‫ﻣﻧﺷورات ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺑﻌث‬

‫ﻛﻠﻳﺔ اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣدﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻣــواد ‪ 2‬‬

‫اﻟدﻛﺗور اﻟﻣﻬﻧدس‬
‫إﺣﺳـﺎن اﻟطرﺷـﺔ‬
‫أﺳﺗﺎذ ﻓﻲ ﻗﺳم اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ اﻹﻧﺷﺎﺋﻳﺔ‬

‫ﻣدﻳرﻳﺔ اﻟﻛﺗب واﻟﻣطﺑوﻋﺎت اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﻳﺔ‬ ‫طﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻳﺔ‬

‫______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‬ ‫_____________________________________________________________________________‬

‫‪2006 - 2005‬‬ ‫اﻟﻬﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﻣدﻧﻳﺔ‬

 ‫ﺍﻟﻔــﻬـــﺭﺱ‬

‫ﺭﻗـﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻷﻭل‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ ﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪ 1-1‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ ﻟﻼﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪ 2-1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻲ ) ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (1-1‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (2-1‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (3-1‬‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (4-1‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪ 3-1‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ ) ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻻﺒﺘﺩﺍﺌﻴﺔ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (5-1‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (6-1‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (7-1‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (8-1‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (9-1‬‬
‫‪50‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (10-1‬‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (11-1‬‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (12-1‬‬
‫‪257‬‬ ‫‪ 4-1‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺤﺎﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ )ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺜـﻠﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪63‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (13-1‬‬
‫‪64‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (14-1‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (15-1‬‬
‫‪-5-‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (16-1‬‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (17-1‬‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (18-1‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (19-1‬‬
‫‪79‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (20-1‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (21-1‬‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (22-1‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (23-1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴ ﹰﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻨﺔ‬

‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪ 2-2‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪93‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (1-2‬‬
‫‪95‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (2-2‬‬
‫‪96‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (3-2‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫‪ 3-2‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪97‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (4-2‬‬
‫‪101‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (5-2‬‬
‫‪105‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (6-2‬‬
‫‪107‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (7-2‬‬
‫‪109‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (8-2‬‬
‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪ 4-2‬ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪115‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (9-2‬‬

‫‪-6-‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ‬

‫‪119‬‬ ‫‪ 1-3‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪ 2-3‬ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬
‫‪122‬‬ ‫‪ 3-3‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬
‫‪126‬‬ ‫‪ 4-3‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻀـﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤـﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻴـﺩ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻘﻁـﻊ ﻋﺭﻀـﻲ ﻟﺠـﺎﺌﺯ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬
‫‪128‬‬ ‫‪ 5-3‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺌل ‪.‬‬
‫‪129‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (1-3‬‬
‫‪131‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (2-3‬‬
‫‪135‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (3-3‬‬
‫‪138‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (4-3‬‬
‫‪141‬‬ ‫‪ 6-3‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪142‬‬ ‫‪ 7-3‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻻﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪142‬‬ ‫‪ 1-7-3‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪144‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪.(5-3‬‬
‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪ 2-7- 3‬ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﻴﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻤﺜﻠـﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴـﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪150‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (6-3‬‬
‫‪152‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (7-3‬‬
‫‪154‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (8-3‬‬
‫‪156‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (9-3‬‬
‫‪159‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (10-3‬‬
‫‪161‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (11-3‬‬
‫‪163‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (12-3‬‬

‫‪-7-‬‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫‪ 3-7-3‬ﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪168‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪.(13-3‬‬
‫‪169‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (14-3‬‬
‫‪170‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (15-3‬‬
‫‪170‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (16-3‬‬
‫‪173‬‬ ‫‪ 8-3‬ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻋﺯﻤﻲ ﻓﺘل ﻭﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻤﻌﹰﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﻤﻘﻁﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ ﺩﺍﺌﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ‬

‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ‬

‫‪177‬‬ ‫‪ 1-4‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪ 2-4‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻴﻠﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪183‬‬ ‫‪ 3-4‬ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ﺒﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﻴﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪185‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (1-4‬‬
‫‪188‬‬ ‫‪ 4-4‬ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻴﻠﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪190‬‬ ‫‪ 5-4‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﹰﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪194‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪.(2-4‬‬
‫‪195‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (3-4‬‬
‫‪197‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (4-4‬‬
‫‪199‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (5-4‬‬
‫‪201‬‬ ‫‪ 6-4‬ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪209‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (6-4‬‬
‫‪211‬‬ ‫‪ 7-4‬ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪215‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (7-4‬‬

‫‪-8-‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬

‫‪217‬‬ ‫‪ 1-5‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪218‬‬ ‫‪ 2-5‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ ‪.‬‬
‫‪218‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (1-5‬‬
‫‪219‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (2-5‬‬
‫‪221‬‬ ‫‪ 3-5‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪224‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (3-5‬‬
‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪ 4-5‬ﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺩﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪228‬‬ ‫‪ 5-5‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻠﻴﻘﺔ ) ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺓ ( ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤل ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫‪232‬‬ ‫‪ 6-5‬ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺯﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺭﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﻤل ﺫﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ – ﺍﻟﺭﻨﻴﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ‬

‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺜﺨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫‪237‬‬ ‫‪ 1-6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪238‬‬ ‫‪ 2-6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪239‬‬ ‫‪ 3-6‬ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪241‬‬ ‫‪ 4-6‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪242‬‬ ‫‪ 5-6‬ﺤل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪244‬‬ ‫‪ 6-6‬ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪. Pi  P‬‬
‫‪247‬‬ ‫‪ 7-6‬ﺍﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﻀﻐﻁ ﺨﺎﺭﺠﻲ ‪. Pe  P‬‬
‫‪248‬‬ ‫‪ 8-6‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻨﺎﺒﻴﺏ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ " ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻌﺔ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪249‬‬ ‫‪ 1-8-6‬ﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺴﻲ ‪. Pc‬‬
‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪ 2-8-6‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪-9-‬‬
‫‪251‬‬ ‫‪ 3-8-6‬ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺍﺨل ‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻓﻕ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻲ ‪. Pi‬‬
‫‪253‬‬ ‫‪ 9-6‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺜﺨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪255‬‬ ‫‪ 1-9-6‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻥ ﻟﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺜﺨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪257‬‬ ‫‪ 2-9-6‬ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻥ ﻟﻸﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺜﺨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻊ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫‪259‬‬ ‫‪ 1-7‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪261‬‬ ‫‪ 2-7‬ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻨﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪261‬‬ ‫‪ 1-2-7‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻏﻭﻨﺒﺭﻍ ) ‪. ( Huggenberger‬‬
‫‪263‬‬ ‫‪ 2-2-7‬ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴﺔ " ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺯﻭﻤﺘﺭ " ‪.‬‬
‫‪264‬‬ ‫‪ 3-7‬ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪266‬‬ ‫‪ 4-7‬ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪268‬‬ ‫‪ 1-4-7‬ﻟﺼﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺼﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪269‬‬ ‫‪ 2-4-7‬ﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﻁﻭﺒﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪269‬‬ ‫‪ 3-4-7‬ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪273‬‬ ‫‪ 4-4-7‬ﺠﺴﺭ ﻭﺍﺘﺴﺘﻭﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪275‬‬ ‫‪ 5-4-7‬ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻭﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪276‬‬ ‫‪ 5-7‬ﺘﻌﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻁﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻜﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪277‬‬ ‫‪ 6-7‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺌﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ ﺸﻔﺎﻓﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪279‬‬ ‫‪ 1-6-7‬ﻭﺼﻑ ﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﻤﻜﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﻁﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪280‬‬ ‫‪ 2-6-7‬ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻲ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪283‬‬ ‫‪ 3-6-7‬ﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻹﻴﺯﻭﻜﻠﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺯﻭﻜﺭﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪285‬‬ ‫‪ 4-6-7‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﻭﺫﺝ ﻤﺴﺘ ﹺﻭ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 10 -‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼل ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻤﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻥ ﻟﻺﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬

‫‪287‬‬ ‫‪ 1-8‬ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 2-8‬ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺍﻟﺸـﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻀـﻐﻁ‬
‫‪288‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪290‬‬ ‫‪ 3-8‬ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪293‬‬ ‫‪ 4-8‬ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪294‬‬ ‫‪ 5-8‬ﻤﺠﺎل ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻨﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪295‬‬ ‫‪ 6-8‬ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪299‬‬ ‫ﻤﺜﺎل )‪. (1-8‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﺤـﻕ‬

