`y‡h©vM I `~lY BDwbU

f‚wgKv
(Disaster and Pollution)
12
eZ©gvb mg‡q wek^e¨vcx eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq `y‡h© vM I `~l Y| `y‡h© vM n‡jv cÖK…w Zi Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v hv Lvivc ev
AKj¨vYKi cwiw¯’w Zi m¤§yLxb K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, `~lY n‡jv cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi (†hgb-evqy, cvwb, g„wËKv
cÖf…w Z) †bwZevPK cwieZ© b hv gvby‡ li ¯^ vfvweK Rxebhvcb‡K ÿwZMÖ¯Í K‡i| `y‡h©vM I `~l Y `y‡ UvB gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨
cªvwY I Dw™¢‡`i Rb¨ ÿwZKi| GB BDwb‡U `y‡h©vM I `~lY, `~l Y I cÖvK…w ZK `y‡hv©‡ Mi m¤úK©, evsjv‡`‡ki
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vMmg~n, `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv, cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq wewfbœ cÖw Zôv‡bi f~wgKv m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB BDwbU cv‡Vi gva¨‡g cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h© vMcÖeY evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK wn‡m‡e `y‡h©vM I `~lY
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z Ges Zv †gvKv‡ejvq f~wgKv ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-12.1 : `y‡h©vM I `~lY Gi aviYv
cvV-12.2 : evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vMmg~n
cvV-12.3 : cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vM I `~ l‡Yi m¤úK©
cvV-12.4 : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv
cvV-12.5 : `y‡h©vM I `~lY †gvKv‡ejvq M„n xZ c`‡ÿcmg~n
 f~‡Mvj wØZxq cÎ

cvV-12.1 `y‡h©vM I `~lY Gi aviYv

(Concept of Disaster and Pollution)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 `y‡h©v‡Mi msÁv, cÖK vi‡f` I aiY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 `~lY, KviY Ges aiY eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`y‡h©vM I `~lY
eZ©gv‡b wek¦e¨vcx eûj Av‡jvwPZ welq `y‡h©vM I `~lY| GB `yBwU welq gvby‡li ¯^ vfvweK Rxeb I
cwi‡e‡ki Q›` cZb NUvq| d‡j ¯^ vfvweK Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i mKj †`kB G mgm¨v †_‡K
†invB †c‡Z eûgyL x †Póv K‡i _v‡K| wcÖq wkÿv_©xe„ ›`, GB cv‡V Avgiv `y‡h©vM I `~lY m¤ú‡K© cÖ v_wgK aviYv wbe|
`y‡h©vM (Disaster) : `y‡h©vM kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖw Zkã Disaster| GwU wMÖK kã Dis Ges Aster Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ|
Dis A_© g›` ev Lvivc Ges Aster A_© Zviv| wMÖK †R¨vwZwe© `MY g‡b Ki‡Zb, AvKv‡k †Kv‡bv Zviv Lvivc Ae¯’v‡b
_vK‡j Lvivc NUbv NU‡e| myZivs DrcwËMZfv‡e `y‡h© vM ej‡Z Ggb GKwU Ae¯’ v eySvq hv gvby l‡K g›` ev
AKj¨vYKi cwiw¯’w Zi m¤§yLxb K‡i| `y‡h©vM ej‡Z Ggb GKwU wech©q‡K eySvq hv †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó GjvKvi RbM‡Yi
†ewkifvM gvbyl‡K wec`vcbœ K‡i †Zv‡j Ges D³ Rb‡Mvwôi Zv †gvKv‡ejv Kivi ÿgZv mv‡a¨i evB‡i P‡j hvq|
Gme `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ KvwU‡q DV‡Z gvbyl‡K A‡bK g~j¨ w`‡Z nq| `y‡h© vM KL‡bv nVvr msNwUZ nq Avevi
KL‡bvev GK ev GKvwaK NUbv ax‡i ax‡i `y‡h© vM m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi A‡bK mgq GKwU `y‡h© vM GKvwaK
`y‡h©v‡Mi KviY n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- f‚wgK¤ú †_‡K mybvwg n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi mybvwg †_‡K R‡jv”Q¡ vm Ges
R‡jv”Q¡vm †_‡K DcK‚j xq GjvKvq jeYv³Zv n‡Z cv‡i|
`y‡h©v‡Mi cÖK vi‡f` : c„w_exe¨vcx †h mKj `y‡h©vM msNwUZ nq †m¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_vÑcÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©vM Ges gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM|
1. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h© vM (Natural Disaster): cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡Y †h mKj `y‡h©vM m„wó nq, †m¸‡jv‡K cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vM e‡j
(wPÎ 12.1.1)| G ai‡bi `y‡h© v‡Mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q f‚wgK¤ú, AMœy¨rcvZ, N~wY© So, eb¨v, Liv, b`xfvOb, jeYv³Zv,
ZzlvicvZ BZ¨vw`|
2. gvbem„ó `y‡h© vM (Man-made Disaster) : gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM ej‡Z gvby‡li Ae‡njv, fzjåvwšÍ ev †Kv‡bv we‡kl
AwfcÖ v‡qi d‡j m„ó `y‡h©vM‡K eySvq (wPÎ 12.1.2)| A_©vr G ai‡bi `y‡h© vM gvby‡li Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j m„wó nq| hy ×,
cvigvYweK †evgvi we‡ùviY, ivmvqwbK `~lY, Lv‡`¨ KxUbvkK e¨envi, AcwiKwíZ I ÎæwUc~Y© ¯’ vcbv wbg©vY BZ¨vw`
gvbem„ó `y‡h© v‡Mi AšÍf³ ©y | 1945 mv‡j Av‡gwiKv KZ©„K Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv I bvMvmvwK‡Z cvigvYweK †evgvi
we‡ùvi‡Y AmsL¨ gvbyl, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki e¨vcK ÿwZ nq| 2013 mv‡ji 24 GwcÖj XvKvi mvfv‡i ivbv cø vRv
bv‡g GKwU feb aŸ‡m c‡o eû gvbyl nZvnZ nq| G¸‡jv gvbem„ó `y‡h© v‡Mi D`vniY|

wPÎ 12.1.1 : cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM (eb¨v) wPÎ 12.1.2 : gvbe m„ó `y‡h©vM (feb aŸm)

BDwbU-12 c„ôv-243
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

`y‡h©v‡Mi aiY : `y‡h©vM `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ axi MwZm¤úbœ `y‡h©vM Ges `ª æZ MwZm¤úbœ `y‡h© vM|
1. axi MwZm¤úbœ `y‡h© vM (Slow Onset Disaster) : axi MwZm¤úbœ `y‡h© vM n‡jv Ggb GKwU Ae¯’ v, hv gvby‡li Lv`¨
I RxweKvwbe©v‡ni cY¨mvgMÖx msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡Póv‡K e¨vnZ nq| †hgb- Liv, km¨nvwb, K…wl‡ÿ‡Z †cvKvgvK‡oi AvµgY
BZ¨vw`| G ai‡bi `y‡h©vM mn‡RB wPwýZ Kiv hvq e‡j Zv cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kvh©Ki e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq Ges ÿqÿwZi
cwigvY Kwg‡q Avbv hvq|
2. `ªæZ MwZm¤úbœ `y‡h©vM (Rapid Disaster) : G ai‡bi `y‡h©vM AvKw¯§K N‡U _v‡K e‡j Zv mn‡R cÖwZ‡iva Kiv
hvq bv| `ª æZ MwZm¤úbœ `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j gvbyl ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq Ges Rxeb I m¤ú`nvwb N‡U| †hgb-
f‚wgK¤ú, AMœy¨rcvZ BZ¨vw`|
`~lY (Pollution) : gvbyl †h cwi‡e‡k emevm K‡i ¯^ vfvweK Rxebhvcb K‡i,
†m cwi‡e‡ki weNœ m„wó‡Z mÿg ÿwZKi †h †Kv‡bv Ae¯’vi bvg `~lY (wPÎ
12.1.3)| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, ivmvqwbK †fŠwZK I ˆRweK Kvi‡Y
cwi‡e‡ki †Kv‡bv Dcv`v‡bi †h †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †bwZevPK cwieZ©bB n‡jv
`~lY| A_©vr `~l‡Yi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki AbvKvw•LZ cwieZ©b N‡U hv gvbyl,
RxeRš‘, Dw™¢`, mf¨Zv cÖ f…wZi ÿwZmvab K‡i| Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k cÖwZwbqZ
†`Lv hvq †h, wewfbœ Kvi‡Y cwi‡e‡ki `~l Y NU‡Q hv RbRxeb‡K `ywe©ln K‡i
wPÎ 12.1.3 : cwi‡ek `~lY
†Zv‡j| Avi †hme Dcv`vb `~ lY m„wó K‡i †mme Dcv`vb‡K `~lK (Pollutant)
ejv nq|
`~l‡Yi KviY : `~ lY m„wói KviYmg~n‡K cÖ avbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- gvbem„ó KviY Ges cÖ vK…wZK KviY|
1. gvbem„ó KviY (Man-made Causes) : gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j cwi‡e‡ki †h `~lY N‡U †m¸‡jv‡K
gvbem„ó KviY e‡j| †hgb- wkí-KviLvbvi †auvqv, †ZRw®Œq c`v‡_©i we‡ùviY, ÿwZKi M„n¯’ vwj eR©¨, K…wl‡Z
KxUbvkK e¨envi BZ¨vw`|
2. cÖvK…wZK KviY (Natural Causes) : A‡bK mgq cÖvK…wZK Kvi‡YI cwi‡ek `~lY N‡U| †hgb- AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j
wbtm„Z mvjdvi-WvB-A·vBW, Kve©b g‡bvA·vBW, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvjdvBW M¨vm cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi `~lY NUvq|
`~l‡Yi cÖK vi‡f` : `~l‡Yi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq †m¸‡jv n‡jv evqy, cvwb, g„wËKv,
kã BZ¨vw`| Gme `~l‡Yi d‡j gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi e¨Z¨q N‡U Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi †ivM-RxevYy‡Z AvµvšÍ nq|
wb‡¤œ ewY©Z K †_‡K N ch©šÍ `~lY¸wj c„w_exi Dcwifv‡M n‡q _v‡K Ges O bs `~lYwU f~-M‡f© †`Lv hvq|
K. evqy `~l Y (Air Pollution) : cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg evqy `~ lY| Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨
AZ¨vek¨Kxq Dcv`vb evqy wewfbœfv‡e `~wlZ n‡”Q| evqygЇji g‡a¨ hLb `~wlZ M¨vm, †au vqv, f¯§ BZ¨vw` ÿwZKi
Dcv`v‡bi mgv‡ek N‡U Ges Gi cÖfve wn‡m‡e gvby l, RxeRš‘ I Dw™¢ `RM‡Zi ÿwZ K‡i, ZLb Zv‡K evqy `~lY
e‡j| evqy `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv Kj-KviLvbv I hvbevn‡bi wbM©Z Kv‡jv †auvqv, M„n ¯’vwj R¡vjvwb, gqjv-
AveR©bv, AcwiKwíZ cqtcÖYvwj BZ¨vw`|
L. cvwb `~lY (Water Pollution) : cvwbi m‡½ hLb †Kv‡bv AevwÂZ c`v_© wg‡k hvq, ZLb cvwbi †fŠZ ivmvqwbK I
ˆRe ˆewk‡ó¨i cwieZ©b nq Ges RjR Dw™¢` I cÖvwY, gvbylmn RxeRM‡Zi ÿwZi Avk¼v _v‡K, ZLb Zv‡K cvwb `~lY
e‡j| cvwb `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv- Kj-KviLvbvi eR©¨, M„n¯’vwj eR©¨, Rjvav‡ii mv‡_ b`©gvi ms‡hvM, K…wlRvZ
`~lK, KxUbvkK, ÿwZKviK LwbR c`v_©, †Zjevnx RvnvR `yN©Ubv, g„Z RxeRš‘, †ZRw®Œq eR©¨, wPwKrmv eR©¨ BZ¨vw`|
M. g„wËKv `~lY (Soil Pollution) : g„wËKv `~lY ej‡Z wkí eR©¨, K…wl eR©¨, †ZRw®Œq eR©¨, RgvK…Z AveR©bv Ges
wewfbœ Dcv`vb g„wËKvi †h ÿwZmvab K‡i Zv‡K ey Svq| g„wËKv `~ l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv-gvÎvwZwi³ ivmvqwbK
mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi, gvwU †cvov‡bv, wkí eR©¨, g„wËKvi jeYv³Zv, eb DRvo cÖ f…wZ| GQvov g„wËKvq
AcPbkxj c`v_© †hgb cwjw_‡bi AvwaK¨ `~l‡Yi gvÎv‡K evwo‡q †Zv‡j|

