?
He/she/it learns with Manabie He/she/it doesn’t learn with Manabie. Does he/she/it learn with Manabie?
We learn with Manabie We don’t learn with Manabie Do we learn with Manabie?
You learn with Manabie You don’t learn with Manabie Do you learn with Manabie?
They learn with Manabie They don’t learn with Manabie Do they learn with Manabie?
don’t = do not doesn’t = does not
Present continuous | Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn

S + am/is/are + V-ing
+ - ?
I am learning with Manabie I am not learning with Manabie Am I learning with Manabie?
He/she/it is learning with Manabie He/she/it isn’t learning with Manabie Is he/she/it learning with Manabie?
We are learning with Manabie We aren’t learning with Manabie Are we learning with Manabie?
You are learning with Manabie You aren’t learning with Manabie Are you learning with Manabie?
They are learning with Manabie They aren’t learning with Manabie Are they learning with Manabie?
‘m = am ‘s = is ‘re = are
isn’t = is not aren’t = are not

Future perfect | Thì tương lai hoàn thành
S + will have + V3/-ed
+ - ?
I’ll have learnt with Manabie. I won’t have learnt with Manabie. Will I have learnt with Manabie?
He/she/it ’ll have learnt with Manabie. He/she/it won’t have learnt with Manabie. Will he/she/it have learnt with Manabie?
We ’ll have learnt with Manabie. We won’t have learnt with Manabie. Will we have learnt with Manabie?
You ’ll have learnt with Manabie. You won’t have learnt with Manabie. Will you have learnt with Manabie?
They ’ll have learnt with Manabie. They won’t have learnt with Manabie. Will they have learnt with Manabie?
Be going to | Cấu trúc Be going to

S + am/is/are going to + V0
+ - ?
I am going to learn with Manabie. I am not going to learn with Manabie. Am I going to learn with Manabie?
He/she/it is going to learn with He/she/it isn’t going to learn with Is he/she/it going to learn with
Manabie. Manabie. Manabie?
We are going to learn with Manabie. We aren’t going to learn with Manabie. Are we going to learn with Manabie?
You are going to learn with Manabie. You aren’t going to learn with Manabie. Are you going to learn with Manabie?
They are going to learn with Manabie. They aren’t going to learn with Manabie. Are they going to learn with Manabie?
Find the mistake in each sentence below and correct them.

Tìm và sửa lại các lỗi sai trong mỗi câu dưới đây.
1. This time tomorrow I will sitting in class.
2. Lucy is come for a drink this evening.
3. I going to work for a huge multinational company one day.
4. He’s a terrible driver - he will to crash your car.
5. I’ll have be teaching for twenty years this summer.

Usage | Cách dùng
Tương Tương
Tương Be Hiện tại Hiện tại
lai tiếp lai hoàn
lai đơn going to đơn tiếp diễn
diễn thành
1. Diễn tả sự thật ở tương lai

The new airport will be the
biggest in Europe.
2. Diễn tả ý định
I'm going to become an explorer
when I grow up.
3. Diễn tả sự xếp đặt

I'm studying to take a history
course next Summer.
4. Diễn tả lời đề nghị, yêu cầu,

lời hứa và quyết định tại thời
điểm nói.
We'll help you get ready for your
holiday
5. Dùng để đưa ra các dự đoán,

nhận định
You'll have a great time in the
Bahamas.
6. Dùng để đưa ra dự đoán

(thường có cơ sở)
It’s so cloudy and windy. It's
going to rain.
7. Diễn tả các hành động đang

diễn ra tại một thời điểm trong
tương lai
This time next week, I'll be
taking my biology exam.
8. Diễn tả các hành động xảy ra

trước một hành động hoặc thời
điểm trong tương lai
By this time next week, I'll have
finished my final exam.
9. Diễn tả các lịch trình công

cộng đã được lên kế hoạch.
Hurry up! It’s now 8.15. The train
arrives at 20.30.

10. Diễn tả các hành động trong
các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời
gian (before, after, when,
until…) liên quan đến tương lai.
I’ll be home when you come
back.
Read the given examples and decide which tense is used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ cho mỗi cách dùng và xác định thì nào được dùng cho mỗi cách dùng.
Khi sử dụng thì tương lai đơn, các em có thể dùng thêm một số trạng từ chỉ thời gian hoặc cụm
từ dưới đây để làm thông tin thêm rõ ràng.
soon | next week/month | tomorrow | in the next 10 days, etc.
Khi diễn tả các hành động trong các mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian (before, after, when, until…) liên
quan đến tương lai, các em có thể dùng thì hiện tại hoàn thành thay cho thì hiện tại đơn.
I won’t call you until you finish your homework
= I won’t call you until you have finished your homework.
Complete the sentences below with the correct tense of the verb in the bracket then decide
which rule is addressed in each case.
Hoàn tất các câu dưới đây từ thích hợp và đưa ra giải thích dựa vào lý thuyết đã học.
1. Linda and I _________ for the project’s plans this afternoon. (meet)
Tense: _________ - Rule number: _________
2. The regular bus to school _________ to our house at 6.30. (come)
3. Yuri _________ her course on engineering by July next year. (finish)
4. No worries! I _________ the kids up tonight if you’re busy. (pick)
5. I _________ the conference next Monday at 10.30 a.m. (attend)
6. Our boss looks disturbed today. There _________ a hard day for all of us. (be)

1. The music is turned on. They __________ immediately.
A. will dance B. will be dancing
C. dance D. are going to dance
2. Don’t be worried! We __________ you with that as soon as we’ve finished.

A. will help B. are helping C. help D. are going to help
3. The school bus __________ at 6.30 every morning.

A. will leave B. is going to leave C. leaves D. is leaving
4. I __________ for school in the next 10 minutes.

A. leave B. will be leaving C. am leaving D. left
5. He promises that he __________ the project on time.

A. finishing B. will finish C. finish D. is finishing
6. We __________ our relatives at 4 p.m today.

A. are visiting B. going to visit C. will visit D. visits
7. My mom’s friends __________ for dinner this evening.

A. come B. are coming C. is going to come D. will come
8. I’m sure the boss __________ late for the meeting, so there’s no need to hurry.
A. is going to B. is C. will be D. is being
9. My sister __________ a wedding in January. She is really excited about it.

A. will be having B. is going to have C. will have D. has
10. You should go first. I __________ later.

A. am following B. will follow C. going to follow D. follow

1. Now that the company has gone bankrupt. What __________ to us?
A. will be happening B. happens
C. will have been happening D. is going to happen
2. The movie __________ at 5.40. We should be there at 5.00.

A. is starting B. will start C. starts D. should start
3. I am staying at the school library __________ I finish all my homework for today.
A. so B. before C. since D. until

4. I __________ dinner before I go to the gym, so you won’t have to do it after work.
A. should be cooking B. will cook C. am cooking D. cooks
5. At 8 p.m this evening, I __________ my work project.

A. will be doing B. will have done C. will do D. will be done
6. By June next year, the school year __________.

A. will have finished B. finishes
C. is going to finish D. will be finishing
7. The test __________ by the time my son comes to school.

A. is going to start B. will start C. will have started D. starts
8. My parents’ flight __________ off at around 9.00 p.m.

A. will have taken B. will be taking C. is going to take D. takes
9. Alright! I’ll tell Otis to pay the money back to you when I __________ him.
A. am seeing B. see C. will see D. am going to see
10. As soon as my shift __________, I’ll pick up the kids.

A. is over B. will be over C. is being over D. is going to be over

1. My grandma is sick, so I am going to visit her after I will finish work.
A. is B. am going to visit C. after D. will finish
2. My husband says this apartment looks glamorous but I tell him it will be costing a fortune.
A. says B. looks C. tell D. will be costing
3. My friends will have a Christmas party at my house this weekend and I suppose it will be a
wonderful gathering.
A. will have B. at C. this weekend D. will be
4. Before I will go to work, I will have breakfast and drop the kids off at school.
A. will go B. will have C. drop D. at school
5. I will travel to Seoul at this time next month, so I will have requested a holiday break by then.
A. will travel B. at this time
C. will have requested D. break
6. This Saturday, Harry asks me to come over to his house since he will cook dinner for just the two
of us.
A. asks B. come over C. this D. will cook

7. Kyle is wearing his favourite pair of sunglasses which he rarely puts on. I think he will go to the
beach.
A. is wearing B. puts on C. think D. will go
8. I will have the car refuelled after I will get all the things we want at the local supermarket.
A. will have B. refuelled C. will get D. want
9. Our kids cannot wait until I will finish shopping, so my husband takes them to the playground.
A. cannot wait B. will finish C. so D. takes
10. According to the weather forecast, tomorrow is going to be rainy, so we will not have a chance to
go camping.
A. According to B. is going to be C. so D. will not have

GRAMMAR POINT 4 | Nouns & Quantifiers
Quantifier Quantifier Quantifier

(Đứng trước danh từ đếm (Đứng trước danh từ không (Đứng trước
được) đếm được) mọi danh từ)
plenty of, a lot of, lots of, any

one of, each (of), every, an amount of, a great deal
Vsing (of), all (of), enough (of),
either (of) of, a little (of), much (of)
most (of), some (of)
(+)
a couple of, a number of, plenty of, a lot of, lots of, any
Vpl both (of), a few (of), many - (of), all (of), enough (of),
(of) most (of), some (of)
Vsing neither (of) little (of) no, none (of), any (of)
(-)
Vpl few (of) - no, any (of)
Countable nouns vs. Uncountable nouns
Danh từ (Noun) là từ dùng để chỉ người, sự vật, hiện tượng, … Trong tiếng Anh, danh từ thường được
phân loại theo số lượng thành danh từ đếm được và không đếm được.
Danh từ đếm được (countable noun) là danh từ mà chúng ta có thể đếm được bằng số, dùng để chỉ
số lượng của sự vật, hiện tượng... Trong đó, danh từ đếm được có 2 dạng: số ít (singular) và số nhiều
(plural). Danh từ đếm được số ít là danh từ chỉ có số lượng là “một” (1), thường đi sau mạo từ “a/an”
hoặc one. (Ví dụ: one car, two apples, four pens, …).
Để chuyển từ danh từ đếm được số ít sang danh từ đếm được số nhiều, ‘s’ được thêm vào cuối danh
từ đó. (Ví dụ: pen → pens, table → tables)
Tuy nhiên có một số quy tắc ngoại lệ như:
● Đối với danh từ có tận cùng là CH, SH, S, X, O, “es” được thêm vào cuối. (Ví dụ: a class →
classes)
● Đối với danh từ có tận cùng là Y, “y” được đổi thành “i” và thêm “es”. (Ví dụ: a candy →
candies)
● Đối với danh từ có tận cùng là F, FE, các chữ tận cùng này được thay bằng “ves”. (Ví dụ: A
knife → knives)
Ngoài ra, các danh từ đếm được có một số ngoại lệ số nhiều như sau:
man → men woman → women
child → children sheep → sheep
tooth → teeth foot → feet
bacterium → bacteria fish → fish
Danh từ không đếm được (uncountable noun) là danh từ chỉ sự vật hiện tượng không sử dụng
số đếm trong cuộc sống như chất lỏng, chất khí, hoặc các sự vật trừu tượng. (Ví dụ: water, oil,
milk, air, news, information,...) Danh từ không đếm được không có dạng số ít hay số nhiều. Do vậy,
không được sử dụng mạo từ “a, an” trước danh từ không đếm được. Thay vào đó, các danh từ
này thường được dùng kèm theo các từ chỉ số lượng (quantifier). Một số danh từ không đếm được
thường gặp là:
Grammar point 4: Nouns & Quantifiers 29

● Ý tưởng hoặc trải nghiệm : advice, information, progress, news, luck, fun, work
● Vật chất: water, rice, cement, gold, milk
● Thời tiết: weather, thunder, lightning, rain, snow
● Các tập hợp: furniture, equipment, rubbish, luggage
● Các sự vật trừu tượng: accommodation, baggage, homework, knowledge, money,
permission, research, traffic, travel.
Đối với các quantifier theo sau bởi cả động từ số ít (Vsing) lẫn số nhiều (Vpl), hình thức của của động từ
được quyết định bởi danh từ theo sau.
● Most of the homework he did is correct.
● Most of the exercises he did are correct.
a little/ a few vs. little/few
Khi là quantifier, a few và a little mang nghĩa some (một vài) trong khi few và little mang nghĩa phủ
định not many/much (không nhiều) hoặc not enough (không đủ).
We have few eggs and little milk, so we cannot make a cake.
(We don’t have enough eggs and milk, so we cannot make a cake)
≠
We have a few eggs and a little milk, so we can make a cake.
(We have enough eggs and milk, so we can make a cake)
Khi đi kèm với danh từ đếm được, little là một tính từ mang nghĩa small/tiny (nhỏ bé, tí hon).
He is a little boy. = He is a small boy .
Một số danh từ cụ thể chỉ số lượng về thời gian, khối lượng, tiến bạc,... đều đi sau bởi một động từ ở dạng
số ít.
● Five years is a long period of time.
● 1000 dollars means a lot to him.

1. My father raises much animals.
2. They don't eat many rice to lose weight.
3. Does he buy an amount of flowers?
4. You shouldn't drink too many iced water.
5. My country doesn't have few beaches so let’s travel to a mountain instead.

1. Well done! You just made __________ mistakes in your composition.
A. few B. little C. much D. a great deal of
2. There weren’t __________ theatres in the city when I was there.

A. much B. many of C. many D. a great deal of
3. My daughter doesn’t spend __________ time reading books these days.

A. a few B. a lot C. many D. much
4. Your homework __________ late. Please remember to submit it sooner next time.
A. are B. was C. were D. is
5. __________ cottage in our village has a vegetable garden.

A. Many B. Every C. Most D. A few
6. I could tell by the look on Janice’s face that the news __________ good.
A. weren’t B. isn’t C. wasn’t D. aren’t
7. We don’t have __________ information about the new teacher.

A. no B. little C. some D. any
8. There’s only __________ milk left in the fridge.

A. a little B. a few C. little D. few
9. I have __________ peanut butter left in this jar.

A. plenty of B. many C. a lot D. a number of
10. Five thousand pounds ________ stolen in the robbery last night.
A. have been B. was C. has been D. were

1. Two-quarters of the land __________ sold to the investors.
A. was B. has been C. have been D. were
2. __________ people applied for the job, so the interview was postponed.
A. A few B. Few C. A little D. Little
3. He’s very busy with his business. He has __________ time for his family.
A. much B. some C. a little D. little

4. Can you give me __________ advice on which computer to buy?
A. little B. many C. any D. some
5. Only __________ people in this neighbourhood have permanent jobs.

A. a few B. few C. a little D. any
6. Teaching normally requires__________ patience.

A. a couple of B. a few C. a great deal of D. a little
7. Just __________ practice every day and you’ll soon be able to speak English well.
A. few B. a number of C. little D. a little
8. The Browns __________ here since 1950.

A. has been living B. has lived C. are living D. have been living
9. It was a difficult test, so __________ of the students got a very good grade.
A. lots B. any C. none D. no
10. __________ these people know the way to the nearest hospital. We're hoping to find someone
else to ask.
A. Either of B. Neither of C. Neither D. Either

1. Mumps are a contagious disease.
A. Mumps B. are C. a D. disease
2. There used to be a lot of antique furnitures in my grandparents’ house.

A. used to be B. a lot C. of D. furnitures
3. The luggage on a plane take a lot of room.

A. luggage B. take C. a lot of D. room
4. He made the soup by mixing a few meat with some rice.

A. the soup B. mixing C. a few D. some
5. A large amount of reporters were at the meeting yesterday.

A. amount B. reporters C. were D. yesterday
6. Three days aren’t long enough for a good holiday.

A. days B. aren’t C. enough D. holiday
7. Each of the students in my class has to type their own research papers this semester.
A. Each of B. the students C. has to type D. their

8. Fortunately, our team have had very many complaints from customers recently.
A. our team B. have had C. very many D. complaints
9. I’ve lived in London and Nottingham, but don’t like either of city very much.
A. ’ve lived B. either C. of D. much
10. What are the criterions you used in picking a winner in the art contest?
A. are B. criterions C. a winner D. art contest

GRAMMAR POINT 5 | Linking words
Liên kết mệnh

Liên kết từ/cụm từ
đề/câu
He works as a teacher (n) and a

scientist (n).
She is beautiful (a), nice (a), and He goes to school in
and talented (a). the morning, and he
(A and B) They worked well (adv) and works in a restaurant
effectively (adv). in the evening.
The boy laughed (v) and jumped
out (v).
They like walking (n) as well as

skiing (n).
as well as He is disorganised (a) as well as
(-)
(A as well as B) rude (a).
I was treated nicely (adv) as well as
well (adv).
Both my teacher (n) and my father

(n) are proud of me.
She is both beautiful (a) and
both … and … talented (a).
(-)
(both A and B) They worked both well (adv) and
effectively (adv).
Alan both likes (v) and
recommends (v) the movie.
Not only my sisters (n) but also my

brother (n) likes me.
not only … but She is not only beautiful (a) but
also … also talented (a).
(-)
(not only A but It has been done not only well
also B) (adv) but also perfectly (adv).
Alan not only likes the movie (v)
but also loves its theme song in (v).
Either my parents (n) or my sister

(n) is going to pick me up. Whoever
is OK.
That car is either white (a) or black There are many ways
(a). to get to the airport.
either … or …
Either you can drive
(either A or B) You can submit your essay either there or you can get a
early (adv) or late (adv) as long as taxi.
you finish yours.
Alan either likes to go skiing (v) or
loves to go to the beach (v).
Grammar point 5: Linking words 34

Neither Italy (n) nor France (n) got
to the quarter finals. They all lost.
That car should be neither white (a)
nor black (a). I don’t like these
colours.
neither … nor … You can submit your essay neither (-)
(neither A nor B) online (adv) nor directly (adv) as we
only accept postal submission.
Alan neither likes to go skiing (v)
nor loves to go to the beach (v). He
will only stay at home during the
holiday.
Khi liên kết hai danh từ/ đại từ đóng vai trò chủ ngữ trong câu/ mệnh đề, động từ theo sau các danh từ
này được chia theo quy luật như sau:
Dạng của
Ví dụ
động từ
Số nhiều*
and Mary’s friends and she have decided to book a
(khi A & B độc
(A and B) tour in Paris.
lập)
as well as Phụ thuộc vào The politician as well as his assistants is

(A as well as B) A coming.
both … and …
Số nhiều Both my teacher and my father are proud of me.
(both A and B)
not only … but

also … Phụ thuộc vào
Not only Mary’s brothers but also Tom likes dogs
(not only A but also B
B)
either … or … Phụ thuộc vào Either my parents or my sister is going to pick me

(either A or B) B up.
neither … nor … Phụ thuộc vào

Neither they nor I am fond of this movie.
(neither A nor B) B
Khi kết nối hai danh từ/ đại từ chỉ người hoặc vật, các cụm từ “together with”, “along with”, “coupled
with”, có cách dùng tương tự “as well as” nhưng cần dấu phẩy “,” phía trước để phân cách các đối tượng.

Usage | Cách dùng
Cấu trúc
1. Kết nối hai đối tượng/ ý nghĩa

They worked well and effectively
2. Nhấn mạnh hai đối tượng/ ý nghĩa có vai trò tương đương được liên kết với nhau
Both my teacher and my father are proud of me.
She is not only beautiful but also talented (a).
3. Bổ sung cho một đối tượng/ ý nghĩa chính

The politician as well as his assistants is coming.
4. Nhấn mạnh hai lựa chọn khả dĩ

You can submit your essay either early or late as long as you finish yours.
5. Nhấn mạnh hai lựa chọn không tồn tại

That car should be neither white nor black. I don’t like these colours.
Read the given examples and decide which connector has been used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và xác định từ nối phù hợp trong mỗi cách dùng.

1. Tourism not only benefits the natives of that country, ____________ helps preserve its traditional
values.
A. but they also B. but they C. but also they D. but also
2. Two years ago, the chairman and advisor of our company ___________ Mr John.
A. were B. was C. is D. are
3. David, ___________ his friends, visits many cities around the world every year.
A. and B. either C. along with D. not only
4. __________ Alice __________ her sister like listening to pop music.
A. Both/ and B. Either/ or C. Neither/ nor D. Not only/ but also
5. Not only his friends but also Tom ___________ soccer.
A. are liking B. like C. is liking D. likes
6. Jimmy ___________ has a cat or a dog. I can't remember.
A. neither B. either C. as well as D. too
7. My cousins, together with my uncle, ___________ coming to my house tomorrow.
A. were B. is C. was D. are
8. Neither my brothers nor I ___________ interested in playing sports.
A. am B. is C. are D. have
9. Sadly, neither my brother ___________ my mother knows about this.
A. and B. or C. nor D. also
10. __________ Ryan __________ Susie have disappointed me. They didn't come to my birthday
party.
A. Both/ and B. Neither/ nor C. Either/ or D. Not only/ but also

1. Not only Laura's parents but also her husband think she should finish her graduate degree.
A. Not only B. but also C. think D. finish
2. Either Mr. Andersin or Ms. Wiggins are going to teach our class today.
A. Either B. or C. are D. teach
3. No smoking and drinking is allowed during work time.
A. and B. is C. during D. time
4. The politician, together with the newsmen, are expected to come shortly.
A. The B. with C. are expected D. shortly
5. The victims of the disaster decided not to choose neither of the two government relief plans.
A. victims B. decided C. neither D. relief

6. Neither the bread nor the cheese are fresh enough to eat.
A. Neither B. nor C. are D. enough
7. Either you or the headmaster are handing the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.
A. or B. are C. these D. at
8. Neither Mrs. Smith nor her brothers needs a consent form for tomorrow’s field trip.
A. nor B. needs C. for D. tomorrow’s
9. Both Laura nor her classmates are going to visit London this summer.
A. Both B. are C. visit D. this
10. Mr Jones, accompanied by several members of the committee, have proposed some solutions to
this problem.
A. accompanied by B. of C. have proposed D. to

Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) indicating the sentence that best combines each
pair of sentences in the following question.
Chọn đáp án phù hợp (A, B, C, hoặc D) chỉ ra câu kết hợp đúng nhất mỗi cặp câu trong các
câu hỏi sau.
1. The city suffers from air pollution. The city suffers from water pollution.
A. The city suffers from both air and water pollution.
B. The city suffers from either air or water pollution.
C. The city suffers from neither air nor water pollution.
D. The city suffers from not only air or water pollution.
2. He wasn't a liar. He wasn't a gambler.
A. He wasn't a liar but a gambler.
B. He was neither a liar nor a gambler.
C. He wasn't a liar, so he wasn't a gambler as well.
D. He was neither a liar or a gambler.
3. I have two sisters. They aren't teachers like me.
A. I have two sisters, neither of whom is a teacher like me.
B. Unlike me, neither of my two sisters aren't teachers.
C. I have two sisters, both of whom are teachers like me.
D. I have two sisters who either are teachers like me.
4. Jane doesn't like eating ice cream. I don't like eating ice cream either.
A. Jane and I like eating ice cream either.
B. Not only Jane but also I like eating ice cream.
C. Jane as well as I don’t like eating ice cream neither.
D. Neither Jane nor I like eating ice cream.

5. Chris was late for the meeting. So was Pat.
A. Neither Chris nor Pat was late for the meeting.
B. Chris was late for the meeting but Pat was not.
C. Both Chris and Pat were late for the meeting.
D. Only Pat was late for the meeting and Chris was not.

1. James and Mike both do not enjoy playing basketball.
A. James as well as Mike enjoys playing basketball.
B. Either James nor Mike enjoys playing basketball.
C. Neither James nor Mike enjoys playing basketball.
D. Not only James but also Mike enjoys playing basketball.
2. I don’t have time, and I don’t have the patience for silly TV programs.
A. I have both the time and the patience for silly TV programs.
B. I have not only the time and the patience for silly TV programs.
C. I have neither the time and the patience for silly TV programs.
D. I have neither the time nor the patience for silly TV programs.
3. I haven't got time to go on holiday and I haven't got the money.

A. I've got neither the time nor the money to go on holiday.
B. I've got either the time or the money to go on holiday.
C. I've got both the time and the money to go on holiday.
D. I've got not only the time but also the money to go on holiday.
4. Mr. Brown has read a novel by Charles Dickens and he has seen the film made from it.
A. Mr. Brown has both read a novel by Charles Dickens and seen the film made from it.
B. Mr. Brown has either read a novel by Charles Dickens or seen the film made from it.
C. Mr. Brown has not only read a novel by Charles Dickens but also seen the film made from it.
D. Mr. Brown has neither read a novel by Charles Dickens nor seen the film made from it.
5. Amie is going to buy one of these dresses - one is red, the other is white.
A. Amie is going to buy neither of these dresses, whatever red or white.
B. Amie is going to buy either the red dress or the white one.
C. Both the red and the white dress are going to be bought by Amie.
D. Not only the red dress but also the white one is going to be bought by Amie.

GRAMMAR POINT 6 | Relative clause
Dạng đầy đủ Dạng rút gọn
Thay thế cho

N + relative pronoun + V + ... N + Ving / VPP / to V / to be Vpp ...
chủ ngữ
Thay thế cho

N + relative pronoun + S + V + ... N + S + V ...
tân ngữ
Các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronoun) thường gặp trong mệnh đề quan hệ bao gồm:
which when where whose (luôn đứng trước một danh từ)
who whom that why* (chỉ dùng sau “reason(s)”)
Trong đó, which, whom, và whose có thể còn có dạng “prep + relative pronoun + V.../ S + V …”
trong các tình huống trang trọng thay mệnh đề kết thúc bằng giới từ trong tình huống thông thường .
Dấu phẩy “,” trong câu có mệnh đề quan hệ
Dấu phẩy được dùng đối với mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định. Đây là loại mệnh đề quan hệ chỉ
đưa thêm thông tin bổ sung và hoàn toàn có thể lược bỏ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa chung
của câu do đối tượng được bổ nghĩa thường đã rõ ràng như:
● danh từ riêng (Mary, Vietnam)
● danh từ kèm tính từ sở hữu hay this/ that/ these/ those (my car, this house)
● danh từ là vật duy nhất (the internet, the sun, the earth).
Khi mệnh đề quan hệ đứng giữa câu, dấu phẩy phải xuất hiện ở cả đầu và cuối mệnh đề.
Germany, which is a founding member of the EU, is the largest economy in Europe.
Khi mệnh đề quan hệ đứng cuối câu, dấu phẩy chỉ xuất hiện ở đầu mệnh đề.
He is working for this company, which is one of the most famous companies in the city.
Đại từ quan hệ “that” không bao giờ xuất hiện trong loại mệnh đề quan hệ này.
Dạng mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn thường được dùng với mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (mệnh đề không
đi kèm dấu phẩy). Khi đại từ quan hệ là chủ ngữ, quy tắc cho dạng rút gọn được tóm tắt như sau:
● động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng chủ động: thay V bởi Ving.
The man who met me at the concert works for Intel.
The man meeting me at the concert works for Intel.
● động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở dạng bị động: thay V bởi Vpp.
The man who was injured in the accident has recovered.
The man injured in the accident has recovered.
● danh từ trước mệnh đề quan hệ đứng sau các từ last, first, only...: thay V bởi to V/ to be Vpp.
She is the first woman who won the election.
She is the first woman to win the election.
The only match which was cancelled will be replayed soon.
The only match to be cancelled will be replayed soon.
Grammar point 6: Relative clause 40

Mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn với tính từ (adjective)
Ngoài dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề quan hệ kể trên, các mệnh đề quan hệ có cấu trúc “relative
pronoun + be/linking verb + adjective(s)” có thể được lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ và động từ khi:
● Đứng trước mệnh đề quan hệ là các đại từ phiếm chỉ (anyone, someone, something,
anything, ...)
There must be something that is wrong.
There must be something wrong.
● Là mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (có dấu phẩy) chứa hai tính từ trở lên.
My manager, who is strict and demanding, never accepts an error in the report.
My manager, strict and demanding, never accepts an error in the report.

1. The woman whom talked to me this morning is my teacher.
2. Winnie, is 75 years old, lives with his 35-year-old son in his mansion.
3. Jason whose backpack is unzipped is the clumsiest pupil in the class.
4. The dog barked nonstop last night was my neighbour’s.
5. I don’t want to be the last one be informed of the situation.
Usage | Cách dùng
Đại từ
quan hệ
1. Thay thế danh từ là chủ ngữ chỉ người.

We don’t know the person who donated this money..
She met the man that had been phoning her for so long.
2. Thay thế danh từ là chủ ngữ chỉ vật.

We drove past my old school, which is now 100 years old.
I want a mobile phone that can take good photos.
3. Thay thế danh từ là tân ngữ chỉ người.

That’s the boy whom everyone has been talking about.
The teacher who we all admire will retire next month.
4. Thay thế danh từ là tân ngữ chỉ vật.

He went to the school that my father went to.
Economics, which I've never understood, is a difficult subject.

5. Thay thế đồng thời các danh từ chỉ người và vật.
He really loves the lady and the dog that are the whole world to him.
6. Thay thế tính từ sở hữu.

I cannot remember the man whose car is now in our garage.
7. Thay thế cấu trúc “prep + which” chỉ thời gian.

It was the day when the tsunami happened. (= the day on which …)
8. Thay thế cấu trúc “prep + which” chỉ nơi chốn.

Is it the city where we caught the train? (= the city in which …)
9. Thay thế danh từ xác định với từ chỉ số lượng như “all of ...”, “both of…”, …
hoặc so sánh nhất.
She has three brothers, the tallest of whom is in the army.
I read three books last week, one of which I really enjoyed.
I talked to an old friend last night, some of whose stories upset me.
10. Thay thế toàn bộ mệnh đề phía trước.

He said that he never smoked, which totally amazed me at first.
Read the given examples and decide which relative pronoun(s) should be used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và xác định đại từ quan hệ nào xuất hiện trong mỗi cách dùng.
What Các lỗi thường gặp
What không phải là một đại từ quan ● Lặp lại chủ ngữ/tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
hệ. Đây là một đại từ mang nghĩa là Curie is the woman who she discovered radium.
“the thing which/that”. This is the house that Jack built it.
The thing which/that surprised ● Dùng “that” trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.
me was his reaction. Lord Thompson, that who is 76, has just retired.
What surprised me was his ● Lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
reaction. không xác định.
We had fish and chips, I always enjoy.
We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy.

Complete the sentences below with the correct word in the bracket then decide which rule is
addressed in each case.
1. The story is about a man and a lion _________ are isolated on an island.
Rule number: _________
2. Mary is always coming home after curfew, _________ frustrates her parents. (which/that)
3. 1994 was the year _________ she was born. (which/when)
4. My sister finally met Peter _________ she has been dating online for a week. (who/,who)
5. I’ve had a chance to meet with my favourite author, _________ deeply connected with my
childhood. (some books of whose/some of whose books)

1. What is the name of the boy __________ has just moved in next door?
A. which B. whose C. who D. whom
2. I have booked a homestay __________ there are lots of utilities around.

A. that B. where C. which D. when
3. What do you call someone __________ runs a marathon?

A. whom B. which C. whose D. that
4. A programme developer is a person __________ job is to create and enhance software.

A. whose B. that C. their D. who
5. Those are the trousers __________ my mom wanted me to buy.

A. who B. whose C. that D. where
6. A helmet is a gear __________ construction workers wear to protect their heads.

A. when B. whose C. where D. which
7. This is the necklace __________ I received from my best friend on my birthday.

A. where B. ø C. when D. whose
8. Have you decided ___________ you are going to say.

A. what B. which C. that D. where
9. The woman __________ was looking for you has just gone.
A. whom B. whose C. who D. ø
10. The room __________ we reserved didn’t meet our expectations.

A. what B. ø C. had D. where
11. I think I've got to talk to the man ___________ car is always parked in our driveway.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. that
12. He is one of my friends __________ father was killed in a car crash.

A. his B. that C. whom D. whose
13. Tom __________ partook in the competition last year.

A. , disabled B. , who was disabled,
C. , that was disabled, D. , was disabled,
14. My youngest sister __________ is living in Taiwan.

A. , who is married, B. who is married, C. , that is married D. married
15. Lucy was the last person __________ the project.

A. who finish B. finishes C. to finish D. finished

1. My mother who’s retired spends a lot of time doing yoga and gardening.
A. who’s retired B. spends C. doing D. gardening
2. We want to see that new Tom Holland’s film, that is going to be released on Saturday.
A. that B. , that is C. released D. on
3. Could you let me know the name of the shop from where you bought the beautiful dress that has a
flowery pattern?
A. know B. from where C. you bought D. that has
4. My colleague offered me a nice cup of coffee this morning, which was just that I needed.
A. offered B. this C. , which D. that
5. Tyler didn’t get the job whose he applied for because he’d submitted the wrong CV that belonged
to his sister.
A. whose B. applied for C. ‘d submitted D. that belonged to
6. The shirt mending by my mom yesterday is hung in my wardrobe where there are many other
clothes that need mending.
A. mending B. is hung C. where D. mending
7. There’s hail outside that strong enough to dent our cars which are not parked in the garage.
A. that strong B. to dent C. which are D. the garage
8. The cat sleeping on my mom’s lap is not ours but it always comes to our house to ask for food
which is adorable.
A. sleeping B. ours C. to ask for D. which is
9. We have thousands of Covid-19 patients in our hometown, some of who are my relatives.
A. thousands of B. in our hometown C. of who D. are
10. I would like to put on a piano performance, that I am quite good at.
A. to put on B. performance C. that D. at

câu hỏi sau.
1. The polar ice caps are steadily melting. They are affected by climate change.
A. The polar ice caps, which are steadily melting, affect climate change.
B. The polar ice caps, affected by climate change, are steadily melting.
C. Climate change, which the polar ice caps affect, making them steadily melt.
D. Climate change which makes the polar ice caps steadily melt, affects them.
2. My cousins are on the flight. It is expected to land at Noi Bai.
A. The flight, on which my cousins are is expected to land at Noi Bai.
B. The flight which my cousins are on is expected to land at Noi Bai.
C. My cousins are on the flight expected to land at Noi Bai.
D. My cousins, who are expected to land at Noi Bai, are on the flight.