‫‪302‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﺭﻴﻘﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪303‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺒﺎﺩﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪304‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺭﻤﻭﺯ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪205‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻅﻔﺭﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪209‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺴﻬﻭﻡ ﻭﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﻟﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪313‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ) ﺇﻨﻜﻠﻴﺯﻱ‪ -‬ﻋﺭﺒﻲ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪317‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 11 -‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﻋﺎﺌﻡ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴـﻴﺔ ﻟﻌﻠـﻭﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴـﺔ ﺒﻜﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﺎﺘﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻨـﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼـﺭ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻤل ﺍﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺕ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻤﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴـﺩ ﺍﻟﻘـﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻀﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭﺓ ﺍﺴﺘﺎﺘﻴﻜﻴﹰﺎ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺴـﺘﻘﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﻀـﺒﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻐﻭﻁﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﺴﻁﻭﺍﻨﺔ ﺜﺨﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺠـﺩﺭﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻁـﺭﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻭﻫﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻠﺩﻥ ﻟﻺﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﻭﺨﻴﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﺎﻁﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺭﺡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀﻴﻊ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻴـﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬـﺎﺝ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ ﻟﻤﻘﺭﺭ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤـﻭﺍﺩ ﻟﻁـﻼﺏ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﻗﺴـﻡ ﻫﻨﺩﺴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻭﺭﺩﺕ ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﺘﻐﻁﻲ ﻜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻀـﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺁﻤل ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺒﻬﺫﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻜﻭﻥ ﻗﺩ ﺃﺩﻴﺕ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﺠﺒﻲ ﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﻁﻼﺒﻨﺎ ﻭﺘﺠﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﻁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﻟـﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ‬
‫ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺸﺔ‬

‫‪- 13 -‬‬
 

 

 

-A-
Alternating ‫ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ – ﻤﺘﺒﺩل‬
Annealing ‫ﺘﺨﻤﻴﺭ – ﺘﻘﺴﻴﺔ‬
Axial force ‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﻤﺤﻭﺭﻴﺔ‬
Axle ‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬
Axle - Shaft ‫ﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬
-B-
Balance ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬
Bars ‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ‬
Beam ‫ﺠﺎﺌﺯ‬
Behavior ‫ﺴﻠﻭﻙ‬
Bend to ‫ ﻴﻨﺤﻨﻲ‬- ‫ﻴﻨﻌﻁﻑ‬
Bending moment ‫ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻻﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ‬
Body force ‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺤﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
-C-
Cantilever ‫ﻅﻔﺭ‬
Cast iron ‫ﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺼﺏ‬
Castigliano s theorem ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﺴﺘﻴﻠﻴﺎﻨﻭ‬
Combined Bending ‫ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻤﺭﻜﺏ‬
Compression ‫ﺍﻨﻀﻐﺎﻁ‬
Compression test ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ‬
Continuous beams ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﺌﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬
Cross Section ‫ﻤﻘﻁﻊ ﻋﺭﻀﻲ‬

- 313 -
 -D-
Deflection ‫ ﺘﺸﻭﻩ‬- ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
Deformable body ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺒل ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬
Degree ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬
Degree of Statically indeterminacy ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‬
Displacement ‫ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬
-E-
Elastic curve ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻥ‬
Elastic domain ‫ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬
Elasticity ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬
Energy ‫ﻁﺎﻗﺔ‬
-F-
Fiber ‫ﻟﻴﻑ‬
Fixed support ‫ﻤﺴﻨﺩ ﻤﻭﺜﻭﻕ‬
Force ‫ﻗﻭﺓ‬
Frame ‫ ﻫﻴﻜل‬- ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬
-H-
Hinge ‫ﻤﻔﺼل‬
Hook's law ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﻫﻭﻙ‬
Homogeneous ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻨﺱ‬
-I-
Isotropic ‫ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺹ ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
-L-
Law of Superposition ‫ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺘﻨﻀﺩ ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ‬
Loading ‫ﺘﺤﻤﻴل‬
Longitudinal strain ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎل ﺍﻟﻁﻭﻟﻲ‬
-M-
Material ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬
Modules of elasticity ‫ﻋﺎﻤل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬
Mohr's circle ‫ﺩﺍﺌﺭﺓ ﻤﻭﺭ‬
Moment ‫ﻋﺯﻡ‬
-N-
Normal Stress ‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ ﻨﺎﻅﻤﻲ‬

