Lacap, Paula Mae I.

12-Abel

2nd Quarter notes in Physics

Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

Fluid Mechanics
-Is a branch of physics that deals with the study of fluids, which can be either liquids or gases.
-It is a fundamental field of science and engineering that explores how fluids behave, move, and
interact with their surroundings.
-Fluid mechanics plays a crucial role in various practical applications, including engineering,
physics, environmental science, and more.

Fluid
-non solid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in
a gas or a liquid.
-Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because they can flow and change shape.
-Liquids have a definite volume; gas do not.

Density
-The mass density of a material is defined as the ratio of its mass 𝑚 and volume 𝑣.
-The concentration of matter in an object.
-Density is an intensive property of a material. For example, gold can have different masses,
volumes, and shapes, but its density will always have a constant value of
𝟏𝟗, 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
-Intensive property – a physical quantity whose value does not depend on the amount of
substance which was measured.
-The value of density remains constant regardless of the mass, volume, and shape of the object.
-The SI unit of density is 𝒌𝒈/𝒎𝟑
-In terms of the relationship of mass and volume to density:
•Mass is directly proportional to density.
•Volume is inversely proportional to density.

Formula:

Will it sink or float? (Density edition)

Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

- The object will sink if the density of the object is greater than the density of water or any
reference fluid.
- Object has less space; molecules are more compact.
𝝆𝒐 >𝝆𝒘 →𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒌

- The object will float if the density of the object is less than the density of water or any reference
fluid.
- Object has more space; more air than water
𝝆𝒐 < 𝝆𝒘 → 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒕

Specific Gravity
-Density relative to water.
-Ratio of density of an object to the density of the reference material.
-Is a unitless quantity; the units will be cancelled out.
-We use this to determine if the object will sink/float.
-This indicates the percentage of the object submerged in the fluid.

Formula:

Example:
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12-Abel

Pressure
-Pressure is the magnitude of the force on a surface per unit area.
-The result of exerting force over a unit area.
-Unit: 𝑁/𝑚2
-The SI unit for pressure is the Pascal, Pa
-It is equal to 1 𝑁/𝑚2
-The pressure at sea level is about 𝟏.𝟎𝟏 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝑷𝒂 𝒐𝒓 𝟏𝟎𝟏,𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝑷𝒂
-This gives us another unit for pressure, the atmosphere, where 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 1.01 𝑥 105 𝑃𝑎

Formula:

Pascal’s Principle
- “Pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to every point of the
fluid and to the walls of the container.”
- A hydraulic lift uses Pascal’s principle.
-A small force is applied to a small piston of area (𝐴1) and causes a pressure increase on the fluid.
-This increase in pressure is transmitted to the larger piston of area (𝐴2) and the fluid exerts a
force on this piston.

Formula:
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Example:

Buoyant Force and Archimedes’ Principle

-Buoyant Force _Is the upward force that will push objects upward when submerged or
immersed in a fluid.
-Archimedes’ Principle_Describes the magnitude of a buoyant force. “Any object completely or
partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the
weight of the fluid displaced by the object.”

Formula:
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

Bernoulli’s Principle
-“In a flowing fluid, an increase in the fluid’s velocity is accompanied by a decrease in pressure,
and conversely, a decrease in velocity is accompanied by an increase in pressure, provided there
is no change in the fluid’s density or energy losses due to friction.”
↑𝑽;↓𝑷 |↓𝑽;↑𝑷
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

2nd Quarter notes in Physics

Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

Periodic Motion
-repeated motion
-oscillatory motion

Simple Harmonic Motion

-form of periodic motion
-described in displacement, velocity, acceleration
-Conditions:
•The object oscillates about an equilibrium position
•The motion involves a restoring force that is proportional to the displacement from
equilibrium
•The motion is back and forth over the same path

Mass Spring System

-The spring is stretched to the right, away from the equilibrium position
-Since the spring is being stretched toward the right, the spring’s restoring force pulls to the left
so the acceleration is also to the left. V=0, A=max
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
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Simple Pendulum
-The simple pendulum is a mass attached to a string
-The motion is simple harmonic because the restoring force is proportional to the displacement
and because the mass oscillates about an equilibrium position.
-The restoring force is a component of the Object’s weight.
-As the displacement increases, the gravitational potential energy increases

Waves
-Oscillations and Waves
-An oscillation or vibration is a “wiggle” in time. An example is the periodic motion of a pendulum
where the bob swings back and forth.
-A wave, on the other hand, is a “wiggle” in both space and time. Some examples are water
waves, sound waves, waves on a string, and electromagnetic waves.
-Waves transfer energy by transferring the motion of matter instead of transferring matter itself.
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
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Mechanical Waves
-A mechanical wave is a kind of wave that requires a medium to propagate. Some examples of
this are waves on a string and sound waves
-To propagate, the waves on a string use the string as the medium, and sound waves use particles
of matter (e.g., air molecules). On the other hand, an electromagnetic wave does not require a
medium to propagate.
Types of Mechanical Waves:
•Transverse Waves -The direction of the motion of particles is perpendicular to the direction of
the propagation of the wave. This kind of wave is called the transverse wave.

•Longitudinal Waves-The direction of the motion of the particles and the direction of the
propagation of the waves are in the same line. This kind of wave is called a longitudinal wave.