3. Those books are my son’s. They are lying around on the floor.
A. Those books lying around on the floor are my son’s.
B. Those books laid around on the floor are my son’s.
C. Those books, that are lying around on the floor, are my son’s.
D. Those books around which my son lays on the floor are his.
4. On the table is a stack of newspapers. My dad reads three of them every morning.
A. On the table is a stack of newspapers, three of that my dad reads every morning.
B. On the table is a stack of newspapers read three by my dad every morning.
C. On the table is a stack of newspapers which my dad reads three every morning.
D. On the table is a stack of newspapers, three of which are read by my dad every morning.
5. No one knows the name of that suspicious man. He has been wandering the park for quite some
time.
A. That suspicious man, who has been wandering the park for quite some time, his name is known
by everyone.
B. That man has been wandering the park for quite some time whose name is suspicious.
C. That man, whose name is suspicious, has been wandering the park for quite some time.
D. That suspicious man, whose name’s unknown, has been wandering the park for quite some
time.

GRAMMAR POINT 7 | Modals & Perfect modals
+ - ?
Modals must V0 mustn’t V0 Must … V0 …?
Semi-modals had/have/will have to V0 didn’t/don’t/won’t have to V0 Did/Do/Will … have to V0 …?
Perfect modals must have V3/ED mustn’t have V3/ED Must ... have V3/ED …?
Các modals thường gặp bao gồm: will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must.
Các semi-modals thường gặp bao gồm: ought to, had better, have to.
Các perfect modals thường gặp bao gồm: should have, would have, could have, may have, might
have, must have, needn’t have.
Usage | Cách dùng
Semi- Perfect
Modals
modals modals
1. Thể hiện yêu cầu hoặc đề nghị.

Could you take him home?
Can you take this boy home?
Would you carry this for me?
Will you help me with this job?
I will send this book to her.
2. Thể hiện sự cho phép.

Can I use my phone in class?
Could I ask you a question?
You may go home when you feel tired.
3. Thể hiện lời khuyên.

You should finish your homework before bedtime.
I ought to phone my parents once a week.
We had better exercise more regularly to keep fit.
4. Thể hiện một khả năng.

I can play either basketball or football.
He could speak English fluently years ago.
5. Thể hiện việc cần phải làm.

You have to be a good communicator to be a leader.
This form must be submitted before 1st August.
Grammar point 7: Modal & Perfect modals 47

6. Thể hiện xác suất xảy ra của một sự việc.
They may come by car.
They might be at home.
Hurry up! We could be late for the concert.
The weather should be good tomorrow.
It will definitely be a good day today.
Jane isn’t here. She must be doing some cooking.
It can’t be Tim downstairs. He’s at school now.
7. Thể hiện dự đoán chắc chắn của sự việc trong quá khứ.
The street is so wet. It must have rained overnight.
8. Thể hiện dự đoán khả dĩ của sự việc trong quá khứ.

He wasn’t in the meeting. He could have forgotten that we
were meeting then.
9. Thể hiện sự không đồng ý với một việc trong quá khứ.
Why did you ignore her? You should have helped her when she
asked.
10. Thể hiện việc không cần thiết đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
I said I would go home late. You needn’t have waited for me to
have dinner together.
Read the given examples and decide which modals should be used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ cho mỗi cách dùng và xác định thì nào được dùng cho mỗi cách dùng.
Khi thể hiện xác suất xảy ra của một sự việc, mức độ chắc chắn của các modal khác nhau và có
thể được sắp xếp theo thứ tự tăng dần như sau:
may/might < could < can < should < must < will
could vs. was/were able to must vs. have to needn’t have vs. didn’t need
● could: chỉ một khả năng nói ● have to: diễn tả một sự bắt ● needn’t have VPP: diễn tả một
chung trong quá khứ buộc khách quan, mang việc không cần thiết nhưng đã
In high school, she could tính luật lệ. xảy ra trong quá khứ.
beat anyone in a running You have to drive on I told you that I had my
race. the left in Japan. umbrella with me. You
● was/were able to: chỉ một ● must: diễn tả điều bản needn’t have taken yours.
thành tích cụ thể trong quá thân cho rằng phải làm. ● didn’t need to V0: diễn tả điều
khứ It’s so late! I must go không cần thiết phải làm trong
Although she could beat home now. quá khứ và có thể đã không xảy
anyone in a running race, I ● Đối với dạng phủ định, ra.
was able to win that race. mustn’t tương đương với You said that I didn’t need
can’t dùng để chỉ một điều to take my umbrella and we
cấm. Trong khi đó, not don’t have any now.
have to mang nghĩa không
cần làm tương tự như not
need to.

1. That woman ___________ 40 years old. She looks like a teenager.
A. mustn’t be B. can’t be C. shouldn’t be D. doesn’t have to be
2. You ___________ use your flash inside the museum. It's forbidden.
A. mustn't B. need to C. must D. don’t have to
3. Changes have been made in our primary schooling program. As a result, young
children___________ do homework any more.
A. mustn’t B. couldn’t C. needn’t D. oughtn’t
4. She’s stubborn.The doctor ___________ persuade her.

A. should B. ought C. don’t have to D. can’t
5. It’s raining heavily right now. They ___________ cancel the outdoor concert.
A. mustn't B. should C. can D. don’t have to
6. I ___________ call you last night because I left my mobile phone at the office.
A. mightn’t B. couldn’t C. wouldn’t D. shouldn’t
7. In some private schools, you ___________ wear a uniform at school.

A. shouldn’t B. can’t C. don’t have to D. mustn't
8. You look pale today. You ___________.

A. shouldn’t rest B. shouldn’t have rested
C. should have rested D. should rest
9. You ___________ pass the exam in order to graduate from high school.
A. must B. may C. might D. can
10. Janice's sister was a genius because at the age of 5, she ___________ already speak four foreign
languages.
A. will B. would C. should D. could

1. Perhaps he’s still at home. He ___________ our invitation.
A. should not have got B. can’t have got
C. couldn’t get D. may not have got
2. He ___________ us but he was short of money at the time.

A. can help B. might help C. would help D. could have helped

3. That boat was left by the bank four days ago. Its owner ___________ about it.
A. may have forgotten B. was able to forget
C. should have forgotten D. could forget
4. My little brother has been busy all this morning. He ___________ his school project.
A. should do B. might be done
C. should have done D. must be doing
5. My son ___________ sorry to the teacher for disturbing the class but he didn’t.
A. wouldn’t have said B. was able to say
C. should have said D. can’t have said
6. The police confiscated Raymond’s motorbike for overspeeding. He ___________ that fast.
A. may not have ridden B. shouldn’t have ridden
C. can’t have ridden D. coughtn’t have ridden
7. The little girls next door look impeccably identical. They ___________ twins.
A. must be B. must have been C. might have been D. might be
8. Jennie didn’t show up in the office last Tuesday, she ___________ a cold.
A. should have caught B. must catch
C. might have caught D. was able to catch
9. Jessica looks very tired. She ___________ have stayed up late to finish her assignment last night.
A. would B. should C. will D. must
10. Elizabeth ___________ from home yesterday because her eyes got swollen.
A. couldn’t work B. should have worked
C. shall work D. wouldn’t have worked

1. You shouldn't be very rich to go skiing nowadays.
A. shouldn’t B. be C. to go skiing D. nowadays
2. I’m not sure, but Tony ought probably get that demanding job.
A. ’m not B. ought C. probably D. get
3. I’ve been waiting for hours. You must have phoned to tell me you would come late.
A. ’ve been waiting B. must C. have phoned D. would come
4. They were at the stadium with us last night, so they needn’t have been at the theatre then.
A. were B. last night C. needn’t D. have been
5. My wife isn't feeling well, so I told her that she ought go to the doctor.
A. isn't feeling B. told C. ought D. the doctor

1. You needn’t to worry very much about the project; everything will be fine.
A. to worry B. the project C. everything D. will be
2. If you record people speaking a disappearing language, you can’t keep important information about
both the language and its speakers.
A. record people speaking B. can’t keep
C. both D. and
3. All nations may must make fundamental changes in their economic, political, and technological
institutions if they are to preserve environment.
A. may B. must
C. technological institutions D. are to preserve
4. I needn’t have taken any money; they had already told me that it wasn’t necessary.
A. needn’t have taken B. any
C. had already told D. wasn’t necessary
5. I might not have gone so early to the office this morning because the meeting was cancelled.
A. might B. not C. have gone D. was cancelled

GRAMMAR POINT 8 | Passive voice
Verbs with one object Verbs with two objects
Active He drives the car. He sent me a book.

voice S V O S V Odirect Oindirect
Passive S be VPP (by O) S be VPP Oindirect (by O) S be VPP prep Odirect (by O)
voice The car is driven (by him) I was sent a book (by him). The book was sent to me (by him).
Trong tình huống kém trang trọng (informal), cấu trúc get Vpp đôi khi được dùng thay cho be Vpp.
Các động từ không đi kèm tân ngữ (intransitive verb) như appear, arrive, die, ... hoặc các động từ
chỉ tình thái (stative verb) như deserve, have, seem, realise, ... thường không được sử dụng ở
dạng bị động (passive voice) như trên.
Trong câu bị động, các trạng từ chỉ phương cách, tần suất, thời gian, và nơi chốn thường được dùng
để đưa thêm các thông tin chi tiết trong câu. Khi đó, thứ tự của các từ này như sau:
be + adv of frequency/manner + VPP + adv of manner + adv of place + (by O) adv of time
His homework is often done carefully at school before the next class.
His homework is carefully done often at school before the next class.
Trong câu bị động, thành phần “by O” có thể được lược bỏ khi người nói/viết không muốn nhấn mạnh
đối tượng theo sau “by”. Thông thường, các đối tượng được lược bỏ là các đại từ (me, you, him, her,
it, them, us), các danh từ chung (people, things), hoặc các từ phiếm định (everyone, anyone,
anything, everything, nothing, no one).
Đối với các thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn, quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn, tương lai hoàn
thành tiếp diễn, và tương lai tiếp diễn, các động từ thường không được sử dụng ở dạng bị động.
Thay vào đó, một số cụm từ sau được sử dụng với mục đích này.
in progress Preparations for the party will be in progress when you set off.
Preparations for the party will be being made when you set off.
in training At the end of this month, you will have been in training as a manager.
At the end of this month, you will have been being trained as a manager.
on display Famous paintings have been on display in the centre all day.
Famous paintings have been being displayed in the centre all day.
under consideration This problem had been under consideration before the last meeting.
This problem had been being considered before the last meeting.
under construction The new station has been under construction for two years.
The new station has been being built for two years.
Grammar point 8: Passive voice 52

Đối với các động từ đứng trước mệnh đề “that”, cấu trúc impersonal passive thường được sử dụng.
Verbs with “that” clause
Active People believe that the economy is growing.

voice S’+ Vreport + that + S + V ...
Passive (1) It + be Vreport(passive) + that + S + V … (2) S + be Vreport(passive) + to V/to have Vpp ...
voice It is believed that the economy is growing. The economy is believed to be growing.
Đối với cấu trúc (2):
● Khi động từ V xảy ra đồng thời hoặc sau Vreport thì V được biến đổi thành to V.
People say that technology will develop quickly in the future.

Technology is said to develop quickly in the future.
● Khi động từ V xảy ra trước Vreport thì V được biến đổi thành to have Vpp.
People think that Yahoo was popular in the past.

Yahoo is thought to have been popular in the past.
Các động từ thường đứng trước mệnh đề “that” trong cấu trúc impersonal passive bao gồm:
agree assume accept argue believe claim

calculate consider estimate expect feel find
guarantee know mean presume regard report
say suppose think suggest understand
Các stative verb (động từ tình thái) như hear, see, watch, notice có cấu trúc V + O + Ving/to V sẽ có
cấu trúc tương tự như cấu trúc (2) khi dùng ở thể bị đông (passive).
We heard him say that he would go to the US.

He was heard to say that he would go to the US.

1. Their problem hasn’t been completely being solved yet.
2. My dog is taken to the park by our children usually.
3. Our new apartment has been being repaired for two weeks so far.
4. It is expecting that all the candidates will be hired.
5. Harry was presumed to worked for another company in a different country.

1. The headmaster has decided that three lecture halls ___________ in our school next semester.
A. will be building B. will be built C. are built D. have built
2. Carbon dioxide ___________ as one of the main contributors to the greenhouse effect.
A. has been identified B. had identified
C. has identified D. had been identified
3. The packages ___________ together so that it would be easier to carry them.
A. tied B. have tied C. are tied D. were tied
4. A new shopping mall ___________ in District 10 next month.
A. is being gone to build B. is going to build
C. is going to be built D. were going to be built
5. The meeting ___________ in the conference room at 3 pm yesterday.
A. is being held B. was held
C. was being held D. had been held
6. the soldiers lit a fire that ___________ by the soldiers in the milecastle.
A. could see B. could have seen
C. could have been seen D. could be seen
7. The ballroom needs ____________ for the wedding.
A. to be decorated B. to decorate C. be decorated D. to decorating
8. Nowadays, students would prefer history ____________ in a more practical way.
A. taught B. to teach C. to be teaching D. to be taught
9. Students __________ for tricking the class teacher right now.
A. are punishing B. have punished
C. are being punished D. are punished
10. With new inventions in medical science, infant mortality ___________ recently.
A. already reduced B. has already been reduced
C. has already reduced D. already has been reduced

1. The money raised in the appeal will use to help those in need in remote areas.
A. raised B. will use C. in need D. areas
2. At group meals in Korea, guests of honour and the elderly suppose to serve themselves first.
A. At B. honour C. suppose D. serve

3. Jonathan likes being looking after when he is seriously ill.
A. likes B. looking C. when D. is
4. As they remembered being warning about the danger of getting lost, they followed the tour guide.
A. remembered B. being warning C. getting lost D. followed
5. It believed that the hope for cancer control may lie in the use of vaccines.
A. believed B. hope C. lie in D. vaccines
6. Their car got stealing in front of their house last night.

A. Their B. got stealing C. in front of D. last night
7. The letter I sent you yesterday hasn’t delivered yet.

A. letter B. sent C. hasn’t delivered D. yet
8. When be interviewed, you should concentrate on what the interviewer is saying or asking you.
A. be interviewed B. should C. saying D. asking
9. Most greetings cards are folding and have a picture on the front and a message inside.
A. are folding B. have C. on the front D. inside
10. It is said that a new bridge is going to build across this river.
A. is said B. that C. build D. this

1. It is believed that modern farming methods have greatly improved farmers' lives.
A. Modern farming methods are believed to have had negative effects on farmers' lives.
B. Farmers are believed to have enjoyed a much better life thanks to modern farming methods.
C. People believe that there is little improvement in farmers' lives thanks to modern farming
methods.
D. Modern farming methods were believed to have greatly improved farmers' lives.

2. They report that soil pollution has seriously threatened the livelihood of many local farmers.
A. The livelihood of many local farmers was reported to be seriously endangered by soil pollution.
B. It is reported that the livelihood of many local farmers has led to serious soil pollution.
C. Soil pollution is reported to have posed a serious threat to the livelihood of many local farmers.
D. It has been reported that soil pollution has actually put many local farmers' lives at risk.
3. They expect that recent changes will bring about an overall improvement in the quality of the
country’s education.
A. It is expected that recent changes are caused by an overall improvement in the country’s
education.
B. It was expected that recent changes would result in an overall improvement in the quality of the
country’s education.
C. The quality of the country’s education is expected to be the consequence of recent changes.
D. Recent changes are expected to lead to an overall improvement in the quality of the country’s
education.
4. Michael has not sent his manager the report.

A. Michael’s manager hasn’t been sent to the report.
B. Michael's manager hasn't been sent to him the report.
C. The report hasn't been sent to Michael's manager.
D. The report hasn’t been sent Michael’s manager.
5. Mary and Jane are painting their garden at the moment.

A. Mary and Jane’s garden is being painted at the moment.
B. Mary and Jane’s garden is painted at the moment.
C. Mary and Jane’s garden is painting at the moment.
D. Mary and Jane’s garden paints at the moment.
6. I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation.

A. I didn’t realize that our conversation was recorded.
B. I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded.
C. I didn't realize that our conversation was recorded by someone.
D. Our conversation wasn't realized to be recorded.
7. People say that Mr. Goldman gave nearly a million pounds to charity last year.
A. Nearly a million pounds was said to have been given to charity by Mr. Goldman last year.
B. Nearly a million pounds is said to be given to charity by Mr. Goldman last year.
C. Mr. Goldman is said to have given nearly a million pounds to charity last year.
D. Mr. Goldman was said to have given nearly a million pounds to charity last year.

8. People say that he is the most experienced teacher of English.
A. He is said to be the most experienced teacher of English.
B. He is said the most experienced teacher of English.
C. He is to be said the most experienced teacher of English.
D. That he is the most experienced teacher of English is said by people.
9. People think that traffic congestion in the downtown area is due to the increasing number of private
cars.
A. Traffic congestion in the downtown area is blamed for the increasing number of private cars.
B. The increasing number of private cars is thought to be responsible for traffic congestion in the
downtown area.
C. Traffic congestion in the downtown area is thought to result in the increasing number of private
cars.
D. The increasing number of private cars is attributed to traffic congestion in the downtown area.
10. Many people think that the new regulations will encourage people to use less energy.
A. Lower consumption of energy is thought to lead to the introduction of the new regulations.
B. It is thought that the new regulations will encourage people to consume more energy.
C. It was thought that lower consumption of energy was stimulated by the new regulations.
D. The new regulations are thought to encourage lower consumption of energy.

GRAMMAR POINT 9 | Causative forms

Động từ Chủ động Bị động
HAVE have + sb + V0 + sth have + sth + VPP
GET get + sb + to V0 + sth get + sth + VPP
MAKE make + sb + V0 + sth (sb) + be made + to V0
Usage | Cách dùng
Cách dùng Cấu trúc
1. Nhờ vả/ yêu cầu ai đó làm việc gì.

I will have a mechanic check my car soon.
I got Helen to cut my hair.
2. Bắt buộc ai đó làm việc gì.

My manager always makes me work at night.
3. Sử dụng một dịch vụ.

They had their room cleaned.
We should get our bike checked by a professional.
4. Diễn tả một việc không mong muốn xảy ra.

I’m sorry to hear that you had your phone stolen.
Read the given examples and fill in the gaps in each case with the words given below.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và hoàn thành mô tả mỗi cách dùng với các từ cho sẵn dưới đây.
Các cấu trúc với have thường mang nghĩa trang trọng hơn so với các cấu trúc với get.
Đối với cấu trúc với make, khi mang nghĩa bắt buộc ai đó làm gì, ta có thể thay make bằng force
(force sb to do sth/ be forced to do sth). Ngoài ra, cấu trúc make sb do sth còn mang nghĩa khiến
ai đó làm điều gì (không mang nghĩa ép buộc) tương tự như cause sb to do sth.
Grammar point 9: Causative forms 58

1. Our teacher says that she will let our parents __________ if we misbehave in class.
A. know B. knowing C. known D. to know
2. Parents sometimes cannot make their children __________ all their orders.
A. obeyed B. obeying C. to obey D. obey
3. Minie said she would help us __________ the interior for our new house.
A. designing B. design C. to be designed D. designed
4. I think I will have the teacher __________ these difficult problems to us.
A. explains B. to explain C. explain D. explained
5. He couldn’t seem to get anyone __________ him with his trouble as he has never been kind.
A. assist B. to assist C. assisting D. assisted
6. She didn’t know how to deal with that broken pipe, so she __________ a plumber fix it.
A. has B. had C. gets D. got
7. You can never __________ people like you if you keep mouthing off about your problems.
A. make B. allow C. permit D. get
8. When you arrive at the airport, I’ll __________ my driver to pick you up.
A. allow B. make C. have D. get
9. Would you please keep quiet and __________ me finish my work?

A. have B. permit C. let D. make
10. Our professor never allows us __________ in our essays late.

A. to turn B. turning C. turn D. turned
11. Have you just had my clothes __________? They look perfect!
A. mend B. mending C. to mend D. mended
12. Our children __________ to watch TV if they do not finish their school work.
A. aren’t allowed B. don’t allow C. don’t have D. have
13. I’m sorry! I haven’t got the invitation __________ yet.

A. sending B. sent C. sends D. to send
14. Will ___________ to go out now that we've been fully vaccinated?
A. us be allowed B. we allow C. we be allowed D. us allow
15. My aunt had her eyes ___________ last week.

A. to be checked B. to check C. checking D. checked

1. I didn’t think it was a good idea to allow your children going out that late.
A. didn’t think B. a C. going D. that late
2. Our boss always makes we feel comfortable at work, so we all appreciate him and always do our best.
A. we B. feel C. at work D. do
3. I had my husband to order some fried chicken and pizza because I didn’t feel like cooking last
night.
A. to order B. some C. because D. cooking
4. Jimmy’s motorbike has a lot of mechanical problems as he is too lazy to get it to be serviced
periodically.
A. has B. too lazy C. to be serviced D. periodically
5. All the employees in my company made to attend professional training workshops quarterly.
A. All the B. made C. attend D. quarterly
6. I don’t know if I could be permitted to stay over at your house tonight since my parents have never
let I do this before.
A. if B. to stay C. since D. let I do
7. The local authorities are made the residents test for Covid-19 every month, which is quite
annoying.
A. are made B. test C. which D. annoying
8. You will have to have your photo take for the new ID card procedure, which is going to be due at
the end of this year.
A. will have to B. have C. take D. which
9. She doesn’t want to get anyone finished this work for her because it is highly confidential.
A. to get B. finished C. for her D. highly
10. They prefer to let their children teach at private schools rather than public ones.
A. to let B. teach C. rather than D. ones

1. Although only five years old, my son always does everything on his own.
A. My son never does anything by himself because he is only five years old.
B. My son is only five years old but he always gets things done by himself.
C. My son is only five years old, so I let him do everything on his own.
D. I don’t allow my son to do anything on his own as he is only five years old.
2. This clothing store frequently offers discounts to attract new customers.

A. To have discounts offered, this clothing store has to make new customers come.
B. This clothing store lets new customers come by frequently offering discounts.
C. This clothing store frequently offers discounts so that new customers are allowed to come.
D. In order to get new customers to come, this clothing store frequently offers discounts.
3. The advantages of learning English should be pointed out if we want our students to practise the
language more.
A. To have our students practise English more, we have to point out the advantages of learning it.
B. We have to point out the advantages of learning English if we allow our students to practise it
more.
C. If we make our students practise English more, they can point out the advantages of learning it.
D. Students can point out the advantages of learning English if they are made to practise it more.
4. I suggest that Peter tidy up his room, for it is very messy and dirty.
A. I get Peter to tidy up his room, for it is very messy and dirty.
B. Peter is made to tidy up his room, for it is very messy and dirty.
C. Peter should have his room tidied up, for it is very messy and dirty.
D. Because Peter’s room is very messy and dirty, he is allowed to tidy it up.
5. Lisa seeks support from her colleagues due to not knowing how to operate the machine.
A. Lisa’s colleagues let her operate the machine by herself.
B. Lisa needs her colleagues to help her operate the machine.
C. Lisa’s colleagues have the machine operated by her.
D. Lisa gets the machine to operate by her colleagues.

GRAMMAR POINT 10 | Verb patterns
Các động từ thường gặp Ví dụ
admit, adore, advocate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, can’t stand, He admitted
compare, consider, delay, deny, detest, discuss, dislike, end up, enjoy, breaking the vase
V + VING escape, face, fancy, feel like, finish, foresee, include, involve, keep, on the table.
mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, recommend, risk,
suggest
afford, agree, aim, appear, apply, arrange, aspire, attempt, beg, I cannot afford to
cease, choose, claim, come, dare, decide, demand, deserve, desire, buy that car.
V + to V expect, fail, happen, help, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, need,
neglect, offer, opt, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, resolve,
rush, seem, tend, undertake, volunteer, vote, wait, want, work
We would rather
V + V0 help, would rather
stay at home.
They caught him

catch, feel, find, glimpse, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see, smell,
V + O + VING stealing money
watch
from the ATM.
advise, allow, ask, assign, assist, authorise, beg, cause, challenge, My sister
choose, command, compel, convince, dare, decide, defy, desire, advised me to
employ, empower, enable, encourage, expect, force, free, help, hire, tell him the truth.
V + O + to V inspire, instruct, intend, invite, lead, motivate, move, need, nominate,
order, permit, persuade, pick, prepare, prompt, qualify, raise,
recommend, recruit, remind, request, select, send, signal, teach, tell,
tempt, trust, want, warn
The teacher let

V + O + V0 help, let, make, feel, hear, notice, overhear, see, watch
us leave early.
V + prep + He insisted on
insist on ... , look forward to …, search for …, rely on …, suffer from ...
VING going home.
congratulate sb on …, accuse sb of …, blame sb for …, discourage sb They blamed me

V + O + prep from …, apologise to sb for …, complain to sb about …, warn (sb) for losing the key.
+ VING about/off/against …, criticise sb for …, stop sb from/against …,
protect sb from/against …, prevent sb from/against …
Một số động từ như “give”, “tell”, “ask”, “pass” có thể kết hợp cùng lúc với hai tân ngữ (object) theo hai
cấu trúc khác nhau và nghĩa của các câu này gần như không đổi: “V + O1 + O2” = “V + O2 + prep + O1”.
He gave me the book. = He gave the book to me.Các động từ “hear”, “notice”, “see”, “watch”,
“smell”, “feel” có thể kết hợp với các động từ khác theo hai cấu trúc khác nhau, khi đó, nghĩa của
các câu này sẽ có sự khác biệt như sau:
● V + O + VING: sử dụng khi người nói/viết chứng kiến một phần sự việc.
● V + O + V0: sử dụng khi người nói/viết chứng kiến toàn bộ sự việc.
I don’t know who burned it, but I saw him burning something, and I could see him leave after
the fire.
Grammar point 10: Verb patterns 62

Transitive verb và intransitive verb?
Trong tiếng Anh, một số động từ như “eat”, “bring”, “take” luôn cần một bổ ngữ trực tiếp theo sau
để tao thành cụm động từ có nghĩa, những động từ này được gọi là ngoại động từ (intransitive
verb).
Ngược lại, một số động từ như “jump”, “run”, “sing” tự bản thân đã mang nghĩa hoàn chỉnh, những
động từ này được gọi là nội động từ (transitive verb). Các nội động từ không thể dùng với thể bị
động (passive voice).
Đặc biệt, một số động từ vừa có thể là ngoại động từ, vừa là nội động từ tùy bối cảnh sử dụng. Ví
dụ:
run: chạy - run sth: điều hành read: đọc có vẻ/biết đọc - read sth: đọc
move: chuyển động - move sth: di chuyển walk: đi dạo - walk sth: dắt … đi dạo
Để thể hiện ý phủ định, “not” thường được thêm vào ngay trước VING, to V0 và V0.
Ngoài ra, một số động từ khác khi kết hợp với các động từ khác ở dạng VING hoặc to V0 cũng khiến cho
nghĩa của các câu có sự khác biệt:
V + to V0 V + VING
forget Quên làm một việc đã dự định. Không thể nhớ một sự kiện quá khứ.
I forgot to ask Brian about the I nearly forgot meeting Helen in
wedding. the UK.
remember Ghi nhớ để làm một việc đã dự định. Nhớ một sự kiện quá khứ.
Will you remember to order some I always remember seeing her
food? on the first day abroad.
go on Bắt đầu một việc sau một việc khác. Tiếp tục việc đang xảy ra.
We cleaned the floor and then went on How can you go on working
to cook dinner. non-stop?
stop Dừng việc đang làm và bắt đầu việc mới. Dừng việc đang làm
Let’s stop to think about what to do Will you please just stop telling
next? me what to do?
like Thường làm một việc như thói quen. Thích thú, hưởng thụ (như enjoy)
I like to eat out with my family once a I like watching romantic films.
month.
mean Cố ý. Có nghĩa là.

I'm sure Rania didn't mean to upset Love means never saying you're
you. sorry.
regret Cảm thấy đáng tiếc khi sắp thông báo một sự Cảm thấy tiếc nuối về một việc đã xảy ra
việc không mong muốn. (đi sau “say”, “tell”, trong quá khứ.
“inform”, ...) Do you regret not saying goodbye
We regret to inform you that the hotel to Jenny?
is full.
try Cố gắng. Thử một việc.

Try to finish your test before 10 o’clock. You could try buying her some
flowers.

VING hay to V0?
Đối với đa số các động từ kể trên, việc ghi nhớ cấu trúc của chúng sẽ có thể đơn giản hơn với
mẹo sau:
VING: diễn tả một việc đã xảy ra.
He denied stealing the vase. (Việc chiếc bình hoa bị lấy cắp đã xảy ra)
to V0: diễn tả một việc chưa/không xảy ra.
She refused to meet him for a date. (Việc gặp mặt đã không xảy ra)

1. The woman was arrested yesterday. They caught she beating her children.
2. Despite trying really hard, Peter failed on winning Tracy’s heart.
3. I despise Joseph! I’d rather to stay at home than go out with him.
4. Although he was freed from jail before, he went on to steal and ended up being in prison
again.
5. Our project will involve researching the market, dealing with customers’ requests and making
them to buy our products.

1. I’m planning ___________ my children to the new amusement park this weekend.
A. to taking B. taking C. to take D. take
2. I enjoy __________ to US-UK music while my mom is fond of singing along to Vietnamese Bolero
songs.
A. listening B. listen C. to listen D. to listening
3. Please remember ___________ this letter.

A. post B. to post C. to have posted D. posting
4. I suggest ___________ our car here and ___________ on foot.

A. leaving/ going B. leaving/ go C. to leave/ go D. to leave/ to go
5. We look forward ___________ you next Tuesday.

A. about seeing B. to see C. to seeing D. seeing
6. The young teachers wanted a Foreign Language Teaching workshop ___________ in Ho Chi Minh
City.
A. being held B. to be held C. to hold D. to be holding

7. They have so many children that they can’t afford ___________ them all to university.
A. to sending B. send C. sending D. to send
8. Joey's snoring was so bad that his wife made him ___________ downstairs on the sofa.
A. to be sleeping B. sleep C. sleeping D. to sleep
9. I didn’t mean ___________ rude - it just came out like that.

A. being B. to being C. to be D. I was
10. Many countries have considered ___________ the victims of the tsunami.
A. to help B. having helped C. to have helped D. helping

1. We tried ___________ the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire brigade.
A. putting B. put C. to put D. having put
2. After working for two hours, the guide stopped ___________ the others catch up with them.
A. having let B. to have let C. to let D. letting
3. A male rapper dislikes ___________ in a foreign country.

A. not recognising B. not being recognised
C. not to recognize D. being not recognised
4. Mary warned her nephew ___________ the busy road.

A. to cross B. not to cross C. to not cross D. not crossing
5. I heard someone ___________ into the railings.

A. falling and crash B. falling and crashing
C. to fall and crashing D. to fall and crash

1. I had my colleague to check the figures a second time just to make sure.
A. to check B. a second time C. just D. to make
2. Anne was hesitant to tell Jim her problem and she thanked him to help her during the time.
A. hesitant B. to tell C. to help D. during the time
3. I am busy working. I would rather not to go out for lunch.

A. busy B. working C. not to D. go

4. It is true that generally parents would like their children attend college, especially if they have gone
to college themselves.
A. would like B. attend C. especially if D. themselves
5. It's important to know how avoid giving a boring presentation.

A. important B. to know C. avoid D. giving

1. The woman sitting next to me said that she would never forget to sky-dive for the first time.
A. sitting B. would never forget
C. to sky-dive D. for the first time
2. The teacher expected Sarah to study harder. He gave her a lot of homework to be done.
A. expected B. to study C. gave D. to be done
3. I had just found out that my husband Max owed a lot of money for the wrong people.
A. had just B. found out that C. a lot of D. for
4. We regret informing you that the bus has broken down. Can you try to get a taxi instead and the
bus company will pay the difference?
A. informing B. has broken
C. to get D. the bus company will pay
5. Do you remember me to ask you to help me fill out a survey with this picture a half year ago?
A. Do you remember B. to ask C. to help D. fill

1. I didn’t understand a new word so I asked my sister and she explained it to me.
A. My sister was forced to explain a new word to me although she wasn’t sure about it.
B. I asked my sister to explain a word to me because it was too new.
C. I didn’t understand a new word so I got my sister to explain it to me.
D. I asked my sister if there was a new word and she explained it to me.