BDwbU-12 c„ôv-244
 f~‡Mvj wØZxq cÎ

N. kã `~lY (Sound Pollution) : gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK kÖeY ÿgZvi D‡aŸ© m„ó †h †Kv‡bv kã hv ¯^vfvweK RxebhvÎvi
e¨vNvZ NUvq ZvB n‡jv kã `~lY| kã `~l‡Yi KviY n‡jv evm, Uª vK, †Uªb I j‡Âi nY©, †iwWI, K¨v‡mU, †Uwjwfkb
I gvBK D”P k‡ã evRv‡bv| GQvov mvB‡ib I hy×mvgMÖxi kã, †evgvi we‡ùviY, †g‡Ni MR©b cÖf„w Z kã `~l‡Yi
Drm|
O. Av‡m©wbK `~lY (Arsenic Pollution) : Av‡m©wbK `~lY f~- c„‡ôi wb‡P Aew¯’Z cvwbi ¯Í‡i n‡q _v‡K| G `~l‡Yi
d‡j gvbyl wewfbœ †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, `y‡h©vM I `~lY DfqB gvby‡li ¯^ vfvweK Rxebhvcb weNœ K‡i Ges m¤ú` I Rxebnvwb NUvq|
GQvov wewfbœ †ivM-RxevYy Qov‡bvmn cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZmvab K‡i| myZivs `y‡h© vM I `~l‡Yi nvZ †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z Zv
†gvKv‡ejvq mevB‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR `y‡h©vM I `~l‡Yi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
`y‡h©vM n‡jv Ggb GKwU A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v hv gvby‡li Rxeb, mgvR I cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZmvab K‡i| `y‡h©v‡Mi
ÿqÿwZ KvwU‡q DV‡Z gvbyl‡K A‡bK Kó Ki‡Z nq Ges ¯^vfvweK Rxe‡bi e¨vNvZ N‡U| `y‡h©vM cÖavbZ `yB
ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Ges gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM| cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M cÖK…wZ m„ó Avi gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM
gbyl¨ m„ó| gvbyl cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Z‡e mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g ÿqÿwZ n«vm Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Avi gvbem„ó `y‡h©vM wbqš¿Y gvby‡li B”Qvi Dci wbf©ikxj| Ab¨w`‡K `~lY n‡jv cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi †bwZevPK cwieZ©b| †hgb- cvwb `~lY, evqy `~lY| gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©KvÐB g~jZ `~l‡Yi Rb¨ `vqx|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j †Kvb `y‡h© vMwU n‡Z cv‡i?
(K) g„wËKv ÿq (L) eb¨v (M) mybvwg (N) Liv
2| cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© v‡Mi D`vniY n‡jvÑ
i. eb¨v ii. Liv iii. AMœy¨rcvZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| gvbem„ó `~l‡Yi KviY †KvbwU?
(K) KxUbvkK e¨envi (L) hvbevn‡bi †auvqv
(M) †ZRw¯Œq c`v‡_©i we‡ùviY (N) me¸‡jv mwVK
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
mvw`Kzj mv‡ne GKRb mdj K… lK| Zu vi Rwg‡Z AwaK dmj Drcvw`Z nq hv Ab¨‡`i DrmvwnZ K‡i| wKš‘
wKQzw`b a‡i dmj Drcv`‡bi cwigvY Kg‡Z ïiæ Kivq wZwb DwØMœ n‡q co‡jb| Qz‡U †M‡jb K…wl m¤úªmviY Kgx©i
Kv‡Q| Gici gvwU cixÿv K‡i Rvb‡Z cvi‡jb GK ai‡bi `~l‡Yi K_v|
4| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ `~lYwUi bvg Kx?
(K) evqy `~lY (L) cvwb `~ lY (M) g„wËKv `~l Y (N) kã `~lY
5| Av‡jvP¨ `~ l‡Yi d‡j ÿwZ nqÑ
i. gvby‡li ii. KxUcZ‡½i iii. dm‡ji
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU-12 c„ôv-245
GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~n

cvV-12.2
(Major Natural Disaster in Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖa vb cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vMmg~n m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡eb Ges
 m„ó `y‡h©vMmg~‡ni KviY Ges cÖfve eY©b v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vMmg~n
c„w_exi cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vMcÖeY †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ evsjv‡`k Ab¨Zg| G‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’ vb,
RjevqyMZ ˆewkó¨, ˆewk^K Dòvqb cÖ f…wZ Kvi‡Y cÖ vq cÖwZ eQiB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ
nq| d‡j wech© ¯Í n‡q c‡o RbRxeb| ÿqÿwZ nq m¤ú` I Rxe‡bi| evsjv‡`‡k msNwUZ cÖvK…w ZK `y‡ h©vMmg~‡ni
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡ vm, Kvj‰ekvLx So I U‡b©‡Wv, eb¨v, b`xfvOb, jeYv³Zv, Liv, Av‡m©w bK,
f‚wgK¤ú I mybvwg cÖf…wZ| wb‡¤œ Gme cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©vM m¤ú‡K© eY© bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡vm (Cyclone and Tidal Surge) : N~wY©S‡oi Bs‡iwR cÖw Zkã Cyclone| GwU wMÖK kã
Kyklos †_‡K DrcwË jvf K‡i‡Q| hvi A_© KzÐwj cvKv‡bv mvc| N~wY©S‡oi evZvm KzÐwj cvKv‡bv mv‡ci AvKvi
aviY K‡i e‡j Giƒc bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| weÁvbx †nbwi wcwWsUb 1848 mv‡j cÖ_g G kãwU e¨envi K‡ib|
mvaviYZ GwcÖj-†g Ges A‡±vei-wW‡m¤^i gv‡m N~wY© So msNwUZ n‡q _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki `wÿ‡Y Aew¯’Z e‡½vcmvMi MÖx®§gÐjxq N~wY©So m„wói GKwU
Av`k© †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| e‡½vcmvM‡i m„ó N~wY©Somg~‡ni g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bvwU gvivZ¥K aŸsmvZ¥K iƒc aviY K‡i| N~wY©So m„wói Rb¨ mgy`ª c„‡ô
mvaviYZ 27 †mjwmqvm ev Gi †ewk ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡ qvRb nq| N~wY©S‡oi
†K›`ª¯’‡j wb¤œPvc Ges Pvicv‡k D”PPvc weivR K‡i| Gmgq D”PPvchy³ evqy
cÖej‡e‡M N~wY© S‡oi †K›`ªfv‡M †hLv‡b wb¤œPvc _v‡K †mw`‡K avweZ nq| G
cÖwµqvwU AZ¨šÍ `ªæZMwZ‡Z m¤úbœ nq| GwU Dò mgy`ªc„‡ô DrcwË jvf K‡i
gnv‡`kxq g~jfv‡Mi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| N~wY©S‡oi †K›`ª ¯’j‡K †PvL e‡j (wPÎ wPÎ 12.2.1 : N~wY©S‡oi †PvL
12.2.1)| GwU †`L‡Z A‡bKUv gvby‡li †Pv‡Li g‡Zv| weMZ Aa©k Zvãx‡Z
†ek K‡qKwU eo ai‡bi N~wY©So evsjv‡`‡k AvNvZ nv‡b| Gi g‡a¨ 1970, 1988, 1991, 2007, 2009 mv‡ji
N~wY©So Ab¨Zg| Rxebnvwbi w`‡K †_‡K me‡P‡q cÖjqsKix N~wY© So 1970 Ges 1991 mv‡j msNwUZ nq| 1970
mv‡ji N~wY©S‡o cÖvq 5 jÿvwaK, 1991 mv‡j 1.40 jÿ, 2007 mv‡j 10 nvRvi Ges 2009 mv‡j 7 nvRvi
†jv‡Ki cÖ vYnvwb N‡U| N~w Y©S‡o DcK~j xq †Rjvmg~n me‡P‡q †ewk ÿwZMÖ ¯’ nq| Gme †Rjvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q PÆMÖ vg,
K·evRvi, Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU, mvZÿxiv, cUzq vLvjx, ei¸bv, †fvjv cÖ f…wZ|
N~wY©S‡oi m‡½ Mfxifv‡e m¤úK©hy³ R‡jv”Q¡vm| N~w Y©So DrcwËi ci hLb cÖej‡e‡M ¯’j fv‡Mi w`‡K AMÖmi nq
ZLb mgy‡`ªi Rjivwk dz‡j I‡V Ges DcK‚jxq A‡ji g~j f‚-L‡Ð AvNvZ nv‡b| Giƒc DuPz Rjivwk‡K R‡jv”Q¡ vm
e‡j| Gmgq Rjivwki D”PZv 15-40 dz U ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| N~wY© So AvNvZ nvbvi mgq hw` Agvem¨v ev c~wY©gv
_v‡K Zvn‡j cvwb Av‡iv †ewk dz‡j I‡V Ges fqven iƒc aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| 1970 mv‡ji N~wY©S‡o †fvjvq cÖvq
40 dzU, 2007 mv‡j cUzqvLvjx I ei¸bv A‡j cÖvq 20-25 dzU DuPz R‡jv”Q¡ vm n‡qwQj| N~wY©So QvovI
f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡jI R‡jv”Q¡vm n‡Z cv‡i| f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j m„ó R‡jv”Q¡ vm‡K mybvwg e‡j| R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi d‡j
DcK‚jxq A‡j e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ nq| gvbylmn RxeRš‘ I mnvq m¤ú` cvwb‡Z †f‡m P‡j hvq Ges we¯Í xY© AÂj
mgy‡`ªi mv‡_ wg‡k hvq| †hgb-1991 mv‡ji N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡ v‡m e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ nq| Z‡e cieZx©‡Z miKvwi I
†emiKvwi ch©v‡q N~wY©So †gvKv‡ejvq eûgyLx c`‡ÿc 2007 Ges 2009 mv‡j h_vµ‡g wmWi I AvBjvq
Rxebnvwbi cwigvY mnbxq ivL‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

