Pharmacognosy 2 2021 Solution For Most Important Questions

Page 1 of 21
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MOST TMPORTANT QUESTIONS Of
PHARMACOGNOSY
-2 SOLUTIONS
ShorF
Very ShorF Ae typL ( Maaks)
a
arm
0Diffeena beween primar nd secondany muabos.
MOtabalks
Primany Ph Secowny
Those uhbolules which Tmo muabaluku jhih
directy involved in growm biosyndhesl2ud -fom a primay

developmant and Hprodudin unbolile nor
od does
ot plaus. Irvolves grouwth,

ell
in
duelopmud
e. Protins, (arbokuydrats, ipid,
ijamns Amino aids, 't as a (dafenu ysem

for plavt.
rew
Homos ek
Hkaloids, stroids, esstntial
o, qlyosids ek-
Dufing uabolic pabthaay

Ca
nke of chumical reachon

T a Serles
reachion turing witwn a alls.
Cowun prewrsor inttrmudiaks 4 end produt- and

mataboliks
all Rnown
Shikimic aud pathuy , Aenlt parhur ek..
Website :- www.carewellpharma.in
Visit Website & Download FREE Notes
Page 2 of 21
Draw tue truiture ot Auikiwic aud ?
a
COOH
arm
OH
OH
Ph OH
.urite siqui ficaue dt acetouaniuo aud paAuay

(Ay aL)
ell
1.Acetl nuevalonatk paluay importat tot u syutuia
esentia Aecomdary metabolites such a iuoprenoids
rew
amd teriods. tepneic

2. Tui pahua iu umportaut for thue syuthesiy ot
fally aid and poly keticds.
Ca
3. T pah w oy produces two S carbon buildine block

Callrd uopet pyropuos puatu IPP) Md Dimem
all phsophosphu CDMAPP). ispuop
Page 3 of 21
Draw tue sAructure df nuuvaloic aid.
HOO C CH OH
CH2OH
a
arm
Mevalouuc auo
Defie he +ers
a). Sesquterpeu
Ph
b) Tsotops Radio actie isotops ).
c). Oqeuauc studuex.
ell
a). Sesquter peu Sequterpeus are a cLo orter pe
that csist dft uree JMopreuu uuits and have tL
rew
molecular formula Cis H2. HS X3 (
Like mauoterpeuus; Aesqu ter peuus may b audlic or coutaum
nugs
n cucdiung May uuqa combiiatious .
Ca
Tuey are
0e fond mamly in wghtr pla but aluo m
(Jmvertebralanimo witout a cebon
Ma enntia oi COutain Aquufer peu, wlicdh a

cMenicad Constituati in tu al tmat increases the
Cumout
r O2 J he ymbic system ot th braú
Page 4 of 21
6). 1sotopes Radio active iotopes )

Tsotopes Tue are tMoce elemen ullli ch ae Sanu
Chenical bu ditfer eud
pro pertis o afonuc uumber
a
San
onuc MO
arm
eq
(H 2 13C)
isotope isotope
Ph
Radioactive Tsotopes -> Tu are wwtable aud eut
enui
oadiatbts: mdiatious
ell
Tu phenonuma ot enu ttiug radiiM i called acuo achve.
Ond Such icotops aue called radioachva isotopA.
rew
e 14C.(3 H), (32 P (131T
c). ioquilic Studies Tu study of Syutuei oi piuar

aud secondary nutabolites J iviu beingA Cpla),
Ca
urougu Variow biosyutuic pahuanNS

Tuu path way nvala ditferuct intermediak step
steps
caun be idutiied by wiua differet scenific
techuiqus.
Page 5 of 21
iogeuetic investiqtim in pla ca oe

be perforcd by
tollouinq nuthoda.
. iuq isolatid or q 4issus.
a
2. Cnrattiwg mathods.
arm
3. UAe oi mulat strauuç.
Trartech wiqu.
tu and non-esuuial ami no aud

Whar
olso with exompil
Ph
essUntial
Tue amo oih we kquired in Our body N
for wok/groun
total 20
.
-
ell
Homan Cannot synthia 9-lo of wm.
Cannst- qutuizd in
rew
amino acids which