2. I let my son play computer games on Sunday afternoons.
A. Her son was allowed having played computer games on Sunday afternoons.
B. Her son is allowed playing computer games on Sunday afternoons.
C. My son was allowed to play computer games on Sunday afternoons.
D. My son is allowed to play computer games on Sunday afternoons.
3. “I think it was you who told my secret to our class,” Naomi told me.
A. Naomi accused me of telling her secret to our class.
B. Naomi complimented me on telling her secret to our class.
C. Naomi prevented me from telling her secret to our class.
D. Naomi warned me against telling her secret to our class.
4. Rather than disturb the meeting, I left without saying goodbye.

A. The meeting was disturbed as I left saying goodbye.
B. I disturbed the meeting because I said goodbye.
C. I left without saying goodbye as I didn’t want to disturb the meeting.
D. I would rather disturb the meeting than leave without saying goodbye.
5. “If I were you, I would not choose to write about such a sensitive topic,” the teacher said.
A. I was ordered by the teacher not to write about such a sensitive topic.
B. The teacher advised me on writing about such a sensitive topic.
C. I was blamed for writing about such a sensitive topic by the teacher.
D. The teacher advised me against writing about such a sensitive topic.

GRAMMAR POINT 11 | Conditionals
Mệnh đề chính Mệnh đề “If” Dạng đảo ngữ

(kết quả) (điều kiện, giả thiết) của mệnh đề “If”
Loại 0
Luôn xày ra ở S + V1 If S + V1 (không có)
hiện tại/ tương lai
Loại 1
Có thể xày ra ở S + will + V0 If S + V1 Should + S + V0
Loại 2
Không thể xày ra ở S + would/could + V0 If S + V2/ED Were + S + … / to V0 ...
Loại 3
Không thể xày ra ở S + would/could have + VPP If S + had + VPP Had + S + VPP
quá khứ
Đối với câu điều kiện loại 0, các từ “when” hoặc “whenever” đôi khì được dùng thay cho “if”.
Đối với câu điều kiện loại 1,
● các cụm từ “in case”, “as/so long as”, “providing/provided (that)” hoặc “on condition
(that)” đôi khì được dùng thay cho “if”.
● “unless” có thể được dùng để thay thế cho “if … not ...”.
● các modal “can”, “may” hoặc “should” đôi khì được dùng thay “will” trong mệnh đề chính.
● mệnh đề chính có thể là một câu cầu khiến có dạng: “(do not) + V0 + …”
Đối với câu điều kiện loại 2, các từ “suppose” hoặc “supposing” có thể được dùng thay cho “if”.
Khi câu bắt đầu bằng mệnh đề “if” thì dấu phẩy “,” cần được sử dụng để phân tách nó và mệnh
đề chính. Ngược lại, nếu câu bắt đầu bằng mệnh đề chính thì không cần sử dụng dấu phẩy trong
câu.
“If it weren’t/hadn’t been for”, “but for”, và “without”
Để diễn tả một điều kiện không thật, các cấu trúc “If it weren’t for” hoặc “If it hadn’t been for” có thể
được sử dụng như sau:
If he didn’t help me, I would be in trouble soon.
= If it weren’t for his help, I would be in trouble soon.
If he hadn’t supported me, I wouldn’t have overcome the difficulty.
= If it hadn’t been for his support, I wouldn’t have overcome the difficulty
Cấu trúc “If it hadn’t been for” có thể được thay thế bằng “But for” hoặc “Without”
If it hadn’t been for his support, I wouldn’t have overcome the difficulty.
= But for his support, I wouldn’t have overcome the difficulty .
= Without his support, I wouldn’t have overcome the difficulty .
Cấu trúc “If it weren’t for” chỉ có thể được thay thế bằng “Without”
If it weren’t for his help, I would be in trouble soon.
= Without his help, I would be in trouble soon.
Grammar point 11: Conditionals 68

Các cấu trúc câu điều kiện hỗn hợp
Mệnh đề chính Mệnh đề “If” Dạng đảo ngữ

(kết quả) (điều kiện) của mệnh đề “If”
Loại I S + would/could have + VPP If S + V2/ED Were + S + … / to V0 ...
Loại II S + would/could + V0 If S + had + VPP Had + S + VPP

1. I will give you the money provide that you pay it back on the due date.
2. If May wouldn’t help me, I couldn’t have passed the test.
3. But with her supervision, the boy could have gone off the rails.
4. Should you will need anything to eat, please call us right away.
5. Hadn’t my dad got scared by the snake, he wouldn’t have slipped.
Usage | Cách dùng
Câu
điều kiện
1. Diễn tả một quy luật hoặc một sự việc luôn có khả năng xảy ra.
If you mix blue and red, you get purple.
2. Diễn tả một sự việc/hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
If you need some money, I will lend you.
3. Diễn tả một điều không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai, một giả thiết, hoặc
một ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng hiện tại.
I would go to the party tonight if I weren’t ill.
4. Diễn tả một điều không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ, một giả thiết, hoặc một ước muốn
trái ngược với thực trạng đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
We wouldn't have got lost if my phone hadn't run out of battery.
5. Diễn tả một tình huống trái ngược với thực trạng ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai kéo
theo một sự thay đổi kết quả mong muốn trái ngược với quá khứ.
If it weren't important, I wouldn't have called you on your holiday.
6. Diễn tả một tình huống trái ngược với thực trạng đã xảy ra trong quá khứ kéo
theo một sự thay đổi kết quả mong muốn trái ngược ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
I wouldn't work for this company now if I had got a job in Tokyo before.

Read the given examples and decide which type of conditional has been used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và xác định loại câu điều kiện phù hợp trong mỗi cách dùng.
Ngoài các câu điều kiện như trên, một số cấu trúc giả định khác cũng được sử dụng để diễn tả các
sự việc có khả năng xảy ra trong hiện tại/ tương lai hoặc các mong muốn trái ngược với thực tế trong
hiện tại hoặc quá khứ.
Cấu trúc “It’s (high/about) time …” có dạng “It’s (high/about) time S + were/V2/ED ...” dùng để diễn
tả mong muốn một sự việc cần xảy ra trái ngược với thực tế ở hiện tại.
You’re staying up so late. It’s time you went to bed.
Cấu trúc “would rather …” có dạng:
● “S + would rather + S’ + were/V2/ED ...” dùng để diễn tả mong muốn một sự việc cần xảy ra
trái ngược với thực tế ở hiện tại.
You’re staying up so late. I would rather you went to bed.
● “S + would rather + S’ + had VPP ...” dùng để diễn tả mong muốn một sự việc cần xảy ra trái
ngược với những gì đã xảy ra ở quá khứ.
You forgot to do the homework again. I would rather you had completed them before class..
Cấu trúc “as if/ as though” có dạng:
● “S + V1 + as if/as though S + V1 ...” dùng để diễn tả một tình huống có khả năng xảy ra dù
hiện tại chưa chắc chắn.
He sounds as if he is happy.
● “S + V1 + as if/as though S + were/V2/ED ...” dùng để diễn tả một sự mỉa mai hoặc một tình
huống giả định không có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại.
He acts as if he knew all the answers.
● “S + V2/ED + as if/as though S + had VPP ...” dùng để diễn tả một tình huống giả định không có
khả năng xảy ra ở quá khứ.
He seemed as if he hadn't eaten anything for days.

1. She wouldn’t ask me for a loan now if she _________ her money wisely. (had
expended/expend)
2. If I _________ her to come, I’d ask. (wanted/had wanted)
3. I won’t be able to travel _________ the pandemic is contained. (if/unless)
4. Sarah _________ to Pete’s house warming party if he had invited her. (would come/would
have come)
5. I could have posted the letter this morning, _________ it hadn’t been raining. (providing
that/unless)

1. We ___________ on a field trip if the weather is fine this weekend.
A. had gone B. would go C. went D. will go
2. If Martin were here now, he ___________ us to solve this difficult problem.

A. will help B. helped C. would help D. would have helped
3. If he didn't have to work today, he ___________ his children to the zoo.

A. would take B. had taken C. will take D. takes
4. ___________ you apologize for what you have done, I will never be your friend.
A. But for B. If C. Unless D. As long as
5. If Jack ___________ fast, he wouldn't have crashed his car into a tree.
A. wouldn’t drive B. hadn’t driven C. didn’t drive D. doesn’t drive
6. My friend is a veterinarian. She treats animals almost as if they ___________ human.

A. would be B. had been C. are D. were
7. If the weather ___________ fine tomorrow, we will have our biology lesson outdoors.
A. was B. will be C. is D. would be
8. If he were younger, he ___________ a professional running competition now.

A. joins B. would join C. is joining D. will join
9. If I ___________ just one year younger, I would be eligible for the scholarship.
A. would be B. am C. were D. will be
10. I wouldn't have believed it if I ___________ it with my own eyes.

A. wouldn’t see B. don’t see C. didn’t see D. hadn’t seen

1. Unless I don't get home early, please go shopping and buy some food for lunch.
A. don’t get B. early C. go D. buy
2. Susan would never have talked to you again if you didn't apologise.
A. would B. to you C. if D. didn’t apologise
3. Were you meet her, please ask her to call me at once.

A. Were B. meet C. please D. call
4. Had it been not for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded.

A. Had B. been not C. your D. wouldn’t have
5. Were you to win a huge sum of money, what would you have bought?
A. Were B. to win C. what D. have bought
6. Kathy talked as though she became the boss of our office.

A. as though B. became C. of D. office
7. It's time he acts like a responsible adult and stopped blaming others for his wrongdoings.
A. It’s time B. acts C. and D. blaming
8. He dresses as though it is in winter even in the summer.

A. dresses B. as though C. is D. even
9. I would rather this whole thing never happens in my life.

A. would rather B. whole C. never happens D. in
10. It's about time we have sold this old car and bought a new one.
A. about B. have sold C. bought D. one

câu hỏi sau.
1. The film is not perfect. Its abrupt ending spoils it.
A. But for its abrupt ending, the film would be perfect.
B. Provided the film ended abruptly, it would not be perfect.
C. The film would be perfect if it ended abruptly.
D. Unless the film ends abruptly, it won't be perfect.
2. You can stay in my flat. You must keep everything in order.

A. As soon as you keep everything in order, you can stay in my flat.
B. Unless you keep everything in order, you can stay in my flat.
C. Had you kept everything in order, you could have stayed in my flat.
D. Provided you keep everything in order, you can stay in my flat.
3. David didn't write to Hannah. That's why she gets angry with him.
A. If David hadn't written to Hannah, she wouldn't get angry with him.
B. If David had written to Hannah, she wouldn't get angry with him.
C. If Hannah had written to David, she wouldn't get angry.
D. If Hannah didn't get angry, David would write to her.
4. His friends supported and encouraged him. He did really well in the competition.
A. If his friends had given him support and encouragement, he could have done really well in the
competition.
B. Had it not been for his friends’ support and encouragement, he couldn’t have done so well in the
competition.
C. Were his friends’ support and encouragement, he couldn’t do really well in the competition.
D. Should his friends’ support and encouragement be, he can’t do really well in the competition.

5. The green campaign was strongly supported by the local people. The neighbourhood looks fresh
and clean now.
A. Only if the local people had strongly supported the green campaign would the neighbourhood
look fresh and clean now.
B. But for the strong support of the local people for the green campaign, the neighbourhood would
C. Had the local people not strongly supported the green campaign, the neighbourhood wouldn't
D. Scarcely had the green campaign been strongly supported by the local people when the
neighbourhood looked fresh and clean.

1. Keep silent or you'll wake the baby up.
A. If you didn't keep silent, you would wake the baby up.
B. If you don't keep silent, you will wake the baby up.
C. Without keeping silent, you could wake the baby up.
D. But for keeping silent, you would have woken the baby up.
2. Tigers are under threat of extinction, and something must be done quickly.
A. Tigers would have become extinct if nothing had been done.
B. Tigers will become extinct unless something is done quickly.
C. If nothing were done quickly, tigers would have become extinct.
D. But for nothing, tigers would become extinct quickly.
3. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.

A. If the patient hadn't had this treatment, she would have died.
B. If the patient hadn't had this treatment, she would die.
C. The patient will die but for this treatment.
D. The patient would die if she had this treatment.
4. Rachael got a bad cough because she started smoking cigarettes.

A. If Rachael didn’t start smoking cigarettes, she wouldn't have got a bad cough.
B. If Rachael hadn't started smoking cigarettes, she wouldn't get a bad cough.
C. If Rachael doesn’t start smoking cigarettes, she won’t get a bad cough.
D. If Rachael hadn't started smoking cigarettes, she wouldn't have got a bad cough.

5. If you require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green Street.
A. Should you require any further information, please would contact us at our office in Green
Street.
B. Had you required any further information, please contact us at our office in Green Street.
C. Should you require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green Street.
D. Were you require any further information, please contact us at our office in Green Street.

GRAMMAR POINT 12 | Reported speech
Câu trực tiếp Câu tường thuật
Câu trần thuật X + Vr + “S + V …” X + Vr (that) S + V …
Câu mệnh lệnh X + Vr + “(Don’t) V0 …” X + Vr + O + (not) to V0 …
Câu nghi vấn X + Vr + “Vaux + S + V …?” X + Vr + if/whether S + V …”
Câu hỏi X + Vr + “Wh-word (Vaux) + S + V …?” X + Vr + wh-word + S (Vaux) V …”
Câu điều kiện X + Vr + “If S ... , S’ ...” X + Vr + if S ... , S’ ...
Trong câu tường thuật, thì của động từ và một số yếu tố có thể cần được thay đổi dựa vào thì của
động từ tường thuật (Vr).
Khi tường thuật lại các câu hỏi, cấu trúc “wh-word + to V0” thường rất phổ biến.
“What can we do for the summer holiday?” He asked me.

→ He asked me what to do for the summer holiday.
Tense change | Thay đổi về thì
Khi động từ tường thuật (Vr) ở thì quá khứ, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật có thể cần được
thay đổi.
Câu trực tiếp Câu tường thuật
Simple present Simple past
Present continuous Past continuous
Present perfect (continuous) Past perfect (continuous)
Simple past Past perfect
Past continuous Past perfect continuous
Đối với các sự việc có thể vẫn đúng tại thời điểm tường thuật, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật
có thể không cần thay đổi.
“I like playing football.” Alan told me.

→ Alan told me he likes/liked playing football.
Grammar point 12: Reported speech 77

Đối với các sự kiện lịch sử hoặc kiến thức khoa học, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật thường
không thay đổi.
“Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo,” said the teacher.

→ The teacher said that Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo.
Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 0, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật thường không cần thay
đổi.
“If water is heated to 1000C, it boils,” said the teacher.

→ The teacher said (that) if water is heated to 1000C, it boils.
Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 1, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật thường được thay đổi
thành câu điều kiện loại 2.
Tim said, “If I catch the bus, I will be home by six.”

→ Tim said that if he caught the bus, he would be home by six.
Khi tường thuật câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật thường không cần
thay đổi.
Jon complained, “If Larry had a better degree, he could find a job.”
→ Jon complained that if Larry had a better degree, he could find a job.
Khi tường thuật câu trần thuật, “that” có thể được lược bỏ trừ trường hợp động từ tường thuật là
“reply” hoặc “shout”.
Modal change | Thay đổi về động từ khiếm khuyết
Khi động từ tường thuật (Vr) ở thì quá khứ, thì của động từ trong câu tường thuật có thể cần được
thay đổi.
Câu trực tiếp will/shall can must have to may am/is/are going to
Câu tường thuật would could must had to might was/were going to
had to
Đối với trường hợp “must” thể hiện một dự đoán, động từ này thường không được thay đổi trong câu
tường thuật.
“The party must be very happy.” Alan told me.

→ Alan told me the party must be very happy.
Các động từ “could”, “would”, “should”, “ought to”, “had better” và “need” thường không được thay
đổi trong câu tường thuật.

Pronoun and determiner change | Thay đổi về đại từ và từ xác định
Trong câu tường thuật, đại từ và các từ xác định có thể cần được thay đổi.
Câu trực tiếp my this/that this/that these/those these/those (V +)

(+ N) (+ V) (+ N) (+ V) these/those
Câu tường thuật his/her the/that it/that the/those they them
Time and place change | Thay đổi về thời gian và nơi chốn
Trong câu tường thuật, các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn có thể cần được thay đổi.
Câu here now at the tonight tomorrow next week yesterday last ago
trực tiếp moment week
Câu there then at that that the next/ the next/ the the before
tường thuật moment night following following previous previous previously
day week day week earlier
the day the week the day the
after after before week
before
Đối với các sự việc có thể vẫn đúng tại thời điểm tường thuật, các từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn trong
câu tường thuật có thể không cần thay đổi.
“I will be back next week.” Mary told me.

→ Mary told me that she would be back next week.
Reporting verbs patterns | Tường thuật bằng các dạng động từ khác nhau
Các động từ tường thuật có thể có những dạng khác nhau để thay cho các cách tường thuật thông
thường với mệnh đề như trên, dưới đây là một vài dạng của các động từ tường thuật thông dụng.
V + to V0 agree, ask, offer, promise, refuse, threaten
V + O + to V0 tell, advise, ask, invite, order, persuade, remind
V + VING admit, deny, report
Một số cấu trúc động từ khác kèm theo giới từ phù hợp:
● congratulate sb on …
● accuse sb of …
● blame sb for …
● discourage sb from …
● apologise to sb for …
● insist on …

1. Lucy told me her mom was hospitalised 3 days before.
2. Troy wanted to know if I am going to celebrate my birthday party in that restaurant.
3. My mom asked me to not stay up late the previous night.
4. Allan said that he may get into trouble if he had believed what Joan said.
5. Mary kept asking me how I to put up with such an annoying sister of mine.

1. My uncle told me ___________ after his dog while he's away.
A. look B. looked C. looking D. to look
2. I don’t want to ask them __________ me.

A. to help B. helping C. for help D. helped
3. She asked me how much __________.

A. my coat is B. my coat was C. is my coat D. was my coat
4. I wonder how long __________ take to finish this project.

A. did it B. it C. it will D. will it
5. Would she like to know how __________ there?

A. did us get B. us get C. did we get D. we got
6. They’d like to know where __________ buy these handbags.

A. did they B. they can C. can they D. they did
7. I’d like to know __________ free now.

A. if you are B. if are you C. until you are D. until are you
8. Would you like to know __________ to come?

A. she wants B. if does she want
C. whether she wants D. if she want
9. She asked us __________ going to come.

A. we are B. whether were we
C. are we D. whether we were
10. My manager wanted to know __________ the tasks.

A. if we’d finished B. we had finish
C. whether we finish D. had we finished

1. Our teacher suggested to borrow some history books from the local library to do our research.
A. to borrow B. history C. from D. do
2. Rick told me to not come to his home then because his dad was having some guests.
A. told B. to not come C. then D. was having
3. My mom said she going to give me a really special present for Christmas.
A. said B. going to give C. really D. for
4. My father asked me if I had taken his car and dent it 2 days before.
A. if B. had taken C. dent D. before
5. My boyfriend wanted to know who me was talking to at the local fair that night.
A. to know B. me was talking C. at D. that night
6. Linda apologised to her mom to eat too much cake before dinner.
A. apologised B. to C. to eat D. before
7. My son said that he'd finished the final exams 3 days ago.
A. said B. finished C. final D. ago
8. I wonder how long the thieves had been staying in that abandoned house before they were arrested
tomorrow.
A. had been staying B. before C. were arrested D. tomorrow
9. Eric asked I if I would like to know how much he loved me.

A. asked I B. would C. to know D. loved
10. Our teacher invited us come to his house to celebrate our end-of-course ceremony that night.
A. us B. come C. to celebrate D. that night

1. "How long have you worked here, Trinh?" asked Hoang.
A. Hoang asked Trinh how long did she work here.
B. Hoang asked Trinh how long she had worked there.
C. Hoang asked Trinh how long she worked here.
D. Hoang asked Trinh how long had she worked there.

2. “I'm going to New York tomorrow," he said.
A. He said that he was going to New York the following day.
B. He said that I was going to New York tomorrow.
C. He said that he was going to New York tomorrow.
D. He said that I am going to New York the following day.
3. "I'm going to do a part-time job this winter," said Shally.

A. Shally said that she was going to do a part-time job that winter.
B. Shally said that I was going to do a part-time job this winter.
C. Shally said that I am going to do a part-time job this winter.
D. Shally said that she is going to do a part-time job that winter.
4. "I'm going to have a job interview next week," said Barry.

A. Barry said that I am going to have a job interview next week.
B. Barry said that he was going to have a job interview the following week.
C. Barry said that I was going to have a job interview the following week.
D. Barry said that he was going to have a job interview next week.
5. “How are you going to mend your watch?”, Tom asked Linh.
A. Tom asked Linh how she was going to mend her watch.
B. Tom asked Linh how she was going to mend your watch.
C. Tom asked Linh how was she going to mend her watch.
D. Tom asked Linh how was she going to mend your watch.

1. "You should take better care of your health," said Ruby’s mother.
A. Ruby’s mother promised to take better care of her health.
B. Ruby’s mother ordered her to take better care of her health.
C. Ruby’s mother required her to take better care of her health.
D. Ruby’s mother advised her to take better care of her health.

2. "We will not leave until we see the last performance," said the audience.
A. The audience promised to leave before they saw the last performance.
B. The audience refused to leave until they saw the last performance.
C. The audience agreed to leave before they saw the last performance.
D. The audience decided to leave because they did not see the last performance.
3. "Send this email to our customer immediately!" the boss told his employee.
A. The boss advised his employee to send this email to our customer right away.
B. The boss ordered his employee to send that email to their customer instantly.
C. The boss requested that his employee rush out due to the email’s urgency.
D. The boss recommended his employee send this email to their customer later.
4. "Get out of my house or I'll call the police!" Jenny shouted to the stranger.
A. Jenny threatened to call the police if the stranger didn't leave her house.
B. Jenny plainly said that she would call the police if the stranger didn't leave her house.
C. Jenny politely told the stranger she would call the police if he didn't leave her house.
D. Jenny informed the stranger that she would call the police if the stranger didn't leave her house.
5. "I'll help you with the homework, Uyen." he said.

A. He admitted helping Uyen with the homework.
B. He denied helping Uyen with the homework.
C. He promised to help Uyen with the homework.
D. He refused to help Uyen with the homework.

GRAMMAR POINT 13 | Conjunction
Các từ thường gặp Đối tượng liên kết Vị trí
Liên từ 2 mệnh đề
and, but, so, or clause 1, connector clause 2.
kết hợp độc lập
Liên từ although, so that, as soon as, 1 mệnh đề độc lập Clausemain connector clausesub.
phụ thuộc before, because, while 1 mệnh đề phụ thuộc Connector clausesub, clausemain.
Trạng từ therefore, however, Sentence 1. Connector, sentence 2.

2 câu
liên kết on the other hand, moreover Sentence 1; connector, sentence 2.
Ngoài chức năng liên kết hai mệnh đề, các từ “and”, “but” và “or” còn được dùng để liên kết các
thành phần có cùng chức năng ngữ pháp.

1. Although he didn’t know how to act, but he volunteered to take part in the drama club.
2. I had no idea what was going on, therefore, I asked my colleague about it.
3. My mom loves cooking and to garden.
4. As soon as I saw the lorry driver. I ran outside to meet him.
5. I don’t want anyone to see the scar on my ear, but I untie my hair to cover it.
Usage | Cách dùng
Cách dùng Từ nối
1. Trình bày ________ thông tin.

Many people have lost their jobs, and they are in hopeless situations. and
The government has taken some actions. Moreover, they are moreover
planning strategies to deal with the situation.
2. Thể hiện sự ________.

You may choose to quit the job, or you may need to pay for the or
damage.
3. Diễn tả ý ________ hoặc ________. but

I really love dogs, but my husband doesn’t like them at all. however
Some people in the city are very rich; however, some are very poor. on the other hand
My husband only likes pop music. On the other hand, I like all kinds. yet
Although he works in the city centre, he lives in the rural area. although
Grammar point 13: Conjunction 84

4. Trình bày ________. because
Because you said that you need some money, I will lend you. since
as
5. Trình bày ________.

so
I didn’t have enough money so I didn’t buy that car.
6. Trình bày ________.

so that
I didn’t buy that car so that I could save up for another one.
therefore
I decided to retire. Therefore, I can spend time with my children.
7. Trình bày sự việc theo mối quan hệ ________. while when

She was walking in the room while he was working. after before
Mohana entered after I left the room. as soon as since
mục đích thời gian đối lập lựa chọn
kết quả thêm nguyên nhân tương phản
Trạng từ liên kết “however” thường dễ bị nhầm lẫn với từ “however” trong cấu trúc “However +
adj/adv + S + V …, S’ + V’ …”. Khi đó, “however” có nghĩa và cấu trúc tương đương với “although”.
However hard he tried, he still failed the driving test.

= Although he tried hard, he still failed the driving test.
Hoàn tất các câu dưới đây từ thích hợp và đưa ra giải thích dựa vào lý thuyết đã học
1. No one is allowed to go out from 6 p.m to 6 a.m _________ the social lockdown is being
imposed. (so that/because)
2. My cat loves playing with wool balls _________ my dog prefers sticks. (since/while)
3. I never expect the best _________ I won’t be disappointed when things go wrong. (so that/yet)
4. I have been working on this new video for 18 hours today, _________ it remains unfinished.
(so/yet)
5. _________ serious the situation was, our manager tried to make us laugh by his jokes.
(However/Although)

1. Alex broke her leg in two places. ___________, she had to wear a cast and use crutches for
two months.
A. So B. Nevertheless C. Therefore D. Moreover
2. I do not like tennis, ___________ my sister can play tennis very well.
A. or B. so C. and D. but
3. Whether you win ___________ lose this race, it doesn't matter as long as you do your best.
A. or B. and C. but D. nor
4. The country is famous for the beauty of its landscape ___________ the hospitality of its
people.
A. since B. otherwise C. and D. thus
5. I couldn't use the payphone, ___________ I didn't have any coins with me.
A. despite B. even though C. yet D. for

1. Tom is a very intelligent boy; __________, he sometimes gets bad marks.
A. however B. yet C. but D. on the other hand
2. My mom’s advice seems strange, __________ I believe she’s right.

A. since B. although C. so D. yet
3. A newborn baby can neither walk nor crawl. A newborn antelope, ___________, can run within
minutes of birth.
A. however B. and C. otherwise D. even though
4. I have not been asked to resign, ___________ do I intend to do so.

A. as B. since C. nor D. or
5. The football club is getting worried ___________ they’re losing popularity.

A. or B. although C. as D. so that

1. Although Weston was very bad-tempered, but everybody liked him.
A. was B. very bad-tempered
C. but D. everybody
2. All of the band members are sick, therefore they must reschedule the concert.
A. are sick B. therefore C. must D. the concert
3. A bankruptcy may be either voluntary nor involuntary.

A. A bankruptcy B. may be C. voluntary D. nor
4. Family members usually gather together for dinner on Christmas Eve, or they also hold a gift
exchange party.
A. usually gather B. on Christmas Eve
C. or D. also hold
5. Alana didn’t understand what you said because of she was deaf.
A. what B. you said C. because of D. she was

1. Operas can be broadly classified as either comedies or they are tragedies.
A. broadly classified B. comedies
C. or D. they are tragedies
2. While John Kenndy was elected president, he was the youngest American President ever.
A. While B. elected president
C. he was the youngest D. ever
3. Neither Chandler and his wife has mentioned anything about moving house.
A. Neither B. and C. has mentioned D. anything
4. Because the temperature is below freezing, it actually feels quite warm when the sun is out.
A. Because B. below freezing C. actually feels D. when
5. However small, the sitting room is well designed and nicely decorated.
A. However B. sitting room C. designed D. nicely decorated

1. Hardly had the date of the conference been chosen when invitations were sent out.
A. After choosing the date of the conference, invitations were sent out.
B. Before sending out invitations, the date of the conference was chosen.
C. Choose the date of the conference before sending out invitations.
D. Invitations were sent out as soon as the date of the conference was chosen.
2. Besides writing the text, Helen selected the illustration as well.

A. If she had written the text, Helen would have selected the illustration.
B. Helen not only wrote the text but also selected the illustration.
C. In order to select the illustration, Helen had to write the text.
D. The text Helen wrote was not as good as the illustration she selected.
3. I thought she was the right person for the position, yet it turned out that she was quite useless.
A. I was mistaken about her suitability for the position since she proved rather incompetent.
B. Because I was expecting her to be incompetent, I was shocked to see her perform rather well.
C. I was right in thinking that she was totally useless for the job.
D. Contrary to my initial impression, she was not totally unsuitable for the position.
4. My sister forgot to put the soup in the fridge and consequently, all the soup was spoilt.
A. As all the soup was spoilt, my sister forgot to put the soup in the fridge.
B. My sister forgot to put the soup in the fridge, yet all the soup was spoilt.
C. Although all the soup was spoilt, my sister forgot to put the soup in the fridge.
D. My sister forgot to put the soup in the fridge, so all the soup was spoilt.
5. When Marshall and Ted arrived, the good seats were already taken.
A. Marshall and Ted couldn’t get good seats so that they arrived late.
B. Marshall and Ted arrived late enough to get good seats.
C. Marshall and Ted didn’t get good seats because they arrived late.
D. Marshall and Ted arrived late since they got good seats.

GRAMMAR POINT 14 | Participle phrases
+ -
Present participle V + -ing NOT + V + -ing
Past participle V3/-ED NOT + V3/-ED
Perfect participle having + V3/-ED NOT + having + V3/-ED
Usage | Cách dùng
Present Past Perfect

participle participle participle
1. Theo sau một giới từ/ liên từ để tạo thành cụm giới từ.
By reviewing the lessons, I believe I can get a good
grade on the next exam.
After having played football in the rain, they got sick.
2. Nhấn mạnh nguyên nhân cho một sự việc.

Being a good teacher, Kay never tells any student off.
Having seen the film already, she knew exactly what was
going to happen.
3. Diễn tả một sự việc diễn ra cùng lúc với một sự việc khác.
Eating some snacks, I was watching TV.
4. Diễn tả một sự việc bị cắt ngang bởi một sự việc khác.

Waiting to buy some drinks, I realised I had no money.
5. Diễn tả một sự việc xảy ra trước một sự việc khác.

Having got dressed, he slowly went downstairs.
6. Bổ sung thông tin ở dạng bị động cho chủ ngữ trong câu.
Arrested by the police, he admitted his crime.
7. Đóng vai trò tính từ chỉ cảm xúc.

He felt annoyed about his student’s mistake.
8. Đóng vai trò tính từ chỉ tác nhân gây ra cảm xúc.
That exciting film made everyone happy in the end.
Grammar point 14: Participle phrases 89

Read the given examples and decide which type of participles is used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ cho mỗi cách dùng và xác định loại cấu trúc phân từ nào được dùng cho mỗi cách
dùng.
Khi dùng để nhấn mạnh nguyên nhân cho một sự việc, diễn tả một sự việc trong tương quan với một
sự việc khác, hoặc để bổ sung thông tin, cấu trúc phân từ và phần mệnh đề còn lại phải nói về cùng
một chủ ngữ.
Having finished the assignment, Gillian turned on the TV.
Having finished the assignment, the TV was turned on.

1. _______ her hair, Kathy went straight to her bedroom and took a nap.
A. Having been brushed B. Having brushed
C. Brushed D. To brush
2. ___________ for twelve hours, I felt marvelous.

A. Having slept B. Slept
C. Having been slept D. Sleep
3. The masterpiece was wonderful, so I stood there ___________ it for a long time.
A. having admired B. admiring
C. admired D. being admiring
4. ___________ on the tip of the cape, we can see the lighthouse in the distance.
A. Stood B. Having stood
C. Standing D. Being stood
5. ___________ satisfied with the customer service, they gave our restaurant more tips.
A. To be B. Being
C. Been D. In being
6. Jack Anderson was caught ___________ a match at the time of the fire.
A. having held B. to hold
C. holding D. held
7. When __________ in international trade, letters of credit are helpful and convenient.
A. having used B. to use
C. using D. used
8. __________ by my nephew, the ancient piano could not be used.

A. Breaking B. Broken
C. Having broken D. Break
9. I don’t recall ___________ about the restaurant at the end of the town.
A. been told B. telling
C. having been told D. to tell

10. ___________ every major judo title, Jason retired from international competition.
A. When won B. To have won
C. Have been won D. Having won
11. ___________ by the boys' behaviour, she complained to the head teacher.
A. Having annoyed B. Annoyed
C. To be annoyed D. She was annoyed
12. I think I hear someone ___________ the back window. Do you hear it, too?
A. trying to open B. try to have opened
C. try to open D. having try open
13. ___________ down from the hill, the town spread out towards the coast.
A. Being looked B. To look
C. Having been looked D. Looking
14. By ___________ every hour, she managed to speak to the doctor.

A. telephone B. having been telephoned
C. telephoning D. being telephoned
15. ___________ to the party, we could hardly refuse to go.