BDwbU-12 c„ôv-246
 f~‡Mvj wØZxq cÎ

2. Kvj‰ekvLx So I U‡b©‡Wv (Nor’ wester & Tornado) : evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Kvj‰ekvLx
So Ges U‡b©‡Wv Ab¨Zg| Kvj‰ekvLx So MÖx®§Kvjxb Rjevqyi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| mvaviYZ ˆekvL gv‡mi †k‡li
w`‡K G So n‡Z †`Lv hvIqvq G‡K Kvj‰ekvLx So e‡j| gvP©-GwcÖj gv‡m mܨvi w`‡K nVvr AvKvk Kv‡jv †g‡N
†X‡K eRªwe`y¨rmn cÖej S‡ov nvIqv cÖevwnZ nq| G SoB Kvj‰ekvLx So bv‡g cwiwPZ| G mgq evrmwiK
e„wócv‡Zi cÖ vq GK-cÂgvsk msNwUZ nq| A‡bK mgq e„wócv‡Zi mv‡_ wkjve„wóI n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki c~e©v‡j G
So AwaK n‡q _v‡K| Kvj‰ekvLx S‡o gvbyl, cïcvwL I m¤ú`nvwb N‡U, Ku vPv Nievwo aŸsm nq Ges dm‡jiI
e¨vcK ÿwZ nq|
Ab¨w`‡K, U‡b©‡WvI GKwU cÖvK… wZK `y‡h© vM| U‡b©‡Wv kãwU †¯úwbk Tornada
†_‡K G‡m‡Q, hvi A_© eRªSo ev Thunder Storm| N~wY©S‡oi b¨vq U‡b©‡Wvi
†ÿ‡ÎI cÖPЇe‡M evZvm Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z cÖe vwnZ nq| †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b wb¤œ Pvc ev
jNyPvc m„wó n‡j D³ ¯’ v‡bi Dò evZvm Dc‡i D‡V hvq Ges H k~b¨ RvqMv
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ PZzw `©‡Ki kxZj evqy `ªæZMwZ‡Z avweZ nq Ges U‡b©‡Wvi DrcwË
nq (wPÎ 12.2.2)| mvaviYZ GwcÖj-†g gv‡m U‡b©‡Wv AvNvZ nv‡b| 1989
mv‡j gvwbKM‡Äi mvUz wiqvq cÖjqsKix U‡b©‡Wv AvNvZ nv‡b Ges e¨vcK
aŸsmjxjv mvwaZ nq| U‡b©‡Wvi †ÿ‡Î evZv‡mi MwZ‡eM mvaviYZ NÈvq 480
wPÎ 12.2.2 : U‡b©‡Wv
†_‡K 800 wK‡jvwgUvi n‡Z cv‡i| U‡b©‡Wvi we¯Ívi gvÎ K‡qK wgUvi Ges
ˆ`N©¨ 5 †_‡K 30 wK‡jvwgUvi ch©šÍ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq cÖw Z eQi U‡b©‡Wv n‡Z †`Lv hvq| U‡b©‡Wv Ges
N~wY©S‡oi g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv N~wY© So DrcwË nq mgy‡`ª Avi U‡b©‡Wv †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b m„wó n‡Z cv‡i|
eb¨v (Flood) : mvaviY A‡_© b`xi cvwb hLb `yÕK‚j Qvwc‡q cvk¦© eZ©x MÖvg, bMi, e›`i, evwoNi fvwm‡q wb‡q hvq
Ges we¯ÍxY© A‡ji dmj webó K‡i ZLb Zv‡K eb¨v e‡j| Aa¨vcK Chambers Gi g‡Z, ÔFlood is a condition
of abnormally great flow of water in the river’. cÖvq cÖwZ eQi †`‡ki we¯Í xY© AÂj eb¨vq cøvweZ nq|
eb¨vi cÖKvi‡f` : mvaviYZ eb¨v Pvi cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_v-†gŠmygx eb¨v, AvKw¯§K eb¨v, DcK~jxq eb¨v Ges
bMi eb¨v|
1. †gŠmygx eb¨v (Seasonal Flood) : el©v †gŠmy‡g AwZwi³ e„wócv‡Zi d‡j †h eb¨vi m„wó nq, Zv‡K †gŠmygx eb¨v
e‡j| K…wl wbf©i evsjv‡`‡k †gŠmygx eb¨v †Zgb ÿwZ K‡i bv eis dmj Drcv`‡b BwZevPK f‚wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e
gv‡S gv‡S eb¨v fqven iƒc aviY K‡i hv e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ mvab K‡i|
2. AvKw¯§K eb¨v (Flash Flood) : el©v †gŠmyg e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv †gŠmygx AvKw¯§K e„wócvZ ev cvnvwo X‡ji d‡j
†h eb¨vi m„wó nq, Zv‡K AvKw¯§K eb¨v e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki wm‡jU, mybvgMÄ, †gŠjfxevRvi, wK‡kviMÄ cÖf…wZ †Rjvq
AvKw¯§K eb¨v n‡Z †`Lv †`q| †ev‡iv †gŠmy‡g G ai‡bi eb¨v n‡j dm‡ji e¨vcK ÿwZ nq|
3. DcK~jxq eb¨v (Coastal Flood) : DcK‚jxq A‡j N~wY©So, myb vwg ev †Rvqvi-fvUvRwbZ Kvi‡Y †h eb¨v m„wó
nq, Zv‡K DcK‚jxq eb¨v e‡j|
4. bMi eb¨v (Urban Flood) : bMi GjvKvq myôz I ch©vß cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’v bv _vK‡j el©vKv‡j cÖ Pzi e„wócv‡Zi
d‡j eb¨v †`Lv †`q| G ai‡bi eb¨v‡K bMi eb¨v e‡j| XvKv I PÆMÖ vgmn †ek K‡qKwU eo kn‡i G ai‡bi eb¨v
†`Lv †`q|
eb¨vi KviY : cÖvK… wZK Ges gvbem„ó Dfq cÖK vi Kvi‡YB eb¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv:
mviwY 12.2.1 : eb¨vi cÖvK…wZK I gvbem„ó KviY
cÖvK…wZK KviY gvbem„ó KviY
el©v †gŠmy‡g AwZe„wó b`xi MwZc‡_ evav cÖ `vb
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb, f‚wgiƒ‡ci MVb I cÖK…wZ Lvj I bvjv fivU K‡i †djv
cvnvwo eidMjv cvwb AcwiKwíZfv‡e iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY
b`xi AvKuveuvKv MwZc_ b`xi Zj‡`k fivU K‡i †djv
wb¤œPv‡ci d‡j fvix el©Y ebR m¤ú` aŸsm Kiv
el©v †gŠmy‡g b`xi AwZwi³ cvwb cÖ‡qvR‡b ev AcÖ‡qvR‡b AcwiKwíZfv‡e b`xkvmb Kiv
b`xi cvwb cÖevn ÿgZv K‡g hvIqv DRv‡b cvwb cÖZ¨vnvi ev euva wbg©vY
ˆewk¦K Dòvq‡bi d‡j Rjevqyi cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ| cvwb wb®‹vkb e¨e¯’vi AcÖZzjZv cÖf…wZ|

BDwbU-12 c„ôv-247
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eb¨vi cÖfve : eb¨vi d‡j eûgyL x ÿqÿwZi m¤§yL xb n‡Z nq (wPÎ 12.2.3)| †hgb-Rxeb I m¤ú`nvwb, dmj
Drcv`b n« vm, DcK~jxq A‡ji K…wlRwg jeYv³ nIqv, †ivM-e¨vwai we¯Ívi, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’ v wew”Qbœ nIqv, my‡cq
cvwb msKU, Lv`¨ I cywói Afve cÖ f…wZ| weMZ Aa©kZvãx‡Z evsjv‡`‡k †ek K‡qKwU fqven eb¨v msNwUZ nq|
Gi g‡a¨ 1954, 1963, 1974, 1978, 1984, 1988, 1998, 2004, 2007 mv‡ji eb¨v Ab¨Zg| 1998 mv‡ji
eb¨v wQj me‡P‡q `xN©¯’vqx Ges †`‡ki AwaKvsk †Rjv ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|
b`xfvOb (Riverbank Erosion) : mvaviYfv‡e b`xi cvwb cÖe v‡ni d‡j b`xi Zxi ev cv‡oi fvOb‡K b`xfvOb
e‡j| el©v †gŠmy‡g evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU AwZ cwiwPZ `„k¨ b`xfvOb (wPÎ 12.2.4)| G mgq b`x‡Z AwZwi³ cvwb
cÖevwnZ nIqvi d‡j b`xfvOb †`Lv †`q| mvaviYZ Ryb †_‡K †m‡Þ¤^i gvm ch©šÍ cÙv, †gNbv, hgybv, eª þcy Î,
wZ¯Í vmn AmsL¨ kvLvb`x I Dcb`x Øviv †`‡ki cÖvq 100wU Dc‡Rjv Kg‡ewk fvO‡bi wkKvi nq| b`xfvObcÖeY
†Rjvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Rvgvjcyi, KzwoMÖvg, gywÝMÄ, e¸ov, gv`vixcyi,
bvivqbMÄ, MvBevÜv, wmivRMÄ, kixqZcyi, †kicyi, ivRevwo, gvwbKMÄ,
dwi`cyi, Puv`cyi, Uv½vBj, ewikvj, †MvcvjMÄ Ges DcK‚jxq AÂj
Ab¨Zg|
b`xfvO‡bi KviY : b`xfvOb m„wói Rb¨ cÖvK…w ZK Kvi‡Yi cvkvcvwk
gvbem„ó KviYI `vqx| b`xfvO‡bi cÖvK…w ZK Ges gvbem„ó KviYmg~n
mviwY 12.2.2 G D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv|
mviwY 12.2.2 : b`xfvO‡bi cÖvK…wZK Ges gvbem„ó KviY wPÎ 12.2.3 : eb¨vi d‡j m„ó `y‡f©vM
cÖvK…wZK KviY gvbem„ó KviY
el©v †gŠmy‡g AZ¨waK e„wócvZ b`xi ¯^vfvweK MwZc_ cwieZ©b Kiv
b`xi MwZc_ AwaK AuvKveuvKv nIqv b`x Zx‡ii MvQcvjv wbab Kiv
cwj Rgv n‡q b`xi Zj‡`k fivU n‡q hvIqv b`x Zxi Ges Zj‡`k †_‡K AcwiKwíZfv‡e evjy D‡Ëvjb
eb¨v `xN©¯’vqx nIqv b`x Zxi `Lj K‡i b`xi MwZc‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi Kiv
b`xM‡f© big I ÿwqòz wkjvi Dcw¯’wZ wbqwgZ b`x Lbb bv Kiv
b`xM‡f© dvU‡ji Dcw¯’wZ b`x‡Z ev b`x Zx‡i A‰eafv‡e euva w`‡q Pvlvev` Kiv
cve©Z¨ GjvKvq eid Mj‡bi gvÎv e„w× BZ¨vw`| AcwiKwíZ I AwaK cwigv‡Y †bŠhvb Pvjv‡bv BZ¨vw`|

