BIO122

HISTOLOGY OF CELLS AND TISSUES

LABORATORY REPORT

Experiment:

Microscopy and the Cells

Students’ Name

& ID

Class

Group GROUP 3

Lecturer’s Name DR. MUHAMMAD AFIF BIN YUSOF

Date of Submission 19/12/2021

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Declaration of Academic Honesty
Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should uphold at all times.
I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely our group work, and that no part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/
source(s) or provided by any other student(s).
I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to be penalized if any form of copying is found valid.

Objectives
1. To describe the parts and functions of the compound light and dissecting microscope.
2. To state the steps in proper order for bringing the cell’s image into focus with the compound

light microscope.
3. To calculate the diameter of field and the total magnification of the Cell’s image.
4. To identify the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. To identify the differences between animal and plant cells.

Introduction

Although cells vary in size, they’re generally quite small. With a few exceptions, individual cells cannot be seen with the naked eye, so scientists must instead use

microscopes to study them. By definition, a microscope is a specialized optical instrument that magnifies objects otherwise too small to be seen, producing an image in which

the object appears larger. Most photographs of cells are taken using a microscope, and these lenses are arranged, they can bend light to produce a much more magnified image

than that of a magnifying glass. In a compound microscope with two lenses, the arrangement of the lenses has an interesting consequences: the orientation of the image you see

is flipped in relation to the actual magnification of the microscope and its suitability to present a clear and sharp image of the specimen. A benefit of light microscopy is that it

can often be performed on living cells, so it’s possible to watch cells carrying out their normal behaviours under the microscope. For instance, locomotion or type of movements

of bacteria can be classified in different categories.

Material
1. Compound light microscope
2. Dissecting microscope
3. Slides

Procedure
1. The link stated in the lab manual was clicked and the videos related to experiment was watched.
2. The week 3 lab demonstration video was watched for discussion of objective No. 1
3. The week 4 lab demonstration video was watched for discussion of objective No. 2
4. Hands-on experiment in the virtual lab using link provided was performed for discussion of objective No. 3, 4 and 5.
5. Whitefish cell was chosen from the virtual lab to calculate the total magnification of the cell’s image and the diameter of field.
6. Total magnification was calculated by multiplying of the ocular lens (eyepiece) by the magnification of the objective lens.
7. The diameter of the field (the circle visible through the lens) which is the length of the field was measured by the provided ruler on the stage in the microscope in

the virtual lab while viewing through the eyepieces with different objectives lenses.
8. The guidelines of the lab report were referred
9. The objectives of the experiment were discussed and the results of the experiment in the ‘discussion’ part of the lab report was linked.
Name: NUR SYAMILA FARHANA BT BABA ZIN
Student Id: 2021824318
Class: AS1201B Group: 3

Result

1)

Compound light microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)

Dissecting microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)

2)

Bacterial Cell (Find out 2 microscopic photos and provide all the labels)

Gram Stain Mix (40X) Endospore Stain (100X)

Gram Positive Free Spores
Gram Vegetative Cells

Negative

3)

Plant Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and provide all the labels)

Nucleus
Chromosomes

Onion Root (40X)

Cell Wall Cytoplasm
Animal Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and all provide the labels)

Whitefish (40X)
Interphase

4) Complete the following the table:

Magnification of Objectives Magnification of Eyepiece Magnification of Cell’s Image Diameter of Field

4X 10X 40X 4.5

10X 10X 100X 1.8

40X 10X 400X 0.45

100X 10X 1000X 0.18

Name: Muhammad Faizol bin Zakaria
Student Id: 2021449468
Class: AS1201B Group: 3

Result

1)

Compound light microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)
Dissecting microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)
2)

Bacterial Cell (Find out 2 microscopic photos and provide all the labels)

Gram positive

Gram Stain Mix (1000X)

Gram negative

Endospore Stain (1000X)

Spores

Plant Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and provide all the labels)

Metaphase
Nucleus
Prophase

Onion Root (1000X)

Animal Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and all provide the labels)
 Spindle fibres
Chromosomes

Pole (Centrioles)
Whitefish Metaphase (1000X)

Aster Fibres

4) Complete the following the table:

Magnification of Objectives Magnification of Eyepiece Magnification of Cell’s Image Diameter of Field

4X 10X
40X 4.5

10X 10X
100X 1.8

10X
40X 400X 0.45

100X 10X
1000X 0.18

Name: CHE KU IQMAL ALIF BIN CHE’KU MOHD MULIADI

Student Id: 2021206828
Class: AS1201B Group: 3

Result

1)