A. Inviting B. To have invited
C. Have invited D. Having been invited

1. A loyal worker, being devoted to the company for 10 years, now has retired.
A. A B. being devoted C. for D. has retired
2. After having been written the final assignment, I analyzed it carefully for errors.
A. After B. been written C. analyzed D. carefully
3. But after thought it over, I decided to laugh at myself and just join anyway.
A. thought B. decided C. at D. just
4. He was such an interested person that I wanted to talk to him all day.
A. was B. such C. interested D. that

5. Having been broken her leg, Julie refused to go to the year-end party but took a rest at home
instead.
A. Having been broken B. refused
C. to go D. took

câu hỏi sau.
1. Ann kept one hand on the steering wheel. Ann opened a can of soda pop with her free hand.
A. Having kept one hand on the steering wheel, Ann opened a can of soda pop with her free hand.
B. Keeping one hand on the steering wheel, Ann opened a can of soda pop with her free hand.
C. Kept one hand on the steering wheel, Ann opened a can of soda pop with her free hand.
D. To keep one hand on the steering wheel, Ann opened a can of soda pop with her free hand.
2. Julie completed her higher education. She then decided to travel the world before getting a job.
A. Without completing her higher education, Julie decided to travel the world before getting a job.
B. Completed her higher education, Julie decided to travel the world before getting a job.
C. Having completed her higher education, Julie decided to travel the world before getting a job.
D. After Julie decided to travel the world before getting a job, she completed her higher education.
3. Jenny paid a visit to the local orphanage. She then decided to adopt a child.
A. Jenny decided to adopt a child, paying a visit to the local orphanage.
B. Visited the local orphanage when Jenny decided to adopt a child.
C. Before she paid a visit to the local orphanage, Jenny had decided to adopt a child.
D. Having paid a visit to the local orphanage, Jenny decided to adopt a child.
4. My mother told me to wait for her for 10 more minutes. She was doing the household chores by
herself.
A. Having done the household chores by herself, my mother told me to wait for her 10 more
minutes.
B. My mother told me to wait for her for 10 more minutes, doing the household chores by herself.
C. My mother, doing the household chores by herself, told me to wait for her 10 more minutes.
D. Telling me to wait for her for 10 minutes while my mother was doing the household chores by
herself.

5. Her eyes are strained. They have been exposed to screens for too long.
A. Exposed to screens for too long, her eyes are strained.
B. Having exposed to screens for too long, her eyes are strained.
C. Being strained, her eyes exposed to screens for too long, her eyes are strained.
D. Her eyes, having exposed to screens for too long, are strains.

1. Although we felt cold, we kept walking towards the building.

A. Despite feeling cold, we kept walking towards the building.
B. However we felt cold, we kept walking towards the building.
C. Felt cold, but we kept walking towards the building.
D. We kept walking towards the building even though having felt cold.
2. It is good exercise to walk a mile a day.

A. For walking a mile a day is good exercise.
C. Having walked a mile a day is good exercise.
B. In order to walk a mile a day is good exercise.
D. Walking a mile a day is good exercise.
3. The man jumped out of the boat after he was bitten by a shark.
A. Bitten by a shark, the man jumping out of the boat.
B. After jumping out of the boat, the man was bitten by a shark.
C. After being bitten, the shark jumped out of the man's boat.
D. Having jumped out of a boat, the shark bit the man.
4. After Louie had written his composition, he handed it to his teacher.

A. Handed the composition to his teacher, Louie wrote it.
B. Having written his composition, Louie handed it to his teacher.
C. Writing the composition after Louie handed it to his teacher.
D. Handing the composition, Louie had written his composition.

5. While the director was guiding us through the museum, he gave us a special explanation.
A. Guiding us through the museum, a special explanation was given by the director.
B. Guided us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation.
C. A special explanation was given to us while guiding us through the museum.
D. Guiding us through the museum, the director gave us a special explanation.

GRAMMAR POINT 15 | Comparisons
Tính từ Trạng từ Danh từ
Equality as + many/much + N + as
So sánh bằng as + adj + as as + adv + as
the same + N + as
Comparative short adj + -er (than)

more + adv (than) more + N (than)
So sánh hơn more + long adj (than)
Superlative (the) short adj + -est

(the) most + adv the most + N
So sánh nhất (the) most + long adj
Các tính từ ngắn (short adjective) là các tính từ thường có một âm tiết duy nhất (ví dụ: tall, short,
big, small…).
Các tính từ dài (long adjective) là các tính từ thường có từ hai âm tiết trở lên (ví dụ: perfect, awful,
interested, complicated…).
Các trạng từ (adverb) thường được tạo thành bằng cách thêm -ly và sau tính từ.
Đối với cấu trúc so sánh bằng, dạng phủ định thông thường sẽ là ‘not as … as’ hoặc ít phổ biến
hơn là ‘not so … as’.
Đối với các tính từ ngắn kết thúc bằng -e, các tính từ này được thêm -r khi chuyển sang so sánh hơn
và -st khi chuyển sang so sánh nhất:
large → larger → (the) largest close → closer → (the) closest
Đối với các tính từ ngắn kết thúc bằng nguyên âm nằm giữa 2 phụ âm (trừ -x và -w), khi chuyển
sang so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất, phụ âm cuối của chúng thường được nhân đôi trước khi thêm -er
hoặc -est:
big → bigger → (the) biggest sad → sadder → (the) saddest
Một số tính từ có hai âm tiết kết thúc bằng -er, -ow, -le, -et và không chứa trọng âm thì được xem
như tính từ ngắn, các tính từ này sẽ kết thúc bằng -er/-r khi ở dạng so sánh hơn và kết thúc bằng
-est/-st khi ở dạng so sánh nhất:
clever → cleverer → (the) cleverest narrow → narrower → (the) narrowest
simple → simpler → (the) simplest quiet → quieter → (the) quietest
Một số tính từ có hai âm tiết kết thúc bằng -y, khi chuyển sang so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất, -y được
chuyển thành -i và thêm -er hoặc -est tương ứng:
happy → happier → (the) happiest ugly → uglier → (the) ugliest
early → earlier → (the) earliest
Một số tính từ/ trạng từ có dạng so sánh hơn và so sánh nhất đặc biệt như sau:
Adjective Adverb Comparative Superlative
good well better (the) best
bad badly worse (the) worst
far far farther/further (the) farthest/furthest
(-) little less (the) least
many/much many/much more (the) most
early early earlier (the) earliest
(-) soon sooner (the) soonest
Đối lập với so sánh hơn, ta có thể dùng less thay cho more để tạo thành so sánh kém và (the) least
thay cho most để tạo thành so sánh kém nhất.
Grammar point 15: Comparisons 96

Để nhấn mạnh, các từ much, a lot, (by) far, way thường được dùng trước các tính từ so sánh
hơn/kém và so sánh nhất/kém nhất.
Tính từ Trạng từ Danh từ
Multiple number
comparative quantifier + as + adv quantifier + as +
quantifier + as + adj + as
So sánh bội số + as many/much + N + as
Repeated adj-er + and + adj-er

more and more + adv more and more + ... N
comparative more and more + adj*
less and less + adv less and less + ... N
So sánh tăng tiến less and less + adj*
The + short adj-er + S + V…, The more/less + adv

Double the + short adj-er + S + V… The more/less + N + S
+ S + V…, the
comparative + V…, the more/less +
The more/less + adj* + S + V…, more/less + adv + S +
So sánh kép N + S + V...
the more/less + adj* + S + V... V...
Các quantifier thường dùng trong cấu trúc so sánh bội số bao gồm: twice (gấp đôi), three times
(gấp ba), four times (gấp bốn lần), half (phân nửa)
Trong cấu trúc so sánh tăng tiến, các động từ get và become thường được dùng trước các tính từ.

1. A fish is not big as a elephant.
2. This dress is the same pretty like that one.
3. The weather is not as hot as yesterday.
4. A rose is beautifuller than a weed.
5. A chicken is clearly fewer intelligent than a human.
6. Hanna is more friendly than Mariah.
Usage | Cách dùng
Cấu trúc
so sánh
1. Diễn tả sự ngang bằng giữa hai đối tượng.

I’m 18 years old. She is also 18 years old. I’m as young as her.
2. Diễn tả sự hơn/kém giữa hai đối tượng.

I have more homework than other students.
3. Diễn tả sự so sánh của một đối tượng trong một tổng thể.
Michelle is the best student in the class.

4. Diễn tả mức độ cụ thể trong quan hệ hơn/kém giữa hai đối tượng.
I’m 18 years old. She is 9 years old. I’m twice as old as her.
5. Diễn tả sự thay đổi theo chiều hướng tăng/giảm dần của một đối tượng.
The weather is getting hotter and hotter these days.
6. Diễn tả mối quan hệ tương quan về sự thay đổi giữa hai đối tượng.
The more I know her, the more I hate her.
Diễn đạt một ý nghĩa bằng các cấu trúc so sánh khác nhau
Thông thường, một câu mang ý nghĩa so sánh trong tiếng Anh có thể được diễn đạt bằng nhiều
cấu trúc khác nhau như sau:
(any) + so sánh hơn + than + other/else = so sánh nhất = not + so sánh bằng
Ví dụ:
She is smarter than anyone else in her class.
= She is smarter than other students in her class.
= She is the smartest (student) in her class.
= Everyone in her class is not as smart as her.

1. I’d like to read books because they are ___________ movies.
A. much interesting than B. interesting more than
C. more interesting than D. more interesting
2. In Vietnam, Tet is the best holiday ___________ the year.

A. of B. on C. for D. at
3. ___________ guest came to her party.

A. The more unexpected B. The most unexpected
C. The much unexpected most D. Most unexpected
4. That pudding was ___________ dish of the meal.

A. more delicious B. the delicious most C. most delicious D. the most delicious
5. The weather today looks ___________ yesterday's.

A. good than B. better than C. more good than D. better

6. His house is ___________ mine, so he comes to the meeting late.
A. further than B. more far than C. farer than D. farther than
7. I don't want to eat in that restaurant. That is the ___________ place!

A. worst B. worse C. most worst D. more worst
8. This is ___________ wonderful news we have ever heard!

A. the much more B. the more C. more D. the most
9. I don't think your computer needs repairing. It's ___________ mine.

A. as better as B. better as C. as good as D. as good than
10. My son is ___________ my sister's son.

A. as not shy than B. not as shy as C. as not shy than D. as not shy as
11. ___________ water you use, ___________ your bill will be.
A. The more / the higher B. The most / the higher
C. The more / the high D. More / higher
12. The more we got to know Linda, ___________ we liked her.

A. the fewest B. the least C. the fewer D. the less
13. ___________ the project gets, ___________ it becomes.

A. More and more difficult / the more interesting B. More difficult / more interesting
C. The more difficult / the more interesting D. The more difficult/ the interesting
14. ___________ was debated, the more people became involved.

A. The longer issue B. The longer the issue
C. The longest the issue D. The long issue
15. The warmer the weather, ___________.

A. I feel the better B. the better I feel C. I feel better D. than I feel better

1. It is becoming difficult and difficult to find a suitable job at the moment.
A. is becoming B. difficult and difficult
C. to find D. suitable
2. My schoolwork gets more hard and hard every year, but I find it more and more interesting.
A. gets B. more hard and hard
C. find D. more and more
3. My brother’s computer is more expensive than my, so I get jealous.

A. is B. more expensive C. my D. get

4. My daughter got married to a rich man last year and she is now living in the more beautiful villa in
the area.
A. got married B. living C. the more D. in
5. Lisa sings more beautiful than her sister but she cannot play the piano like her sister.
A. beautiful B. than C. the D. like
6. Layla is shorter than Ben but Nina is shortest of all.

A. shorter B. than C. shortest D. all
7. His latest work, which is the best-selling novel, is better far than his previous ones.
A. latest B. the best-selling C. better far D. ones
8. As I waited for my turn to sit the speaking test for the first time, I became more and more
nervously.
A. waited for B. to sit C. the first D. nervously
9. The patient is feeling worse and worse because his heart problem is getting more and more
severely.
A. feeling B. worse and worse C. is getting D. severely
10. That employee has been complaining more and more about her work lately even though she was
assigned the little workload of all.
A. more and more B. about C. even though D. the little

1. No one in my class is more intelligent than Bob.
A. Bob is the most intelligent student in my class.
B. Bob is as intelligent as everyone in my class.
C. Bob is the least intelligent student in my class.
D. Bob is not as intelligent as everyone else in my class.
2. The black shoes are more expensive than the red shoes.
A. The red shoes cost far more money than the black shoes.
B. The red shoes are not as cheap as the black shoes.
C. The red shoes are less expensive than the black shoes.
D. Of all the shoes, the red shoes are the cheapest.

3. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
A. The highest mountains in the world include Mount Everest.
B. All mountains in the world are as high as Mount Everest.
C. Compared to Mount Everest, all mountains in the world are the highest.
D. No mountain in the world is higher than Mount Everest.
4. Harry studies better when the exam comes near.

A. The more time before the exam, the better Harry studies.
B. The less time before the exam, the better Harry studies.
C. Harry studies more than he usually does before the exam.
D. The less time before the exam, Harry studies the better.
5. Linh travels more as she earns more money.

A. The more money Linh earns, the more she travels.
B. More money earned, the more Linh travels.
C. Linh travels less if she earns less money.
D. Linh spends most of her money on travelling.

GRAMMAR POINT 16 | Clefting for emphasis
Cấu trúc cleft sentence được dùng để tách thông tin trong một câu làm hai phần riêng biệt: thông
tin được nhấn mạnh và thông tin nền. Bằng cách này, người nghe có thể tập trung hơn vào thông
tin chính mà người nói/viết muốn truyền tải. Thông thường, có hai loại cleft sentence thường được sử
dụng là it-cleft sentence và wh-cleft sentence có cấu trúc như sau:
It-cleft sentence Wh-cleft sentence
Nhấn mạnh It + be + pronoun/noun What + V … + be + N/Pronoun

chủ ngữ + that/who + V ... The person/people who + V … + be N/Pronoun.
What + S + V … + be + N/Pronoun
Nhấn mạnh It + be + pronoun/noun
The person/people who + S + V … + be
tân ngữ + that/who/whom + S + V ...
N/Pronoun.
Nhấn mạnh It + be + adv of place place / prep

The place where + S + V … + be + N/ Adv.
nơi chốn + pronoun/noun + that + S + V ...
Nhấn mạnh It + be + adv of time / prep +

The time when + S + V … + be + N/ Adv.
thời gian pronoun/noun + that + S + V ...
Nhấn mạnh
It + be + for VING/ to V0 ... The reason why + S + V … + be + for VING/ to V0
lý do/ mục
+ that + S + V ... ...
đích
Nhấn mạnh
(-) What + S + V … + be + to V0 ...
hành động
Trong cấu trúc it-cleft sentence, phần được nhấn mạnh đứng ở đầu câu sau cụm từ “it + be”.
Ngược lại, trong cấu trúc Wh-cleft sentence, phần được nhấn mạnh đứng cuối câu sau động từ BE.
Trong các cấu trúc cleft sentence, động từ BE còn có thể kết hợp với các modal (can, could, may,
might,…) và perfect modal (must have, could have, might have, ...) như để diễn tả về các khả năng,
độ chắc chắn khác nhau.

1. It was Laura’s house that we celebrated a pool party.
2. What impressive was my grandmother brought up 11 children on her own.
3. It was the reason why the pandemic that lots of people became jobless.
4. It was by Tony’s carelessness that ruined our project.
5. The time when the oak tree got struck by lightning last night was in front of my house.
Ngoài các các trúc trên, dạng câu cleft sentence có một cấu trúc đặc biệt là cấu trúc “It is/was not
until … that …”. Cấu trúc “it was not until” mang nghĩa “mãi cho đến khi” được sử dụng nhằm
nhấn mạnh một khoảng thời gian hoặc thời điểm mà đến lúc một sự việc nào đó xảy ra.
Grammar point 16: Clefting for emphasis 102

Time phrase That-clause
Noun of time
It is not until Noun phrase of time that S + will + V0 .../ S + V(-S/-ES) ...
S + V(-S/-ES)
Noun of time
It was not until Noun phrase of time that S + V(-2/-ED) ...
S + V(-2/-ED)
Trong cấu trúc này, mệnh đề vế sau luôn phải bắt đầu với “that”.
It was not until 9 p.m. that she came home.
It was not until 9 p.m. when she came home.
Usage | Cách dùng
It is not until It was not until
1. Nhấn mạnh một việc xảy ra trong quá khứ.

It was not until last week that we first met.
2. Nhấn mạnh một việc xảy ra trong hiện tại/tương lai.

It is not until today that she goes to school.
3. Diễn tả một tình huống làm nền cho một sự việc khác.
It is not until under pressure that they play well.

1. It was not until the next day __________ home.
A. that he had returned B. that he returns
C. did he return D. that he returned
2. It was not until 2000 __________

A. that the bridge was built B. had the bridge built
C. the bridge was built D. did the bridge build
3. It was not until last year __________.

A. I was graduated B. that I graduated
C. did I graduate D. had I graduated
4. It was not until his parents __________ home that he laid the table.
A. have come B. come C. came D. are coming
5. It is __________ that you can protect your health as well as others’.

A. to wear a mask B. you wear a mask
C. by wearing a mask D. a mask that
6. It __________ Minh watched the Bachelor show.

A. was on Sunday that B. is on Sunday when
C. is Sunday when D. was Sunday that
7. It was the mail __________ to Mrs Uyen last month by our employer.
A. that sent B. which got sent C. which sent D. that got sent
8. __________ I said you would do is to answer my questions clearly.

A. It is what B. What is it C. What I said D. That I said
9. __________ most of my job is the salary.

A. It’s what I enjoy B. What I enjoy C. That I enjoy D. All I enjoyed
10. __________ suggested the refurbishment of our office was Mike.

A. The person whom B. The person who C. The person D. That person

1. It was not until in 2018 that Christina got married to Tim.
A. was not B. in 2018 C. that D. got married to
2. It was not until I moved away for college when I started my independent life.
A. not until B. moved away C. when D. started

3. It was not until he finished teaching at high school that he moves to another continent.
A. I was B. finished C. that D. moves
4. It is my younger brother who got the highest scores in English last week.
A. It is B. who C. got D. in
5. It is with Windy that the students admire because of her excellent teaching methods.
A. It is B. with Windy C. that D. because of
6. It was 2003 that my parents first met each other in that country.
A. was B. 2003 C. that D. met
7. It was Harry that had been the smartest worker to ever join our company.
A. was B. that C. had been D. join
8. When I joined the club was in 2019.

A. When B. joined C. was in D. in 2019
9. Who was expected by the committee was Laura.

A. Who B. expected C. by D. was
10. The reason that they did it was to prevent their family from danger.
A. The reason B. that C. did it D. to prevent

1. My son didn’t start talking until he was 5 years old.
A. It is not until my son was 5 years old that he started talking.
B. It was not until my son was 5 years old that he didn’t start talking.
C. It was not until my son was 5 years old that he started talking.
D. It is not until my son was 5 years old when he started talking.
2. She didn’t talk to him until he called her the other day.
A. It was not until he called her the other day that she talked to him.
B. It was not until he didn’t call her the other day that she didn’t talk to him.
C. The reason why she didn’t talk to him was that he didn’t call her the other day.
D. The person who called her the other day was not him, so she didn’t talk to him.

3. Newton came up with the laws of motion when sitting under the apple tree.
A. It was the apple tree that made Newton come up with the laws of motion.
B. It was not until Newton came up with the laws of motion that he sat under the apple tree.
C. It was for the laws of motion that Newton sat under the apple tree.
D. It was under the apple tree that Newton came up with the laws of motion.
4. Mike scored many goals for his soccer team.

A. The person who scored many goals was Mike’s team.
B. By scoring many goals, Mike was admitted to the team.
C. It was not until Mike joined the soccer team that he scored many goals.
D. It was for his soccer team that Mike scored many goals.
5. My children visited my mother last week.

A. It was my mother that visited my children last week.
B. It was my mother that was visited by my children last week.
C. The person who was visited last week was my children.
D. It was not until last week when my children visited my mother.
6. I used to ride my grandpa’s donkey to the river when I visited his farm.
A. The reason why I used to ride my grandpa’s donkey to the river was for being on his farm.
B. It was not until I visited my grandpa’s farm that I used to ride his donkey to the river.
C. It was on my grandpa’s farm that I used to ride his donkey to the river.
D. The reason why I visited my grandpa’s farm was to ride his donkey to the river.
7. My parents complain about my bad performance at school.

A. What my parents complain about is my bad performance at school.
B. It is not until I have a bad performance at school that my parents complain.
C. What my parents complain was my bad performance at school.
D. It is not until my parents complain about me that I have a bad performance at school.
8. Jack’s mom bought him a new laptop yesterday.

A. It was not until yesterday that Jack gave a new laptop to his mom.
B. The person who was given a laptop yesterday was Jack.
C. The person who was given a laptop yesterday was Jack’s mom.
D. It was Jack’s mom whom bought him a new laptop yesterday.

9. My son keeps his toy train neatly in the toy box.
A. The person who keeps my son’s toy train neatly in the toy box is me.
B. It is my son’s toy train that keeps neatly in the toy box.
C. What my son keeps neatly in the toy box is his toy train.
D. It is my son who is kept his toy train neatly in the toy box.
10. I learn multiple languages at the same time to enhance the flexibility of my brain.
A. The reason why I learn multiple languages at the same time is to enhance the flexibility of my
brain.
B. It is not until I learn multiple languages at the same time that I enhance the flexibility of my brain.
C. What enhances the flexibility of my brain is multiple languages.
D. It is for enhancing the flexibility of my brain, so I learn multiple languages at the same time.

GRAMMAR POINT 17 | Enough - Too - So - Such
Các cấu trúc Too … to ... / Enough … to … được dùng chỉ mối quan hệ nguyên nhân/ hoàn cảnh - kết
quả giữa hai sự việc. Các cấu trúc này có thể được tóm tắt như sau:
Nguyên nhân/Hoàn cảnh Kết quả
S + V + too + Adj/Adv
Too … to ... (for sb) to V0...
S + V + too + much/many + N
S + V + Adj/Adv + enough
Enough … to … (for sb) to V0...
S + V + enough + N
Trong các cấu trúc với too và enough, cụm từ for sb được dùng khi chủ ngữ của nguyên nhân khác đối
tượng của kết quả.
The bar is high. Tom cannot reach it.
= The bar is too high for Tom to reach.
= The bar is not low enough for Tom to reach.
Trong các cấu trúc với too và enough, tân ngữ sau động từ nói về kết quả thường được lược bỏ nếu nó
trùng với chủ ngữ của nguyên nhân.
The pool is very cold. They cannot swim in it (=the pool).
= The pool is too cold for them to swim in it.
= The pool is not warm enough for them to swim in it.
Cấu trúc so … that … và such … that .... mang nghĩa “quá … đến nỗi mà …” được dùng nhấn mạnh
quan hệ nguyên nhân - kết quả của các vế trong cùng một câu mà không cần từ nối.
Cấu trúc thông thường Cấu trúc đảo ngữ
So + adj/adv + be + S + that S + V …
so … S + V + so + adj/adv + that S + V … So + adj/adv + aux + S + V + that S + V …
that ... S + V + so + quantifier + N + that S + V ... So + quantifier + N + be + S + that S + V …
So + quantifier + N + aux + S + V + that S + V ...
such … Such + be + (a/an) (adj) + N that S + V …

S + V + such (a/an) + (adj) + N + that S + V …
that ... Such (a/an) (adj) + N + aux + S + V that S + V …
Trong cấu trúc so … that … các quantifier thường được dùng là much, many, little và few.
Ngoài cấu trúc đảo ngữ “Such + be + (a/an) (adj) + N that S + V …”, đối với động từ BE, cấu trúc
such … that … còn có dạng đảo ngữ là “Such + (a/an) (adj) + N + be + S that S + V …”.
Grammar point 17: Enough - Too - So - Such 108

Usage | Cách dùng
So … Such … Too … Enough …

that … that ... to ... to …
1. Nhấn mạnh một việc quá sức để thực hiện/xảy ra việc khác.
He is too short to play basketball.
He is old enough to understand that.
2. Nhấn mạnh một việc quá đến nỗi việc khác xảy ra.
The house is so big that we could stay in it.
It was such a big house that we could stay in.
Read the given examples and decide which type of structure has been used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và xác định cấu trúc phù hợp trong mỗi cách dùng.

1. You shouldn't use that ladder as it doesn't look ___________.
A. stable enough B. enough stable
C. too stable D. such stable
2. He was __________ he never washed his clothes by himself.

A. so lazy when B. so lazy that
C. too lazy that D. such lazy that
3. Why don’t we make a fire? - It’s not cold __________ to make a fire.
A. too B. so
C. enough D. such
4. It was __________ a difficult question that they couldn't explain.

A. so B. such
C. too D. enough
5. They are __________ that they can't buy a bicycle.

A. enough poor B. too poor
C. such poor D. so poor
6. There were ___________ on the subject that we did not know where to begin.
A. so many books B. such as books
C. such books D. so much books
7. Do the mentally ill receive __________ and services from the government?
A. too help B. enough help
C. so much help D. such help
8. It's surprising now that __________ beautiful girl can commit that crime.
A. such B. so much
C. such a D. too
9. After her husband’s death, she was ___________ she was not able to think of anything else.
A. such upset that B. too upset that
C. so upset that D. upset enough that

10. William does not want to hear any more complaints about this as he has __________ today.
A. such problems B. problems enough
C. too problems D. enough problems
11. It was __________ that all of us could stay in it.
A. such big a house B. so big a house
C. a too big house D. a so big house
12. My son is __________ young to go to primary school.

A. so B. very
C. too D. really
13. So quickly __________ that the police couldn’t catch him.

A. was he driven B. he drove
C. he did drive D. did he drive
14. __________ that we went for a picnic in the countryside.

A. such was a nice day B. so nice was day
C. so was nice a day D. a day was too nice
15. You can send me a letter if you want to, but your phone call is __________ for me.
A. enough good B. good enough
C. such good D. good too

1. In my opinion, that girl is enough beautiful to be a famous movie star.
A. my opinion B. enough beautiful
C. to be D. star
2. Such carelessly did he drive that there were many accidents last night.
A. Such B. did
C. that D. many
3. It was so an interesting film that my mother had seen it three times.

A. so B. that C. had seen D. times

4. She is such good teacher that everyone admires her.
A. She B. such good C. that D. admires
5. These televisions are all too expensive for us to buy it at this time.
A. are B. too C. for us D. it
6. Anna has such many things to do that she has no time to go out.
A. such B. to do C. no time D. to go
7. This refrigerator is very old to keep things at a proper temperature.

A. This B. very C. to keep D. at
8. I was such nervous that I didn’t think I would pass the exams.
A. such B. didn’t C. would D. exams
9. The earth has resources enough to support billions of inhabitants.

A. The B. resources enough
C. to support D. inhabitants
10. I have never understood why so a lot of people desire to live in luxury houses.
A. never B. so C. desire D. live

1. The weather was so beautiful that we decided to go to the beach.
A. Such beautiful weather was it that we decided to go to the beach.
B. The weather was too beautiful for us to decide to go to the beach.
C. So beautiful was the weather that we decided to go to the beach.
D. It was such a beautiful weather that we decided to go to the beach.

2. William is too young to drive a car.
A. William is not old enough to drive a car.
B. William is not young enough to drive a car.
C. William is so old to drive a car.
D. William is so old that he can drive a car.
3. The writing exercise was so difficult that we couldn’t finish it in 15 minutes.

A. So difficult was it a writing exercise for us to finish in 15 minutes.
B. The writing exercise was too difficult for us to finish it in 15 minutes.
C. The writing exercise was not difficult enough for us to finish in 15 minutes.
D. Such was a difficult writing exercise that we couldn’t finish it in 15 minutes.
4. The train was so full that we couldn’t get on it.

A. The train was such full that we couldn’t get on.
B. The train was too full for us to get on.
C. The train was too full so that we couldn’t get on.
D. The train was full enough that we couldn't get on.
5. Lisa couldn’t fall asleep because she was happy with her new achievement.
A. Lisa was such happy with her new achievement that she couldn’t fall asleep.
B. It was such Lisa happy with her new achievement not to fall asleep.
C. Lisa was so happy with her new achievement that she couldn’t fall asleep.
D. So happy with her new achievement for Lisa not to fall asleep.

GRAMMAR POINT 18 | Tag questions
Tag question (câu hỏi đuôi) thường được dùng trong văn nói để biến một câu thành câu hỏi nghi vấn
nhằm yêu cầu sự xác nhận của người nghe hoặc làm rõ một thông tin.

Câu chứa thông tin Câu hỏi đuôi
(thể khẳng định) , (thể phủ định) ?
(thể phủ định) , (thể khẳng định) ?
Câu khẳng định S+V…, VAUX N’T + PronounS?
Câu phủ định S + VAUX NOT /hardly/never… + V … , VAUX + PronounS?
Câu cầu khiến (Don’t) V0 … , will/won’t/would/can/could you?
Câu đề nghị Let’s + V0 … , shall we?
Câu mong ước I wish … , may I?
Câu ý kiến I think / It seems + (that) S + V … , VAUX N’T + PronounS?
Câu cảm thán What + (a/an) N …, / How adj/adv S + V … , isn’t it? / VAUX N’T + PronounS?
Đối với câu trần thuật thông thường, câu hỏi đuôi phụ thuộc vào động từ chính trong câu như sau:
Hiện tại am/ is/ are/ V aren’t/ isn’t/ aren’t/ don’t/ doesn’t …?
đơn am not/ is not/ are not/ do not/ does not am/ is/ are/ do/ does …?
Quá khứ was/ were/ V2/ED wasn’t/ weren’t/ didn’t …?

đơn was not/ were not/ did not was/ were/ did …?
Tương lai will + V0 won’t …?

đơn will not + V0 wll …?
Hiện tại am/is/are + VING aren’t/ isn’t/ aren’t …?

tiếp diễn am not/ is not/ are not + VING am/ is/ are …?
Quá khứ was/were + VING wasn’t/ weren’t …?

tiếp diễn was not/were not + VING was/ were …?
Tương lai will be + VING won’t …?

tiếp diễn will not be + VING wll …?
Hiện tại hoàn thành have/has (been) + VPP/VING haven’t/ hasn’t …?

(tiếp diễn) have not/ has not (been) + VPP/VING have/ has …?
Quá khứ hoàn thành had (been) + VPP/VING hadn’t …?

(tiếp diễn) had not (been) + VPP/VING had …?
Tương lai hoàn thành will have (been) + VPP/VING won’t …?

(tiếp diễn) will not have (been) + VPP/VING wll …?
Động từ mustcần thiết + V0 needn’t …?

khiếm khuyết mustcho phép + V0 mustn’t …?
“must” mustsuy đoán + be/V0/have + VPP aren’t/ isn’t …?/ do(es)n’t …?/ haven’t ...?
Grammar point 18: Tag questions 114

Khi thay đổi chủ ngữ thành đại từ, có một số trường hợp đặc biệt như sau:
There …, … there?
This/That …, … it?
These/Those …, … they?
Everyone/ no one/ anyone/ someone …, … they?
Everything/ nothing/ anything/ something …, … it?
One + V …, … one/you?
[Clause]/ [Wh-clause] + V ...., … it?
Ngoài các cấu trúc kể trên, các câu hỏi đuôi như “yeah?” hoặc “right?” được dùng trong các tình
huống giao tiếp ít trang trọng hơn.
Complete the sentences below with the correct question tag. Be careful with punctuation.
Hoàn tất các câu dưới đây câu hỏi đuôi thích hợp và đưa ra giải thích dựa vào lý thuyết đã học.
1. She is doing the homework ________
2. My parents often watch news on TV in the evening ________
3. Someone has stolen your bicycle ________
4. What a lovely day ________
5. Let’s have dinner at the restaurant ________
6. Tommy must be very happy today ________
7. This is Clara’s house ________
8. You have never been to Australia ________
9. I’m expected to finish this task by Monday ________
10. I suppose he wasn’t the author of that essay ________

1. You always come home late, __________?
A. don’t I B. don’t you C. do I D. do you
2. Your brother’s playing tennis, __________?

A. is him B. is he C. isn’t him D. isn’t he
3. She hasn’t got any news for us today, __________?

A. hasn’t her B. has she C. has her D. hasn’t she
4. He’s been doing this job for twenty year, __________?

A. was he B. has he C. hasn’t he D. wasn’t he
5. You ate all the cake, __________?

A. did you B. didn’t you C. had you D. hadn’t you
6. They were going out when the postman came, __________?

A. weren’t they B. were they C. didn’t he D. did he
7. My sister’d finished her homework before she went to the gym, __________?
A. hadn’t she B. had she C. would she D. wouldn’t she
8. At that time, we’d been doing the project for nearly a year, __________?
A. was it B. wasn’t it C. hadn’t we D. had we
9. He won’t have dinner at home, __________?

A. has he B. hasn’t he C. won’t he D. will he
10. At three o’clock tomorrow afternoon, we will be attending his lesson, __________?
A. isn’t it B. won’t we C. will we D. is it
11. By the time the new bridge is constructed, the local market will have been replaced, __________.
A. won’t it B. is it C. isn’t it D. will it
12. Your father cannot sing very well, __________?

A. can’t he B. can he C. does he D. doesn’t he
13. She’s from Hanoi, __________?

A. has she B. is she C. isn’t she D. hasn’t she
14. The teacher had her students do a lot of homework, __________?

A. had she B. hadn’t she C. did she D. didn’t she
15. They must wear the school uniform all the time, __________?
A. don’t they B. needn’t they C. must they not D. must they
16. Let’s do this together, __________?

A. don’t we B. aren’t we C. shall we D. should we

17. Someone has helped you with your essay, __________?
A. has it B. have they C. hasn’t it D. haven’t they
18. Nobody talked during the examination, __________?

A. did they B. didn’t they C. did it D. didn’t it
19. That isn’t your writing, __________?

A. isn’t it B. is it C. aren’t you D. are you
20. I wish to have another piece of cake, __________?

A. will I B. don’t I C. should I D. may I

1. Harry said that you were doing a part-time job, didn’t he?
A. said B. were C. doing D. didn’t he
2. I am not good enough to carry out this task on my own, am not I?