Essusial Thosa
OUr body RnDon essenttal amino auds.
Arqunin, tistidint, usint, valinl, Trytophon ek-
Non-esÇeutia
Ca
amino acid ThdA amno acids wjch coan synthusizaid in
our body a known as non-essudia amino aúds,
e laninl, Asporgind Aspartale, Glyunl, Suiul,

Tuosint eh. -
Page 6 of 21
Defiue alkaloida qud uite ths uame ot a druq
-AlKaloida Ore defiutd a nalural or syuthetic baic
Compowudn cotaiwna o aTou ( u
or More (uitroqen
heteroeycLic riugA) and capalole or elicitiuy Cyo1a
a
TT speufic pharmacoloqical respanes jn both
)
arm
derived
huma Cnd aMalu. ot of alkaloida are
from plauth
Most ot naual accuriuq alkaloida are Colourle altuouqh

ulitutw excoptioMa.
Alkaloida are bittea M taxte.
Examplu s MorpuiuA
Ph atropiue, caffeme t.
urite the ditfereu Qud Comu

betut urapeLC UM
úa applicalim ot druq
ell
Turapeutic w of druq Tue purpose of aiug dnugs
JM to reliee Symtona, treat utectiou . redua tL riskK
rew
of füure dineae aud dutroy Aelecied cell -for cumo-

tuerapeuic treatmetr
Commerial applicatioM of dru Dru d M ue

large Scala for the productiaM, (l).gaie, markediug,
Ca
Defiua teterm:
0). Steroida.
b).TaMuiws
c).Resius
d).Terpunoids
Page 7 of 21
Steloids
A) sheroia Plan skevoids an a daven group groub OT
natvral Producs wich obtaind from fruits, veguablus,
e
They aA biosythuci2ad hrough -fkato pathuwa
a
MosHy aL plau sjenaids hich possusing Varous
arm
biologicol aciu
e9. trus , vegutahbl sils ele
B)Tanning
hese ae defined a ConplR, orqauic, nm-nuhogus
which a derived
weigh Substan
and
fem form
hgh_ moleular
of
Ph
polyhydroxy binzoic acds.
provicling protectionM
on inportant role in (
'hey play
to plats.
ell
a jound Commanly in barR Of Tes,wodd,
They
leaves, buds, stems elk.-
Cokecy, pttrocarpus ek-

rew
c)Resins producs derived

They o solid osom-s0lid, amorphous
from navrad livig oUrCAs and MosHy from u plaut

orlgin
Ca
dbtaind ex udaky tom plautt and

Thy
They 0R
Consideed a an ed prodocs of tupun muabolicm.
they a moshy phoduud throvgh th bavR

of a tHa,
an hub ,or th buds of a shrub.
Hh fours of
Benzain, Guggul tk..
Page 8 of 21
Tepunoids >
Also known as isoprenoids

, a lorga aund diveru
ale
fary lass off naturolly Ocwring Orggnuc chunicols
Coctain A u-
a
whih sophen Ce corbom coalng
Thes a voladile ond avomatic svbstanus win
arm
gis plantto haqran or odour
-
eq. Menhol, Cito e
Ph
ell
rew
Ca
Page 9 of 21
. iosourta dt catednu Oud anatoetida.
(11. Catechu u extract of ay ot tu several specis ofr o
acada
a
Pal cata duu iosourte
arm
^ of aqueo
It ia deriued fomm ot
extract prepared from a YowAd shoott ot
Jaaes ud yoad
Caria qambier.
lack catucu Giosourte - Ti i dried form of aquuo

extract prepared
from ho
Ph wartwood of acada Cateku.
(I). Asafoetida iosourc& 4 Asatoetida u alo- gum rein

qum resin
obiaiwed by Mdsiom
by from a ruizonus aud
ell
roots of ferula -
foetida.
rew
(12). ulritt Compositian aud ura peutic u or Cneutoin Oud

beuzoiu ?
gntian
Cuanical compositiaM ot qetttt » (ennia
Ca
Cnewtoin
coutoi bitter qly cosids i.e. quthiopicrin (or qeutio-
pi croside). 1
ia a watsolubla cstalliuQ Compond wuoe
bitter NOlue Jl 12,000.
Page 10 of 21
nemtain
t0M Coutau alkoloida, yelow colouriug mdNeA,,Sugat,
pectiu aAd fixed
oi.
AlSo coutaMS gtivn,
tauuu, poctiw amd cal ium oxaliu
a
arm
0- Cnw
CH
H
CH2
Ph
Untiopicrosida (or qunhopicriu)
.
Tuerapeütic u
T s d oA a bitter touic tor stimulding qaatric secreiou.
ud +tus, improviug (appetite.)
ell
2. Tt wd a am antheliutic. aui- jntlaMmadory.
audisaptic, caotaqoque otk.
rew
Bozoiu a monucal Compositi0.
T maor coutituauti ot beuzoin are coupqTbnzsa,

