1.

(a) Complete the table to identify the atoms and ions which have the following numbers
of protons, neutrons and electrons.
(2)

(b)Magnesium, calcium and strontium are Group II elements.

Complete the table to show the electronic configuration of a calcium atom. (1)

(c) Describe how the electronic configuration of a strontium atom is

(i) similar to the electronic configuration of a calcium atom (1)

(ii) different from the electronic configuration of a calcium atom. (1)

(Total for question 1=5 marks)

2. Bromine is an element in Group 7 of the Periodic Table.
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(a)A small amount of liquid bromine is placed in a gas jar containing air.
The jar is then sealed. After two minutes, a brown gas is seen just above the surface of
the liquid.After two hours, the whole gas jar is full of the brown gas.

(i) Which of these is the process that causes the brown gas to fill the gas jar? (1)
A condensation
B diffusion
C evaporation
D sublimation
(ii) Explain, using the particle theory, the observations seen in the gas jar. (2)

(Total for question 2=3 marks)

3, The diagram shows three pieces of iron.

A is a piece of iron.
B is a piece of iron with a thin coating of zinc.
C is a piece of iron with some of the zinc coating missing.
(a) Name the process used to coat iron with zinc. (1)

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 (b) The three pieces of iron are left in separate troughs of water and exposed to the atmosphere
for several weeks.
The table shows the appearance of the pieces of iron after several weeks.

(i) The brown solid contains hydrated iron(III) oxide. What is the common name for this brown
solid? (1)

(ii) Identify the two substances that react with iron to form the brown solid. (2)

(iii) Explain, with reference to the symbols in the box, why the brown solid does not form on C.
(3)

(Total for question 3=7 marks)

1. (a) Potassium forms an ionic compound with sulfur.
Describe what happens when two atoms of potassium react with one atom of sulfur.
Give your answer in terms of electron transfer.
Give the formulae of the ions formed. (4)

(b) The structure of potassium sulfide can be represented using the ball and stick model in
Figure.
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 The ball and stick model is not a true representation of the structure of potassium sulfide
Give one reason why. (1).

(Total for question 4=5 marks)

2. This question is about phosphorus and compounds of phosphorus.
(a) Phosphorus has the formula P4. Some properties of P4 are shown.

(i) Name the type of bonding that exists between the atoms in a P4 molecule. (1)

(ii) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why P4 has a low melting point.
(1)

(b) Phosphorus, P4, reacts with air to produce phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10.
(i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction. (2)

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 (ii) What type of chemical reaction is this? (1)
(c) Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, is an acidic oxide.
Phosphorus(V) oxide, P4O10, reacts with aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a salt containing
the phosphate ion, PO43–. Water is the only other product.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction between phosphorus(V) oxide and aqueous
sodium hydroxide. (2)

(d) Phosphine has the formula PH3.

Draw the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of
phosphine. Show outer shell electrons only. (2)

(e) Phosphine, PH3, has a similar chemical structure to ammonia, NH3.

Ammonia acts as a base when it reacts with sulfuric acid.

(i) What is meant by the term base? (1)

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction between ammonia and sulfuric acid. (2)
(Total for question 5=12 marks)
3.This question is about the laboratory preparation of salts.
(a) A student writes this plan for preparing a sample of hydrated magnesium sulfate crystals.
Step 1: Pour about 100 cm3 of dilute nitric acid into a 250 cm3 beaker.
Step 2: Add a solution of magnesium carbonate to the acid until there is no more
effervescence.
Step 3: Heat the solution until all of the water has boiled off.
This plan will not succeed because there is one mistake in each step.
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Identify the mistake in each of the steps.

(3)
(b) Another student uses the following plan to prepare a sample of ammonium
hydrogenphosphate, formed in this reaction between aqueous ammonia and dilute
phosphoric acid
2NH3(aq) + H3PO4(aq) → (NH4)2HPO4(aq)

• use a pipette to transfer 25.0 cm3 of phosphoric acid to a conical flask

• add 3 drops of indicator
• use a burette to add aqueous ammonia until the indicator just changes colour permanently

(i) The diagram shows the burette readings in one experiment before and after
adding aqueous ammonia.

Use the readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.05 cm3. (3)

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(ii) In another titration, the student made a mistake. After he filled the burette, he noticed that the
space between the tap of the burette and the tip contained air. After adding the aqueous
ammonia, he noticed that it now contained liquid.
Explain how, if at all, this mistake affects the calculated volume of aqueous ammonia added.

(2)
(c) He repeats the experiment until he obtains concordant results.
The table shows the results.

Concordant results are those volumes that differ from each other by 0.20 cm3 or less.
(i) Identify the concordant results. (1)
(ii) Use the concordant results to calculate the average (mean) volume of aqueous ammonia
added. (2)
(d) The student then mixed the volumes of aqueous ammonia and phosphoric acid found
in the titration.
Describe how to use the method of crystallisation to obtain a pure dry sample of the salt
from this mixture. (3)

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 (Total for question 6=14 marks)
4. A manufacturer investigates some reactions that produce hydrogen.
The table shows three possible reversible reactions that he could use. The enthalpy changes are
also shown.