b`xfvO‡bi cÖfve : b`xfvO‡bi d‡j Av_©-mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î `xN©¯’vqx cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| AmsL¨ †jvK Nievwo
nvwi‡q ev¯‘nviv Ges f‚wgnxb n‡q c‡o| b`xfvO‡bi Ab¨vb¨ cÖfvemg~‡ni g‡a¨ D‡jø L‡hvM¨ n‡jv-DØv¯‘ RbmsL¨v
e„w×, `vwi`ªZv e„w×, K…wl Drcv`b n« vm, K…wlRwgi cwigvY n« vm, cywónxbZv, kn‡i RbmsL¨vi Pvc e„w×, Aciva
cÖeYZv e„w×, †ivM-e¨vwai we¯Í vi BZ¨vw`| GQvov b`xfvO‡bi d‡j mvgvwRK e܇b fvOb †`Lv hvq| KviY b`x
ZxieZx© †jvKRb RwgRgv I mnvq m¤ú` nvwi‡q DØv¯‘ n‡q kn‡i Mgb K‡i Ges Ab¨vb¨ AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi mv‡_
m¤ú‡K© Uvb c‡o|
jeYv³Zv (Salinity) : jeYv³Zv ej‡Z gvwU I cvwb‡Z je‡Yi cwigvY e„w× †c‡q †h Ae¯’ vi m„wó nq Zv‡K
eySvq| mvaviYZ jeYv³Zvi gvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq Parts Per Thousand ev wcwcwU (PPT) Øviv| mgy‡`ªi cvwb‡Z
jeYv³Zvi Mo gvÎv 35wcwcwU A_© vr 1 wK‡jvMÖ vg cvwb‡Z cÖvq 35 MÖvg jeY _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~j xq A‡ji
gvwU I cvwb‡Z jeYv³Zvi cwigvY me‡P‡q †ewk| e‡½vcmvM‡ii cvwb †Rvqv‡ii mgq b`xi gva¨‡g DcK~jxq
A‡ji f‚wg‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i jeYv³Zv m„wó K‡i| mvaviYZ AvM÷ gvm †_‡K jeYv³Zv ïiæ nq Ges wW‡m¤^i †_‡K
GwcÖj gvm ch©šÍ m‡e©v”P ch© v‡q †cuŠ‡Q| DcK~jxq 16wU †Rjvi 64wU Dc‡Rjvq jeYv³Zv †`Lv hvq| Gi g‡a¨
me©vwaK jeYv³Zvq AvµvšÍ Lyjbv, mvZÿxiv, ev‡MinvU, cUzqvLvjx, wc‡ivRcyi, ei¸bv †Rjv| GQvov ewikvj,
†bvqvLvjx, j²xcyi, K·evRvi, †dbx cÖ f…wZ †Rjv jeYv³Zvq AvµvšÍ|
jeYv³Zvi KviY : mvaviYZ DcK‚jxq A‡ji f‚wg I cvwb‡Z jeYv³Zvi Rb¨ †Rvqvi-fvUv I mgy`ª c„‡ ôi D”PZv
e„wׇK `vqx Kiv nq| Avi mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w×i Rb¨ gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©K vЇKB `vqx Kiv nq|

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jeYv³Zvi cÖfve : jeYv³Zvi d‡j †hme cÖ fve cwijwÿZ nq Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv-
1. DcK‚jxq A‡ji Rwg K…wlKv‡Ri Abyc‡hvMx n‡q Drcv`b n«vm cvIqv;
2. my‡cq cvwbi Afve †`Lv †`Iqv;
3. DØv¯‘ †jv‡Ki msL¨v e„w×;
4. m¤ú`nvwb I `vwi`ªZv e„w×;
5. wewfbœ †ivMe¨vwai cÖv`yf©ve †`Lv †`Iqv;
6. e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i ÿwZ;
7. wgVv cvwbi gv‡Qi cÖRbb ÿgZv n«vm;
8. MvQcvjvq goK jvMv I dm‡ji †Mvov c‡P hvIqv;
9. mvgvwRK e܇b wkw_j nIqv cÖf…wZ|
Liv (Drought) : mvaviYZ Liv ej‡Z †Kv‡bv GjvKvq `xN©mgq a‡i f‚wg‡Z cvwbi Aby cw¯’ wZ‡K eySvq| A_© vr
†Kv‡bv GjvKv e„wónxb Ae¯’vq _vK‡j ev Ach©vß e„wócvZ n‡j gvwUi ¯^ vfvweK Av`ª©Zv K‡g wM‡q ﮋ n‡q c‡o| Gi
d‡j gvwU †d‡U †PŠwPi n‡q hvq (wPÎ 12.2.5) Ges cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvq| Giƒc Ae¯’v‡K Liv e‡j|
evsjv‡`‡ki DËiv‡ji †Rjvmg~‡n Livi cÖeYZv †ewk †`Lv hvq| weMZ Aa© kZ‡Ki 1973, 1975, 1978,
1979, 1981, 1982, 1989, 1992, 1994, 1995 Ges 2016 mv‡j †`‡ki wewfbœ A‡j AwaK gvÎvq Liv †`Lv
†`q| evsjv‡`‡ki Livi gvÎv I LivcÖe Y AÂjmg~n mviwY 12.2.3 G Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
mviwY 12.2.3 : Livi gvÎv I LivcÖeY AÂjmg~n
Livi gvÎv LivcÖeY AÂj
AwZ Zxeª ivRkvnx I PvcvBbeveMÄ
Zxeª w`bvRcyi, e¸ov, Kzwóqv, h‡kvi †Rjv Ges Uv½vBj †Rjvi Askwe‡kl
gvSvwi iscyi I ewikvj †Rjv Ges w`bvRcyi, Kzwóqv I h‡kvi †Rjvi Askwe‡kl
mvgvb¨ wZ¯Ív, eªþcyÎ Ges †gNbvi cjjf‚wg GjvKv
Livi KviY : Liv g~jZ cÖvK…w ZK Kvi‡Y m„wó nq| cvkvcvwk gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©KvÐ Liv m„wó‡Z mnvqK wbqvgK
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wb‡¤œ Livi cÖa vb KviYmg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. mgqg‡Zv e„wócv‡Zi Afve;
2. cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨nxbZv;
3. AcwiKwíZfv‡e ebf~wg DRvo;
4. b`xi DRv‡b AcwiKwíZ euva wbg©vY;
5. Gj wb‡bv I jv wb‡bvi cÖfve cÖf…wZ|
Livi cÖfve : Livi d‡j †hme cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv -
1. K…wl dm‡ji Drcv`b n«vm;
2. f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwbi ¯Íi wb‡P †b‡g hvIqv;
3. Nievwo †Q‡o Ab¨Î AwfMgb;
4. Dw™¢` I cÖvwYRM‡Zi ¯^vfvweK cwi‡ek weNœ nIqv;
5. Lv`¨ I cywói msKU ˆZwi nIqv;
6. MÖvgxb `vwi`ª I †eKviZ¡ e„w×;
7. g„wËKvi De©iZv n«vm cÖf…wZ|
Av‡m©wbK (Arsenic) : Av‡m©wbK GKwU welv³ †gŠwjK c`v_©| GwU GK cÖK vi ivmvqwbK c`v_© hv f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb‡Z
`ªexf~ Z Ae¯’ vq _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k Av‡m©wbK wb‡q cÖ_g Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq 1984 mv‡j| GK Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g cÖvß
Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki 41wU †Rjvi bjK‚‡ci cvwb‡Z MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvi †P‡q AwaK Av‡m©wbK i‡q‡Q
(MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎv 0.01 wcwcGg, wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’ v)| Av‡m©wbK AvµvšÍ †Rjvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Lyjbv, ev‡MinvU,
mvZÿxiv, Kzwóqv, †g‡nicyi, h‡kvi, gv¸iv, dwi`cyi, Kzwgjøv, Pu v`cyi, ivRkvnx, cvebv Ab¨Zg|

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Av‡m©wb‡Ki cÖ fve : Av‡m©wbK `~lYhy³ cvwb e¨envi Ki‡j gvbe‡`‡n weiƒc cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq (wPÎ 12.2.6)|
Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv:
1. Pg© †iv‡M AvµvšÍ nIqv;
2. wRnŸv, nvZ I cv‡qi Zvjy‡Z Kv‡jv `vM;
3. ewg, AiæwP, i³ Avgvkq, gy‡L Nv;
4. dzmdzm, Rivqy, g~Îbvjx, g~Î_jx I e„‡° ÿZ ˆZwi;
5. i³k~b¨Zv, k¦mb hš¿ AvµvšÍ nIqv;
6. cÖRbb ¯^v‡¯’¨ cÖfve;
7. ¯§„wZ kw³ n«vm;
8. kix‡i A¯^vfvweK cwieZ©b cÖf…wZ|

wPÎ 12.2.4 : b`xfvO‡bi `„k¨ wPÎ 12.2.5 : Livq g„wËKvi †PŠwPi Ae¯’v wPÎ 12.2.6 : Av‡m©wb‡Ki cÖfve

f‚wgK¤ú (Earthquake) : evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ f‚wgK¤ú me‡P‡q †ewk SuywKc~Y© n‡q DV‡Q|
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Ges f‚-MvVwbK Kvi‡Y f‚wgK‡¤úi SuywKi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q G‡`k| evsjv‡`‡k msNwUZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
K‡qKwU f‚wgK¤ú mviwY 12.2.4 G †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| 1993 mv‡j evsjv‡`k‡K wZbwU f‚wgK¤úcÖeY A‡j wef³ Kiv
nq| G¸‡jv n‡jv- wiLUvi †¯‹‡j K¤ú‡bi gvÎv 7 n‡j gvivZ¥K SuywKc~Y©, gvÎv 6 n‡j gvSvwi SuywKc~Y© Ges gvÎv 5 n‡j
Kg Su~wKc~Y© AÂj wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e| †`‡ki †Kvb AÂj †Kvb gvÎvi f~wgK¤ú SzuwKi AšÍf³z© Zv wb‡¤œ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
1. gvivZ¥K SuywKc~Y © AÂj- †`‡ki DËi I DËi-c~e©vÂj Gi AšÍf©y³|
2. gvSvwi SuywKc~Y© AÂj- †`‡ki ga¨vÂj Gi AšÍf©y³|
3. Kg Su~wKc~Y© AÂj- †`‡ki `wÿY cwðgvÂj Gi AšÍf©y³|
mviwY 12.2.4 : evsjv‡`‡k msNwUZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU f‚wgK¤ú (ZvwiL, gvÎv Ges Ae¯’vb)
ZvwiL wiLUvi †¯‹‡j gvÎv Ae¯’vb
12 Ryb, 1897 8.7 gqgbwmsn, wm‡jU, XvKv I ivRkvnx AÂj
22 b‡f¤^i, 1997 6.0 PÆMÖvg AÂj
18 RyjvB, 1918 7.6 kÖxg½j
15 Rvbyqvwi, 1934 8.3 iscyi AÂj
14 RyjvB, 1885 7.0 gvwbKMÄ AÂj
f~wgK‡¤úi KviY : f~ wgK‡¤úi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviYmg~n wb¤œiƒc:
1. f~-Z¡K mvZwU e„nr Ges KZK¸‡jv †QvU †cøU Øviv MwVZ| GB †cøUmg~n G‡K Ac‡ii w`‡K, G‡K Ac‡ii wecix‡Z A_ev
ci¯úi mgvšÍivjfv‡e mÂvwjZ nq| GBiƒc mÂvj‡bi d‡j m„ó Pvc †_‡K AvKw¯§Kfv‡e cÖPÐ K¤úb m„wó nq| f~-c„‡ô
GB K¤úb f~wgK‡¤úi m„wó K‡i|
2. †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y f-‚A f¨šÍ‡i eo iK‡gi wkjvPz¨wZ NU‡j f‚wgK¤ú nq|
3. f‚-Av‡jvo‡bi d‡j f‚-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖej wd«Kkvb n‡q †Kv‡bv Ask a‡m c‡o f‚-Z¡K †Ku‡c I‡V Ges f‚wgK¤ú nq|
4. DËß f~-Af¨šÍi Zvc wewKiY K‡i msKzwPZ n‡j wkjv¯Í‡i fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡j f‚-Z¡K †Ku‡c
DV‡j f~wgK¤ú n‡Z cv‡i|
5. f‚-M‡f© mwÂZ ev®úPvc AwaK n‡j wb¤œfv‡M cÖejfv‡e av°v †`q, G‡Z f‚wgK¤ú †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|