DOM20ICadd, nuamuc oid and Car Maryi iwnama
Md Couu fey alcouol
Ca
CH=CHCH,OH CH CHCHOCOO
CeH
OCH
OCH3
OH
OH
Coifery alcouol Couuter bwzoa.
Page 11 of 21
COOH CO0H
CH = CH-
Sewzoic aad
a
. Gwwaic add
arm
Tuerapoutic wl
aA A a urritlug : expectoraat, o (co minotiu) aud
diuretic
2. Tt d A 0M CulinaptiC
to tread
.
3. d upper reA pirdiby tract Jntection
d to delay ha
Ph ramcidity of -tau and OolA.
-fulint variou ditforema species df suna?

Seuua alexamdrina, Anua artemuioid. Aeuna bicapsuuris,
ell
Seuna didymoboirya. Sema wirsla, Senua matran tuua,
Auna pmdula, AeMua muldiqtaudulosa Occi dantal .
Sna
Seuna spectabii or
rew
rite a hort uote oM Clenucal tesk of resius
0. Beuzoiu test ßeuzoiu +eitur suake. hn ture J
tornatim by eitaur ( extract, Tread tu etract wth HaSOy.

Ca
T
tue bauzoiu JA Sumalra beuzoiu, thre J tormaTiu
da&pd p brouun_Colour. Tf tua beuzoin ii Aiam b Nzoin
daap purpla colour fornalion take placa
Podopayulum tost Drug 4 Alcouol Mecerata +uum

fiuter. Te hkrale uow tregted uul stro Capped guto
Page 12 of 21
Soluiom ulluidh qinu broum preüprtali
RE 0.S2 CSoumazide A)
O.32 Seuuosids 6)
a
(IS).
IS). urite a shoit uote om
stimatim of (seuuOsidu)?
arm
€stimauM ot souuosidu Seunosidu (au be extiudtd by
Tue HPLC oud HPTLC etuod . Tu uudh uobilk aud
StatiouarY phat is ed. By vaus,
calcualina he Rf
COM cal culate comcoutratim dt seuuosidis.
. (HPLCCHigu Pertormaua iquid claronaatoarapuy.

Ph
SiaioMary Phak Cie column.
MooiVha 1. aic aid im watu Autouitrile (s2:)
flow rlk 1 ml| nuun.
roadure Aquoos extract of seuua jA dürectly Jmjected in
ell
datector
column fci6] and Colunan i mouitor ith UN
DetectioM >
3s0 mm
rew
2. HPTL CHigh estoruaue T Layer aromotoqragny).
Plat Precodtid slica qel

Detectiam UV at 366 um.
ua are red colour aud our loyu is ot

Ca
JM yellouw
Colour represeu terpenoid.
uint qura Cueu cal ut for tupanoidk?

. ibarmam Brdhard Test
Salwoski Test
Page 13 of 21
3. Sulpuuu Voudr tet
u. Tri culoroacoticaud teut
S. Tetrautro muthaue tosAt

6. Zimmer maM test
a
1. uberman-surCMard Hest auc
arm
druq mixed uuih aAWY
dride Td
dride. add COuC. sul puric acid. Tuue foriauo ju
of two oyes wit brouiug at Hu junciM Upper . loyer
uM gree Colour
OA Jouuor
indicatu t
Jayer represeud. Terpeuoid red colour.
preeuce ot steroids ulleare
2. Salwosti test
upperayer
Drua
Ph mixed uit couc. sulpluuric add.
o Steroid ullidh are red in colour qnd
lower Layer f yellow colour represeut trpnoid.
.
ell
urite SpeciHic idutihcalian test for caffeiue ?
Murexida test Take a parcelaiu dih Contaiiuy feuw crystala

rew
of Caffeiue
Add u- Sml HN03 C Nitric adid) to it.