A. am B. enough C. carry out D. am not
3. Sam should visit his grandparents more frequently now that they’ve been sick, shouldn’t she?
A. should B. his C. ‘ve been D. shouldn’t
4. Do not leave the lights and AC on when you go out, won’t you?
A. Do not leave B. on C. go out D. you
5. This street used to have a lot of local stores and markets, hadn’t it?
A. used B. to have C. a lot of D. hadn’t
6. Neither of the packages is my order, is it?

A. of B. the C. is D. is it
7. Everything are going to be perfect, isn’t it?

A. are B. going to C. perfect D. isn’t it
8. My dad always remembered to celebrate his wedding ceremony, doesn’t he?

A. always B. to celebrate C. ceremony D. doesn’t he
9. I think he is not going to marry that woman, don’t I?

A. think B. is not C. to marry D. don’t I
10. Nothing serious will be expected in the process of constructing our neighbourhood, will they?
A. be expected B. in C. constructing D. will they

GRAMMAR POINT 19 | I Wish …
Mệnh đề “Wish”
Loại 1 I wish (that) S + were/V2/-ED … / S + was/were + VING ...
Loại 2 I wish (that) S + had V3/-ED … / S + had been + VING ...
Loại 3 I wish (that) S + would V0 …
Loại 4 I wish (that) S + could V0 …
Cụm từ “I wish” đôi khi được thay bằng cụm từ “If only”.
Khi sử dụng với modal “would” chủ ngữ sau cụm từ “I wish/ If only (that)” không thể là “I”.
I wish I had more money to buy a house.
I wish I could buy a house.
I wish I would buy a house.
1. I won’t tell mom that you’ve broken her bracelet unless you do what I ask for.
2. If elephants can fly, it would be a hilarious scene to see.
3. I would have cooked pasta last night, If I’d find enough ingredients.
4. Were I have a chance to speak with Mr. President, I would tell him to demolish that Trump
wall.
5. Hadn’t it been for Laura’s contribution, our class wouldn’t have been able to win the prize.
Usage | Cách dùng
Cấu trúc
“I wish”
1. Diễn tả một điều mong ước trái với thực tế hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
I wish I had a supercar as my car is too slow.
2. Diễn tả một điều mong ước trái với thực tế đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
I wish you hadn’t told me about the gift. You told me about it and I am not excited
anymore.
3. Diễn tả một sự phê bình/than phiền về một sự việc ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
I wish you would have your hair cut. It is too long now.
Grammar point 19: I wish 118

4. Diễn tả mong ước khả năng/sự cho phép trong hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
I wish I could fit into these jeans. I’ve been doing a lot of workouts.
Read the given examples and decide which type of wish structure has been used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và xác định loại cấu trúc “I wish” phù hợp trong mỗi cách dùng.
Ngoài các cách dùng trên, cấu trúc “I hope (that) S + will V0 ...” được dùng để diễn tả sự mong muốn
một điều sẽ trong tương lai.
I hope I will have more money to buy the concert ticket next week.
I wish I will have more money to buy the concert ticket next week.

1. I wish I __________ a million dollars! I would buy myself a house.
A. would have B. will have C. had D. have
2. I wish you __________ to our wedding next month.

A. were coming B. are coming C. will come D. would come
3. I hope I __________ a better job.

A. got B. will be able to get
C. could get D. would be able to get
4. I wish I __________ on the beach at this moment!

A. lie B. had lain C. am lying D. were lying
5. Kyra wishes her younger sister __________ more politely.

A. won’t behave B. would behave C. didn’t behave D. had behaved

1. Many people wish that fast-food companies __________ targeting children with advertising.
A. will stop B. stopped C. had stopped D. would stop
2. Doctors say they wish that more people __________ attention to the amount of salt they consume.
A. had paid B. paid C. have paid D. pay
3. __________ I could believe what she says, but I’m afraid I can’t.
A. If I were you B. I regret C. I wish D. I hope
4. I have had nothing but trouble with this computer, and I now wish that I __________ it.
A. couldn’t buy B. don’t buy C. didn’t buy D. hadn’t bought
5. The principal says she wishes more students __________ let her know what they think about the
new coursebooks.
A. will B. would C. can D. could

1. Some older people wish there are more police officers on the streets, and blame all bad behaviour
on the young.
A. wish B. are C. blame D. the young

2. We are holding an outdoor party tomorrow, so I wish the weather’s fine.
A. are holding B. tomorrow C. so D. wish
3. Amy was very lazy at school. Now she wishes she worked harder.
A. was B. Now C. wishes D. worked
4. Carol hopes she had listened to what her best friends told her.
A. hopes B. had listened C. what D. told
5. My parents are always busy. Only if they had more time for themselves.
A. are always B. Only if C. had D. for themselves

1. I’m pleased that Jimmy had been given the award. I only hope he weren’t so boastful about it.
A. I’m pleased that B. had been given C. hope D. weren’t
2. I’d really like to do accounting. If only I’m not so poor at maths.

A. ’d really like B. to do C. If only D. I’m not
3. I don't like this place. I wish I would be able to live somewhere more interesting.
A. don't like B. wish
C. would be able to live D. somewhere more interesting
4. I sometimes wish I would fly. With that kind of power, I would be able to travel around the world.
A. sometimes wish B. would fly C. would be D. travel
5. I’m sure we can't always get what we want. I just wish tomorrow is better than today was.
A. I’m sure B. can't always get C. just wish D. is

1. I wish I hadn’t accepted the invitation to her birthday party.
A. I regret accepting the invitation to her birthday party.
B. I was very glad to accept the invitation to her birthday party.
C. I insisted on having been invited to her birthday party.
D. If only I had come to her birthday party.

2. It is a pity you didn’t tell us about your relationship with Joey.
A. I wish you have told us about your relationship with Joey.
B. I wish you would tell us about your relationship with Joey.
C. I wish you had told us about your relationship with Joey.
D. I wish you would have told us about your relationship with Joey.
3. I wish you hadn’t said bad things to my mom.

A. I wish you not to say bad things to my mom.
B. I hope you will not say bad things to my mom.
C. If only you didn’t say bad things to my mom.
D. It would be nice if you hadn’t said bad things to my mom.
4. If only I had taken that job in the bank.

A. I wish I took that job in the bank.
B. I hope I didn’t take that job in the bank.
C. I regret not taking that job in the bank.
D. Taking that job in the bank is only my wish.
5. I’m sorry that I didn’t finish my homework last night.

A. I apologize for finishing my homework last night.
B. I promise to finish all my homework from now on.
C. I regret to say that I finish my homework last night.
D. I wish I had finished my homework last night.

câu hỏi sau.
1. Her parents didn’t attend her graduation ceremony. They regret it now.
A. Her parents regret having attended her graduation ceremony.
B. If only her parents could attend her graduation ceremony.
C. If her parents attended her graduation ceremony, they would regret it.
D. Her parents wish they had attended her graduation ceremony.

2. I feel sorry for Josh. His parents never allow him to hang out with us.
A. His parents would allow Josh to hang out with us if I felf sorry for him.
B. I apologize to Josh for not letting him hang out with us.
C. I wish that Josh could hang out with us.
D. If only Josh had hung out with us.
3. If only I had taken part in the debate contest. I didn’t do that.

A. I don’t regret to take part in the debate contest.
B. I regret not taking part in the debate contest.
C. I wish I took part in the debate contest.
D. I wish to take part in the debate contest.
4. Ross dropped out of university after his first year. Now he regrets it.
A. Ross regrets to drop out of university after his first year.
B. Ross wishes he didn’t drop out of university after his first year.
C. Ross regretted having dropped out of university after his first year.
D. If only Ross hadn’t dropped out of university after his first year.
5. I wish the rain would stop. I would be able to go out sooner.

A. If the rain had stopped, I would have been able to go out sooner.
B. If only the rain would stop, I'd be able to go out sooner.
C. Although I go out sooner, I hope the rain will stop.
D. I wish the rain would stop, or I would be able to go out sooner.

GRAMMAR POINT 20 | Subjunctive
Động từ thường Động từ “BE”
Present subjunctive S + V0 + … S + be + …
Past subjunctive S + V2/ED + … S + were + …

1. It is vital that everyone is seated nicely before the lesson.
2. My father suggested that my mom ordering pizza for dinner.
3. I wish my grandpa is here with me now.
4. The librarian demands that the books returned on time.
5. If only I would be richer.
Usage | Cách dùng
Present Past
subjunctive subjunctive
1. Dùng với mệnh đề “that” sau một số động từ thể hiện mong
muốn, yêu cầu một cách trang trọng.
The policy requires that everyone work from home.
She suggested that we meet each other in front of the office.
2. Dùng với mệnh đề “that” sau một số danh từ thể hiện mong
muốn, yêu cầu một cách trang trọng.
The doctor made a recommendation that she take a day off.
There is a suggestion that the school close.
3. Dùng với mệnh đề “that” sau một số tính từ thể hiện mong muốn,
yêu cầu một cách trang trọng.
It's crucial that we arrive before five o’clock.
It’s advisable that Alex not eat junk food any longer.
4. Thể hiện một lời khuyên với thành ngữ “If I were you”.
If I were you, I would phone the manager right away.
Grammar point 20: Subjunctives 124

5. Dùng với “If only” hoặc “wish” để thể hiện sự tiếc nuối hoặc mong
muốn khó xảy ra ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai.
If only I had a better job.
I wish I were famous.
Các động từ, danh từ và tính từ thường đi với cấu trúc present subjunctive:
Động từ Danh từ Tính từ Diễn tả
demand demand yêu cầu
desire desire desirable mong ước
request request required yêu cầu/ đề nghị
suggest suggestion suggested đề xuất/ gợi ý
recommend recommendation recommended tiến cử/ đề nghị
order order ra lệnh
propose proposal proposed đề xuất/ đề nghị
insist insistence khăng khăng
prefer preference thích hơn
advise advisable khuyên nhủ
important quan trọng
necessary cần thiết
urgent cấp thiết
obligatory bắt buộc
essential cần thiết
imperative bắt buộc, cấp bách
vital quan trọng
crucial cốt yếu

Hoàn tất các câu dưới đây từ thích hợp và đưa ra giải thích dựa vào lý thuyết đã học
1. If I _________ you, I would quit that job. (am/were)
Structure: _________ Rule number: _________
2. There is _________ that the lunch break should be lengthened to 2 hours. (proposed/a
proposal)
3. It is required that the lessons _________ in advance. (should prepare/be prepared)
4. We all wish the economy _________ be brighter even during the Covid-19 pandemic.
(would/should)
5. The local authorities insist that all citizens _________ for Covid-19 this afternoon. (test/be
tested)

1. It has been suggested that Mary ___________ a computer course in preparation for a steady job.
A. took B. would take C. take D. takes
2. We insist that more money ____________ in the education sector in this country.
A. be invested B. is invested C. investing D. invests
3. They demanded that the president ____________ something about the situation.
A. did B. do C. has done D. had done
4. It is important that each patient ____________ comfortable.

A. is feeling B. felt C. feel D. feels
5. He suggests that everybody ____________ an effort to win the game.

A. makes B. make C. making D. made
6. Do you ever wish you ____________ your current job and travel the world?
A. could quit B. had quit C. have quit D. should quit
7. I recommend that we ____________ on its advantages and disadvantages.

A. be focused B. focusing C. would focus D. focus

8. If I were you, I ____________ to travel abroad on my own.
A. don’t choose B. haven’t chosen C. not choose D. would not choose
9. He acts as if he ____________ this girl perfectly.

A. knew B. had known C. know D. knows
10. Henry would rather that his girlfriend ____________ in the same department as he does.
A. works B. work C. had worked D. worked
11. I wish I ____________ English earlier when I was in high school.

A. learn B. learned C. had learned D. would learn
12. Her brothers and sisters were hungry, so she suggested we ____________ dinner early.
A. had had B. have had C. had D. have
13. Andy and Lily advise that their child ____________ how to use computers early in school.
A. study B. studies C. has studied D. would study
14. Alice asked that all of us ____________ with her when she visits Viet Nam.
A. will go B. go C. would go D. went
15. It is a suggestion from his doctor that he ____________ short trip abroad.
A. will take B. took C. take D. takes

1. The doctor suggested that he lies in bed for several days.
A. The B. suggested C. lies D. several
2. It is of great importance that he speaks to the Dean before leaving.

A. importance B. speaks C. before D. leaving
3. I would rather you not tell anyone about the story.

A. would B. not C. about D. story
4. The emperor ordered that I brought the thief before him.

A. ordered B. that C. brought D. before

5. If I had been you, I would think twice about that decision. It could be a bad move.
A. had been B. would think C. that D. could be
6. The old farmer nodded, as though he understood every word.

A. old B. as though C. understood D. word
7. The UK is considering the proposal that it pays compensation for all damages.
A. is considering B. that C. pays D. for
8. If I were you, I didn't buy that expensive car.

A. If B. were C. didn’t D. that
9. It is recommended that the examination is no more than 15 minutes.

A. recommended B. that C. is D. than
10. It is crucial which urban people not look down on rural people.
A. crucial B. which C. not D. on

1. I can’t afford to buy a new apartment in the city center.

A. I’d rather you afford to buy a new apartment in the city center.
B. I wish I could afford to buy a new apartment in the city center.
C. It is necessary that I afford to buy a new apartment in the city center.
D. If only I had afforded to buy a new apartment in the city center.
2. It’s time for us to find a possible solution to this problem now.

A. It’s time for us that find a possible solution to this problem now.
B. It’s time we find a possible solution to this problem now.
C. It’s time we are finding a possible solution to this problem now.
D. It’s time that we found a possible solution to this problem now.

3. "Why don't you apply for this job, Wendy?" said Brian.
A. Brian offered Wendy to apply for that job.
B. Brian threatened Wendy to apply for that job.
C. Brian suggested that Wendy apply for that job.
D. Brian requested that Wendy apply for that job.
4. Mary finds it essential to join the sports club.

A. It is essential that Mary join the sports club.
B. Joining the sports club is not essential for Mary.
C. Mary is essential for joining the sports club.
D. Mary wishes that she hadn’t joined the sports club.
5. "You had better see a doctor if the sore throat does not clear up," Joyce said to Dave.
A. Joyce suggested that Dave saw a doctor unless the sore throat did not clear up.
B. Joyce suggested Dave to see a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.
C. Joyce suggested that Dave sees a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.
D. Joyce suggested that Dave see a doctor if the sore throat did not clear up.

GRAMMAR POINT 21 | Adverbial clauses

Vị trí Cấu trúc
Đầu câu Prep + N/(my/your/his/her...) VING , S + V ...
Giữa/Cuối câu S + V … prep + N/ (my/your/his/her...) VING ...
Usage | Cách dùng
Cách dùng Từ nối
1. Diễn đạt ________. because of

The match was cancelled because of the bad weather. owing to
Due to the good exam results, he bought me a new laptop. due to
on account of
2. Diễn đạt ________. despite

Despite being sick, she still went to school yesterday. in spite of
He loves her in spite of her family background. regardless of
3. Diễn đạt ________. with a view to

They bought that hotel with a view to expanding their business. with the aim of
For the purpose of decoration, they bought a lot of items. with the intention of
for/with the purpose of
4. Diễn đạt ________.

as
As a teacher, she always works hard to prepare her lessons.
like
Like everyone, he finds it difficult to get up early in the morning.
5. Diễn đạt ________.

in case of
In case of fire, please press the alarm button.
with(out)
With more time, we will be able to make a better product.
mục đích nguyên nhân điều kiện cách thức sở thích ý đối lập
Grammar point 21: Adverbial clauses 130

Các giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân và ý đối lập có thể kết hợp với cụm từ “the fact that”; khi đó, cấu trúc và
cách dùng của các cụm từ này sẽ tương tự như liên từ tương ứng trong các trường hợp đó.
Despite the fact that it was raining heavily, they still went to the restaurant.
= Although it was raining heavily, they still went to the restaurant.
Everyone admires him owing to the fact that he is the best student in the class.
= Everyone admires him because he is the best student in the class.
Khi diễn đạt ý đối lập, ngoài các cấu trúc với các giới từ và liên từ đã học, các cấu trúc tương tự
although sau đây có thể được sử dụng:
Although + S + V ..., S + V ...
However/ No matter how + adj/adv + S + V ...,

Adj/Adv + as/though + S + V ..., S + V ...
Whatever/ No matter what (N) + S + V...,
Although he speaks really fast, I can understand him quite well.

= However/ No matter how fast he speaks, I can understand him quite well.
= Fast as he speaks, I can understand him quite well.
= Whatever/ No matter what he speaks, I can understand him quite well.
= Whatever/ No matter what speed he speaks at, I can understand him quite well.
Khi diễn đạt nguyên nhân trong các tình huống rất trang trọng hoặc trong văn học, ngoài các cấu trúc
với các giới từ và liên từ đã học, cấu trúc với for sau đây thỉnh thoảng được sử dụng:
S + V ... because S + V ...
S + V ..., for S + V ...
(Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân với for luôn xuất hiện ở vế sau trong câu và đứng sau dấu phẩy)
We listened eagerly because he brought news of our families.
= We listened eagerly, for he brought news of our families.
Giới từ “in case of + N/ VING” mang nghĩa “trong trường hợp” thường hay bị nhầm lẫn với cấu trúc với
“in case + S + V(present/past)” mang nghĩa “phòng khi”.
Khi diễn đạt cách thức, “as” và “like” có sự khác biệt về nghĩa như sau:
as like
in the role of similar to/ in the same way as

với vai trò (theo cách) tương tự như
I am your teacher. As a teacher, I’ll help you revise the lesson.
≠ I am your best friend. Like a teacher, I’ll help you revise the lesson.

1. She couldn’t afford it __________ she had expended all her money that month.
A. so B. because C. owing to D. but
2. I always feel scared __________ I go downstairs at night.

A. though B. so C. because D. when
3. I’ll ask my friends for some money __________ I’m broke.

A. and B. but C. if D. so
4. I didn’t want to go to his party, __________ I stayed home.

A. so B. because C. and D. though
5. I felt exhausted las night __________ I couldn’t sleep.

A. and B. then C. but D. so
6. Mike loves reading book __________ his brother prefers watching movies.
A. then B. so C. when D. while
7. My husband can cook, do business, __________ take care of me very well.

A. and B. when C. so D. then
8. __________ I entered the room, I saw everyone having lunch.

A. Since B. If C. As D. Then
9. He never finishes his tasks on time __________ he is a lazy worker.

A. then B. since C. but D. if
10. __________ she couldn’t understand a thing he said, she politely clapped her hands after his
speech.
A. Although B. Despite C. Because D. Since

1. Before I had finished cooking for dinner, I went to the gym to get some exercise.
A. Before B. finished C. went D. to get
2. Although Minh is the most intelligent student in class, but she has never looked down on anyone.
A. the most intelligent B. in class C. but D. looked down on
3. He is not quite confident about the exam tomorrow owing to he doesn’t know anything about
Chemistry.
A. is not quite B. about C. owing to D. doesn’t know

4. Due to the hot weather, so they decided to go to the beach instead of climbing the mountain.
A. the hot weather B. so C. to go D. climbing
5. She is working harder and harder in order to she can raise her children on her own.
A. harder and harder B. in order to C. raise D. on her own
6. The passersby hastily called the ambulance so that the injured couldn’t be driven to the hospital in
time.
A. called B. so C. couldn’t be D. in time
7. We didn’t book the tickets in advance and however didn’t have a chance to watch that blockbuster
film.
A. and B. however C. have D. to watch
8. In spite having sprained his ankles, he kept on running to the destination.

A. In spite B. having sprained C. kept on D. running
9. I don’t want to be transferred to London unless my husband can’t come with me.
A. be transferred B. unless C. can’t D. with
10. I will not tell your parents about your misconduct at school provide that you promise to behave
yourself next time.
A. will not tell B. provide that C. promise to D. behave yourself

câu hỏi sau.
1. Movies are for entertainment. They provide a good source of education as well.
A. Whilst movies provide educational purposes, they are mainly for entertainment.
B. Movies are for entertainment, so there are no education purposes in them.
C. Although movies are for educational purposes, they are being used for entertainment.
D. Movies are not only for entertainment, but also for educational purposes.
2. The weather is freezing today. People are going to the beach anyway.
A. Despite the freezing weather, people are going to the beach.
B. Because the weather is freezing, people are going to the beach.
C. People avoid going to the beach due to the freezing weather.
D. The weather is freezing today so that people are going to the beach.

3. She always has bad grades in chemistry. She hates that subject.
A. Since she hates chemistry, she always has bad grades in it.
B. Although she hates chemistry, she always has bad grades in it.
C. She hates chemistry as she always has bad grades in it.
D. She not only hates chemistry, but also has bad grades in it.
4. She is not our leader. She tells us what to do all the time.
A. Although she is not our leader, she doesn’t sound as friendly.
B. She talks to us as though she were our leader.
C. She tells us what to do as if she wanted to be our leader.
D. Provided that she is our leader, she can tell us what to do.
5. He loves his wife very much. He will do everything she tells him.
A. Due to the love for his wife, he will do nothing she tells him.
B. He will do as his wife tells him though he loves her very much.
C. He will do whatever his wife tells him as he loves her very much.
D. He will do whatever his wife tells him, whereas he loves her very much.

1. You have to finish all your schoolwork or else you won’t be allowed to go to the movie.
A. You can go to the movie providing that you finish all your schoolwork.
B. Unless you go to to the movie, you’ll have to finish all your schoolwork.
C. You will be allowed to go to the movie; therefore, you have to finish all your schoolwork.
D. You can go to the movie so that you have to finish all your schoolwork.
2. We can learn many interesting things from books and we can also improve our language skills
while reading them.
A. Everyone should read books as they bring a lot of knowledge and improve our language skills.
B. Reading books not only teaches us interesting things, but it also enhances our language skills.
C. Although reading books teaches us interesting things, it can also improve our language skills.
D. Reading books can improve our language skills while we can learn many interesting things from
them.

3. My daughter used to talk to other people even though they were just strangers.
A. My daughter used to talk to strangers due to not knowing them well.
B. Even though strangers liked talking to my daughter, she used to reply to them.
C. My daughter used to talk to strangers as though she had known them well.
D. My daughter used to talk to strangers until she knew them well.
4. He’ll never give up anything if he decides to start it because he is a very determined man.
A. Provided that he is a very determined man, he’ll never give up anything he starts.
B. He’ll never give up anything he starts as if he were very determined.
C. Because of his determination, he feels reluctant to give up anything he starts.
D. As a determined man, once he starts something, he’ll never give up.
5. His headache didn’t stop him from climbing to the summit of the mountain yesterday.
A. In spite of his headache, he climbed to the summit of the mountain yesterday.
B. Without his headache, he could have climbed to the summit of the mountain yesterday.
C. Owing to his headache, he climbed to the summit of the mountain yesterday.
D. He climbed to the summit of the mountain yesterday as if he hadn’t had a headache.

GRAMMAR POINT 22 | Inversion
Example Structure
hardly …(when) hardly + had + S + VPP … when S + V2 ...

Negative adverb barely … (when) barely + had + S + VPP … when S + V2 ...
of time scarcely … (when) scarcely + had + S + VPP … when S + V2 ...
no sooner … (than) no sooner + had + S + VPP … than S + V2 ...
not until not until + N / S + V + be + S … / aux + S + V ...

Negative prepositional not till not till + N / S + V + be + S … / aux + S + V ...
phrase of time only after only after + N / S + V + V + be + S … / aux + S + V ...
only when only when + S + V + V + be + S … / aux + S + V ...
Giữa mệnh đề/ danh từ theo sau các giới từ phủ định và phần được đảo ngữ không có dấu phẩy.
Usage | Cách dùng
Negative Negative
adverb prepositional
of time phrase of time
1. Nhấn mạnh việc xảy ra trước trong một chuỗi hai sự kiện liên
tiếp xảy ra gần như cùng lúc.
Hardly had he taken off his sunglasses when many
people recognized him.
No sooner had they started walking than it started to
rain.
2. Nhấn mạnh việc xảy ra sau và/hoặc là hệ quả của một việc
xảy ra trước đó trong một chuỗi hai sự kiện.
Only after the end of course will the teacher meet your
parents.
Not until my mother had called me did I know about the
bad news.
Read the given examples and decide which type of inverted structures should be used in each
case.
Đọc các ví dụ cho mỗi cách dùng và xác định loại cấu trúc đảo ngữ nào được dùng cho mỗi cách
dùng.
Grammar point 22: Inversion 136

1. __________ off his hat when it rained.
A. Hardly had he taken B. Hardly he’d taken
C. He took hardly D. Hardly he took
2. ___________ at the airport yesterday when we knew that our flight was delayed.
A. Not until we have hardly arrived B. Hardly had we arrived
C. We had arrived hardly D. Hardly we had arrived
3. No sooner ___________ the office than it started to rain.

A. the workers had left B. the workers left
C. had the workers left D. did the workers leave
4. ___________ Tom had left home to start an independent life did he realise how much his family
meant to him.
A. No sooner B. Barely C. Hardly D. Not until
5. Not until Mary’d turned in her paper ___________ that she had missed one question.
A. she had realised B. did she realise C. she realised D. had she realised
6. Hardly had my bike gone a kilometre when it ___________ a flat tyre.

A. was having B. has C. had had D. had
7. No sooner had you opened the door ___________.

A. after you finished cutting grass B. when he broke into your house
C. and you said nothing D. than the cat ran out
8. ___________ his house than it started to rain heavily.

A. Only when the boy left B. Hardly had the boy left
C. No sooner had the boy left D. Barely had the boy left
9. No sooner ___________ their land than they were offered a better price.
A. had they sold B. did they sell C. they had sold D. they sold
10. Not until I discovered my heart problem ___________ about going to see the specialist.
A. did I think B. do I think C. I think D. I am thinking

1. Not until he had badly suffered cyber-bullying himself did he realised the true dangers of social
media.
A. Not until B. badly suffered C. himself D. realised

2. Only after he had become a parent he had a sense of responsibility towards his parents.
A. Only B. had become C. he had D. a sense of
3. Hardly had we came to the cinema when we realized that our tickets were still at home.
A. Hardly B. came C. when D. were
4. Not until had we entered the room than we noticed that the boss had been smoking.
A. Not until B. entered C. than D. noticed
5. No sooner had the ship touched the shore than the soldiers leap into the water.
A. No sooner B. had C. than D. leap into
6. Only when does Minh reach 16 is he allowed to drive the motorbike.

A. Only B. does Minh reach C. is he allowed D. to drive
7. Scarcely had the bell rang when the invigilator collected the paper from the examinees.
A. Scarcely B. rang C. when D. from
8. Only when the end of the 19th century did plant breeding become a scientific discipline.
A. Only when B. the end of C. did D. become
9. Not until my friends had called me than I know about that exciting announcement.
A. until B. had called C. than D. know about
10. Scarcely had we finish one project when we were faced with another.
A. Scarcely B. we finish C. when D. were faced

câu hỏi sau.
1. Mike became a father. He felt a strong sense of responsibility towards his parents.
A. Not until he felt a strong sense of responsibility towards his parents did Mike become a father
himself.
B. Had Mike become a father himself, he would have felt a strong sense of responsibility towards
his parents.
C. No sooner had Mike become a father himself he felt a strong sense of responsibility towards his
parents.
D. Only after Mike had become a father himself did he feel a strong sense of responsibility towards
his parents.

2. He badly suffered from a heart attack. He realised the true dangers of staying up late.
A. Not until he had badly suffered from a heart attack did he realise the true dangers of staying up
late.
B. Such was his suffering of a heart attack that he didn't realise the true dangers of staying up late.
C. Only when he had realized the true dangers of staying up late did he badly suffer from a heart
attack.
D. But for his terrible suffering of a heart attack, he wouldn't realise the true dangers of staying up
late.
3. Andy told us about his leaving the country. He did it on his arrival at the meeting.
A. Not until Andy told us that he would leave the country did he arrive at the meeting.
B. Hardly had Andy informed us about his leaving the country when he arrived at the meeting.
C. No sooner had Andy arrived at the meeting than he told us about his leaving the country.
D. Only after his leaving the country did Andy inform us of his arrival at the meeting.
4. My brother spent all his money. He even borrowed some from me.
A. Hardly had my brother borrowed money when he spent it all.
B. Not only did my brother spend all his money but also he borrowed some from me.
C. As soon as my brother borrowed some money from me, he spent it all
D. Not only did my brother spent all his money but he borrowed some from me as well.
5. I got off the bus. It suddenly rained.

A. Barely had I gotten off the bus when it rained.
B. Hardly had I gotten off the bus than it rained.
C. Not until it rained did I get off the bus.
D. Did I get off the bus made it rain suddenly.

1. He had hardly left the office when a client emailed him.
A. No sooner did the client emailed him than he had left the office.
B. Hardly had he left the office than a client emailed him.
C. No sooner had he left the office than a client emailed him.
D. Hardly did a client email him when he had left the office.

2. Invitations were sent out as soon as the date of the wedding was set.
A. Before sending out invitations, the date of the wedding was set.
B. After setting the date of the wedding, invitations were sent out.
C. Hardly had the date of the wedding been set when invitations were sent out.
D. Set the date of the wedding before sending out invitations.
3. Right after his return from work, he fell ill.

A. No sooner had he returned from work than he fell ill.
B. Barely was had he been returned from work when he fell ill
C. Not until he had been returned from work did he fall ill.
D. Scarcely his return from work when he fell ill.
4. He started working for his father as soon as he graduated.

A. No sooner had he worked for his father than he graduated.
B. Hardly ad he worked for his father when he graduated.
C. After he graduated, he’d started working for his father.
D. No sooner had he graduated than he started working for his father.
5. The neighbour didn’t stop making noise until midnight.

A. It was not until midnight did the neighbour stop making noise.
B. Not until midnight did the neighbour stop making noise.
C. Only when midnight did the neighbour stop making noise.
D. No sooner had midnight come than the neighbour made noise.

GRAMMAR POINT 23 | Articles
a/an/the/∅ + NOUN
a/an the ∅
a + c-noun (countable, singular) the + noun (countable, singular) ∅ + noun (countable, plural)
an + v-noun (countable, singular) the + noun (countable, plural) ∅ + noun (uncountable)
the + noun (uncountable)
Mạo từ a hay an? Cấu trúc đặc biệt với mạo từ THE
Cả hai mạo từ a và an đều chỉ có thể đứng trước Thông thường, mạo từ luôn đi trước một danh từ
danh từ đếm được ở số ít, tuy nhiên các em cần hoặc một cụm danh từ (gồm tính từ + danh từ).
chú ý đến cách phát âm thay vì cách viết của từ Tuy nhiên, mạo từ “the” là trường hợp đặc biệt khi
đứng ngay sau các mạo từ này để có thể chọn có thể chỉ đứng trước một tính từ (adjective) để chỉ
mạo từ a hoặc an một cách chính xác. một nhóm người, sự vật, sự việc có cùng tính chất.
a + Từ phát âm bắt đầu bằng PHỤ ÂM
the + ADJECTIVE
a house /haʊs/
a uniform /ˈjuːnɪfɔːm/ ● the POOR = poor people
● the UNEXPECTED = things that are not
an + Từ phát âm bắt đầu bằng NGUYÊN ÂM
expected to happen
an aquarium /əˈkweəriəm/
an hour /ˈaʊə(r)/

1. Car can cause many traffic problems in small cities.
2. He has knowledge of economics, which helps him with his work.
3. The sugar jar on table is from Cuba.
4. Please turn off lights when you leave room.
5. My mother often goes to wok in morning
6. This is an useful way to get away from the trap.
7. Have you read third chapter of the book I gave you?
8. Mr. Smith is a old customer and an honest man.
9. He’s terrible driver - he will to crash your car.
10. An old are often hard in their moving.
Grammar point 23: Articles 141

Usage | Cách dùng
a/an + the + ∅+
N N N
1. Nói về một đối tượng lần đầu

We went to a good restaurant last night.
2. Đề cập một đối tượng chung chung, không cụ thể

A new airport can help our city develop quickly.
3. Đề cập một nhóm đối tượng chung chung, không cụ thể

Cars may cause many traffic issues.
The bicycle is used more frequently.
Air is heavily polluted in many big cities.
4. Nói về một đối tượng đã được đề cập trước đó

I know a good restaurant here. The restaurant is owned by Kate.
5. Nói về đối tượng cụ thể xác định bởi một cụm từ hoặc mệnh đề
I never believe in the rumours about that actor.
The information that you gave me is wrong.
6. Nói về đối tượng xác định bởi một tính từ đặc trưng/ so sánh nhất
the first day, the last week, the only building, the best student
7. Nói về đối tượng duy nhất hoặc mọi người đều biết đến
the sun, the moon, the world, the earth, the internet, the equator
8. Nói về danh từ riêng chỉ tên rừng, dãy núi, biển, quần đảo, tên gọi các
nước dạng đầy đủ hoặc số nhiều, sa mạc, miền, thác, sông
The Pacific, The Philippines, The Alps, The Mekong River, The Sahara
9. Nói về danh từ riêng chỉ tên hầu hết quốc gia, tên châu lục, tên thành
phố, tên núi, tên hồ, đảo, tên hành tinh
Vietnam, Asia, Mount Everest, Lake Superior, Paris, Bali, Venus
10. Trước nơi chốn tạo thành cụm từ chỉ một hoạt động
go to hospital, go to school, in class, at church
11. Trước một địa điểm xác định cho một sự việc
I’m going to the school to meet my son’s teacher.
12. Nói về các nhạc cụ

play the guitar, play the piano

13. Nói về các môn thể thao, bữa ăn nói chung, nội dung giải trí
play football, play tennis, skip breakfast, watch TV, listen to music
14. Tên các tổ chức, lực lượng

The United Nations, the police, the army
15. Tên các buổi trong ngày, thập niên, thế kỷ hoặc thời kỳ lịch sử
in the morning, the 1960s, the 21st century, the Renaissance
16. Tên các bệnh và các vấn đề sức khỏe

have flu, have toothache, have malaria, obesity
17. Các phương thức di chuyển bằng phương tiện giao thông
by bus, by train, on foot, via airmail
18. Nghề nghiệp của một người

be a teacher, work as an accountant
Read the given examples and decide which article should be used in each case.
Đọc các ví dụ đã cho và xác định mạo từ nào xuất hiện trong mỗi cách dùng.
Để dễ dàng ghi nhớ các danh từ địa lý đi kèm với mạo từ “the” như trong cách dùng thứ 8, các em có thể
liên tưởng đến bài hát “Nối vòng tay lớn” của nhạc sĩ Trịnh Công Sơn.
Tên các ngôn ngữ luôn đứng sau mạo từ “∅” nhưng sẽ đứng sau mạo từ “the” nếu có dạng “X language”
(English so với the English language)
Ngoài các cách dùng trên, các mạo từ a/an, the, và ∅ còn có cách dùng đặc biệt khi xuất hiện trong các
cụm từ như sau:
● on television, at sunrise, at sunset, at midnight, at noon, from beginning to end, from left to
right
● by mistake, without (a) doubt, for example, in question
● out of order, out of milk
● the radio, the newspapers (tất cả báo chí ở một quốc gia hoặc một lĩnh vực cụ thể)
● on the street
● it’s an honour
● have a cold/headache/cough
● kilometres an hour (kilometres per hour)
1. Jack’s father bought him ________ bicycle that he had wanted for his birthday.
Article: ________ Rule number: ________
2. I saw ________ boy on the street last night. He was crying.
3. Don’t sit in ________ sun for too long.