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 f~‡Mvj wØZxq cÎ

6. f‚-M‡f© Pvc n«vm †c‡j Gi Af¨šÍi¯’ DËß KwVb c`v_© M‡j wb‡Pi w`‡K AcmvwiZ I Av‡jvwoZ n‡Z _v‡K, G‡Z f‚ -Z¡K
†Ku‡c I‡V|
7. Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcv‡Zi mgq ewngy©Lx ev®úivwki Pv‡c f‚wgK¤ú nq|
8. cve©Z¨ A‡j eo ai‡bi wkjvPz¨wZ ev wngevn A‡j wngvbx m¤úªcvZ n‡j f‚wgK¤ú nq|
9. Lwb A‡j f‚-c„‡ôi wb‡Pi †Kv‡bv Ask nVvr aŸ‡m co‡j f~wgK¤ú n‡Z cv‡i|
10. f‚-Mf©¯’ Av‡Mœq c`v‡_©i DaŸ©gyLx Pv‡ci d‡j f‚-K¤úb nq|
f‚wgK‡¤úi cÖfve : f‚-Z¡‡Ki AvKw¯§K cwieZ©bKvix cÖwµqvmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU f‚wgK¤ú| Gi d‡j f‚-c„‡ô
Ges f‚-Af¨šÍ‡i cwieZ©b †`Lv †`q| wb‡¤œ f‚wgK‡¤úi gyL¨ cÖ fvemg~n D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. f~wgK‡¤úi gvÎv AwaK n‡j e¨vcK cªvYnvwb N‡U _v‡K;
2. RxeRš‘ I MvQcvjv aŸsm nIqv;
3. Ni-evwo, iv¯ÍvNvU, Kj-KviLvbv aŸsmmn RbRxe‡b e¨vcK ¶q¶wZ nIqv;
4. f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j f‚-Z¡‡K duvUj, fuvR I Pz¨wZi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i;
5. b`-b`xi MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i (†hgb-1897 mv‡ji f~wgK‡¤ú eªþcyÎ b‡`i MwZc_ cwiewZ©Z nq) ;
6. mgy`ªZ‡ji cwieZ©b Ges f‚wgi DÌvb I cZb n‡Z cv‡i;
7. wngvbx m¤úªcvZ n‡Z cv‡i;
8. eû gvbyl kvixwiK Ges gvbwmKfv‡e cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i hv e¨w³ I mgvRRxeb‡K `ywe©ln K‡i †Zv‡j|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ nq| Gme cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~n
Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i e¨vcK ÿqÿwZ mvab K‡i hv †gvKv‡ejv K‡i G‡`k‡K Dbœq‡bi c‡_ GwM‡q †h‡Z nq|
wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h© vMmg~n msNwUZ nIqvi KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡¶c
evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i `y‡ h©vMcÖeY †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| GK_v ejv hvq †h, G‡`‡ki gvbyl cÖvK…w ZK `y‡ h©v‡Mi
mv‡_ emevm K‡i| GLvbKvi RbMY cÖvq cÖ wZ eQi GK ev GKvwaK `y‡h©v‡M AvµvšÍ nq| N~wY© So I R‡jv”Q¡vm,
Kvj‰ekvLx So I U‡b©‡Wv, eb¨v, Liv, b`xfvOb, Av‡m©wbK `~ lY cÖf…wZ Ab¨Zg cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h© vM| Gme `y‡h©vM
†`‡ki we¯Í xY© A‡ji gvby‡li Rxeb I m¤ú`nvwbi cvkvcvwk ¯^ vfvweK cwi‡ek‡KI wech©¯Í K‡i †Zv‡j| Gme
cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vM‡K mw¤§wjZfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv K‡i ÿqÿwZi cwigvY Kwg‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| G j‡ÿ¨ miKv‡ii
cvkvcvwk Avgv‡`i mevB‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| N~wY©So m„wói Rb¨ KZ wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡ qvRb?
(K) 20 †m. Gi AwaK (L) 30 †m. Gi AwaK (M) 24 †m. Gi AwaK (N) 27 †m. Gi AwaK
2| evsjv‡`‡k fqven N~wY© So nq-
i. 1980 mv‡j ii. 1991 mv‡j iii. 2007 mv‡j
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
†`‡ki nvIo A‡j KL‡bv KL‡bv nVvr DRvb †_‡K †b‡g Avmv cvnvwo X‡j Pviw`‡K Zwj‡q hvq| webó nq we¯Í…Z
A‡ji dmj| hv G A‡ji gvby‡li RbRxeb‡K `ywe©ln K‡i †Zv‡j|
3| DÏxc‡K Av‡jvP¨ NUbv Kx wb‡`©k Ki‡Q?
(K) †gŠmygx eb¨v (L) bMi eb¨v (M) AvKw¯§K eb¨v (N) DcK~jxq eb¨v
4| †Kvb †Rjvq Av‡jvP¨ eb¨v †`Lv †`q?
i. mybvgMÄ ii. wK‡kviMÄ iii. nweMÄ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.3 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I `~l‡Yi m¤úK© (Relationship Between

Natural Disaster and Pollution)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vM I `~ l‡Yi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vM I `~ l‡Yi m¤úK©
cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vM I `~ lY cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³| A_©vr GKwUi dj Ab¨wU msNU‡bi gvÎv Z¡ivwš^ Z
Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h© vM n‡jv cÖK… wZMZfv‡e m„ó NUbv hv gvbe mgv‡Ri ÿwZi m¤¢ vebv ˆZwi
K‡i, m¤ú` aŸsm K‡i Ges cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó K‡i| Aciw`‡K, `~lY n‡jv cwi‡e‡ki AbvKvw•LZ NUbv hv
gvbyl, RxeRš‘, Dw™¢` I cwi‡e‡ki ¯^ vfvweK Ae¯’vi e¨Z¨q NUvq| cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h© vM I `~l‡Yi msÁv `yBwU we‡kølY
Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, DfqwU gvby‡li ÿwZ K‡i, m¤ú` I Rxebnvwb NUvq Ges cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ webó K‡i|
cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vM ZvrÿwYKfv‡e ÿwZmvab K‡i| Aciw`‡K `~lY axi MwZ‡Z ÿwZmvab K‡i| cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©vM I
`~l‡Yi m¤úK©‡K `yBfv‡M fvM K‡i e¨vL¨v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
K. cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© v‡Mi d‡j `~l Y m„wó Ges
L. `~l‡Yi d‡j cÖ vK…w ZK `y‡h© vM m„wó|
K. cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j `~l Y m„wó : cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© v‡Mi d‡j Rxeb I m¤ú`nvwbi cvkvcvwk cwi‡ek `~ lY NUvq|
cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vM cieZ©x `~l Y Øviv gvbyl `xN© ¯’vqx ÿwZi m¤§yLxb nq| †h mKj cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h© vM msNwUZ nq
†m¸‡jv‡K wZbwU we‡klvwqZ fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| h_vÑ
1. evqygÐjxq cÖwµqvq m„ó `y‡h© vMmg~n;
2. f~-c„‡ôi cÖwµqvq m„ó `y‡h© vMmg~n Ges
3. f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ cÖwµqvq m„ó `y‡h©vMmg~n|
1. evqygÐjxq cÖwµqvq m„ó `y‡h© vMmg~n : evqygЇji wbR¯^ wµqv-cÖw Zwµqvi d‡j †hme `y‡h©vM m„wó nq †m¸‡jv G
cÖwµqvi AšÍf³ ©y | evqygÐjxq †Mvj‡hv‡Mi d‡j m„ó `y‡h©vMmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg N~w Y©So, Kvj‡ekvLx So, U‡b©‡Wv
cÖf…w Z| Gme `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq evqy cÖej‡e‡M Nyi‡Z Nyi‡Z GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq avweZ nq| Gmgq Mgb
c‡_i a~wjKYv, evjyKYv, welv³ c`v_© I wewfbœ ai‡bi M¨vm wg‡k GK GjvKv †_‡K Ab¨ GjvKvq cwZZ nq| G‡Z
`y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ GjvKvq `~l Y †`Lv †`q| evqygЇji AwZwi³ M¨vmxq Dcv`vb †hgb-bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, nvB‡WªvKve© b,
I‡Rvb M¨vm BZ¨vw` evqyi ¸YMZgvb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| G‡Z weï× evqyi NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| GQvov Gme So
cÖjqsKix iƒc aviY Ki‡j eû gvbyl, Miæ, QvMj, nuvm-gyiMx, cïcvwL BZ¨vw` gviv hvq| gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ g„Z‡`n
`ªæZ miv‡Z bv cvi‡j evqy `~ lY, cvwb `~l Y I g„wËKv `~l Y †`Lv †`q Ges †ivM-RxevYy Qwo‡q c‡o| myZivs ejv hvq
†h, evqygÐjxq †Mvj‡hv‡Mi d‡j †hme `y‡h© vM m„wó nq †m¸‡jv `~ lY NUv‡bvi wbqvgK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges gvbyl
I cÖK…wZi ÿwZmvab K‡i|
2. f~-c„‡ôi cÖwµqvq m„ó `y‡h©vMmg~n : cÖ vK…wZK ev gvbe m„ó Kvi‡Y f~- c„‡ôi cwieZ© b msµvšÍ †hme `y‡h© vM †`Lv
†`q †m¸‡jv Gi AšÍf©y³| G cÖ wµqvq †hme `y‡h© vM i‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg eb¨v, b`xfvOb, f‚wgÿq, f‚ wgaŸm,
DcK‚jxq GjvKvq fvOb cÖ f…wZ| Gme `y‡h©vMKvjxb ev `y‡h© vM cieZ©x mg‡q `~lY †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- eb¨vi
d‡j wewfbœ GjvKvi gqjv-AveR©bv evwnZ n‡q cvwb `~w lZ K‡i| Gi d‡j weï× cvwbi Pig msKU †`Lv †`q Ges
wewfbœ †ivM- RxevYy Qwo‡q c‡o| GQvov eb¨vi d‡j RxeRš‘, cïcvwL, Mevw`cï g‡i †M‡j †m¸‡jv cu‡ P `yM©Ü
Qwo‡q c‡o Ges evqy `~lY NUvq| Avevi f‚wgÿq ev f‚wgaŸm n‡j g„wËKv `~wlZ nq| DcK‚j xq GjvKvq fvO‡bi
d‡j jeYv³ cvwb cÖ‡ek K‡i g„wËKvi Drcv`b ÿgZv n«vm K‡i| myZivs ejv hvq †h, f‚-c„‡ôi cÖwµqvq m„ó
`y‡h©vMmg~n wewfbœ ai‡bi `~l‡Yi KviY n‡q `uvovq|
3. f~-Af¨šÍi¯’ cÖ wµqvq m„ó `y‡h© vMmg~n : f‚- Af¨šÍi DËß e‡j cÖPÐ Zvc I Pv‡ci †h ZviZg¨ nq, Zv‡Z
f‚-Af¨šÍ‡i cÖPÛ kw³i m„wó nq Ges f‚-Z¡‡Ki AvKw¯§K I axi cwieZ©b nq| f‚- Af¨šÍ‡ii AvKw¯§K cwieZ©‡bi