AHer adding uitric oud solldiou. Hu fuwu Atart appeariny.
He fuuus stopA tlon add awm.ouium uydroxid
Ca
CNHyOH) aud ure is formatiovM o purpu colour. uhidM

indicals tHue prexence ot cafeuue.
. Tsolalicm tr Atropiue md Quuu 2
ule uuill diseau tl topic long, QIA.

ditum
Page 14 of 21
(19). uurite uu eatimaiom of forskoliu 2
QMd
FoisEol
J etimattd by (TLC Tun lor caronmatograpny
(HPTLC C Hiqn performauu
Tuiu Loyar laronuatoqraphy) Jn
widh mobu and stalicuary puata wd . y caluulaiug a
a
Rt valun. CaM caluladu a couc. of forskoiiM.
S1atiamary
arm
4obtte Phae Silica qel. F2su.
Mobil phae > Tolua : g autatu 0.S: :SVNS

Visualiziug aqt » 5. Nauüliu in qlaial aic add nd to.
Supuric aud in wr, Ph
(20. uurite t utitizadim ot podophyuotoxin?
1. Tt is wcd to tread cau ur.
2. T1 J a Alouw actiug purqatina.
-
ell
3. T1 a md tor removiu soft. (veureal ) aud ot wo.
SCxual duu dua
u.-Emdiuc
rew
(21). urite estimaiom aud utilization ot faxoa

Estimatian of taxal By (HPTLrutaodk.
Mobil Phanl> ulorofom: Memauol (T:IvIN)

Staticmary Phal Silica Crl Platu.
Ca
Visualiu agut Vauiliu Sulphuric atid
tuzation 1.Treatmeut of Ovanan, Jmg , bladdu , esopuog0

OMd ottuur types of Caucar.
Audi prnliferalinu aquu.
Page 15 of 21
22. 0efiu fxiractim ?
proce of
plaut
Df Separating mediciuoly atiu cowtitun
Qd
uinal tisuw wit ta ulp or Adectia
Solveud Qud
a
staudard procadusea is 4emed aA extractiam.
T extracted produdh of
plaut issws oblaiusd J Jiquld
arm
Or Senu solid iata or
in dury poudred. aud are meaut
tor oral amd exterual w. Tu wdisoled Tide JuM
belind J ternuad a marc. and Hu solvet Ud
for extractioM
Jtermed enstruum.
6.Defiu
dkina
Ph chiv
Coulhtauk
HuR
folloina extractioM mathod
0). Tutusiom b). Maaratiom
Iufuim
ell
Tuis a pR parali0 obtaiuecd. whn Hue plaut
Material J plaad in a pot aud wntted witu cold
wa
wa. Tum poured boiliug wutr ou tha specific quaut
rew
o plaut matarial aud allouimg t mixtue to stand

for IS mivule.
prepardion obtaiuad, ulum +u
t. Maceraliou Tw j a
JA Socked JM 0M orqaic Solveut

Pouudered plaut Material
Ca
for
TOr 0 period of time wit Coutaut or occasianal stirnu
wil+e Soluble matttr disaled. Tue extract J
Hu decauted aud fittered T procas A repedid tor
Complute extractiaM.
Page 16 of 21
2y. Deiu electropuoren ?
€lectropMoresa ja defiud a t miaratiom o chauqed
pariclu urouau a Solutiom iutluua tr O
uudor 4ue
elochmc-ield.
a
uluaM elecri c field i applied duarqed particlun
arm
wiu
uuul eitur miqralu to t Canodu or auoda dupendiug
UpMHuir. choarag.
. Dehnw MAE C
uiuduova auistaut extractiaul?
ouat auitaut extractim a
Aval
Somplu
Ph efeciN LMOa
dariviug uakural compound -trom tue rau foba
Tue teuiqua auon orqauic Compoud to be extracted More
rapaly th Ainular or better yied aa campared to Couveu-

ell
tioua extraction nuatuoda.
Mirduwave MON/ lONe / uat Caww ta Moisture of food

rew
Samploto evaporatt aud creal a wiqu vagour prere M

breaks T Celu wau of sampla and relgate uo CMteuf td
Solvout.
Mat are applicalian ot oamiuo aud path uay ?