4. He works as ________ assistant in the same shop as I do.
5. ________ oranges are usually green until they ripen.
6. What do you eat for ________ breakfast?
7. Do you think I should report this accident to ________ police?
8. ________ man normally consumes up to 3000 kcal of food in one day.
Mạo từ a/an, the, hay ∅?
Việc xác định mạo từ phù hợp để sử dụng là một

vấn đề khó khăn đối với người Việt chúng ta do
trong tiếng Việt không có các mạo từ đi trước
danh từ. Để dễ dàng xác định chính xác các mạo
từ cần dùng trong đa số các tình huống thông
thường khi nói và viết tiếng Anh, các em có thể
tham khảo sơ đồ sau.

1. This is ___________ most beautiful song I've ever listened to.
A. the B. a C. an D. ∅
2. The pace of ___________ life is much slower in the country than in the city.
A. the B. an C. ∅ D. an
3. Winter is usually cold, but ___________ winter of this year is warm.

A. ∅ B. the C. a D. an
4. John is ___________ most hard-working student I've ever known.

A. an B. a C. the D. ∅
5. More and more investors are pouring ___________ money into food and beverage start-ups.
A. ∅ B. the C. a D. an
6. The local authorities are conducting a campaign to help ___________ disabled.

A. ∅ B. an C. a D. the
7. We will pay a visit to Canada and ___________ United States next year.
A. ∅ B. an C. a D. the
8. John is friendly. He can make ___________ friends easily.

A. a B. the C. ∅ D. an
9. He grew up in ___________ orphanage in the United Kingdom.

A. ∅ B. an C. the D. a
10. Up to 50% of ___________ population enters higher education at some time in their lives.
A. the B. ∅ C. a D. an
11. This is ___________ most interesting book I've ever read.

A. the B. ∅ C. an D. a
12. Professor Johns, ___________ man whose new drug everyone is talking about, refused an
interview.
A. ∅ B. the C. an D. a

13. She has ___________ number of business contacts in Las Vegas.
A. an B. the C. a D. ∅
14. We moved to the countryside because we wanted to be close to ___________ nature.

15. My parents hope to travel around ___________ world next summer.

A. a B. an C. ∅ D. the
16. ___________ Taylors decided that they would have an architect design their new house.
A. ∅ B. The C. a D. an
17. Would you like to hire ___________ MC for the wedding?

A. an B. ∅ C. the D. a
18. Every year, thousands of tourists visit ___________ Nile River.

19. ___________ increasing number of men are willing to share the housework with their wives.
20. Domestic appliances like washing machines and dishwashers have made ___________ life much
easier.
A. a B. ∅ C. the D. an

1. The scholarship that Will received to study music at Cambridge presented an unique opportunity.
A. the B. that C. at D. an
2. This is such a good tea that I think I'll have another cup of it.
A. such B. a C. that D. of
3. Like his brother, Mike has chosen the economics as his major at Harvard university.
A. Like B. the C. as D. at

4. The messenger had the receipt signed before he left an office.
A. The messenger B. the receipt C. before D. an office
5. New shopping mall is being planned for the residential area where new houses are being built at a
rapid rate.
A. New shopping mall B. the residential area
C. new houses D. a rapid rate
6. The invention of a first telephone made communication significantly easier.

A. The B. a C. made D. easier
7. She was wearing a ugly dress when she met him at the party.
A. was B. a C. when D. the
8. People often mistake the New York for the capital of the USA.
A. often B. the New York C. the capital D. the USA
9. An education is very important for a country to develop.

A. An B. very C. a D. to
10. A truck crashed into a tree. An driver was badly injured.

A. A truck B. a tree C. An driver D. injured

GRAMMAR POINT 24 | Compound adjective
Tính từ được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ hoặc chủ ngữ trong câu làm danh từ hay câu thêm chi
tiết và mang nhiều ý nghĩa hơn. Một hay nhiều tính từ có thể đứng trước danh từ để bổ nghĩa cho
danh từ đó.
Các tính từ này có thể chỉ các thông tin như:
Opinion lovely, beautiful, nice, unusual, common …
Size small, big, tall, short, long, wide, narrow …
Quality untidy, thin, rough, quiet, boring, shiny, important, famous …
Age new, old, young, elderly, youthful …
Shape round, rectangular, triangular, circular, square, oval …
Colour orange, blue, red, green, black …
Origin Vietnamese, American, Korean, Chinese, Asian, European …
Material steel, plastic, stone, paper, metal, wood …
Purpose political, cooking, cleaning, hammering, walking …
He lives on a nice wide farm in a valley.

She is a beautiful tall thin young brown-haired Vietnamese girl.
The straw was made of a strange, green, metallic material.
(Modifier) Adj + N
(Modifier) Adj + Adj + (…) N
Khi có hai hoặc nhiều tính từ đứng trước danh từ thì trật tự thường được sắp xếp theo thứ tự sau:
Opinion → Size → Quality → Age → Shape → Colour → Origin → Material → Purpose
● I bought five beautiful small oval red plates yesterday.

(opinion - size - shape - colour)
● That beggar used to live in a big, modern wooden house near a nice quiet green lake.
(size - age - material) (opinion - quality- colour)
● Marrie was married to a tall young fair-haired European man.
(size - age - colour - origin)
● Those blue Brazilian leather farming boots belong to Anna.
(colour - origin - material - purpose)
Grammar point 24: Compound adjective 148

OpSAShCOMP
Thay vì nhớ hàng loạt các quy tắc, ta cần nhớ cụm từ viết tắt: OpSAShCOMP, trong đó:
1. Op - Opinion: tính từ chỉ quan điểm, đánh giá.
2. S - Size: tính từ chỉ kích cỡ.
3. A - Age: tính từ chỉ độ tuổi.
4. Sh - Shape: Tính từ chỉ hình dáng
5. C - Colour: tính từ chỉ màu sắc.
6. O - Origin: tính từ chỉ nguồn gốc, xuất xứ.
7. M - Material: tính từ chỉ chất liệu.
8. P - Purpose: tính từ chỉ mục đích, tác dụng.
Tính từ chỉ kích thước và chiều dài (short/ long/ big/ small/ tall…) thường đứng trước tính từ chỉ hình
dáng và chiều rộng (fat/ wide/ narrow/ round…).
It’s a long wide road, but it is always under heavy traffic.
It’s a wide long road, but it is always under heavy traffic.
Các bổ từ (modifier) như first, second, third, my, your, a, an, the …) đứng trước tính từ chỉ số lượng
(quantifier) (one, two, three,...).
The first two weeks of University was really hard for me.
Nếu có các tính từ cùng loại đi liền nhau, thì tính từ ngắn được đặt trước tính từ dài.
It was a hot sunny day.
Khi sử dụng nhiều tính từ chỉ màu sắc để miêu tả một vật, ta dùng liên từ “and".
The American flag is a red, white and blue flag.

1. My grandfather had __________ table.
A. a brown wooden B. a wooden brown C. wooden brown D. brown wooden
2. My sister has just bought __________ car.

A. a old red B. an old red C. a red old D. red old
3. I don’t want to go past my neighbour’s house as he has __________ dog.

A. terrifying and a big dog B. a big terrifying dog
C. a dog big terrifying D. a terrifying big dog
4. Harry is __________ man, so everyone wants to be friends with him.

A. a handsome young B. young and handsome
C. a young handsome D. handsome young
5. I love my cats dearly. They’re __________ animals.

A. intelligent lovely B. a lovely intelligent
C. lovely intelligent D. intelligent and a lovely
6. She served us __________ last night.

A. a delicious Italian dish B. an Italian delicious dish
C. a dish Italian delicious D. a dish delicious Italian
7. The auditorium is a __________ room where 1,000 people can sit comfortably.
A. large circular ventilated B. circular large ventilated
C. ventilated circular large D. ventilated large circular
8. I don’t think he’ll like that __________ desk

A. old black small B. small old black C. black old small D. old small black
9. She’s just bought a __________ bag for her camping trip tomorrow.
A. sleeping soft dark B. sleeping dark soft
C. soft dark sleeping D. dark soft sleeping
10. We visited a(n) __________ town last month.

A. French ancient picturesque B. ancient picturesque French
C. ancient French picturesque D. picturesque ancient French
11. My sister adopted a(n) __________ dog.

A. adorable golden little B. golden little adorable
C. golden adorable little D. adorable little golden
12. This is a(n) __________ set.

A. tea antique expensive B. expensive antique tea
C. tea expensive antique D. antique expensive tea

13. This zoo is keeping a(n) __________ elephant.
A. African amazing huge grey B. huge grey African amazing
C. amazing huge grey African D. grey African huge amazing
14. This store is also selling the __________ dresses.

A. colourful spotted trendy B. trendy colourful spotted
C. colourful trendy spotted D. spotted colourful trendy
15. My mom bought a long __________ new brush.

A. beautiful B. thin C. useless D. orange
16. He is reading a fantastic __________ Chinese poetic work.

A. heavy B. researching C. leather D. history
17. My husband gave me a cute little Swiss __________ necklace for my birthday.
A. silver B. round C. brand-new D. floral
18. At the end of the course, our teacher brought some tasty __________ oval homemade muffins to
class.
A. English B. tiny C. delicious D. brown
19. My aunt was a beautiful tall thin __________ woman.

A. young Vietnamese black-haired B. Vietnamese black-haired young
C. young black-haired Vietnamese D. black-haired young Vietnamese
20. It is common to see the traditional __________ red English wooden phone boxes along London’s
streets.
A. unused B. plain C. some D. rectangular

Choose the meaningful sentence using the given words.
Chọn câu có nghĩa bằng cách sử dụng các từ cho sẵn.
1. restaurant. / have / we / tiny / that / dinner / at / should / shabby / think / don’t / old / Chinese / I /
our
A. I don’t think we should have our dinner at that shabby tiny old Chinese restaurant.
B. I don’t think we should have our dinner at that tiny shabby old Chinese restaurant.
C. I don’t think that we should have our dinner at Chinese shabby tiny old restaurant.
D. I don’t think that we should have our dinner at tiny Chinese shabby old restaurant.
2. English / is / South African / teacher / new / woman. / Our / lovely / tall / a / middle-aged
A. Our English teacher is a lovely tall middle-aged South African new woman.
B. Our new English teacher is a lovely tall middle-aged South African woman.
C. Our new English teacher is a middle-aged lovely tall South African woman.
D. Our English teacher is a middle-aged lovely tall South African new woman.
3. stamp / colourful / is / collection. / my / ancient / brother’s / rectangular / little / in / This / unusual

A. This colourful unusual little rectangular ancient stamp is in my brother’s collection.
B. This unusual ancient little rectangular colourful stamp is in my brother’s collection.
C. This little unusual rectangular ancient colourful stamp is in my brother’s collection.
D. This unusual little rectangular ancient colourful stamp is in my brother’s collection.

4. with / youthful / a / firefighter. / good-looking / a / went / on / Dutch / muscular / She / date
A. She went on a date with a youthful good-looking muscular Dutch firefighter.
B. She went on a date with a muscular youthful Dutch good-looking firefighter.
C. She went on a date with a good-looking muscular youthful Dutch firefighter.
D. She went on a date with a Dutch good-looking muscular youthful firefighter.
5. placed / mahogany / big / meeting / the / middle / the / The / is / in / of / rough / conference / square
/ table / room.
A. The big mahogany rough square meeting table is placed in the middle of the conference room.
B. The meeting big rough square mahogany table is placed in the middle of the conference room.
C. The big square mahogany rough meeting table is placed in the middle of the conference room.
D. The big rough square mahogany meeting table is placed in the middle of the conference room.
6. double / The / modern / offered / for / reasonable / rooms / prices. / hotel / some / booked / we /
charming
A. The hotel we booked offered some charming modern reasonable double rooms for prices.
B. The hotel we booked offered some charming modern double rooms for reasonable prices.
C. The hotel we booked offered some modern charming double rooms for reasonable prices.
D. The hotel we booked offered some modern charming double reasonable rooms for prices.
7. Italian / cake. / bread-like / round / is / a / delicious / Christmas / Panettone

A. Panettone is a Christmas delicious round Italian bread-like cake.
B. Panettone is a delicious round Italian bread-like Christmas cake.
C. Panettone is a Christmas Italian delicious round bread-like cake.
D. Panettone is a round delicious Italian Christmas bread-like cake.
8. long / Hungarian / What / thrilling / folk / a / old / tale!

A. What a thrilling long old Hungarian folk tale!
B. What a thrilling old Hungarian folk long tale!
C. What a long old Hungarian thrilling folk tale!
D. What a thrilling long old folk Hungarian tale!
9. untidy / the / peculiar / is / house / immense / fair. / haunted / There / a / at

A. There is a peculiar untidy immense haunted house at the fair.
B. There is a haunted immense peculiar untidy house at the fair.
C. There is a peculiar immense untidy haunted house at the fair.
D. There is a peculiar immense haunted untidy house at the fair.
10. just / handy / mother’s / metal / long / German / small / My / cleaning / a / bought / u-shaped / tool. /
grey
A. My mother’s just bought a long metal u-shaped small grey handy German cleaning tool.
B. My mother’s just bought a cleaning German handy small long grey metal u-shaped tool.
C. My mother’s just bought a metal small long grey handy German u-shaped cleaning tool.
D. My mother’s just bought a handy small long grey German metal u-shaped cleaning tool.

READING TOPIC 1 | Home and Family
READING PASSAGE 1 – GUIDED CLOZE TEST
Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the
correct word or phrase that best fits each of the numbered blanks from 1 to 5.
GOOD FRIENDS
Psychologists have long known that having a set of cherished companions is crucial to mental well-being.
A recent study by Australian investigators concluded that our friends even help to (1)______ our lives. The
study concentrated (2)______ the social environment, general health, and lifestyle of 1,477 persons older
than 70 years. The participants were asked how much contact they had with friends, children, relatives and
acquaintances.
Researchers were surprised to learn that friendships increased life (3)______ to a far greater extent than
frequent contact with children and other relatives. This benefit held true even after these friends had
moved away to another city and was independent of factors such as socioeconomic status, health, and
way of life. According to scientists, the ability to have relationships with people to (4)______ one is
important has a positive effect on physical and mental health. Stress and tendency towards depression are
reduced, and behaviours that are damaging to health, such as smoking and drinking, occur less frequently.
(5)______, our support networks, in times of calamity in particular, can raise our moods and feelings of
self-worth and offer helpful strategies for dealing with difficult personal challenges.
Question 1: A. prolong B. lengthen C. stretch D. expand
Question 2: A. in B. with C. on D. at
Question 3: A. expectation B. insurance C. expectancy D. assurance
Question 4: A. who B. whom C. what D. that
Question 5: A. Otherwise B. For example C. Moreover D. However
READING PASSAGE 2 – READING COMPREHENSION

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each
of the questions from 1 to 7.
In the seventeenth century, cooking was all done in the fireplace in many North American houses.
Fireplaces which were often large were mainly used for not only cooking but also warmth. They were
usually 1.2 or 1.8 metres in height.
To build a fireplace, a heavy timber called the mantel tree was placed at the top of the fireplace opening to
support the stone wall above. It must be far enough from the centre of the hot air stream flowing through
the chimney. This position ensured that this timber could be safe from being completely burned because
fires might sometimes scorch it. Inside the chimney, two shelves were built across from each other to
create a “lug pole” on which pots containing food were hang for cooking. Wood from a freshly cut tree was
used for the lug pole, so it would resist heat, but it had to be replaced frequently because it dried out and
charred, and was thus weakened. Sometimes the pole broke and the dinner fell into the fire. Later, iron
was used instead of wood for lug poles, and fireplaces then had pivoting metal rods to hang pots from.
Generally, an oven was built beside the fireplace, and it was also a part of this space. It was made like a
small, secondary fireplace with a pipe leading into the main chimney to draw out smoke. Sometimes the
door of the oven faced the room, but most ovens were built with the opening facing into the fireplace.
Usually once or twice a week, baking days were organised. On these days, brown maple sticks or "oven
wood" were used to make a bigger fire in the oven until its walls were extremely hot. The embers were
Reading topic 1: Home & Family 153

later removed, bread dough was put into the oven, and the oven was sealed shut until the bread was fully
baked.
However, not all baking was done in a big oven. An "bake kettle" which was made of iron was also used for
this job instead. It looked like a stewpot on legs with an iron lid. Interestingly, people could also do some
cooking with it when they were using the oven. This is said to have worked well when it was placed in the
fireplace, surrounded by glowing wood embers, with more embers piled on its lid.
Question 1: Which is the main idea of the passage?
A. Methods of baking bread B. Cooking in a fireplace
C. The use of iron kettles in a typical kitchen D. The types of wood used in preparing meals
Question 2: The word "it" in paragraph 2 refers to
A. the stonework B. the fireplace opening
C. the mantel tree D. the rising column of heat
Question 3: The word "scorch" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. burned B. cut C. enlarged D. bent
Question 4: According to the passage, how was food usually cooked in a fireplace in the seventeenth
century?
A. By placing the pot directly into the fire B. By burning fresh-cut trees
C. By breaking the pole in the fire D. By hanging the pot on a pole over the fire
Question 5: It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that, compared to other firewood, "oven wood" produced
A. less smoke B. more heat C. fewer embers D. more bread
Question 6: According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of an oven EXCEPT:
A. It was used to heat the kitchen every day.
B. It was built as part of the main fireplace.
C. The smoke it generated went out through the main chimney.
D. It was heated with maple sticks.
Question 7: According to the passage, which of the following was an advantage of a "bake kettle"?
A. It did not take up a lot of space in the fireplace.
B. It did not need to be tightly closed.
C. It could be used in addition to or instead of the oven.
D. It could be used to cook several foods at one time.

Matching the words with their appropriate definitions.
Nối các từ sau với định nghĩa thích hợp.
1. refurbish A. to give up something valuable to you in order to

help someone else
2. assure B. not together
3. contradict C. to tell someone that something will definitely

happen or is definitely true so that they are less
worried
4. sacrifice D. something you believe will save you money but

will actually cost you more
5. reunite E. to come together again or to bring people, parts

of an organization, political party, or country
together again
6. directly F. to express disagreement with something,

especially by claiming the opposite is true
7. separately G. honestly, even if it may make people

uncomfortable
8. fortune H. to restore a building's look by performing work

such as painting, repairing, and cleaning
9. false economy I. any small items of various types
10. bits and pieces J. chance or luck, and the effect that it has on your
life
Suffixes that do not influence stress | Hậu tố giữ nguyên vị trí nhấn trọng âm
Đối với các các hậu tố sau, dấu nhấn trong các từ này giữ nguyên theo từ gốc nếu từ gốc chứa hai
âm tiết trở lên hoặc rơi vào từ gốc nếu từ gốc chỉ chứa một âm tiết.
● “-able” → COMfortable (từ gốc: COMfort)
● “-age” → ANchorage (từ gốc: ANchor)
● “-al” → reFUsal (từ gốc: reFUSE)
● “-en” → WIden (từ gốc: wide)
● “-ful” → WONderful (từ gốc: WONder)
● “-ing” → aMAzing (từ gốc: aMAZE)
● “-ish” (chỉ áp dụng cho tính từ) → DEvilish (từ gốc: DEvil)
● “-like” → BIRDlike (từ gốc: bird)
● “-less” → POWerless (từ gốc: POWer)
● “-ly” → HURRiedly (từ gốc: HURRied)
● “-ment” → PUNishment (từ gốc: PUNish)

● “-ness” → YELLowness (từ gốc: YELLow)
● “-ous” → POIsonous (từ gốc: POIson)
● “-fy” → GLOrify (từ gốc: GLOry)
● “-wise” → OTHerwise (từ gốc: OTHer)
● “-y” → FUNny (từ gốc: fun)
Đối với động từ có từ hai âm tiết trở lên chứa hậu tố “-ish”, dấu nhấn trong các từ này thường rơi vào
âm tiết đứng ngay trước hậu tố.
● rePLEnish
● deMOlish
Choose a word below that has a different stress pattern from the others.
Chọn từ có dấu nhấn trọng âm khác với các từ còn lại.
Question 1: A. predictable B. sustainable C. editable D. hospitable
Question 2: A. gibberish B. accomplish C. extinguish D. establish
Question 3: A. regiment B. commitment C. announcement D. employment
Question 4: A. venomous B. courageous C. dangerous D. stimulus
Question 5: A. peacefulness B. lioness C. shamefulness D. preparedness
Use the appropriate symbol to show the relationship of the words in each pair below.
Sử dụng ký hiệu thích hợp để thể hiện mối quan hệ giữa các từ trong những cặp dưới đây.
= synonym | đồng nghĩa ≠ antonym | trái nghĩa
> hypernym | bao gồm 🡪 derivative | biến đổi loại từ
1. domestic __________ domesticated 6. heroic __________ daring
2. courageous __________ adventurous 7. sympathetic __________ compassionate
3. frank __________ dishonest 8. experienced __________ inexperienced
4. device __________ remote control 9. glamorous __________ charming
5. miserable __________ cheerful 10. energetic __________ dynamic

1. Do you think there's __________ in your car for me?
A. openness B. appeal C. installation D. room
2. My mother is scrubbing the kitchen __________, and two weeks later I'm sure they will be covered
in green mould again.
A. units B. appliances C. switches D. plugs

3. Our new flatmate, who is a __________ from Syria, is working as a waiter in a nearby restaurant.
A. mover B. racist C. dependant D. refugee
4. Someone might think he craves __________ because he is always doing things that normal
people do not do.
A. reliance B. frustration C. attention D. consideration

1. No one is admitted to the show unless they have __________ their tickets.
A. paid up B. paid out C. put aside D. set aside
2. Millions of people __________ to watch the final episode of the top-rated show.
A. straightened up B. lived on C. settled down D. tuned in
3. My cousin needs to do a lot of digging and planting soon, but I don't think she __________.
A. puts her feet up B. has green fingers
C. makes ends meet D. is on the go
4. I was wondering if you would be able to let my daughter __________ at your house next month.
A. lodge B. nod C. breed D. socialise

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D) that is CLOSEST in meaning to the
underlined part in the following sentences.
Chọn đáp án phù hợp (A, B, C, hoặc D) có nghĩa tương đương với phần gạch chân trong
các câu dưới đây.
1. I encourage people to report any corrupt or illegal election-related behaviour.
A. hopeless B. gloomy C. awkward D. dishonest
2. One of the lessons my father tried to teach me was to be compassionate and to have a warm
heart.
A. flexible B. charitable C. soft D. cosy
3. My dad has fallen for my mom's rebellious, daring personality since the first time they met.
A. bold B. controlling C. conservative D. brutal

4. People on a reality show must be more determined and clear about what they expect from one
another.
A. stubborn B. decisive C. defensive D. timid
5. To deal with a dominant husband or wife, you should confront them directly and never leave things
unresolved.
A. protective B. selective C. privileged D. controlling
Complex silent-letter digraphs | Từ chứa âm câm
Âm câm trong một số trường hợp:

● e: apple /ˈæp.əl/ - sample /ˈsɑːm.pəl/ - puzzle /ˈpʌz.əl/
● h: hour /aʊər/ - honest /ˈɒn.ɪst/ - honour /ˈɒn.ər/
● l: folk /fəʊk/ - palm /pɑːm/ - chalk /tʃɔːk/ - calf /kɑːf/
● t: listen /ˈlɪs.ən/ - soften /ˈsɒf.ən/ - whistle /ˈwɪs.əl/
● u: guess /ɡes/ - guilt /ɡɪlt/ - buy /baɪ/
Choose the word which has the underlined part pronounced differently from
the others.
Question 1: A. old B. half C. calm D. comfortably

Question 2: A. guide B. glue C. guard D. neighbour
Question 3: A. heir B. human C. rhythm D. Thai
Question 4: A. passport B. rapport C. whistle D. debut
Question 5: A. psyche B. awake C. believe D. scheme

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D) that is OPPOSITE in meaning to the
Chọn đáp án phù hợp (A, B, C, hoặc D) có nghĩa trái ngược với phần gạch chân trong các
câu dưới đây.
1. Lucy, a sensible person, always chooses to end a relationship if she does not see a future there.
A. useless B. diplomatic C. cautious D. foolish
2. It was very thoughtful of my teacher to make the test comments more cheerful.
A. unavoidable B. weather-beaten C. harsh D. vulnerable
3. There is a cooking channel on YouTube where an inexperienced cook competes against a

professional chef.

A. expert B. tough C. thorough D. respected
4. You're going to manage your relationships like a mature adult, aren't you?
A. passive B. childish C. pathetic D. pessimistic
5. A famous Korean actress and her rumoured boyfriend are said to be engaged after purchasing an
exclusive apartment in Guri, Seoul.
A. budget B. penniless C. built-in D. luxurious

READING TOPIC 2 | Food and Health

Thanks to our modern lifestyle, with more and more time spent sitting down in front of computers than ever
before, the (1)____ of overweight people is at a new high. As people frantically search for a solution
(2)____ this problem, they often try some of the popular fad diets being offered. Many people see fad diets
(3)____ harmless ways of losing weight, and they are grateful to have them.Unfortunately, not only don’t
fad diets usually (4)____ the trick, they can actually be dangerous for your health.
Although permanent weight loss is the (5)___, few are able to achieve it. Experts estimate that 95 percent
of dieters return to their starting weight, or even (6)____ weight. While the reckless use of fad diets can
bring some (7)____ result, long-term results are very rare. (8)____, people who are fed up with the
difficulties of changing their eating habits often turn to fad diets. (9)____ being moderate, fad diets involve
extreme dietary changes. They advise eating only one type of food, or they prohibit other types of foods
entirely. This results in a situation (10)______ a person’s body doesn’t get all the vitamins and other things
that it needs to stay healthy.
Question 1: A. amount B. sum C. number D. range
Question 2: A. on B. of C. to D. with
Question 3: A. by B. through C. like D. as
Question 4: A. bring B. do C. take D. play
Question 5: A. profit B. benefit C. goal D. case
Question 6: A. lose B. reduce C. put D. gain
Question 7: A. initiative B. initiating C. initiate D. initial
Question 8: A. Nonetheless B. Consequently C. Additionally D. Furthermore
Question 9: A. Rather than B. In spite of C. In addition to D. More than
Question 10: A. where B. which C. why D. what

Centuries ago, man discovered that removing moisture from food helped to preserve it,and that the easiest
way to do this was to expose the food to sun and wind. In this way the North American Indians produced
pemmican (dried meat ground into powder and made into cakes), the Scandinavians made stockfish and
the Arabs dried dates and apricots.
All foods contain water - cabbage and other leafy vegetables contain as much as 93% water, potatoes and
other root vegetables 80%, lean meat 75% and fish anything from 80% to 60% depending on how fatty it
is. If this water is removed, the activity of the bacteria which causes food to go bad is checked.
Fruit is sun-dried in Asia Minor, Greece, Spain and other Mediterranean countries, and also in California,
South Africa and Australia. The methods used vary, but in general the fruit is spread out on trays in drying
yards in the hot sun. In order to prevent darkening, pears,peaches and apricots are exposed to the fumes
of burning sulphur before drying.Plums for making prunes, and certain varieties of grapes for making
raisins and currants, are dipped in an alkaline solution in order to crack the skins of the fruit slightly and
remove their wax coating, so increasing the rate of drying.
Reading topic 2: Food & Health 160

Nowadays most foods are dried mechanically; the conventional method of such dehydration is to put
food in chambers through which hot air is blown at temperatures of about 110°C at entry to about 45°C at
exit. This is the usual method for drying such things as vegetables, minced meat, and fish.
Liquids such as milk, coffee, tea, soups and eggs may be dried by pouring them over a heated horizontal
steel cylinder or by spraying them into a chamber through which a current of hot air passes. In the first
case, the dried material is scraped off the roller as a thin film which is then broken up into small, though
still relatively coarse flakes. In the second process it falls to the bottom of the chamber as a fine powder.
Where recognizable pieces of meat and vegetables are required, as in soup, the ingredients are dried
separately and then mixed.
Dried foods take up less room and weigh less than the same food packed in cans or frozen, and they do
not need to be stored in special conditions. For these reasons they are invaluable to climbers, explorers
and soldiers in battle, who have little storage space. They are also popular with housewives because it
takes so little time to cook them.
Question 1 What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Advantages of dried foods. B. Water: the main component of food.
C. Mechanization of drying foods. D. Different methods of drying foods.
Question 2: The phrase “do this” in the first paragraph mostly means ______.
A. expose foods to sun and wind B. remove moisture from foods
C. produce pemmican D. moisten foods
Question 3: The word “checked” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.
A. reduced considerably B. put a tick
C. examined carefully D. motivated to develop
Question 4: In the process of drying certain kinds of fruits, sulphur fumes help ______.
A. remove their wax coating B. kill off bacteria
C. maintain their color D. crack their skin
Question 5: Nowadays the common method for drying vegetables and minced meat is ______.
A. spreading them out on trays in drying yards
B. dipping them in an alkaline solution
C. putting them in chambers and blowing hot air through
D. pouring them over a heated horizontal steel cylinder
Question 6: What does the word “which” in the fourth paragraph refer to?
A. Vegetables B. Foods C. Things D. Chambers
Question 7: The final product of the process of drying liquids that uses the first method will be ______.
A. small flakes B. fine powder C. dried soup D. recognizable pieces
Question 7: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage?
A. Liquids are not dried in the same way as fruits and vegetables.
B. Dried foods have several advantages over canned or frozen foods.
C. Fruit is usually dried by being laid out on trays in the sun.
D. People in India began to use drying methods centuries ago.

Question 8: According to the passage, dried foods are most useful for ______.
A. explorers who are underweight B. soldiers who are not in battle
C. people who are on the move D. housewives who have little storage space

Matching the words with the appropriate definition.
1. autism A. the job of providing and serving food and drinks

at parties, meetings etc
2. catering B. containing naturally occurring, plant-based

ingredients only
3. pregnant C. very small living things that sometimes cause

disease
4. pharmacist D. when someone is given a vaccine to protect

them from a disease
5. complaint E. someone whose job is to prepare medicines in a

shop or hospital
6. butcher F. a mental condition that makes communication

and socialising difficult
7. vaccination G. someone who owns or works in a shop that

sells meat
8. bacteria H. an illness that affects part of your body
9. natural I. if a woman or female animal is pregnant, she has

an unborn baby growing in her body
10. herbal J. with nothing added to change the taste or to

preserve


1. operate __________ operation 6. contaminate __________ contamination
2. course __________ starter 7. vital __________ necessary
3. cutlery __________ fork 8. horrible __________ unpleasant
4. conscious __________ unaware 9. adolescent __________ adolescence
5. alcohol __________ alcoholism 10. fatality __________ mortality

1. He __________ the same thing every time he goes to this restaurant.
A. serves B. orders C. reserves D. combines
2. Drugs have become a __________ problem in a lot of schools.

A. natural B. terrific C. mental D. serious
3. This illness is __________ in almost all cases.

A. fatal B. physical C. regular D. exhausted
4. He's been HIV-positive for six years, but just recently he's started to develop the __________ of
AIDS.
A. reactions B. recipes C. symptoms D. portions

1. The __________ of alcohol on the premises is forbidden.
A. intimacy B. quarantine C. consumption D. maternity
2. After the __________ date has passed, the food may not have the nutrient content as described.
A. remedy B. skeleton C. ingredient D. expiry

3. You'll spoil your __________ for dinner if you have a cake now.
A. appetite B. resistance C. sensation D. well-being
4. My throat is so sore that it really hurts when I __________.