- 314 -
 -O-
Oblique bending ‫ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﻤﺎﺌل‬
-P-
Principal axes ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
Principal stresses ‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
Proportional limit ‫ﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬
-R-
Reaction ‫ﺭﺩ ﻓﻌل‬
Resistance ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
Rolling support ‫ﻤﺴﻨﺩ ﻤﻨﺯﻟﻕ‬
-S-
Shear ‫ﻗﺹ‬
Simple Bending ‫ﺍﻨﻌﻁﺎﻑ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬
Steel ‫ﻓﻭﻻﺫ‬
Strain ‫ﺍﻨﻔﻌﺎل‬
Stress ‫ﺇﺠﻬﺎﺩ‬
Surface force ‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺴﻁﺤﻴﺔ‬
-T-
Theory of elasticity ‫ﻨﻅﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬
Thin walled bars ‫ﻗﻀﺒﺎﻥ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ‬

- 315 -
 ‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ ، (1‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﺇﺤﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﺸﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺙ ‪. 2006 - 2005‬‬

‫‪ -2‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ ، (1‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﻁﺎﻭﻉ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺙ ‪. 1989 - 1988‬‬
‫‪ -3‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ ، (2‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻤﻁﺎﻭﻉ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺙ ‪.1990 - 1989‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﻭﺨﻭﺍﺼﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻤﻁﺎﻨﺱ ﺸﺤﺎﺩﺓ ﺯﻟﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﺸﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠـﺏ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻴﺔ ‪. 1982‬‬
‫‪ -5‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺴﺘﻴﻭﺒﻥ ‪ ”.‬ﻤﺘـﺭﺠﻡ ﻋـﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺴـﻴﺔ “ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻤﻴـﺭ ﻟﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺸﺭ ‪ -‬ﻤﻭﺴﻜﻭ ‪.1968‬‬
‫‪ -6‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ (1‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺩﻴﺏ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ‪1994.-1993‬‬
‫‪ -7‬ﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺩﺱ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺤﺴﺎﻡ ﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺩﻤﺸﻕ ‪1987.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺩ ‪ .‬ﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ ﻋﺭﻋﻭﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ‪1976.-1975‬‬
‫‪ -9‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ ، (1‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺼﻔﻭ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻥ ﺘﺎﺩﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ‪1990.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻭﺩﻭﺴﻴﻑ ‪ ،‬ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺩﻜﺘﻭﺭ ﺨﺎﻟﺩ ﺭﺸﺩﻱ ﺒﺭﻜـﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌـﺔ ﺩﻤﺸـﻕ‬
‫‪. 1984- 1983‬‬
‫‪ -11‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﺨﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﻫﺎﺏ ﻤﺤﻤﺩ ﻋﻭﺽ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺍﻟـﺩﺭﻭﻴﺵ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺘﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ ‪. 1985‬‬
‫‪ -12‬ﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺩ )‪ ، (2‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﻤﺩﺭﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪.‬ﻡ ﻏﺴﺎﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠﺏ ‪. 1983-1982‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪1- Strength of materials,S.P.Timoshenko, James M.Gere, Van.nostrand‬‬

‫‪New York 1973.‬‬
‫‪2- Strength of materials, A.F.Cmearnof, Mir, Moscow 1969.‬‬
‫‪3- Strength of materials, V.Feodoseve, Mir, Moscow 1986.‬‬
‫‪4- Theory of elasticity, S.P.Timoshenko & Yong , New York 1951.‬‬
‫‪5- Theory of elasticity, M.Filanenko.Borodich, Mir, Moscow 1968.‬‬
‫‪- 316 -‬‬