Ca
MaMosodium
1). Aiuo acid are d -tlovouA euaneA
gutam a i e most frequutly wd 0 tovourin aqut
fodd wnduiries.
2. Te amiuo oid cam be wsd au medius
3. Amiuo aud sen as siarting mainad for produamg
Severa Com pounda
Page 17 of 21
u). Amiuo
AmiO aud are eful aa jmaredieuts of Jmtusiu fuids.
for 0dMiustratim to podi ed Jn post - Operai trear0
had
a
R SoecroScopy
KSpectroscopy is wad for tu jdouificaticu of mauy
arm
fuctional qroupa preueut
in tue compouud, a difernt
fuucrioua qroupa hane Jpeific
absorbancg jn ua elucomagu
C Apectrum Spectroscopy com
IR be waAured
SpectropMotoMetar. TuA 1R Soectrum is dividad Jto TMTE
reqinu.
1.
2.
Near reqiom
Mid regim
Ph
ramgiug trom 12s0
rangina from uo-
u65D Cm.
usd Cm"
3.tar regim ravuqino from U6D-20 m
ell
7K Spectoscopy iu wad tor iduificatiou ot druas,eKupi uAG
rQw moterial und iu phormacutical mauufactun

rew
.Traputic uw ot Artemisiuin
.Atenusiuin qumd iti dorivatiuu are recomnundad a ha irst Hiwa
maturial druas for te treadmeat of ualaria.

3. T+ ati- iutommtory pruperrnes.
Ca
3. It ua abiity to requla stre.

. Tt Ju wed iu Hhe treadmeut of ufectiaus.
4). Mat are

pheyl propanoidk
Phe&propauoids are a -tamuly of orqauúc compoudi uit
O ardnmaic n atd a threa- carban Vro peua tail aud
Page 18 of 21
are Syutuesiz@d by platu -trom bpto tua omiMo aids
puanylalau ud tyrosiua
uwylpro pauo1ds are fond turduqubul t ploud kinqdom.

Tuy provid
proia protechon frown UV Uqtut ad. dafiud agaiukf
a
uerbivores Qud poduoqauu
arm
CH
Ph Phlpropauoida
lhat are Volatile oilk ?

Volatile ouu o eneutial oil are clafiuad a H Nolatnu CoLk
itut of plauh tAat be0 cluaracterislic odouu. Ty éNa

ell
porale uiuu exposod to atmosphere awd uuu are called
ethereodOl. becouR He aro Hw Aain or active priuupios

of pla, TN are secreted ARtefiom durk.MOsHy.
rew
Va0u dare preseut jn combiuatiom uitu resius aud qww.

MONA tendoucy to wndergo raiufication wuin exposod
to aur.
eo Mdha oil, dove et
Ca
How COM you isolat volatila oils from plaa ?
Variou nuuodi cau wd to Juolatu ailu from plauik

h&
Sudh as sleam distillati. MiCouwana nuiuod and ulTa

Souuc sisted exractioM nstuodu etc.
Steam duillatiou > Iu tus proca, preMunzadsteam
Page 19 of 21
i irucirclatad
ala Iduq plaut moteial.
Tu steam caries
volatil
yotatilu aromatic compound a callechiug
from 4 plaut into
uhe, uuure tA back
Ateam JA coalad md CM dund
iutd Wlr Uldansen)
a
arm
2). nia t bauic structure of tropaua alkadoid?
OR
cH-CH
N
N
CH
Ph H
Tropauu
ell
alve t (UsA aud two maor (produun) of
axol.
rew
UA
T
TH uttd to eaF DRDS Conaur,
Una, Canur ond
Ovorfan Cancir.
u
Ca
to te ALDS eluted spori's

Ovcoma
prodyuy
Toxol originall Isolated from ta poifi

ystee. (toxus beviflia).
Page 20 of 21
wMar wpand idu low huy a lasifiel ?
or terpenoida samu an
Dei0a Aw otM part (a) TerpoAolo
Clanication ot -terpemoids
a
S NO. Cla Tsoprene
uit Cu)|
arm
1. HemiterpeuueHe)
2. Mauotrpeuoids (CvoHc)
(2 Flo
3. Sesquierpemoids CCisHau) 3
4.Dite pewbids ( CapH) -(-20
s. Sestrponoida(C25 Huo)
Ph S
| 6. Triter peuoidA (C10 Hus) 6
|
Tetraterpenoids (Cuo Hsu)
Pabyterpenoid^ C CsHO)»
6. 8
ell
e isoopes JAtiqain
Disa us ot radioodia
of biosyutudic palh waa
rew
Ud n follouuna, +ecuudquul:
O U o iuolatud orqa,
metuoda
raft
Ue ot nmutaut Strain.
Ca
(Trace tedmuuqua..
uaymatic studi
1. Tsol dtod oqau > Tuu u Mod