•Both transverse and longitudinal-In some cases, the displacements of the particles have both
transverse and longitudinal components as shown in figure. These are also called Rayleigh
surface waves. An example of this is the ripples of waves on the surface of water.
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
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Interference and Beats

-Wave interference is the phenomenon which occurs
when two waves meet while traveling along the same
medium. The interference of waves causes the medium
to take on a shape which results from the net effect of
the two individual waves upon the particles of the
medium
-Constructive interference occurs if two waves are
moving in the same direction at the same time meet
with each other. This results a larger displacement
-Destructive Interference occurs if two waves are moving in the opposite directions at the same
time when they meet. This results in a smaller displacement

BEATS: The interference of sound waves creates the beat. Beats occur when two waves of nearby
frequencies overlap and create a new resultant wave. A sound louder or fainter than any of the
constituent sounds is heard.

Standing Waves
-Standing wave, also called stationary wave, combination of two waves
moving in opposite directions, each having the same amplitude and
frequency.
-The phenomenon is the result of interference; that is, when waves are
superimposed, their energies are either added together or canceled out. In
the case of waves moving in the same direction, interference produces a
traveling wave.
-For oppositely moving waves, interference produces an oscillating wave fixed in space.
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

2nd Quarter notes in Physics

Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

Temperature and Heat

•Thermodynamics -Deals with the concepts of heat and temperature and the inter- conversion of
heat and other forms of energy.
•Temperature-The amount of heat, which is a form of energy, in an object. SI unit: Kelvin, K
•Thermodynamic Equilibrium / Thermal Equilibrium - When two systems are placed together, and
no further changes occur in any of the macroscopic properties of the two. The two systems have
the same temperature.

Zeroth Law
“If system A in thermodynamic equilibrium with system B, and B is in thermodynamic equilibrium
with system C, then A and C are in thermodynamic equilibrium with each other.”
Apply Transitive property of equality.
-if A=B, and B=C, thenA=C

Temperature Measurement
•Thermometer-used to measure temperature
•Celsius Scale, C-former name is centigrade scale. Has a boiling point of 100 celsius and a
freezing point of 0 celsius.
•Fahrenheit, F-has a boiling point of 212 F and a freezing point of 32 F.
•Kelvin Scale, K-Introduced by Scottish physicist William Thompson (also known as Lord Kelvin). SI
unit for Temperature.
•Absolute Zero-The zero point in the Kelvin Scale. Absolute zero = 𝟎 𝑲 = −𝟐𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟓 °𝑪 = −𝟒𝟓𝟗.
𝟕𝟔 °𝑭
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
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Thermal Expansion
-When molecules exposed to higher temperature move faster due to increase in kinetic energy of
the molecules, the resulting movement changes the average distance separating the molecules
of the substance, thus expansion takes place.
-Depends on the material from which substances are made.
-All particles in a solid vibrate, even when cold.
-At higher temperatures, they vibrate faster and take up more room (expand), but the particles
themselves are still the same size.

Heat and Heat Capacity

•Heat-Energy that flows from a body of higher temperature to a body of lower temperature.
Measured in Joules, J.
•Heat Capacity-Quantity of heat required to increase the temperature of a unit mass of a
substance by one degree. Dependent on the kind of material the object is made of.

Mechanism of Heat Transfer

•Conduction-The transfer of heat through direct physical contact.
•Convection-Transfer of heat by the bulk motion of a fluid. Movement of water molecules.
•Radiation-Transfer of heat through space.
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

2nd Quarter notes in Physics

Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

Gravity
-The force that keeps the planets orbiting the sun in orbit and the moon in its orbit.

Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation

“Any two objects attract each other with a gravitational force proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
-This law is:
o universal (acts on all objects)
o attractive
o directly proportional to the mass of
each object (mass makes gravity)
o inversely proportional to the square of the separation between their centers
(inverse square rule)
-If gravitational force is universal, then why is that when you throw an object upward, it is
attracted to the ground and not to you or any other objects on the planet?
-G = universal gravitational constant, 6.67 𝑥 10−11 𝑚2/𝑘𝑔 ∙ 𝑠2 or 𝑁 − 𝑚2/𝑘𝑔2
-𝒎𝟏, 𝒎𝟐 = masses in kg
-𝒓 = distance in meters

Gravitational Field
-The field of force surrounding a body of finite mass in which another body would experience an
attractive force that is proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to
the square of the distance between them.
•Gravitational Field Strength - gravitational force per unit mass on an object.
Lacap, Paula Mae I.
12-Abel

Planetary and Satellite Motion

-Two forces work together to keep objects in the universe in orbit.
•Inertia – objects at rest stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force
•Gravity - the force attraction between objects due to their mass
“Gravity pulls an orbiting body in as inertia makes it want to continue traveling in a straight line.”
Escape Velocity
-The velocity needed by an object in order to escape the effect
of the gravitational force on it

Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion

•Law of Orbits- “The planets move in elliptical
orbits with the sun at one of the foci of the ellipse.”
•Law of Areas- “A straight line drawn from the Sun
to the planet sweeps equal areas at equal intervals
of time.”
•Law of Periods- “The square of the periods of the
planets are proportional to the cubes of their
average distance from the sun.”