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d‡j f‚wgK¤ú, AMœy¨rcvZ cÖf…wZ n‡q _v‡K| Gme `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m„ó cÖw Zwµqvq `~ l‡Yi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j MÖvg, kni I Rbc` aŸsm n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY wn‡m‡e ejv hvq †h, BZvwji
wfmywfqvm Av‡MœqwMwii AMœy¨rcv‡Zi d‡j c‡¤úB bMi jvfvi wb‡P Pvcv c‡o| GQvov QvB, f¯§ BZ¨vw` PZyw`©‡K
Qwo‡q c‡o evZvm `~wlZ K‡i †Zv‡j| Avevi f‚wgK‡¤úi d‡j eû gvbyl, RxeRš‘ gviv hvq Ges Nievwo webó nq|
g„Z‡`nmg~n `ªæZ miv‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv c‡P `yM©Ü Ges †ivM-RxevYy Qwo‡q c‡o| d‡j evqy, cvwb Ges g„wËKv `~lY
†`Lv †`q| myZivs ejv hvq †h, f‚-Af¨šÍi¯’ cÖwµqvq m„ó `y‡h© vMmg~n `~l‡Yi KviY wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
L. `~l‡Yi d‡j cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m„wó : cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j †hgb `~lY NU‡Z cv‡i, wVK †Zgwb `~l‡Yi d‡j cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©vM †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b wek¦e¨vcx bMivqb Ges wkívqb cÖwµqv Z¡ivwš^Z nIqvi d‡j `~l‡Yi gvÎvI w`b w`b
e„w× cv‡”Q| `~l‡Yi wcQ‡b g~jZ gvby‡li eûgyLx Kg©KvÐB `vqx| `~lY `xN©¯’vqx n‡j Zvi cÖfve c‡i cÖK…wZi
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi Dci| hvi djkÖæwZ‡Z cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM msNU‡bi m¤¢vebv ˆZwi nq| †hgb- hvbevnb I wkí-KviLvbv
†_‡K wbM©Z wewfbœ M¨vm I avZe KYvi g‡a¨ Kve©b-g‡bvA·vBW, Kve©b WvB-A·vBW, mvjdvi WvB- A·vBW cÖf…wZ
evZv‡mi m‡½ wg‡k evZvm‡K `~wlZ K‡i| wMÖb nvDR M¨vmmg~n †hgb Kve©b WvB-A·vBW, bvBUªvm A·vBW,
†K¬v‡iv‡d¬v‡iv Kve©b, wg‡_b, I‡Rvb cÖf…wZ‡K wek¦ Dòvq‡bi Rb¨ `vqx Kiv nq| ˆewk¦K Dòvq‡bi d‡j Rjevqy cwieZ©b
nq| G‡Z AwZe„wó, Abve„wó, Liv, eb¨v, GwmW e„wó, N~wY©So, jeYv³Zv BZ¨vw` msNU‡bi nvi e„w× cvq|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq †h, cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©vM I `~lY cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³| GKwUi cÖw Zwµqv
wn‡m‡e Ab¨wU †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| cÖvK… wZK `y‡h© vM †gvKv‡ejv K‡i mv_©K e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g †hgb `~ lY Kgv‡bv
†h‡Z cv‡i, wVK †Zgwb `~l Y cÖw Z‡iv‡ai gva¨‡g cÖvK… wZK `y‡h© vM n« v‡m f‚wgKv ivLv hvq| G j‡ÿ¨ †`kxq D‡`¨v‡Mi
cvkvcvwk AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`vq‡K mgwš^Zfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR Avcbvi GjvKvq cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j Kx ai‡bi `~lY N‡U _v‡K Zvi
eY©bv w`b|

mvims‡¶c
cÖvK…w ZK `y‡ h©vM I `~ lY `yBwU wfbœ cÖwµqvq m„wó n‡jI DfqwU gvbyl I cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZmvab K‡i| cÖvK…w ZK
`y‡h©v‡M ZvrÿwYK ÿwZ nq, Ab¨w`‡K `~ l‡Y axi MwZ‡Z ÿwZ nq| cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j evqy `~lY, cvwb `~lY,
g„wËKv `~lY cÖf…wZ †`Lv †`q| Avevi `~lY ax‡i ax‡i cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h©vM m„wói KviY n‡q `uvovq| myZivs ejv hvq
†h, cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vM I `~lY cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©h³y | GKwUi cÖfve Ab¨wU‡Z cwijwÿZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| msNwUZ cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vMmg~n‡K KqwU we‡klvwqZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq?
(K) 3wU (L) 4wU (M) 5wU (N) 6wU
2| f‚-Af¨šÍi¯’ `y‡h© vM †KvbwU?
(K) eb¨v (L) Liv (M) f‚wgK¤ú (N) f‚wgaŸm
3| `~l‡Yi d‡j n‡Z cv‡i-
i. AwZe„wó ii. Abve„wó iii. chv©ß Drcv`b
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
cÖvwY I Dw™¢` RM‡Zi Rb¨ Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb evqygÐj| wKš‘ KL‡bv KL‡bv evqygЇj †Mvj‡hvM †`Lv †`q| hv ïay
Rxeb I m¤ú‡`i ÿwZ K‡i bv cwi‡e‡kiI ÿwZ K‡i|
4| Av‡jvP¨ NUbvwU †Kvb ai‡bi `y‡h© v‡Mi AšÍf³ ©y ?
(K) gvbem„ó (L) cÖK…w Zm„ó (M) wgkÖ cÖK…w Zi (N) †KvbwUB bq
5| DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i-
i. evqy `~ lY ii. cvwb `~ lY iii. g„wËKv `~lY
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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cvV-12.4 `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv (Disaster Management)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
 `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi D‡Ïk¨mg~n ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv Pµ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv
mvaviYfv‡e `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv ej‡Z `y‡h© v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ n«vm Kivi Rb¨ `y‡h© vM c~e©e Z©x Ges cieZ© x
mg‡q †h †KŠkj I cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi mgwš^Ziƒc‡K ey Svq| cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© vM wbqš¿Y
Kiv hvq bv e‡j ÿqÿwZ n«v‡mi Rb¨ wewfbœgyLx c`‡ÿc MÖn Y Kiv nq| bZzev `y‡h© v‡M mewKQz nvwi‡q gvbeRxeb
n‡q D‡V `ywe©ln| `y‡h© v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ n«v‡m eZ©g v‡b wek¦e¨vcx `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv AZ¨šÍ Av‡jvwPZ welq| `y‡h© v‡Mi
mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g ÿqÿwZ A‡bK Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e hvi ev¯Íe D`vniY evsjv‡`k| †h †Kv‡bv cÖ vK…wZK
`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq evsjv‡`k c~‡e©i Zzjbvq A‡bK †ewk `ÿ Ges mdj| `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv‡K wb‡¤œ v³fv‡e †`Lv‡bv
†h‡Z cv‡i-
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv

cwi‡ekMZ wbivcËv †UKmB Dbœqb

`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi D‡Ïk¨ : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨mg~n n‡jvÑ

1. `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q Rxeb, m¤ú` I cwi‡e‡ki m¤¢ ve¨ ÿqÿwZ Gov‡bv ev cwigvY n«vm Kiv;
2. `y‡h©v‡M ÿwZMÖ ¯’ RbM‡Yi Rb¨ ¯^í mg‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq ÎvY, wPwKrmvmvgMÖ x I cy be©vmb wbwðZ Kiv Ges
3. `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybiæ×vi Kvh©µg myôz fv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv|
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ (Disaster Management Cycle ) : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ ej‡Z `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi mv‡_
cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©hy³ ch© vq¸‡jv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K (wPÎ 12.4.1)| `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ‡K `yBwU ch©v‡q wef³
Kiv hvq| h_v-
K. `y‡h©vM c~e© SuywK n«vm ch© vq Ges
L. `y‡h©vM cieZ© x cy biæ×vi ch©vq|
K. `y‡h©vM c~e© SuywK n« vm ch© vq (Pre Disaster Risk Reduction Phase) : `y‡h©vM c~e© SuywK n«vm ch©v‡q wZb ai‡bi
Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑc~e© cÖ¯‘w Z, cÖw Z‡iva Ges cÖkgb|
1. c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ (Preparedness) : cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK n«vm Kivi j‡ÿ¨ `y‡h©vM c~e© mg‡q †hme c`‡ÿc MÖnY
Kiv nq, †m¸‡jv‡K c~e© cÖ¯‘w Z e‡j| `y‡h©vM c~e© cÖ¯‘w Zi c`‡ÿc¸‡jvi g‡a¨ SuywKc~Y© AÂj I Rb‡Mvwô
wPwýZKiY, SuywKc~ Y© feb I Nievwo wPwýZKiY, AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg©vY, †¯^”Qv‡meK `j MVb, `y‡h©vM msµvšÍ cwiKíbv
cÖYqb, wewfbœ ms¯’vi mgš^q mva‡bi iƒc‡iLv wba©viY, cÖ‡ qvRbxq m¤ú‡`i e¨e¯’v Kiv, iv¯Í vNvU I hvbevnb cÖ ¯‘Z
ivLv, Avayw bK c~e©vfvm e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Kiv, AvBb-k„•Ljv evwnbx cÖ¯‘Z ivLv, Lv`¨ I weï× cvwb cÖ¯‘Z ivLv
Ab¨Zg|

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2. cÖwZ‡iva (Prevention) : cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMmg~n m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c cÖ wZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e bv n‡jI ÿqÿwZ Kwg‡q ivLvi
Rb¨ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq| †hgb- eb¨vi nvZ †_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ †ewoeu va wbg©vY, N~wY© So I f~wgK¤ú
†_‡K iÿvi Rb¨ wewìs †KvW Abyhvqx feb wbg©vY, b`xi Au vKveuvKv MwZc_ †mvRv K‡i b`xfvOb Kgv‡bv BZ¨vw`|
Gfv‡e `y‡h©vM cÖwZ‡iva A_© vr AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Kiv e¨qeûj n‡jI `y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ n« v‡m ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~ wgKv iv‡L|
Z‡e AeKvVv‡gvMZ cª wZ‡iv‡ai †P‡q AAeKvVv‡gvMZ cÖwZ‡iva †hgb cÖwkÿY, Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× Ly e Aí Li‡P
Ges mn‡RB Kiv hvq|
3. cÖkgb (Mitigation) : `xN© mgqe¨vcx wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM msNU‡bi nvi n«vm Kiv Ges `y‡h©vM
c~e© cÖ¯‘w Z MÖnY Kiv‡K cÖkgb e‡j| `y‡h©vM cÖkgb Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gReyZ I cuvKv febmn Ab¨vb¨
AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY, km¨ eûgyLxKiY, Kg SuywKc~Y© GjvKvq †jvK ¯’ vbvšÍi, ebvqb, †ewoeu va wbg©vY cÖf…w Z|