(a) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the pressure should be low or high to give the greatest
yield of products. (1)
(ii) Give a reason for your choice. (1)
(b) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the temperature should be low or high to give the greatest
yield of products. (1)
(ii) Give a reason for your choice. (1)
(c) For reaction 2, suggest why changing the temperature will have less effect on the
yield of products than in reactions 1 and 3. (1)
(d) (i) For reaction 3, predict the effect on the rate of the forward reaction of increasing the
pressure, without changing the temperature. (1)
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 (ii) Explain your prediction in terms of the particle collision theory. (2)
(e) The manufacturer makes a batch of ethanoic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide
using this reaction.
CH3OH + CO → CH3COOH
He starts with 64kg of methanol.
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanoic acid he could obtain. (3)

(Total for question7=11 marks)

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5.a) Impure copper is purified by electrolysis using the apparatus shown.

(i) Give the name of the electrode which is made of pure copper. (1)
(ii) Describe how each electrode will have changed at the end of the electrolysis process. (2)
(iii)Complete the sentence. (1)
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
This half equation shows the process of
A displacement
B oxidation
C redox
D reduction
(iv) Copper sulfate solution is the electrolyte used in this electrolysis process.
Explain how copper sulfate solution conducts electricity. (2)
(b) Sodium sulfate solution is electrolysed in the apparatus shown.

Sodium sulfate solution contains sodium ions, Na+, sulfate ions, SO42–,hydrogen ions, H+,
and hydroxide ions, OH–.
Hydrogen is produced at one electrode and oxygen is produced at the other electrode.
Explain how these products are formed from the ions in the electrolysis process, indicating
how you would identify the products.
You may give ionic equations in your answer. (6)
(Total for question 8=12 marks)

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6. (a) Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water vapour.
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
If 200 cm3 of hydrogen react completely with 100 cm3 of oxygen, what is the maximum
volume of water vapour formed, if all volumes are measured at the same temperature and
pressure? (1)
A 100 cm3
B 200 cm3
C 300 cm3
D 400 cm3
(b) Zinc reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride and hydrogen.
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Calculate the maximum volume of hydrogen formed, at room temperature and pressure,
when 13.0 g of zinc reacts completely with excess hydrochloric acid.(relative atomic mass:
Zn = 65.0,1 mol of any gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure) (2)
(c) In industry, ammonia is produced by the Haber process.

(i) What is the source of the hydrogen used in the Haber process? (1)
A air
B reaction of zinc with dilute sulfuric acid
C electrolysis of water
D natural gas
(ii)When nitrogen reacts with hydrogen, the amount of ammonia gradually increases until it
becomes constant.

Explain why the amount of ammonia remains constant. (2)

*(d)The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is exothermic.

If nitrogen and hydrogen were reacted at 90 atm pressure and 300 °C, without a catalyst,
some ammonia would be formed eventually.
In the Haber process a pressure of 150 atm and a temperature of 450 °C are used, in the
presence of an iron catalyst.
Explain, with reasons, why the Haber process conditions are better for the manufacture of
ammonia. (6)

(Total for question 9=12 marks)

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7. (a) Acid solutions contain hydrogen ions.
Aluminium reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form a solution containing
aluminium ions, Al3+.
Complete the balanced ionic equation for this reaction. (2)
+ 3+
............................... + ................ H ................ Al + ...............................

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(b) The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution is decreased by a factor of 10.
State how the pH of this solution changes. (1)
(c) Solutions of ethanoic acid and hydrochloric acid with the same concentration have different
pH values. Explain why the solution of ethanoic acid has a higher pH than the solution of
hydrochloric acid. (2)
(d) In an experiment 25.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3 ethanoic acid, CH3COOH, was titrated with
0.0200 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH.

CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O

Calculate the volume, in cm3, of 0.0200 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide solution needed to
neutralise the ethanoic acid in this experiment. (3)

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 (Total for question 10= 8 marks)
8. Chromium is a transition element.
(a) (i) State two differences in the physical properties of chromium and sodium. (2)
(ii) State two differences in the chemical properties of chromium and sodium. (2)
(b) Chromium is used to electroplate steel objects. The diagram shows how this could be done.

(i) Give two reasons why steel objects are plated with chromium. (2)
(ii) The formula of the chromium(III) ion is Cr3+ and of the sulfate ion is SO42–. Give the
formula of chromium(III) sulfate. (1)
(iii) Write the ionic half-equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode). (2)
(iv) A colourless gas, which relights a glowing splint, is formed at the positive electrode
(anode).State the name of this gas. (1)
(v) During electrolysis, it is necessary to add more chromium(III) sulfate but during
copper-plating using a copper anode, it is not necessary to add more copper(II) sulfate.
Explain. (1)

(Total for question 11=10 marks)

(Total for the paper =100 marks)

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