Compound light microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)

Eye piece arm

Course adjustment knob

Nose piece

Fine adjustment knob

Objective lens

Brightness adjustment
Diaphragm

Stage clips Aperture

Mechanical stage control knob

Stage

Light source base

Dissecting microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)
2)

Bacterial Cell (Find out 2 microscopic photos and provide all the labels)
 Endospore Stain ( Magnification, 1000X )

Gram Stain Mix ( Magnification, 1000X )

3)

Plant Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and provide all the labels)
 nucleus cytoplasm

Metaphase

Onion Root ( Magnification, 400X ) Cell wall

prophase

Animal Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and all provide the labels)

Cell membrane
Nuclear membrane cytoplasm

centrioles

telophase

prophase

chromosomes Whitefish ( Magnification, 400X )

Nucleus reforming Cleavage furrow
4) Complete the following the table:

Magnification of Objectives Magnification of Eyepiece Magnification of Cell’s Image Diameter of Field

4X 10X 40 X 4.5

10X 10X 100X 1.8

40X 10X 400X 0.45

100X 10X 1000X 0.18

Name: Ahmad Alif Imran Bin Mohd Azmi
Student Id: 2021811388
Class: AS1201B Group: 3

Result

1)

Compound light microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)
 Dissecting microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)

2)

Bacterial Cell (Find out 2 microscopic photos and provide all the labels)

GRAM POSITIVE
 Gram Stain Mix (1000X)

Acid Fast Mix (1000X)

3)

Plant Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and provide all the labels)

METAPHASE CYTOPLASM
NUCLEUS

PROPHASE CELL WALL

Onion Root (1000X)

Animal Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and all provide the labels)
 SPINDLE FIBRES CHROMOSOMES

Whitefish Metaphase (1000X)

ASTER FIBRES
4) Complete the following the table:
POLE (CENTRIOLES)

Magnification of Objectives Magnification of Eyepiece Magnification of Cell’s Image Diameter of Field

4X 10X
40X 4.5

10X 10X
100X 1.8

40X 10X
400X 0.45

100X 10X
1000X 0.18
Name: ANIS NUR ALANI BINTI YUSRI
Student Id: 2021205216
Class: AS1201B Group: GROUP 3

Result

1)

Compound light microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)

Eyepieces Head

Arm

Revolving Nosepiece

Objective Lenses Rack Stop

Stage Clip
Coarse Focus

Mechanical Stage

Fine Focus

Light SourceDissecting microscope (Find out the photo and label each part of the microscope)
Base

Eyepieces
 Cord

Diopter

Stereo Head
Zoom Knob

Objective Lens Top Light

Focus Knob
Stage Clip

Arm

Stage Plate

2)

Bacterial Cell (Find out 2 microscopic photos and provide all the labels) Base
 ROD (gram positive)
Free Spore

Coccus (gram 100X)

Gram Stain Mix (Magnification, positive Endospore Stain (Magnification, 100X)
Vegetative Cells
3)

Plant Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and provide all the labels)

chromosomes
Cell wall

Nucleus

cythoplasm

Onion root (Magnification, 100X)

Animal Cell (Find out the microscopic photo and all provide the labels)

Nucleus

Cytoplasm
Whitefish interphase (Magnification, 100X)
4) Complete the following the table:

Magnification of Objectives Magnification of Eyepiece Magnification of Cell’s Image Diameter of Field

4X 10X 40X 4.5mm

10X 10X 100X 1.8mm

40X 10X 0.45mm

400X

100X 10X 1000X 0.18mm

Discussion
Identify the part and function of compound light microscope
1. Eyepiece: The part for user to use to observe the image of the specimen
2. Arm: support upper part and can use as carrying handle
3. Nosepiece: revolving devices that holds objectives
4. Objectives: lenses that receive light and show the first image. The magnification power ranges from 40X to 100X.
5. Coarse (adjustment knob): knob use to focus on the specimen clearly and only using low power objective
6. Fine (adjustment knob): use for the final focus and use to see the detail of the specimen clearly
7. Mechanical stage: two knob are located below the stage, one knob use to move the stage forward and backward and other knob use to move the stage to left and

right
8. Diaphragm: control amount of illumination used to view the specimen
9. Switch: turn on and turn off the light
10. Light source: an attach lamp to view the specimen
11. Stage: platform that hold the microscope slide
12. Stage clip: hold slide in the place