wPÎ 12.4.1 : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ

wPÎ 12.4.1: `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Pµ

L. `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybiæ×vi ch© vq (Post Disaster Recovery Phase) : `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybiæ×vi ch© v‡q wZb ai‡bi
Kvh©µg Pvjv‡bv nq| G¸‡jv n‡jvÑ mvov cÖ `vb, cybiæ×vi Ges Dbœqb|
1. mvov cÖ `vb (Response) : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv P‡µ mvovcÖ`vb ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© Kvh©µg| `y‡h©vM msNwUZ nIqvi ci
wb‡Ri Ges A‡b¨i Rxeb I m¤ú` iÿvq wewfbœ Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY Kiv‡K mvov cÖ `vb e‡j| mvov cÖ `vb
Kvh©µgmg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q D×vi, wPwKrmv, Lv`¨, weï× cvwb, AvkÖq, e¯¿, aŸsm¯‘ c AcmviY, ÿqÿwZi cwigvY
wbiƒcY, cy be©vmb Kvh©µg cÖ f…wZ| Dchy³ mvov cÖ `v‡bi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ GjvKvi †jvKRb `ª æZ Ny‡i `uvov‡Z
cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡Y `y‡h© v‡Mi ciciB Dchy³ mvov cÖ`vb cÖ‡ qvRb nq|
2. cybiæ×vi (Recovery) : `y‡h©v‡Mi d‡j m¤ú`, AeKvVv‡gv, cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`i †h ÿwZ nq Zv cyb twbg©v‡Yi
gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM c~e© Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbv‡K cybiæ×vi e‡j| G‡ÿ‡Î miKvwi, †emiKvwi, †¯^ ”Qv‡mex Ges AvšÍR© vwZK
m¤úª`v‡qi mvnvh¨ I mnvqZv cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb- Nievwo wbg©vY, iv¯ÍvNvU †givgZ BZ¨vw`‡Z A_© I cÖhyw³
†hvMvb|
3. Dbœqb (Development) : `y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ GjvKv‡K c~e© Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q Avbvi Ae¨ewnZ ci D³ GjvKvi †fŠ‡MvwjK
I cwi‡ekMZ ˆewk‡ó¨i wfwˇZ wewfbœ Dbœqb Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv Avek¨K| G‡ÿ‡Î `yBwU KvR GKm‡½ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
n‡e| cÖ_gZ, aŸsm ¯‘c I AveR©bv AcmviY, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb Ges wØZxqZ, gvbe †mev I gvbe m¤ú`
Dbœqb| GKwU welq †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †h, Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ cwi‡e‡ki wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ ev¯Íevqb
Kivi mgq cwi‡ekMZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cwi‡ek I Dbœqb DfqB †UKmB n‡e|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbvi gva¨‡g `y‡h© v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ Kwg‡q ¯^í mg‡q ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’ vq wd‡i hvIqv
†h‡Z cv‡i| G j‡ÿ¨ miKvwi, †emiKvwi ch©v‡qi cvkvcvwk mvaviY RbMY‡K GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

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wkÿv_©xi KvR wb‡¤œi QKwU c~iY Kiæb|

ch©vq Kvh©µ‡gi aiY ch©vq Kvh©µ‡gi aiY

c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ mvov cÖ`vb
cÖkgb cybiæ×vi
cÖwZ‡iva Dbœqb

mvims‡¶c
`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv ej‡Z `y‡h©vM c~e© Ges `y‡h©vM cieZ© x mg‡q †h mKj Kg©KvÐ ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq †m¸‡jvi
cwiKíbv, msMVb, mgš^q, g~j¨vqb cÖf…w Zi mgwš^Ziƒc‡K eySvq| `y‡h©v‡Mi mwVK e¨e¯’ vcbvi gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv
`y‡h©v‡Mi ÿqÿwZ Kwg‡q Avbv m¤¢e nq| GRb¨ eZ©gv‡b wek^e¨vcx `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv
nq| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi Kvh©µg ch©vqµ‡g m¤úv`b Kiv nq| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv P‡µ c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ, cÖw Z‡iva,
cÖkgb, mvov cÖ `vb, cybiæ×vi Ges Dbœqb Kvh©µg AšÍ f©y³|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|

1| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi cÖ avb D‡Ïk¨ KZwU?
(K) 3wU (L) 4wU (M) 5wU (N) 6wU
2| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv P‡µi cÖavb ch© vq KZwU?
(K) 2wU (L) 3wU (M) 4wU (N) 5wU
3| †KvbwU mvov cÖ`v‡bi AšÍf³ ©y Kg©KvÐ?
i. D×vi ii. wPwKrmv iii. my‡cq cvb
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi QwewU ch©‡eÿY K‡i 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

4| DwjøwLZ Qwe‡Z `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi †Kvb ai‡bi Kvh©µgwU AšÍf³ ©y ?

(K) mvov cÖ`vb (L) cªw Z‡ivag~jK (M) cybiæ×vi (N) Dbœqb
5| `y‡h©vM c~e© SuywK n«vm ch© v‡qi AšÍfy³© Ñ
i. c~e© cÖ ¯‘wZ ii. cybiæ×vi iii. cÖwZ‡iva
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii

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cvV-12.5 `y‡h©vM I `~lY †gvKv‡ejvq M„nxZ c`‡ÿcmg~n

(Steps of Disaster and Pollution Management)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi f‚ wgKv I M„n xZ c`‡ÿc m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vMmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq M„n xZ c`‡ÿc
evsjv‡`k GKwU `y‡h©vMcÖeY †`k wn‡m‡e wek^e¨vcx cwiwPZ| cÖvq cÖwZ eQi eb¨v, N~wY©So, U‡b©‡Wv,
Kvj‰ekvLx, b`xfvOb, Livi g‡Zv †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv `y‡h© v‡M AvµvšÍ nq| Gme `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv
Ki‡Z wM‡q miKvi †hme Kvh©µg MÖn Y K‡i‡Q Zv evsjv‡`k‡K GKwU `ÿ `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv m¤úbœ †`‡k cwiYZ
K‡i‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k ewnwe©‡k^ †ivj g‡Wj wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq miKv‡ii M„nxZ Kvh©µg‡K
me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbvq M„n xZ D‡jø L‡hvM¨ c`‡ÿcmg~n wb‡¤œ D‡jø L Kiv n‡jv:
1. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv I ÎvY gš¿Yvjq : `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv I ÎvY gš¿Yvjq †`‡ki Avcvgi RbM‡Yi `y‡h© v‡Mi SuywK
n«vm Ges `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cybe©vmb Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi mÿgZv e„ w×i
gva¨‡g †h †Kv‡bv cÖjqsKix `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq GKwU Riæwi mvov cÖ `vb c×wZ cÖw Zôv Kiv miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg
jÿ¨|
2. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Awa`ßi : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv I ÎvY gš¿Y vj‡qi Aaxb `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Awa`ßi `y‡h© vM msµvšÍ
Kvh©µ‡gi mgš^q mvab, Z_¨ msMÖn I e¨e¯’vcbv, M‡elYv Kg© cwiPvjbv, MYm‡PZbZv e„w×, ¯’vbxq I RvZxq
ch©v‡q `y‡h©vM c~e© cÖ ¯‘wZ Ges †gvKv‡ejvq KvR K‡i _v‡K|
3. RvZxq ch©v‡q bxwZ wba©viY I mgš^q : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv Kvh©µg myPviæfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq ch©v‡q
bxwZ wba©viY I mgš^‡qi j‡ÿ¨ RvZxq `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv KvDwÝj, AvšÍtgš¿Yvjq `y‡ h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv mgš^q KwgwU
Ges RvZxq `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv Dc‡`óv KwgwU i‡q‡Q|
4. ¯’ vbxq ch©v‡q `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’ vcbv KwgwU : ¯’vbxqfv‡e `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ ch©v‡qi KwgwU i‡q‡Q| Gme
KwgwUi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †Rjv `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’ vcbv KwgwU, Dc‡Rjv `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv KwgwU, BDwbqb `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv
KwgwU cÖ f…wZ| Gme KwgwU `y‡h© vM c~e©eZ© x Ges `y‡ h©vM cieZ© x Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
5. wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv I Rjevqy cwieZ©b msµvšÍ wel‡q `ÿ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjvi j‡ÿ¨
†`‡ki wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡q `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbv I Rjevqy cwieZ©b wel‡qi Dci Abvm©, gv÷vm© Ges wW‡cø vgv †Kvm©
Pvjy K‡i‡Q| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ wkÿv I cÖwkÿY cÖ wZôv‡bi KvwiKzjv‡g `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv I Rjevqy cwieZ© b welqmg~n
AšÍf³ ©y Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6. evsjv‡`k Rjevqy cwieZ©b Uª v÷ dvÛ (BCCTF) : miKvi 2010 mv‡j Rjevqy cwieZ©b Uªv÷ dvÛ AvBb
Kvh©Ki K‡i Ges Gi Av‡M 2009 mv‡j Rjevqy cwieZ©b Uªv÷ dvÛ bxwZgvjv ˆZwi K‡i| GB Uªv‡÷i AvIZvq
Ab¨Zg we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi d‡j m„ó wech© q I cÖ vK…wZK `y‡h©vM cÖkgb Ges ¯’ vbPz¨Z gvby‡ li
cybe©vmb Kvh©µg|
7. cÖwkÿY : miKvi `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq wewfbœ cÖw Zôv‡bi m`m¨MY‡K cÖw kÿY cÖ `vb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-evsjv‡`k
cywjk, Avbmvi I wfwWwc, Kviviÿx, weGbwmwmi m`m¨‡`i `y‡h©vMKvjxb `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb| dvqvi
mvwf©m I wmwfj wW‡dÝ Awa`ßi Ges wewfbœ GbwRIi mn‡hvwMZvq †Rjvq †Rjvq `y‡h© vM SuywK n« v‡mi Dci cÖwkÿY
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GQvov Ab¨vb¨ cÖ wZôvb, ms¯’ v, †¯^ ”Qv‡mex msMVb wewfbœ ch© v‡q cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
8. mZK©xKiY evZ©v cÖPvi : `y‡h©vM c~e©eZ©x mZK©xKi‡Yi Rb¨ †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g `y‡h©vM evZ©v cÖPvi, GmGgGm,
B›Uv‡iKwUf f‡qm †imcÝ, KwgDwbwU †iwWI, DcK‚jxq A‡j c‡KU †iwWI BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|

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9. gvB‡µv‡Rv‡bkb gvbwPÎ : AvBwmwU wbf©i gvB‡µv‡Rv‡bkb gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Kiv| XvKv, PÆMÖ vg I wm‡jU kn‡ii
Giƒc gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q hv f‚wgK¤ú SuywKgy³ bMivq‡bi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv nq| GQvov Av‡iv 6wU
f‚wgK‡¤úi SuywKc~Y© kn‡ii gvB‡µv‡Rv‡bkb gvbwPÎ cÖ ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
10. †emiKvwi ms¯’v I cÖwZôvbmg~n : `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii cvkcvwk wewfbœ †emiKvwi cÖw Zôvb KvR
K‡i hv‡”Q| A·dvg, wWRv÷vi †dvivg, †Kqvi evsjv‡`k, cÖwkKv, wmwmwWwe, evsjv‡`k `y‡h©vM cÖ¯‘w Z †K›`ª cÖ f…wZ
ms¯’v `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi KvR K‡i _v‡K| †iWwµ‡m›U †mvmvBwU `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Q| G cÖwZôvb †`ke¨vcx Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| GQvov wewfbœ †¯^ ”Qv‡mex msMVb `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi
KvR K‡i _v‡K|
11. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvi AvBb I bxwZgvjv : miKvi `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’ vcbv Kvh©µg‡K Kvh©Kifv‡e wbwðZKiY Ges
`y‡h©v‡Mi SuywK cÖkg‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ AvBb I bxwZgvjv cÖ Yqb K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv AvBb-
2012, N~wY©So AvkÖq †K›`ª wbg©vY, iÿYv‡eÿY I e¨e¯’vcbv bxwZgvjv-2011| GQvov 1997 mv‡ji `y‡h© vM welqK
¯’vqx Av‡`kvejx ms‡kvab K‡i 2010 mv‡j ÷vwÛs AWvm© Ab wWRv÷vm© (GmIwW) ms‡kvab Kiv nq|
12. AeKvVv‡gvMZ c`‡ÿc : `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbvq †hme AeKvVv‡gvMZ c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg
n‡jv-
1. `y‡h©vMKvjxb mg‡q mK‡ji wbivc` AvkÖ q wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg©vY|
2. DcK‚jxq AÂjmn mviv †`‡k ebvqb Kg©m~wP MÖnY| †hgb-DcK‚jxq meyR †eówb cÖKí, mvgvwRK ebvqb
Kg©m~wP|
3. eb¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ eb¨v wbqš¿Y euva, ¯øyBm †MU, b`x I Lvj Lbb|
4. b`xfvOb †iv‡ai Rb¨ b`xi cvo euvavB Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv|
5. f‚wgK¤ú mnbkxj Nievwo, eªxRmn wewfbœ ¯’vcbv wbg©vY|
6. wewfbœ `y‡h©v‡M D×vi Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ µq cÖf…w Z|