u wakul in te
deternunation ot site or biosyutus
of particular Compouwd
Page 21 of 21
a
arm
2). orotHiug tMod Tuu uod iu wwd for study or
study
altaloid toratiou by qratted louta.
Ph
.Tracor tecuiqul Tecmiqus ulidh utili
> a Jalbelod Compowd
to fiud Out rae tta difereat snteumediahu aund variouu P%
n biosyutetic pathwoy in pla, at a giu rote OMd

ell
ia.
rew
Ca

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Page 1 of 21

Carewell Pharma - A Family of Learning

Those uhbolules which Tmo muabaluku jhih

directy involved in growm biosyndhesl2ud -fom a primay

ot plaus. Irvolves grouwth,

ijamns Amino aids, 't as a (dafenu ysem

Dufing uabolic pabthaay

nke of chumical reachon

reachion turing witwn a alls.

Cowun prewrsor inttrmudiaks 4 end produt- and

Shikimic aud pathuy , Aenlt parhur ek..

Draw tue truiture ot Auikiwic aud ?

.urite siqui ficaue dt acetouaniuo aud paAuay

amd teriods. tepneic

3. T pah w oy produces two S carbon buildine block

all phsophosphu CDMAPP). ispuop

Draw tue sAructure df nuuvaloic aid.

molecular formula Cis H2. HS X3 (

Like mauoterpeuus; Aesqu ter peuus may b audlic or coutaum

Ma enntia oi COutain Aquufer peu, wlicdh a

6). 1sotopes Radio active iotopes )

e 14C.(3 H), (32 P (131T

c). ioquilic Studies Tu study of Syutuei oi piuar

urougu Variow biosyutuic pahuanNS

iogeuetic investiqtim in pla ca oe

tu and non-esuuial ami no aud

Tue amo oih we kquired in Our body N

amino acids which

Arqunin, tistidint, usint, valinl, Trytophon ek-

amino acid ThdA amno acids wjch coan synthusizaid in

our body a known as non-essudia amino aúds,

e laninl, Asporgind Aspartale, Glyunl, Suiul,

Most ot naual accuriuq alkaloida are Colourle altuouqh

urite the ditfereu Qud Comu

of füure dineae aud dutroy Aelecied cell -for cumo-

Commerial applicatioM of dru Dru d M ue

Cokecy, pttrocarpus ek-

c)Resins producs derived

from navrad livig oUrCAs and MosHy from u plaut

dbtaind ex udaky tom plautt and

they a moshy phoduud throvgh th bavR

Also known as isoprenoids

fary lass off naturolly Ocwring Orggnuc chunicols

lack catucu Giosourte - Ti i dried form of aquuo

(I). Asafoetida iosourc& 4 Asatoetida u alo- gum rein

(12). ulritt Compositian aud ura peutic u or Cneutoin Oud

Bozoiu a monucal Compositi0.

T maor coutituauti ot beuzoin are coupqTbnzsa,

Coifery alcouol Couuter bwzoa.

-fulint variou ditforema species df suna?

rite a hort uote oM Clenucal tesk of resius

0. Beuzoiu test ßeuzoiu +eitur suake. hn ture J

tornatim by eitaur ( extract, Tread tu etract wth HaSOy.

Podopayulum tost Drug 4 Alcouol Mecerata +uum

. (HPLCCHigu Pertormaua iquid claronaatoarapuy.

2. HPTL CHigh estoruaue T Layer aromotoqragny).

Plat Precodtid slica qel

ua are red colour aud our loyu is ot

uint qura Cueu cal ut for tupanoidk?

S. Tetrautro muthaue tosAt

Murexida test Take a parcelaiu dih Contaiiuy feuw crystala

Add u- Sml HN03 C Nitric adid) to it.

CNHyOH) aud ure is formatiovM o purpu colour. uhidM