Way to focus the compound light microscope

1. The lenses and stage were cleaned using a wipe tissue
2. The slide is located on the stage and was clipped by stage clip
3. The light is turn on and the level of brightness is adjusted depend on the brightness
4. The ocular lenses is adjust until one circle is formed
5. The light passing through the specimen is adjusted by the diaphragm
6. The stage is being lifted by coarse (adjustment knob)
7. The image is focused using the fine (adjustment knob)
8. The low power of magnification (40X) is used first to view the specimen
9. After the specimen is seen clearly, the lenses are changed to 10X magnification lens and the image is refocusing using the fine (adjustment knob)
10. After the specimen is seen clearly, the lenses once again get changed to 40X magnification lens and the image is refocusing using the fine (adjustment knob)
11. Small amount of immersion oil is dropped to the slide
12. The lenses changed to 100X magnification and the diaphragm is adjusted so the image is seen clearly when it brighter
13. The immersed oil at the lenses is being whipped using the lens wipe
14. The light switch is turned off after done using the microscope
Way to use the compound light microscope

1. The link given has been clicked

2. After the compound microscope shown
3. The button ‘explore’ is being clicked
4. The slide catalogue button is being clicked, and the bacteria slide is chosen, after variety type of bacteria cells pop out, gram stain mix cell is chosen.
5. 4X magnification lens is used and the stage being lifted by control the coarse focus button
6. The image is focus using fine focus button
7. The 10X magnification button is clicked and the lenses change to 10X magnification power lenses
8. The image focus using the fine focus button and light is adjusted using light adjust button
9. Step 7 and 8 has been repeated using 40X magnification power replace the 10X magnification power
10. 100X magnification button is clicked and the microscope part pop out as a reminder to put immersion oil
11. Clicked the immersion oil button and the oil has been put to the lens
12. The image is seen clearly by control the fine focus button
13. The light level is being adjust by control the light adjust button so the image is seen clearly
14. After finish record the data, the lens and slide is cleaned using the lens paper
15. Step 4 to 15 has been repeated by replace the gram stain mix with onion root, whitefish interphase and endospore stain.

Calculate the diameter of field and total magnification of the cell’s image

The field of view is the maximum area visible through the lenses of a microscope, and it is represented by a diameter. (Gretel Von Bargen, 2014)

Diameter of field can be measured by using a ruler on the stage in the microscope. The measured diameter of field for a higher magnification is calculated by the product of
diameter of field in lower magnification objective lens and magnification of ocular lens, then divided by the magnification of the higher objective lens.

(𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝑋 ( 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠)

𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛s

The total magnification is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens by the magnification of the objective lens. (Microscopes For Schools, n.d.)

(Magnification of ocular lens) X (Magnification of objective lens) = Total magnification

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL

Multicellular Unicellular

Nucleus present Nucleus absent

Have double membrane bound organelles No double membrane bound organelles

Cell division through mitosis or meiosis or both Cell division through binary fusion or budding

Difference between animal and plant cell.

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

No cell wall Have cell wall

No chloroplast Have chloroplast

Have a small or no vacuole Have big vacuole

Conclusion
The light microscope is a useful tool for studying tissue structure and function, and it is frequently used in biomedical science courses, as well as research and diagnostic
facilities. If one is to receive the greatest results from microscopy, one must first understand the capabilities and limitations of the light microscope. The formulae used to
calculate the diameter of field is:
Field of View = Field Number (FN)__
Objective Magnification
Then, the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell are prokaryotes are creatures that are made up of cells without a nucleus or any membranous organelles.
Eukaryotes are cells with a membranous nucleus that contains genetic material as well as membrane-bound organelles. Animal cells lack a cell wall, whereas plant cells do.
Plant cells rely on their cell walls for stability and form. Animal cells lack chloroplasts, whereas plant cells do. Plants use chloroplasts to perform photosynthesis, which allows
them to produce food.
References
 Lab manual

https://padlet.com/amalinanurizam/f2e7ug1lanynx71y

 Biology 3A. Lab Scopes & Cells from https://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/steh/bio3afolder/bio3alabscopescells.pd

 The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1999). Microscope, Brian J Ford, Robert R. Shannon and The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. Article revised and updated

2 May 2008 from https://www.britannica.com/technology/microscope

 Gretel Von Bargen. (2014). Microscopy, field of view. Accessed 26 December 2020 from https://www.biologyforlife.com/microscopy.html

 Retrieved from

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/introduction-to-cells/a/micro

 Microscopes For Schools. (n.d.). Compound Microscope. Accessed 23 December 2020 from https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/microscopes4schools/microscopes1.php

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/structure-of-a-cell/introduction-to-cells/a/micro