A. reserve B. swallow C. sustain D. prescribe

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D) that is closest in meaning to the underlined
part in the following sentences.
1. Every child should be given the opportunity to survive and thrive.
A. provision B. prize C. chance D. change
2. It's a disease that mainly affects older people in this country.

A. impacts B. benefits C. performs D. perceives
3. The doctor recommended that I get more exercise.

A. protested B. operated C. ordered D. suggested
4. The leaflet has been produced with the aim of increasing public awareness of the disease.
A. admission B. consciousness C. circulation D. contamination
5. She is obsessed with personal hygiene and washes constantly.

A. digestion B. endurance C. sanitation D. immunity

Choose the correct answer (A, B, C, or D) that is opposite in meaning to the underlined
part in the following sentences.
câu dưới đây.
1. I've filled in the form, but you still need to insert your bank details and date of birth.
A. nature B. taste C. death D. disease
2. My weight reduces when I stop eating sugar.

A. reviews B. increases C. conceals D. remains

3. This abnormal behaviour may be a sign of mental illness.
A. easy B. violent C. strange D. ordinary
4. I think you should throw away those rotten apples.

A. delicious B. edible C. fresh D. bitter
5. Well-done steaks are cooked thoroughly and can even be charred on the outside.
A. rare B. bad C. severe D. seldom

READING TOPIC 3 | Countries and Cultures

Culture has a strong influence on non–verbal communication. Even the simple act of looking someone in the
eye is not at all that simple. In the USA, Americans are (1) ______ to look directly at people when speaking to
them. It shows interest in what they are saying and is thought to carry a (2) ______ of honesty. Meanwhile, in
Japan and Korea, people avoid long periods of eye contact. It is considered more polite to look to the side
during a conversation. The Lebanese, (3) ______, stand close together and look intensely into each other's
eyes. The action shows sincerity and gives people a better sense of what their counterparts want.
Given such differences with even the most common expressions, people (4) ______ travel or work abroad have
a real need to learn the other culture's body language. People tend to be unaware of the messages they are
sending to others. So, it is (5) ______ to consider your own body language before dealing with people from
other cultures. Knowing about the body language of friends, clients, and colleagues can be very helpful in
improving understanding and avoiding miscommunication.
Question 1: A. encouraged B. assisted C. forbidden D. opposed
Question 2: A. sense B. taste C. sound D. touch
Question 3: A. therefore B. in addition C. in contrast D. moreover
Question 4: A. where B. which C. whose D. who
Question 5: A. usefulness B. useful C. useless D. used

Norwich is the capital of East Angelia, an area on the coast of England, which is famous for its natural
beauty and impressive architecture. Norwich is a wonderful city to explore and is popular with tourists all
year round.
Norwich is not a city of luxurious hotels, but it has a good selection of reasonably priced places to stay in,
both in the city centre and further out. The Beeches Hotel, for example, next to the cathedral has a
beautiful Victorian garden. Comfortable accommodation costs £65 for two nights' bed and breakfast per
person. Norwich is famous for its magnificent cathedral. The cathedral has a summer programme of music
and events which is open to the general public. One event, "Fire from Heaven", is a drama and musical
performance with fireworks, a laser light show and a carnival with local people dressed in colourful
costumes.
Norwich is also home to the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, a world-class collection of international art in
a building at the University of East Anglia. This is well worth a visit and there is a lovely canteen with an
excellent selection of hot and cold snacks. It also specializes in vegetarian food. In addition, the city has a
new professional theatre, the Playhouse, on the River Wensum. The city's annual international arts festival
is from 10 to 20 October.
Finally, if you fancy a complete break from the stresses of everyday life, you could hire a boat and spend a
few days cruising along the rivers of the famous Norfolk Broads National Park. In our environmentally
friendly age, the emphasis has moved towards the quiet enjoyment of nature and wildlife. You can hire a
boat, big or small, for an hour or two or a week or two. This makes a perfect day out or holiday for people
of all ages.
Reading topic 3: Countries & Cultures 167

Question 1: Which best serves as the title for the passage?
A. Holidays in Norwich B. A Destination Guide to England
C. Daily Life in Norwich D. England’s Famous Cities
Question 2: The word "It'' in paragraph 2 refers to ____.
A. selection B. Norwich C. the Beeches Hotel D. the city centre
Question 3: According to paragraph 2, which is NOT part of "Fire from Heaven"?
A. A carnival B. A fireworks display C. A campfire D. A laser light show
Question 4: The word "cruising" in paragraph 4 mostly means ____
A. moving on land B. surfing C. travelling by boat D. swimming
Question 5: According to the passage, where is the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts located?
A. In a building at the University of East Anglia
B. In an international art museum
C. In a new professional theatre on the River Wensum
D. In the Norfolk Broads National Park

1. bumper A. a formal party
2. enclosure B. the process of making a system, organization

etc more modern
3. reception C. a piece of land that is surrounded by a fence or

wall and is used for a particular purpose
4. locality D. the area that surrounds the place you are in or

are talking about
5. prediction E. the process of building or creating something

again that has been damaged or destroyed
6. modernisation F. very impressive, beautiful, or surprising
7. breathtaking G. an artificial lake where water is stored before it

is supplied to people’s houses
8. reconstruction H. unusually large; producing an unusually large

amount
9. reservoir I. when someone lives or works in a particular

place
10. residency J. when you say what you think will happen in the
future
1. lorry __________ truck 6. culture __________ cultural
2. holiday __________ honeymoon 7. skyscraper __________ slum
3. legal __________ unlawful 8. suburb __________ suburban
4. external __________ internal 9. approximately __________ accurately
5. intact __________ in ruins 10. diverse __________ unique

Suffixes carrying stress themselves | Hậu tố mang trọng âm
Đối với các các hậu tố sau, dấu nhấn trong các từ này thường rơi vào chính hậu tố đó.
● “-ain” (chỉ áp dụng cho động từ) → enterTAIN
● “-ee” → refuGEE
● “-eer” → mountaiNEER
● “-ese” → JapaNESE
● “-ette” → cigaRETTE
● “-esque” → pictuRESQUE, uNIQUE
Question 1: A. mountain B. complain C. remain D. restrain
Question 2: A. guarantee B. attendee C. absentee D. committee
Question 3: A. volunteer B. cheerleader C. atmosphere D. sightseer
Question 4: A. suffragette B. silhouette C. etiquette D. towelette
Question 5: A. statuesque B. manganese C. arabesque D. journalese

1. To me, that painting is completely __________. I find no interest in it.
A. broad B. meaningless C. famous D. historical
2. Students must __________ evidence in support of their theory.

A. produce B. litter C. emerge D. empty
3. The company gets their money from __________ sources and funds.
A. variation B. varied C. vary D. various
4. It is the __________ in that country for women to marry young.

A. engagement B. ethnic C. custom D. faith

Stress Pattern | Gốc từ
Đa số từ có hai âm tiết (two-syllable words) xuất phát từ những từ có một âm tiết (one-syllable
words), ví dụ:
● friendly - gốc từ “friend-”
● remove - gốc từ “-move”
● artist - gốc từ “art-”
Đối với những từ thuộc nhóm trên, ta nhấn trọng âm vào gốc từ:
● friendly → FRIENDly
● remove → reMOVE
● artist → ARTist
● driver → DRIver
● famous → FAmous
● dislike → disLIKE
● become → beCOME
● builder → BUILder
● rebuild → reBUILD
Question 1:
A. shopper B. clothing C. withdraw D. graphic
Question 2:
A. conveyance B. controller C. conduction D. conference
Question 3:
A. decision B. desiccant C. depiction D. destructive
Question 4:
A. infamous B. instruction C. instrument D. integrate
Question 5:
A. artistic B. catholic C. terrific D. eccentric

1. The government promised to __________ a new tax system to control poverty.
A. fluctuate B. threat C. detect D. implement
2. It was highly __________ of him to leave the children on their own in the car.
A. impressive B. irresponsible C. outstanding D. knowledgeable

3. The company management anticipates moving the headquarters to larger and more convenient
__________ by the end of the year.
A. premises B. warehouses C. terminals D. provinces
4. It was a bit of a culture __________ when I first came to this country. Everything looked very
peculiar.
A. ailment B. illness C. sick D. shock

1. The hotel is beautifully located in a quiet spot near the river.
A. situated B. enclosed C. bombarded D. resurfaced
2. At Christmas the family all arrive at the house bearing gifts.

A. raising B. carrying C. tolerating D. producing
3. The government is firmly dedicated to reducing poverty.

A. fundamental B. insoluble C. innovative D. committed
4. Many of those old buildings will soon be pulled down.

A. destroyed B. refurbished C. resurfaced D. reconstructed
5. You should be highly cautious about talking to the local inhabitants as they could be deceitful.
A. dwellers B. commuters C. citizens D. artisans

câu dưới đây.
1. A couple of people objected to the new policies because of their misunderstanding.
A. opposed to B. disagreed with C. engaged to D. approved of
2. Thousands of litres of crude oil were spilled into the sea.

A. elongated B. uneven C. refined D. unstable

3. The papers ran hypothetical stories about the mysterious disappearance of the MH370 flight.
A. well-known B. curious C. mystical D. distinctive
4. You might want to consider temporary work until you decide what you want to do.
A. brief B. permanent C. elongated D. suspicious
5. He lives in that remote area to enjoy nature to its fullest.

A. residential B. urban C. provincial D. distant

READING TOPIC 4 | Education

THE BEST STUDENTS
According to most professors, mature students are ideal students because they are hard-working and
become actively involved in all aspects of the learning process. The majority of mature students have a
poor educational (1)________ but they manage to do exceptionally well at tertiary level. (2)________
many of them have a job and children to raise, they are always present at seminars and lectures and
always hand in essays on time. They like studying and writing essays and they enjoy the class discussions
(3)________ take place. Consequently, they achieve excellent results. In fact, as they have experienced
many of life's pleasures, they are content with their lives and this has a positive effect on their attitude,
making them eager to learn.
On the other hand, despite their enthusiasm and commitment, mature students suffer from anxiety. The
fact that they have made (4)________ sacrifices to get into university puts extra pressure on them to
succeed. Nevertheless, completing a degree gives mature students a sense of achievement, (5)________
their confidence and improves their job prospects.
(Adapted from Use of English for All Exams by E. Moutsou)
Question 1: A. development B. background C. basement D. institution
Question 2: A. Although B. But C. So D. And
Question 3: A. whom B. which C. where D. when
Question 4: A. every B. another C. much D. many
Question 5: A. arises B. boosts C. mounts D. surges

When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they
look. And of course, we too are being judged on our appearance. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's
important but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals and so get a negative reaction, simply by
wearing inappropriate clothing.
Learning means acquiring knowledge or developing the ability to perform new behaviors. It is common to
think of learning as something that takes place in school, but much of human learning occurs outside the
classroom, and people continue to learn throughout their lives.
Even before they enter school, young children learn to walk, to talk, and to use their hands to manipulate
toys, food, and other objects. They use all of their senses to learn about the sights, sounds, tastes, and
smells in their environments. They learn how to interact with their parents, siblings, friends, and other
people important to their world. When they enter school, children learn basic academic subjects such as
reading, writing, and mathematics. They also continue to learn a great deal outside the classroom. They
learn which behaviors are likely to be rewarded and which are likely to be punished. They learn social
skills for interacting with other children. After they finish school, people must learn to adapt to the many
major changes that affect their lives, such as getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a
job.
Reading topic 4: Education 174

Because learning continues throughout our lives and affects almost everything we do, the study of learning
is important in many different fields. Teachers need to understand the best ways to educate children.
Psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and other human-service workers need to understand how
certain experiences change people’s behaviors. Employers, politicians, and advertisers make use of the
principles of learning to influence the behavior of workers, voters, and consumers.
Learning is closely related to memory, which is the storage of information in the brain. Psychologists who
study memory are interested in how the brain stores knowledge, where this storage takes place, and how
the brain later retrieves knowledge when we need it. In contrast, psychologists who study learning are
more interested in behavior and how behavior changes as a result of a person’s experiences.
There are many forms of learning, ranging from simple to complex. Simple forms of learning involve a
single stimulus. A stimulus is anything perceptible to the senses, such as a sight, sound, smell, touch, or
taste. In a form of learning known as classical conditioning, people learn to associate two stimuli that occur
in sequence, such as lightning followed by thunder. In operant conditioning, people learn by forming an
association between a behavior and its consequences (reward or punishment). People and animals can
also learn by observation - that is, by watching others perform behaviors. More complex forms of learning
include learning languages, concepts, and motor skills.
(Extracted from Microsoft® Student 2009 – DVD Version)
Question 1: According to the passage, which of the following is learning in broad view comprised of?
A. Acquisition of social and behavioural skills
B. Knowledge acquisition and ability development
C. Acquisition of academic knowledge
D. Knowledge acquisition outside the classroom
Question 2: According to the passage, what are children NOT usually taught outside the classroom?
A. literacy and calculation
B. life skills
C. right from wrong
D. interpersonal communication
Question 3: Getting married, raising children, and finding and keeping a job are mentioned in paragraph 2
as examples of ______.
A. the situations in which people cannot teach themselves
B. the areas of learning which affect people’s lives
C. the changes to which people have to orient themselves
D. the ways people’s lives are influenced by education
Question 4: Which of the following can be inferred about the learning process from the passage?
A. It is more interesting and effective in school than that in life.
B. It becomes less challenging and complicated when people grow older.
C. It plays a crucial part in improving the learner’s motivation in school.
D. It takes place more frequently in real life than in academic institutions.
Question 5: According to the passage, the study of learning is important in many fields due to ______.
A. the great influence of the on-going learning process

B. the influence of various behaviours in the learning process
C. the exploration of the best teaching methods
D. the need for certain experiences in various areas
Question 6: It can be inferred from the passage that social workers, employers, and politicians concern
themselves with the study of learning because they need to ______.
A. change the behaviours of the objects of their interest towards learning
B. make the objects of their interest more aware of the importance of learning
C. understand how a stimulus relates to the senses of the objects of their interest
D. thoroughly understand the behaviours of the objects of their interest
Question 7: The word “retrieves” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. generates B. recovers C. creates D. gains
Question 8: Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE according to the passage?
A. Psychologists studying memory are concerned with how the stored knowledge is used.
B. Psychologists studying memory are concerned with the brain’s storage of knowledge.
C. Psychologists are all interested in memory as much as behaviours.
D. Psychologists studying learning are interested in human behaviours.
Question 9: According to the passage, the stimulus in simple forms of learning ______.
A. makes associations between behaviours
B. is created by the senses
C. is associated with natural phenomena
D. bears relation to perception
Question 10: The passage mainly discusses ______.
A. simple forms of learning
B. practical examples of learning inside the classroom
C. application of learning principles to formal education
D. general principles of learning

1. daunt A. to develop gradually, or to cause something or

someone to develop gradually
2. guarantee B. the wish to do or have something you are aware

you should not do or have
3. evolve C. a rule, problem, or other constraints that prevent

or limit what people can do
4. facilitate D. a private school for students over the age of

eleven that prepares them for college
5. temptation E. to make something possible or easier
6. boarding school F. to promise that something will happen or exist
7. barrier G. to make someone feel slightly frightened or

concerned about their ability to complete a task
8. counsellor H. in comparison to other similar things or to what

you anticipate
9. preparatory school I. a school where students live and study
10. relatively J. someone who has been trained to listen to

people and advise them on their problems
1. verbal __________ non-verbal ≠ 6. obvious __________ ambiguous ≠
2. intensive __________ in-depth = 7. mandatory __________ compulsory =
3. certificate __________ diploma > 8. gradual __________ steady =
4. decrease __________ decline = 9. indicate __________ illustrate =
5. praise __________ applaud = 10. relevant __________ irrelevance 🡪

1. Employers can provide company information on the __________ form or during the recruitment
process.
A. interpretation B. application C. acceptance D. reference

2. Our organization is in charge of gathering and selling __________ and data about the EU.
A. concepts B. requests C. statistics D. signals
3. All volunteers for this Spring flea market were recruited from undergraduate courses across the
university __________.
A. pathway B. brochure C. session D. campus
4. Hoang Long Hai, a very __________ Vietnamese artist, recently held his debut art exhibition called
“ Glassy Figures” this year.
A. fluent B. independent C. overwhelming D. incredible

1. Our centre will soon __________ a new Summer Program for primary students. Would your kids
like to give it a shot?
A. signify B. commence C. allege D. reveal
2. I don't think I'll __________ my new high school classmates; they seem rude and arrogant.
A. stand for B. dip into C. come up with D. get on well with
3. Would you mind __________ my essay and checking my spelling?

A. going through B. making up C. majoring in D. looking up
4. A good transport strategy must take environmental concerns into __________.

A. responsibility B. interaction C. account D. review

1. The topic sentences are recognizable to me, but I'm still not sure what the passage's main point is.
A. visual B. remarkable C. obvious D. separate

2. The research team conducted surveys and in-depth interviews with 100 university volunteers in
order to gather as much information as possible.
A. demanding B. crash C. absolute D. detailed
3. Some developed countries are utilising advanced technology to detect and eradicate viruses.
A. fast-paced B. leading C. lifelong D. remarkable
4. Demanding tasks always teach me valuable lessons and help me improve my skills.
A. Advanced B. Intensive C. Professional D. Challenging
5. The new applicants blamed us for taking too long to process their application forms, but it was they
who did not return our calls.
A. certify B. examine C. handle D. launch

câu dưới đây.
1. According to new government regulations, it is now compulsory for citizens to wear masks in
public.
A. flexible B. mandatory C. optional D. mistaken
2. Can you stop making up imaginary thoughts and start acting on them?
A. brilliant B. practical C. optimistic D. absolute
3. My father was very strict, and I didn't agree with everything he did at the time.
A. sensitive B. acceptable C. flexible D. admirable
4. Ms Nancy asked each student to focus on one particular aspect of American culture.
A. absolute B. unknown C. original D. general
5. We should put an end to those awful and lengthy Monday speeches. They are not something
anyone wants to hear.
A. elegant B. agreeable C. sophisticated D. effective

READING TOPIC 5 | Business and Economy

INTERNSHIPS
In many countries going through difficult economic times, job openings for new graduates can be few and
far between. In this competitive environment, relevant work experience can help job seekers stand out
from the crowd, and (1) _____ organisations now offer temporary placements, called internships. The
problem with numerous internships, (2) _____, is that they are unpaid, and this often puts young people off
applying for them.
Employers and interns sometimes come to mutually beneficial arrangements, however. Dinesh Pathan,
applying for an internship with an IT company, negotiated a deal in which he would be given travel (3)
_____ only for two weeks, and then, as long as he could show his marketing work was adding value, he
would be paid a wage.
The arrangement worked well: Dinesh had some (4) _____ to work hard, and he ended up feeling "not so
much an intern as a temporary staffer". HR consultant Denise Baker says similar arrangements are
common. What is more, "if interns do well, employers would often rather make them full employees than
recruit people (5) _____ they don't know".
(Adapted from Exam Essentials Practice Tests - Cambridge English by Tom Bradbury and Eunice Yeates)
Question 1: A. much B. every C. another D many
Question 2: A. instead B. therefore C. moreover D. however
Question 3: A. companions B. restrictions C expenses D. destinations
Question 4: A. profit B. incentive C. persuasion D. promotion
Question 5: A who B. when C. where D. which

A letter of application is a sales letter in which you are both salesperson and product, for the purpose of an
application is to attract an employer’s attention and persuade him or her to grant you an interview. To do
this, the letter presents what you can offer the employer, rather than what you want from the job.
Like a resume, the letter of application is a sample of your work and an opportunity to demonstrate your
skills and personality. If it is written with flair and understanding and prepared with professional care, it is
likely to be very effective. While the resume must be factual, objective, and brief, the letter is your chance
to interpret and expand. It should state explicitly how your background relates to the specific job, and it
should emphasise your strongest and most relevant characteristics. The letter should demonstrate that
you know both yourself and the company.
The letter of application must communicate your ambition and enthusiasm. Yet it must be modest. It should
be neither aggressive nor compliant: neither pat yourself on the back nor ask for sympathy. It should never
express dissatisfaction with the present or former job or employer. And you should avoid discussing your
reasons for leaving your last job.
Finally, it is best that you not broach the subject on salary. Indeed, even if a job advertisement requires
that you mention your salary requirements, it is advisable simply to call them “negotiable.” However, when
Reading topic 5: Business & Economy 180

you go on an interview, you should be prepared to mention a salary range. For this reason, you should
investigate both your field and, if possible, the particular company. You don’t want to ask for less than you
deserve or more than is reasonable.
(Adapted from “Select Readings – Intermediate” by Linda Lee and Erik Gundersen)
Question 1: What is the passage mainly about?
A. Advice on how to find a good job.
B. Things to avoid during a job interview
C. Tips for writing an effective letter of application
D. Difference between a résumé and a letter of application
Question 2: According to paragraph 1, in a letter of application, the applicant tries to __________.
A. persuade the employer to grant him/her an interview
B. get further information about the company
C. advertise a product to attract more customers
D. present what he/she wants from the job
Question 3: The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to ___________
A. the letter of application B. an opportunity C. your work D. the résumé
Question 4: The word “explicitly” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _________
A. clearly B. shortly C. slightly D. quickly
Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE about a letter of application?
A. It should express the applicant’s dissatisfaction with his/her former employer.
B. It should refer to the applicant’s reasons for leaving his/her previous job.
C. It should be written very briefly, but in a formal style.
D. It should expand upon the information contained in the applicant’s résumé.
Question 6: The word “broach” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to _________
A. avoid B. investigate C. Introduce D. understand
Question 7: According to paragraph 4, in a job interview, the applicant should be ready to _________.
A. accept any salary offered B. negotiate working conditions
C. mention their expected salary range D. talk about the company’s budget

1. punctuality A. a change from one form or type to another, or

the process by which this happens
2. progressive B. situation or subject that is being dealt with or

considered
3. fulfill C. a person who is trying to find or get the thing

mentioned
4. transition D. that can or does last for a long time
5. seeker E. a person who sells goods to the public,

especially through a store
6. merchant F. to do or achieve what was hoped for or expected
7. affair G. with no interest charged on money borrowed
8. long-lasting H. the fact of happening or doing something at the

agreed or correct time and not being late
9. ongoing I. in favour of new ideas, modern methods and

change
10. interest-free J. continuing to exist or develop
1. hire __________ employ 6. confirm __________ confirmation
2. commodity __________ export 7. drop __________ increase
3. refer __________ reference 8. merchandising __________ retail
4. downside __________ advantage 9. recruit __________ recruitment
5. monitor __________ supervise 10. payment __________ wage

1. She has a(n) __________ income of over €200,000.
A. global B. previous C. regular D. annual
2. We got tickets to the show at half-price, a real __________.

A. advice B. bargain C. complaint D. refund
3. Meetings were held to update employees as soon as new information became __________.
A. available B. reasonable C. competitive D. punctual
4. The country has been in a very poor __________ state ever since the decline of its two major
industries.
A. official B. unusual C. economic D. convenient

1. He was __________ to report back to headquarters.
A. enclosed B. witnessed C. adopted D. instructed
2. To __________, we believe the company cannot continue in its present form.

A. summarize B. accumulate C. contribute D. accommodate
3. I’m on __________ this semester, so I’ve really got to study hard.

A. contribution B. reduction C. probation D. exploitation
4. If there is any damage to the apartment, you may lose your __________.
A. subsidy B. deposit C. salary D. commission

1. The rock group has sold six million copies of the album worldwide.
A. outdoors B. officially C. globally D. gradually

2. Jimmy was unable to carry out simple tasks.
A. conduct B. construct C. instruct D. delay
3. The entire staff has done an outstanding job this year.

A. enemy B. audience C. army D. personnel
4. She took us to a very classy seafood restaurant in the old part of the city.
A. transparent B. fragile C. high-class D. famous
5. Fuel prices have become more stable after several increases last year.
A. steady B. reasonable C. average D. simple

câu dưới đây.
1. The company began with inexpensive products but eventually moved into the middle levels and
high end of the market.
A. low-cost B. extra C. successful D. pricy
2. The French domestic market is the largest consumer of champagne.

A. outside B. farming C. international D. available
3. The council is making every effort to fill the vacancy.

A. selection B. fullness C. comparison D. consumption
4. The main drawback to these products is that they tend to be too salty.
A. painting B. downside C. advantage D. recession
5. The project is only in the initial phase as yet, but it's looking quite promising.
A. final B. beginning C. previous D. successful

READING TOPIC 6 | Leisure and Entertainment

Most people today take relatively little general exercise. Over the last 30 or 40 years lifestyles have
changed considerably and many people now travel even (1)______ shortest distances by car or bus. Lack
of exercise combined with eating too many fatty and sugary foods has meant that many people are
becoming too fat. Experts are particularly concerned that children (2)______ a lot of their free time
watching television or playing computer games instead of being physically active.
In recent years, however, there has been a growing (3)______ in fitness among young adults and many
belong to a sports club or gym. Membership of a sports club or gym can be (4)______ and not everyone
can afford the subscription. Local sports centres are generally cheaper. Evening classes are also cheap
and offer a wide variety of fitness activities ranging (5)______ yoga to jazz dancing.
Some companies now provide sports facilities for their employees or contribute to the cost of joining a
gym.
(Extracted from The Oxford Guide to British & American Culture - Oxford Advanced Learner’s Compass)
Question 1: A. the B. an C. one D. a
Question 2: A. make B. take C. get D. spend
Question 3: A. interestingly B. interest C. interesting D. interested
Question 4: A. popular B. easy C. cheap D. expensive
Question 5: A. on B. from C. at D. in

Children all around the world love to read comic books. Maybe they like to read the kind of comic books
that come out once a month, like Spiderman or Batman, or maybe they like manga-style comic books.
That means that publishers who make comic books need to keep in touch with the things young people
like to do. One thing that many young people today are interested in is technology, so of course kids want
to read digital comic books on electronic devices.
Let’s take Japanese manga as an example. There are lots of people around the world who enjoy reading
manga. However, in the past, it was difficult to find translated versions of manga in comic bookstores. But
that did not stop manga fans. Some fans who could translate Japanese into their own language started
translating manga themselves. Then they scanned the pages of manga books and uploaded the scanned
pages to the Internet with their translation. This practice has become so popular. People in the comic book
industry made up a name for it. By combining the words scan and translation, they call it “scanlation”, and
it is a big problem today. The people who do scanlation usually share their manga for free, so readers do
not buy manga books. Writers, artists, and publishers all end up losing money because of scanlation.
Another problem is piracy in the comic book industry. illegal copies of old and brand-new comics alike
have been hurting comic book sales.
Despite the progress made in converting comics to digital formats, hardcopy comic books are still by far
the most popular format among fans. In the meantime, comic book publishers and stores will just have to
keep an eye on their buyers’ habits. As the popularity of digital books for e- readers and tablets grows, the
popularity of digital comic books will grow as well.
Reading topic 6: Leisure & Entertainment 185

(From Reading Advantage by Casey Malarcher)
Question 1: What is the passage mainly about?
A. The need for digital comic books B. Children’s most favourite type of books
C. Problems in the book industry D. The manga industry in Japan
Question 2: The word “they” in paragraph 1 refers to_______.
A. children B. comic books C. publishers D. things
Question 3: According to paragraph 1, Spiderman is the name of ________.
A. a TV programme B. a comic book C. an electronic device D. a child
Question 4: According to paragraph 2, the practice of “scanlation” mostly involves ________.
A. selling translated manga books B. scanning and translating manga books
C. scanning uploaded manga books D. translating uploaded manga books
Question 5: According to the passage, in the past, some manga fans who knew Japanese translated
manga because __________.
A. it was enjoyable to translate Japanese books
B. they wanted to make a name for themselves
C. it was difficult to buy translated manga books
D. they wanted to read manga for free
Question 6: According to paragraph 2, who could benefit from scanlation?
A. Readers B. Publishers C. Writers D. Artists
Question 7: The word “piracy” in paragraph 2 probably means the act of ________.
A. controlling the production of a book B. hurting the sale of illegal comic books
C. copying and using a book illegally D. advertising a book without permission

1. monitor A. the act of encouraging of something so that it

develops or becomes more active
2. stimulation B. a meeting of people who have not met for a long

time
3. consider C. respected and admired as very important or of

very high quality
4. attempt D. a student in a school who performs special

duties, such as helping the teacher
5. thriller E. showing that someone has been well trained

and is good at their work
6. reunion F. an exciting film or book about murder or a crime
7. prestigious G. to think of somebody/something in a particular

way
8. professional H. very bad or unpleasant
9. dreadful I. to make an effort or try to do something,

especially something difficult
10. never-ending J. seeming to last forever
Stress in nouns and verbs | Nhấn trọng âm trong danh từ và động từ
Một số từ có hai hoặc ba âm tiết vừa là danh từ vừa là động từ nhưng trọng âm hoàn toàn giống
nhau:
NOUN VERB
➢ attempt → atTEMPT - atTEMPT

➢ picture → PICture - PICture
➢ promise → PROmise - PROmise
➢ reply → rePLY - rePLY
➢ monitor → MOnitor - MOnitor
➢ visit → VIsit - VIsit
➢ feature → FEAture - FEAture
others.
Question 1: A. depart B. locate C. feature D. compete
Question 2: A. compete B. visit C. attract D. depart
Question 3: A. junction B. chamber C. reply D. sample
Question 4: A. exotic B. popular C. humorous D. tedious
Question 5: A. vehicle B. monitor C. departure D. instrument


1. soft __________ loud 6. excessive __________ appropriate
2. musical instrument __________ violin 7. crime __________ theft
3. competitive __________ compete 8. foreword __________ introduction
4. prosperous __________ successful 9. thin __________ slender
5. monotonous __________ boring 10. horizontally __________ vertically

1. Television is an increasingly important __________ of communication.
A. tone B. extract C. feature D. means
2. No __________ is allowed to enter or park near the pedestrian area.

A. trip B. waste C. vehicle D. brochure
3. This traveller wants to __________ the forest on his own, so he didn’t book a tour guide.
A. explore B. locate C. depart D. attract
4. First-year university students find it hard to rent reasonable yet decent __________ in this city.
A. junction B. departure C. agent D. accommodation

1. The traders attract tourists by displaying a(n) __________ selection of produce which is unique to
the town.
A. common B. exotic C. regular D. popular
2. Customers are to keep an eye on their __________ as the shop will not be responsible for any loss
or damage.
A. belongings B. chambers C. merchants D. samples

3. The __________ of this new song are so catchy that I could learn them by heart in just minutes.
A. lyrics B. instruments C. features D. tunes
4. They like going on a long-day __________ on their luxurious boat every summer holiday.
A. excursion B. course C. cruise D. crate

1. He let his parents down by pursuing his ambition as a musician instead of a doctor.
A. admired his parents B. encouraged his parents
C. fascinated his parents D. disappointed his parents
2. In reaction to the negative reviews on the new movie, the sales of tickets drop dramatically.
A. impression B. standard C. rehearse D. response
3. This is a piece of artwork designed for young adults aged 10-15.

A. appealed B. regarded C. intended D. stipulated
4. The affluence of the nation has made two- and even three-car families the norm.
A. abundance B. prosperity C. poverty D. emblem
5. How may I behave myself at these dinners? I know nothing about table manners and cutlery.
A. conduct B. condemn C. delegate D. compose

câu dưới đây.
1. At first I thought he was a bit shy, but I've come to the conclusion that he's simply unfriendly!
A. introduction B. consequence C. choice D. purpose
2. The country’s economy continues to weaken as the new wave of Covid-19 has started.
A. stabilise B. lessen C. strengthen D. contribute

3. The student can easily prove that the dissertation is his own work owing to some solid evidence.
A. certify B. assume C. degrade D. obtain
4. His books are always best-sellers since readers adore his witty style of writing.
A. tedious B. humorous C. clever D. heart-touching
5. Remember to brake your cars slowly when the road is icy and slippery.
A. accelerate B. collide C. halt D. fasten

READING TOPIC 7 | Nature and Environment

Nature recycles water all the time. Water in oceans, lakes, and rivers evaporates, or turns into a gas and
(1)______ into the air. The water vapor eventually turns back into a liquid and (2)______ as rain. The
water cycle keeps the total amount of water on Earth the same. But most of this water is salt water in the
ocean. People need fresh water for drinking and for growing food (3)______ farms. Ocean water is too
salty to drink. It is too salty to use for watering plants.
Some places have more freshwater than others. People who live near big lakes or rivers have more
freshwater than people who live in the desert. Places (4)______ a lot of rain falls have more fresh water.
Places that usually have enough fresh water sometimes have a drought. Very (5)______ or no rain falls
during a drought. People run short of water. People everywhere should be careful not to waste water.
Question 1: A. drops B. lowers C. reduces D. rises
Question 2: A. fell B. falls C. falling D. fallen
Question 3: A. into B. on C. by D. in
Question 4: A. where B. whose C. whom D. when
Question 5: A. little B. many C. lots D. few

Though called by sweet-sounding names like Firinga or Katrina, tropical cyclones are huge rotating storms
200 to 2,000 kilometers wide whit winds that blow at speeds of more than 100 kilometers per hour (kph).
Weather professionals know them as tropical cyclones, but they are called hurricanes in the Caribbean
Sea, typhoons in the Pacific Ocean, and cyclones in the Indian Ocean. They occur in both the northern
and southern hemisphere. Large ones have destroyed cities and killed hundreds or thousands of people.
Tropical cyclones begin over water that is warmer than 27 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit)
slightly north or south of the earth’s equator. Warm, humid air full of water vapor moves upward. The
earth’s rotation causes the growing storm to start to rotate around its center (also known as the eye). At a
certain height, the water vapor condenses, changing to liquid and releasing heat. The heat draws more air
and water vapor upward, creating a cycle as air and water vapor rise and liquid waterfalls. If the cycle
speeds up until winds reach 118 kilometers per hour, the storm qualifies as a tropical cyclone.
Most deaths in tropical cyclones are caused by storm surge. This is a rise in sea level, sometimes seven
meters or more, caused by the storm pushing against the ocean’s surface. Storm surge was to blame for
the flooding of New Orleans in 2005. The storm surge of Cyclone Nargis in 2008 in Myanmar pushed
seawater nearly four meters deep some 40 kilometers inland, resulting in many deaths.
It has never been easy to forecast a tropical cyclone accurately. The goal is to know when and where the
next tropical cyclone will form. “And we can’t really do that yet,” says David Nolan, a weather researcher
from the University of Miami. The direction and strength of tropical cyclones are also difficult to predict,
even with computer assistance. In fact, long-term forecasts are poor; small differences in the combination
of weather factors lead to very different storms. More accurate forecasting could help people decide to
evacuate when a storm is on the way
Reading topic 7: Nature & Environment 191

Question 1: According to paragraph 1, tropical cyclones are storms with winds blowing at speeds of
_______.
A. more than 100 kph B. at least 200 kph
C. less than 100 kph D. no less than 200 kph
Question 2: The word “they” in phara paragraph 1 refers to _______.
A. sweet-sounding names B. wind speeds
C. tropical cyclones D. weather professionals
Question 3: According to the passage, tropical cyclones are called typhoons in _______.
A. the Indian Ocean B. the Arctic Ocean
C. the Atlantic Ocean D. the Pacific Ocean
Question 4: The word “humid” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to _______.
A. moist B. dry C. thin D. thick
Question 5: Which of the following events comes first in the process of storm formation?
A. Liquid water falls. B. Warm, humid air moves upward.
C. Water vapor condenses. D. Wind speed reaches 118 kph.
Question 6: According to the passage, a storm surge is _______.
A. a rise in sea level B. pushing seawater
C. a tropical cyclone D. inland flooding
Question 7: What is true about the storm surge of Cyclone Nargis?
A. It took a very high death toll. B. It caused flooding in New Orleans in 2005.
C. It occurred in Myanmar in 2005. D. It pushed seawater 4 kilometers inland.
Question 8: The word “evacuate” in paragraph 4 mostly means ______. .
A. move to safer places B. make accurate predictions
C. take preventive measures D. call for relief supplies
Question 9: Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?
A. The center of a growing storm is known as its eye.
B. The direction and strength of tropical cyclones are difficult to forecast.
C. Tropical cyclones are often given beautiful names.
D. Tropical cyclone predictions depend entirely on computer assistance
Question 10: Which of the following would serve as the best title for the passage?
A. Cyclone Forecasting B. Tropical Cyclones
C. Storm Surges D. Cyclone Formation

1. ecological A. to generate heat, light, a smell, or a gas
2. drought B. more than enough
3. give off C. in danger of becoming extinct
4. diminish D. to finish, use, or sell everything so that there is

nothing left
5. abundant E. a long period with little or no rain
6. arduous F. relating to the relationships of living things with

one another and with their surroundings
7. at stake G. requiring a great deal of effort and energy,

especially over a long period of time
8. in vain H. to become smaller, weaker, etc.; to cause

something to become smaller, weaker, etc.
9. run out I. without success
10. cut down J. to lessen the quantity or number of something
1. hunt ___________ whaling > 6. harmless __________ harmful ≠
2. stable __________ constant = 7. amphibian ___________ turtle >
3. poisonous __________ toxic = 8. reconstruction ___________ destruction ≠
4. numerous __________ plentiful = 9. tiny __________ oversized ≠
5. boundless __________ unlimited = 10. catastrophic __________ disastrous =

1. Mary possessed a natural __________ to quickly memorize and imitate any movement she
witnessed.
A. mystery B. temperature C. progress D. ability
2. Research __________ are ways of collecting and analyzing data.
A. processes B. methods C. surveys D. networks

3. Because the guns are very loud when they fire, it is best to have noise __________.
A. pollution B. condition C. protection D. survival
4. Contemporary __________ change includes both human-caused global warming and its effects on
Earth's weather patterns.
A. weather B. wildlife C. border D. climate

1. Remember that your pet is not a fashion accessory; it is a living __________ whose well-being
should always come first.
A. canyon B. feature C. creature D. detergent
2. Specific measures should be implemented to ensure that communities directly benefit from the
__________ of mineral resources.
A. extinction B. exploitation C. ecosystem D. restoration
3. A 15-year-old girl was the sole __________ of a plane crash on an island in Lake Placid.
A. forester B. predator C. survivor D. fertilizer
4. If nuclear waste is not properly __________, it can cause serious environmental damage.
A. consisted of B. died out C. accustomed to D. disposed of

1. Some people think it's cool to stare directly into the sun, but they have no idea how risky this can
be.
A. poisonous B. dangerous C. unclean D. possible
2. Will you never tell us about your secret boyfriend? We saw you with someone last night.
A. frightening B. vulnerable C. sensitive D. mysterious
3. Pesticides and fertilizers are heavily polluting our water, soil, and air.
A. contaminating B. contributing to C. injuring D. eliminating
4. Most of the pollution is caused by poorly treated sewage and chemicals discharged by farms and
factories.
A. replaced B. released C. retained D. repeated
5. The city has been destroyed by the worst floods in history, with many people losing their homes.
A. promoted B. generated C. devastated D. urbanised

câu dưới đây.
1. With approximately 190 countries and 7 billion people on earth, it is not hard to imagine that many
diverse cultures exist.
A. constant B. common C. similar D. frequent
2. The man gazed out at the endless miles of desert, hoping to come across an island.
A. stable B. limited C. exotic D. separate
3. In most emergencies, children require immediate medical attention but don't develop long term
adverse effects.
A. efficient B. sufficient C. beneficial D. dynamic
4. Zookeepers run enrichment programs to mimic animals' natural behaviour in the wild and stimulate
them in captivity.
A. eco-friendly B. stressful C. accidental D. man-made
5. We will cause significant environmental damage if we continue to deplete the earth's natural
resources.
A. explore B. develop C. rescue D. recognise

READING TOPIC 8 | Science and Technology

TEENAGERS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
In many countries, there is a widespread perception that teenagers' lives nowadays are dominated by
technology. However, the information (1) _____ was gathered in a recent study of Australian teenagers'
use of and attitudes towards technology suggests that this view doesn't reflect the reality of their everyday
existence. The research by academics from the University of Canberra in Australia found that, while most
teenagers had ready access to home computers, mobile phones and (2) ______ electronic devices, they
generally spent more time on traditional (3) _____ such as talking to family and friends, doing homework,
and enjoying hobbies and sports than on using technology. Accessing social media and playing computer
games ranked as low as ninth and tenth respectively among the ten most common after-school activities.
Fifteen-year-old Laura Edmonds is one of the teenagers surveyed. She admits to being very (4) _____ to
her smartphone and makes full use of various apps (5) _____ if she needs to unwind after a hard day at
school, she tends to "hang out with my friends, listen to music or chat with my mum and dad".
(Adapted from Exam Essentials Practice Tests - Cambridge English by Tom Bradbury and Eunice Yeates)
Question 1: A. when B. which C where D. who
Question 2: A. one B. every C. other D. another
Question 3: A. operations B. pursuits C. events D. incidents
Question 4: A. enclosed B. attached C. related D conformed
Question 5: A. nor B. till C. like D. but

A radio telescope is a radio receiver that "sees" radio waves. Unlike a normal telescope, which sees light,
a radio telescope is used primarily in the area of astronomy because it can detect radio waves that are
emitted by celestial objects. Such objects in space, also called radio objects, can be things such as hot
gas, electrons, and wavelengths given off by different atoms and molecules.
The first radio telescope was invented by Grote Reber in 1937. He was an American who graduated with
a degree in engineering. He went on to work as an amateur radio operator and later decided to try to build
his own radio telescope in his backyard. Reber’s first two radio receivers failed to pick up any signals from
outer space, but in 1938, his third radio telescope successfully picked up radio waves from space.
A radio telescope consists of a large parabolic-shaped dish antenna or a combination of two or more. The
significance of the parabolic shape allows for the incoming radio waves to be concentrated on one focal
point, allowing the signals to be picked up as strongly as possible. A larger dish means that more signals
can be received and focalized.
In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the largest radio telescope of the time was invented with a
seventy-six-meter telescope although larger telescopes have been made since then. The largest current
radio telescope in the world is the RATAN-600 in Russia, whose diameter is 576 meters. It has provided
valuable feedback of the sun's radio wavelengths and atmosphere. The largest radio telescope in Europe
is a 100-meter diameter telescope in Germany, and the largest radio telescope in the United States is the
Reading topic 8: Science & Technology 196

Big Ear in the state of Ohio. The largest array of telescopes is the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope in
India.
Radio telescopes have provided scientists with valuable information about our universe. One of the most
important functions of radio telescopes is their ability to allow scientists to track different space probes, the
unmanned space missions in outer space. Radio telescopes allow for the travel of space probes into
places like the surface of Mars that are too dangerous for men to explore. Without radio wave technology,
scientists would not know much of what inhabits the universe nor would they be able to see it. Radio
waves are our eyes and ears in outer space.
Question 1: According to the passage, a radio telescope enables the detection of ______.
A. normal light of celestial objects B. radio waves sent out by celestial objects
C. creatures that inhabit celestial objects D. shapes and sizes of celestial objects
Question 2: According to paragraph 2, all of the following are true about Grote Reber EXCEPT that
______.
A. he was an amateur radio operator B. he was an astronomer
C. he was an engineer D. he was an inventor
Question 3: Grote Reber’s idea to develop a radio telescope was not successful until ______.
A. he first built one in his backyard B. he graduated from an engineering school
C. he experimented on the third one D. he picked up signals from outer space
Question 4: The verb “pick up” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. send B. receive C. select D. lift
Question 5: According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
A. The pattern of radio waves received by radio telescopes is significant.
B. The largest radio telescope of all time is the one with a seventy-six-meter diameter.
C. A larger dish antenna helps a radio telescope produce better results.
D. The Big Ear in the United States produces the largest array of telescopes.
Question 6: The word “current” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. water movement B. electricity flow C. moving D. existing
Question 7: The word “they” in paragraph 5 refers to ______.
A. places B. scientists C. radio waves D. eyes and ears
Question 8: Radio waves are scientists’ eyes and ears in outer space because ______.
A. they allow them to travel to such dangerous places as Mars
B. they help to track only manned space missions in space
C. they can recognize who dominates the universe
D. they can help them understand more about the universe
Question 9: The passage mainly discusses ______.
A. radio telescopes B. radio waves C. radio operators D. atoms and molecules

1. pressure A. television, radio, newspapers, and magazines
2. profile B. to completely change something so that it is

much better
3. media C. a large white surface that a film is shown on in a

cinema or in a large room
4. screen D. having sufficient equipment, supplies, or

abilities
5. interpret E. not receiving medical treatment
6. response F. a short description that gives the main details of

what someone or something is like
7. well equipped G. a reply or reaction to something
8. revolutionize H. to translate spoken words into another language
9. untreated I. to remove odours (= smells, especially

unpleasant ones) from something
10. deodorise J. conditions that cause something to change or

fail, especially in business or politics
1. definite __________ certain 6. navigate __________ navigation
2. bulky __________ cumbersome 7. container __________ box
3. equipment __________ monitor 8. clockwise __________ counterclockwise
4. function __________ functional 9. develop __________ developer
5. transfer __________ relocate 10. unsuitable __________ appropriate

Stress in nouns and verbs | Nhấn trọng âm trong danh từ và động từ
Một số từ có hai âm tiết vừa đóng vai trò là danh từ và động từ. Trường hợp danh từ, trọng âm rơi vào âm
tiết thứ nhất. Trường hợp động từ, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai:
NOUN VERB
● record → REcord - reCORD

● contrast → CONtrast - conTRAST
● desert → DEsert - deSERT
● export → EXport - exPORT
● object → OBject - obJECT
● present → PREsent - preSENT
● produce → PROduce - proDUCE
● protest → PROtest - proTEST
● rebel → REbel - reBEL
others.
Question 1:
A. extinct B. record C. transmit D. shuttle
Question 2:
A. progress B. storage C. machine D. strengthen
Question 3:
A. precise B. display C. technique D. conflict
Question 4:
A. export B. clockwise C. pressure D. promise
Question 5:
A. spacious B. winding C. profile D. protest

1. It's very short-sighted of the government not to invest in __________ research.
A. generous B. technological C. mysterious D. convenient
2. The last __________ in the spaceship goes into the computer and shuts it down.
A. communicator B. typewriter C. processor D. astronaut
3. They plan to __________ the latest rocket next year.

A. launch B. transmit C. reuse D. rank

4. To get across town, you can take the __________ bus from Times Square to Grand Central.
A. receiver B. invention C. shuttle D. storage

1. Exhaust fumes come into the car when I switch on the air conditioner.
A. go on B. get on C. turn on D. call on
2. People stay because they don’t have alternative opportunities.

A. transferable B. different C. reasonable D. competitive
3. Further information can be obtained from the head office.

A. selected B. provided C. released D. received
4. We hope to become more accurate in predicting earthquakes.

A. precise B. pleasant C. primitive D. stable
5. They introduced some innovative schemes for recycling waste materials.

A. solar B. new C. extinct D. easy

câu dưới đây.
1. He is a leading expert on the country's ecology.
A. convenient B. excellent C. unimportant D. competitive
2. For your safety, we recommend you keep your seat belt loosely fastened during the flight.
A. danger B. security C. happiness D. pleasure
3. She likes everything to be in its proper place.

A. significant B. essential C. physical D. incorrect

4. This also makes the whole area appear more spacious.
A. urgent B. narrow C. enormous D. winding
5. In spite of all her problems she manages to remain optimistic.

A. pessimistic B. humanoid C. interactive D. sociable

READING TOPIC 9 | Clothes and Fashion

FASHION
People wear clothes to protect their bodies from the cold or the burning sun. Apart from protection against
the weather, clothes were also often (1)______ to show the wearer’s status and wealth. Over the years,
numerous fashions in clothing have come and gone. (2)______ some of these have been popular for
relatively short periods, others have lasted longer.
Until the first half of the 20th century, the ability to follow fashion was limited to those (3)______ had the
money to do so. But following fashion did not only demand money, it also required large amounts of leisure
time. Wealthy people took fashion very seriously and close attention had to be (4)______ to detail.
Wearing the correct clothes for different occasions was very important, despite the fact that this often
meant changing clothes five or six times a day.
More recently, fashionable clothes have come within the reach of ordinary people. The traditional craft of
dressmaking, which usually involved sewing by hand, was both costly and slow. But today, large-scale
manufacturing has made it easier for people to keep up with (5)______ in fashion without having to spend
a great amount of money.
Question 1: A. used B. made C. given D. taken
Question 2: A. Because B. If C. Although D. Therefore
Question 3: A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
Question 4: A. given B. paid C. sent D. looked
Question 5: A. time B. price C. use D. changes

When we meet people for the first time, we often make decisions about them based entirely on how they
look. And of course, we too are being judged on our appearance. Undoubtedly, it's what's inside that's
important but sometimes we can send out the wrong signals and so get a negative reaction, simply by
wearing inappropriate clothing.
When selecting your clothes each day, it is therefore important to think about who you're likely to meet,
where you are going to be spending most of your time and what tasks you are likely to perform. Clearly, on
a practical level, some outfits will be more appropriate to different sorts of activity and this will dictate your
choice to an extent. However, there's no need to abandon your individual taste completely. After all, if you
dress to please somebody else's idea of what looks good, you may end up feeling uncomfortable and not
quite yourself.
Some colours bring your natural colouring to life and others can give you a washed-out appearance. Try
out new ones by all means, but remember that dressing in bright colours when you really like subtle
Reading topic 9: Clothes & Fashion 202

neutral tones or vice versa will make you feel self-conscious and uncomfortable. You know deep down
where your own taste boundaries lie. It may be fun to cross these sometimes, but do take care not to go
too far all at once.
Reappraising your image isn't selfish because everyone who comes into contact with you will benefit.
You'll look better and you'll feel a better person all round. And if in doubt, you only need to read Professor
Albert Mehrabian's book Silent Messages, which showed that the impact we make on Silent Messages
each other depends 55 percent on how we look and behave, 38 percent on how we speak, and only seven
percent on what we actually say.
(Adapted from "Expert First" by Jan Bell and Roger Gower)
Question 1: Which could be the best title for the passage?

A. Making Your Image Work for You B. Choosing Appropriate Business Suits
C. Making Judgements about People's Appearance D. Creating a Professional Image
Question 2: According to paragraph 1, people can get a negative reaction from others by ______.
A. wearing inappropriate clothes B. expressing too strong emotions
C. sending out right signals D. talking about other people's behaviours
Question 3: The word "outfits" in paragraph 2 mostly means ______.
A. types of gestures B. sets of equipment C. sets of clothes D. types of signals
Question 4: Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 2 as a factor to be considered when
choosing clothes?
A. Places you spend time in B. Kinds of tasks you perform
C. Other people's views on beauty D. People you meet
Question 5: The word "others" in paragraph 3 refers to ______.
A. taste boundaries B. colours C. means D. neutral tones
Question 6: The word "Reappraising" in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. reconsidering B. reapplying C. reminding D. recalling
Question 7: According to Professor Albert Mehrabian, the impact we make on each other depends mainly
on ______.
A. how we look and behave B. what we read
C. what we actually say D. how we speak

1. belt A. to take off your clothes and put on different ones
2. change B. a band of leather or cloth that you wear around

your waist
3. barber C. something that is the same colour or pattern as

something else, or looks attractive with it
4. chain D. clothes that are typical of a particular country or

time in the past
5. match E. a man whose job is to cut men’s hair
6. neat F. a part of a piece of clothing that covers all or

part of your arm
7. costume G. a line of metal rings connected together
8. trousers H. arranged in a tidy and careful way
9. garment I. a piece of clothing that covers the lower part of

your body, with a separate part for each leg
10. sleeve J. a piece of clothing
1. accessory __________ jewellery 6. fashion __________ fashionable
2. clothing __________ uniform 7. material __________ feather
3. try on __________ put on 8. unnecessary __________ vital
4. smart __________ neat 9. loose __________ tight
5. barber __________ hairdresser 10. region __________ regional

1. I love the floral __________ on her T-shirt. It looks amazing.
A. pattern B. model C. suit D. tear

2. Jill’s new hairstyle doesn’t really __________ her. If only she hadn’t cut it too short.
A. alter B. suit C. mend D. dye
3. The particular __________ of these trousers allows them to be waterproof.

A. fashion B. feather C. crown D. design
4. She __________ her boring hat with wildflowers and glitter.

A. dress B. satisfy C. decorate D. affect

1. My grandma __________ her old coat a little in order that it would loosen a bit.
A. wove B. altered C. knitted D. ironed
2. The singer puts on large sunglasses as a(n) __________ and hoped no one would recognise him
in public.
A. outfit B. disguise C. ornament D. designer
3. My father is going __________ at age of 50. His hair becomes thinner and thinner.
A. thick B. casual C. curly D. bald
4. In order to __________ the shape of his body, he prefers wearing loose clothes.
A. conceal B. maintain C. reveal D. assimilate
Silent letter in some consonant digraphs | Âm câm trong một số phụ âm kép
Một số phụ âm kép chứa một chữ cái được phát âm bình thường, chữ còn lại mang âm câm.
● mn: solemn /ˈsɒl.əm/
● mb: comb /kəʊm/
● gn: gnome /nəʊm/
● kn: knife /naɪf/
● wr: wright /raɪt/
● wh: what /wɒt/ - whom /huːm/

others.
Question 1: A. kneel B. autumn C. design D. condemn
Question 2: A. wrap B. whole C. wrist D. two
Question 3: A. lamb B. hymn C. mnemonic D. numbing
Question 4: A. malign B. gnarl C. signed D. indignant
Question 5: A. whose B. why C. whine D. whim

1. We are not allowed to wear casual clothes to school.
A. smart B. fashionable C. informal D. matching
2. Strong colours are very fashionable at the moment.

A. trendy B. formal C. neat D. shiny
3. The colour of your attire is vivid, which is highly unacceptable for a funeral.
A. decorative B. gloomy C. dull D. bright
4. She looks pretty pleased with the scarf her husband gifted her.
A. proud B. satisfied C. reluctant D. curious
5. My father always mends and polishes our shoes. He does that very carefully.
A. irons B. knits C. repairs D. smooths

câu dưới đây.
1. I have to dress in a suit and tie for work.
A. put off B. take off C. take on D. put on
2. Every girl in my class loves that basketball player because he looks very cool.
A. unattractive B. fashionable C. smart D. stylish
3. The jacket is made of synthetic materials, yet it is quite comfortable to wear.
A. artificial B. waterproof C. natural D. protective

4. Although not trendy, her clothes always look neat and clean.
A. pale B. old-fashioned C. tidy D. messy
5. Her straight blonde hair will look perfect with this high-collar blouse.
A. smooth B. simple C. bald D. curly

READING TOPIC 10 | Law and Society

THE NATURE OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Everyone has human rights which are about ensuring that people are able to live the life they choose, free
(1)______ fear, harassment or discrimination. A human right is an entitlement, something that is regarded
as an essential part of being a human being. It is not something that a government or the law gives to their
citizens. It is something people simply have as a (2)______.
Human rights are about things like the right to live in peace and (3)______, the right to speak our minds, or
the right not to be owned or enslaved by another. They are based on the belief that all people are equal in
value and in dignity. They are the essential basic rights that safeguard human integrity, freedom and
equality.
In many countries, there has been a long tradition of fairness and equality. People in those countries are
fortunate to have such things as elected governments, a (4)______press and an impartial court system to
help protect their rights. Most of them also have the opportunity to live where and how they choose.
(5)______, human rights abuses do occur in many areas. People are denied jobs because of their colour,
sex or disability.
Question 1: A. from B. of C. about D. for
Question 2: A. rightful B. righteous C. right D. righteousness
Question 3: A. relaxation B. security C. war D.warmth
Question 4: A. controlled B. free C. large D. popular
Question 5: A. Moreover B. Therefore C. Consequently D. Nonetheless

In the seventeenth century, cooking was all done in the fireplace in many North American houses.
Fireplaces which were often large were mainly used for not only cooking but also warmth. They were
usually 1.2 or 1.8 metres in height.
Morality is traditionally defined as agreement with standards of right or good behaviour. Biologists believe
that humans’ tendency to treat other people as how they would like to be treated – is a product of
evolution. At first, moral behavior seems to oppose the rules of Charles Darwin’s theory of survival of the
fittest and natural selection. However, researchers in the field of biology feel that as animals evolved to live
in groups, the propensity to look only after the group’s success as a whole, every member had to look
only after one's own needs had to fade in order for a group mentality to emerge. To ensure the group’s
success as a whole, every member had to look out for the interests of the majority. This is a system of
beliefs based on what does the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Reading topic 10: Law & Society 208

Doctor Jonathon Haidt at the University of Virginia believes that morality is driven by two separate
mindsets: one ancient and one modern. Furthermore, Dr. Haidt identified five areas of moral conduct that
are common in most countries and systems throughout the world, and he describes these as the
foundation for all moral behavior. These moral components form the idea of how people treat others and
what is important in being part of a group. Regardless of their background, religion, socioeconomic status,
or educational level, Dr. Haidt found that the majority of people hold to these moral concepts. They are the
prevention of harm, fairness, loyalty, respect for authority, and high standards of purity. For example,
loyalty to one’s group entails a strong love and care for the values of the group as a whole. The idea of
loyalty is closely connected with respect for authority. People who value authority believe in the strength of
a governing body and a strong hierarchy with established roles and rules. Besides, the final concept
involves upholding high standards of purity. This deals with the way that members of a group view their
bodies and keep the standards of cleanliness in society. Daily hygiene routines, eating food that has not
been contaminated in some way, and burial rules and rituals fall into this category.
Dr. Haidt's research concludes that while morality which are learned behaviors, reinforced by our
environments from a very early age may take different forms across the many different cultures of the
world, it remains true that the basic task of morality, restraining selfishness, is a part of all humanity's moral
behavior.
Question 1: What does this passage mainly discuss?

A. Moral Behavior B. The humans’ evolution
C. Values of loyalty D. Early childhood education
Question 2: The word “propensity” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to ____________.
A. wealthy B. tendency C. population D. solidity
Question 3: Which of the following is NOT MENTIONED about morality?
A. They typically develop in sequential order.
B. They serve as the core of all moral behaviors.
C. They are present in a large majority of countries.
D. They explain the various ideas that drive moral behavior.
Question 4: Which of the following can be inferred about Dr. Haidt’s five areas of moral conduct?
A. They are disputed in various cultures.
B. They explain why religious people are more moral.
C. They are part of the laws in many countries.
D. They are based on innate human tendencies.
Question 5: The word “entails” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to____________.
A. follows B. produces C. involves D. causes
Question 6: The word “this” in paragraph 2 refers to____________.
A. a strong hierarchy B. a governing body
C. upholding high standards D. the fifth concept
Question 7: According to the passage, morality _____________.
A. agrees with Darwin’s natural selection B. goes against the dominant authority
C. seeks to restrict human selfishness D. includes generosity as an important moral

1. caregiver A. behaviour that is intended to hurt other people

physically
2. breadwinner B. to give official permission for something
3. sentence C. a punishment that a judge gives to someone

who is guilty of a crime
4. violence D. a death in an accident or a violent attack
5. association E. an organization for people who do the same

kind of work or have the same interests
6. literacy F. the member of a family who earns the money

that the family needs
7. admit G. to say that you have done something wrong or

illegal
8. authorise H. someone who tends a person that is young, old,

or sick
9. fatality I. the number of deaths within a particular society

and within a particular period of time
10. mortality J. the ability to read and write
Suffixes that influence stress | Hậu tố thay đổi vị trí nhấn trọng âm
Đối với các các hậu tố sau, dấu nhấn trong các từ này thường rơi vào âm tiết cuối cùng của từ gốc.
● “-eous” → advanTAgeous (từ gốc: adVANtage)
● “-graphy” → phoTOgraphy (từ gốc: PHOto)
● “-ial” → proVERbial (từ gốc: PROverb)
● “-ic” → cliMAtic (từ gốc: CLImate)
● “-ion” → perFECtion (từ gốc: PERfect)
● “-ious” → inJUrious (từ gốc: INjure)
● “-ty” → tranQUILLity (từ gốc: TRANquil)
● “-ive” → reFLExive (từ gốc: REflex)
Question 1:
A. competitive B. oceanic C.simultaneous D. superstitious
Question 2:
A. automotive B. hilarious C. retrospective D. economic

Question 3:
A. excessive B. historic C. previous D. ambitious
Question 4:
A. invention B. courageous C. supportive D. quality
Question 5:
A. courteous B. anxious C. outrageous D. envious
1. accusation __________ accuse 6. law __________ lawyer
2. income __________ wage 7. burden __________ difficulty
3. down-to-earth __________ unfriendly 8. appreciation __________ appreciative
4. decision __________ judgement 9. crime __________ theft
5. innocent __________ guilty 10. attention __________ notice

1. Two __________ broke into the office last night and got away with five laptops.
A. thieves B. witnesses C. assassins D. guards
2. The law is very __________ about people littering on the streets. They can be fined very heavily.
A. equal B. violent C. strict D. domestic
3. As production has expanded, the __________ standard of the farmers in our village has risen
considerably.
A. lively B. living C. life D. lives
4. Small entrepreneurs in the region are grateful to the committee for the help they received when
__________ their businesses.
A. waiting up B. catching up C. picking out D. setting up


1. Educationalists have called on the government to __________ the tax on computers and
schoolbooks to aid disadvantaged students.
A. abuse B. abolish C. allege D. assault
2. Many politicians have expressed their __________ to support the new prime minister as he was
apparently against their benefits.
A. conspiracy B. vision C. unwillingness D. pessimism
3. The drought has had devastating __________ in which poverty is one of them.
A. accusations B. captives C. consequences D. corruptions
4. During the pandemic, the government put __________ amounts of money into the health service,
which hugely contributed to the success afterwards.
A. prestigious B. excessive C. insufficient D. massive

1. People's voting habits are influenced by political, social and economic factors.
A. decisions B. percentages C. elements D. movements
2. The authorities have revoked their original decision to allow development of this rural area.
A. urban B. local C. regional D. official
3. Health care could become a critical issue in political debate.

A. member B. problem C. solution D. technique
4. The police are trying to curb under-age drinking in urban areas.

A. commit B. impose C. abuse D. limit
5. It has often been proposed that the president be elected by direct popular vote.
A. challenged B. ordered C. suggested D. admitted

câu dưới đây.
1. Government support will be essential if the project is to succeed.
A. illegal B. important C. traditional D. unnecessary
2. Inflation in this country is rising by 2.1 percent a month.

A. remaining B. upgrading C. falling D. growing
3. Drunken driving can be punished with a prison sentence.

A. complemented B. considered C. authorized D. escaped
4. Government troops have succeeded in capturing the rebel leader.

A. detaining B. releasing C. expiring D. banning
5. Occasionally people confess to crimes they haven’t committed just to get attention.
A. convict B. execute C. deport D. conceal

Grammar and Vocab

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Grammar and Vocab

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Table of Contents | Mục lục

GRAMMAR POINT 1 | Present tenses 3

GRAMMAR POINT 2 | Past tenses 11

GRAMMAR POINT 3 | Future tenses 21

GRAMMAR POINT 4 | Nouns & Quantifiers 29

GRAMMAR POINT 5 | Linking words 34

GRAMMAR POINT 6 | Relative clause 40

GRAMMAR POINT 7 | Modals & Perfect modals 47

GRAMMAR POINT 8 | Passive voice 52

GRAMMAR POINT 9 | Causative forms 58

GRAMMAR POINT 10 | Verb patterns 62

GRAMMAR POINT 11 | Conditionals 68

GRAMMAR POINT 12 | Reported speech 77

GRAMMAR POINT 13 | Conjunction 84

GRAMMAR POINT 14 | Participle phrases 89

GRAMMAR POINT 15 | Comparisons 96

GRAMMAR POINT 16 | Clefting for emphasis 102

GRAMMAR POINT 17 | Enough - Too - So - Such 108

GRAMMAR POINT 18 | Tag questions 114

GRAMMAR POINT 19 | I Wish … 118

GRAMMAR POINT 20 | Subjunctive 124

GRAMMAR POINT 21 | Adverbial clauses 130

GRAMMAR POINT 22 | Inversion 136

GRAMMAR POINT 23 | Articles 141

GRAMMAR POINT 24 | Compound adjective 148

READING TOPIC 1 | Home and Family 153

READING TOPIC 2 | Food and Health 160

READING TOPIC 3 | Countries and Cultures 167

READING TOPIC 5 | Business and Economy 180

READING TOPIC 6 | Leisure and Entertainment 185

READING TOPIC 7 | Nature and Environment 191

READING TOPIC 8 | Science and Technology 196

READING TOPIC 9 | Clothes and Fashion 202

READING TOPIC 10 | Law and Society 209

Structure | Cấu trúc

don’t = do not doesn’t = does not

Pronunciation of the ‘s’ ending | Phát âm âm cuối ‘s’

Khi phát âm -s và -es, các em cần nhớ 3 quy tắc sau:

Grammar point 1: Present tenses 3

Question 1: A. feelings B. letters C. nations D. delights

Present continuous | Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn

Grammar point 1: Present tenses 4

‘ve = have ‘s = has

2. Please wait for a few minutes. Sandy is openning the door.

3. Tim usually plaies football at the weekend.

4. Speak loudly to my grandparents because they doesn't hear very well.

5. Have you do all the homework?

Usage | Cách dùng

Hiện tại Hiện tại Hiện tại

1. Diễn tả các thói quen hiện tại

2. Than phiền về các thói quen xấu (với always)

3. Diễn tả tần suất diễn ra các sự việc

4. Diễn tả các tình huống lâu dài

Grammar point 1: Present tenses 5

6. Diễn tả các trạng thái, sở thích, cảm xúc tại thời

7. Diễn tả các hành động đang xảy ra ở thời điểm hiện

8. Diễn tả các thay đổi và phát triển

9. Bình luận thể thao trực tiếp

10. Dùng để đánh giá và tóm tắt

11. Dùng cho các chỉ dẫn và chỉ đường

12. Diễn tả các sự kiện và sự thật nói chung

14. Diễn tả tình huống đã xảy ra nhưng thời gian của

Grammar point 1: Present tenses 6

Tense: __________ Rule number: __________

Tense: Rule number:

2. ‘It's now late. Where you ?' (go)

Tense: Rule number:

3. What time she usually ? (get up)

Tense: Rule number:

Tense: Rule number:

Tense: Rule number:

3. What _ you _ at eight o’clock yesterday evening? (do)

4. When I _ a child we _ to school. (be/ walk)