`~lY †gvKv‡ejvq M„nxZ c`‡ÿc : Rbeûj evsjv‡`‡k `~lY GKwU mvaviY mgm¨v| ¯^í AvqZ‡bi G‡`‡k gvbyl
RxweKvi ZvwM‡` eûwea Kg©KvÐ m¤úv`b K‡i| gvby‡li Gme Kg©Kv‡Ði d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb
†hgb- evqy, cvwb, g„wËKv BZ¨vw` `~wlZ nq| Gme `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖwZôvb cÖ‡qvRbxq
c`‡ÿc MÖn Y K‡i _v‡K| Gme Kvh©µg ev¯Íevq‡b 1989 mv‡j cÖw ZwôZ cwi‡ek Awa`ßi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb
K‡i _v‡K| `~lY cÖwZ‡iv‡a miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡ÿcmg~n wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv n‡jv-
hvbevnbRwbZ `~lY wbqš¿Y : cwi‡ek Awa`߇ii GKwU Kvh©Kix Kvh©µg hvbevnb n‡Z m„ó `~l Y wbqš¿Y| GB
Kvh©µ‡g evsjv‡`k cwi‡ek msiÿY AvBb, 1995 (ms‡kvwaZ 2010) Abyhvqx hvbevn‡bi ÿwZKi †auvqv m„wói
weiæ‡× åvg¨gvb Av`vjZ cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GQvov hvbevnb m„ó †auvqv wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cwi‡ek Awa`ßi
wbqwgZfv‡e XvKv, PÆMÖ vgmn wewfbœ kn‡i Mvoxi cwiexÿY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Ges AvBb Abyh vqx e¨e¯’v
MÖnY Ki‡Q| GQvov †gvUihvb AvBb-1983 Abymv‡i cywjk cÖkvmb Rwigvbv Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BUfvUvi `~ lY wbqš¿Y : XvKvmn †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b BUfvUv M‡o D‡V‡Q| Gme BUfvUv hv‡Z cwi‡ek `~ lY NUv‡Z
bv cv‡i †mRb¨ miKvi c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †Kbbv BUfvUvq m„ó †au vqv evqy `~l‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY| mbvZb
c×wZ‡Z BUfvUvi cwie‡Z© R¡ vjvwb mvkÖqx, evqy `~lY †iv‡a Kvh©Kwi I AvaywbK cÖhy w³i BUfvUv ¯’ vcb wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ BU cÖ¯‘Z I fvUv ¯’vcb wbqš¿Y AvBb-2013 cÖ Yqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
evqy `~lY gwbUwis : evqy `~ lY gvÎv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ XvKvq 3wU, PÆMÖ v‡g 2wU Ges ivRkvnx, Lyjbv, bvivqYMÄ,
wm‡jU, ewikvj kn‡i 1wU K‡i †gvU 11wU mve©ÿwYK evqygvb cwiexÿY †÷kb Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkí `~lY wbqš¿Y : wkí-KviLvbvmg~‡ni Øviv m„ó `~lY mnbxq I MÖnY‡hvM¨ gvÎvq ivLvi wbwg‡Ë cÖ‡ qvRbxq e¨e¯’v
MÖnY wbwðZKiY mv‡c‡ÿ cwi‡ekMZ QvocÎ cÖ `vb Kiv nq| †h †Kv‡bv wkí-KviLvbv ¯’ vc‡bi c~‡e© cwi‡ek
Awa`ßi †_‡K cwi‡ek QvocÎ wb‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cwi‡ek msiÿY AvBb-1995 (ms‡kvwaZ 2010) Ges cwi‡ek
msiÿY wewagvjv-1997 AbymiY Kiv nq| cvwb `~lY cÖw Z‡iv‡a Zij eR©¨ wbM©gbKvix wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ BwUwc
¯’vcb eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q| cwi‡ek AvB‡bi h_vh_ ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cwi‡ek Awa`ßi åvg¨gvb
Av`vjZ cwiPvjbv K‡i|

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 f~‡Mvj wØZxq cÎ

cwjw_b e¨vM wbwl× : miKvi cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a 2002 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi †_‡K XvKv kn‡i Ges GKB mv‡ji gvP©
†_‡K mviv‡`‡k cwjw_b e¨envi wbwl× K‡i| cwi‡ek Awa`ßi wbwl× cwjw_b e¨vM hv‡Z e¨envi n‡Z bv cv‡i †m
j‡ÿ¨ Awfhvb cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| cvkvcvwk miKvi RbMY‡KI m‡PZb Kivi cÖ‡Póv Ae¨vnZ †i‡L‡Q|
cvwbi ¸YMZ gvb cixÿv : †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’ v‡bi b`x, cyKzi, wUDeI‡qj I Lvevi cvwbi ¸YMZ gvb wbY©‡qi Rb¨
wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1973 mvj †_‡K b`xi cvwbi gvb gwbUwis Kiv nq| eZ©g v‡b 27wU b`xi 63wU
¯’v‡b cvwb gwbUwis Kiv n‡”Q|
DcwiD³ c`‡ÿcmg~n QvovI miKvi cwi‡ek `~lY †iv‡a mgxÿv cwiPvjbv, `~lY msµvšÍ Awf‡hvM wb®úwË, welv³
I wec¾bK ivmvqwbK c`v‡_©i wbivc` e¨envi wbwðZ Kiv, cvnvo KZ©b eÜ, wewfbœ bxwZgvjv I D‡`¨vM MÖn Y,
Rbm‡PZbZv e„w×mn eûgyL x Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î eb I cwi‡ek gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb cwi‡ek Awa`ßi
Ges mswkøó wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq mgwš^Zfv‡e KvR Ki‡Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR `y‡h©vM I `~lY †gvKv‡ejvq Avcbvi gZvgZ wjLyb|

mvims‡¶c
†fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Ges wek¦e¨vcx Rjevqy cwieZ©b cÖf…w Zi d‡j evsjv‡`k eûgyL x `y‡h© v‡M AvµvšÍ nq| Gme
`y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq miKv‡ii mswkøó cÖw Zôvb¸‡jv KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| `y‡h©vM c~e©eZ© x Ges `y‡h©vM cieZ© x Kvh©µg
myôzfv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ miKvi `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’ vcbv I ÎvY gš¿Y vj‡qi Aaxb `y‡h© vM-e¨e¯’ vcbv Awa`ßi cÖwZôv
K‡i‡Q| GQvov `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ RvZxq `y‡h© vM e¨e¯’ vcbv KvDwÝjmn wewfbœ ch©v‡qi KwgwU Ges mswkøó
wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq KvR K‡i _v‡K| miKvi `y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ gvby‡ li Rb¨ AvkÖq‡K›`ª I euva wbg©vY, c~e© vfvm cÖ `vb I
mZK©xKiY, cÖ wkÿY, AvBb I bxwZgvjv cÖf…w Z Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q| GQvov `~lY cÖ wZ‡iv‡a cwi‡ek Awa`ßi
wewfbœ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| Gme Kvh©µ‡gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg n‡jv hvbevnb m„ó `~lY wbqš¿Y, evqy `~ lY
gwbUwis, wkí `~lY wbqš¿Y, cwjw_b e¨vM wbwl×, cvwbi gvb gwbUwis cÖ f…wZ| ZvB ejv hvq †h, miKvi `y‡h©vM I
`~lY †gvKv‡ejvq m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| Gj‡ÿ¨ miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi cÖw Zôvbmg~n KvR Ki‡Q|
Avgv‡`iI `y‡h© vM I `~lY †gvKv‡ejvq m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e Ges Ab¨‡K m‡PZb Ki‡Z n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b|
1| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv AvBb KZ mv‡j cÖYxZ nq?
(K) 2010 (L) 2011 (M) 2012 (N) 2013
2| `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbv Kvh©µ‡gi Ask n‡jvÑ
i. AvkÖq‡K›`ª wbg© vY ii. eb¨v wbqš¿Y euva wbg©vY iii. mZK©xKiY c~e© vfvm
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) ii I iii (M) i I iii (N) i, ii I iii
3| †`‡k KZwU evqy `~ lY gwbUwis †K›`ª i‡q‡Q?
(K) 10wU (L) 11wU (M) 12wU (N) 13wU
4| cwi‡ek msiÿY AvBb KZ mv‡j cÖ YxZ nq?
(K) 1994 (L) 1995 (M) 1996 (N) 1997
5| cvwbi gvb gwbUwis Kvh©µg ïiæ nq KZ mv‡j?
(K) 1973 (L) 1983 (M) 1993 (N) 2003
6| BU cÖ¯‘Z I fvUv ¯’vcb wbqš¿Y AvBb KZ mv‡j cÖ YxZ nq?
(K) 2009 (L) 2010 (M) 2012 (N) 2013

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GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj cÖk-œ 1

K. `y‡h©vM cÖa vbZ KZ cÖKvi?

L. `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbvi D‡Ïk¨mg~n Kx Kx?
M. Ô`y‡h©vM e¨e¯’ vcbvq evsjv‡`k †ivj g‡WjÕ-D`vniYmn we‡kølY Kiæb|
N. wP‡Î Dwjø wLZ c`‡ÿcmg~‡ni ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
m„Rbkxj cÖkœ -2
2009 mv‡j DcK~j xq A‡j N~wY© So AvBjv AvNvZ nv‡b| D³ S‡o gviv hvq gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖ vwY| aŸsm nq
Nievwo, mnvq m¤ú`, g¨vb‡Mªvf d‡i÷mn Ab¨vb¨ Dw™¢`| Z‡e miKv‡ii M„nxZ eûgyLx c`‡ÿc ÿqÿwZ n« v‡m
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvov †emiKvwi cÖ wZôvbmn wewfbœ †¯^”Qv‡mex msMVbI G‡ÿ‡Î mwµq f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| GKBmv‡_ `y‡h©vM AvµvšÍ mvaviY gvby‡li `„p g‡bvej Ny‡i `u vov‡bvi cÖ‡Póv‡K Z¡i vwš^Z K‡i‡Q|
K. N~wY©So m„wói Rb¨ Kgc‡ÿ KZ wWwMÖ †mjwmqvm ZvcgvÎv cÖ‡qvRb?
L. evsjv‡`k †Kvb †Kvb cÖvK…w ZK `y‡h© v‡M AvµvšÍ nq?
M. N~wY©So Ges R‡jv”Q¡v‡mi cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. Av‡jvP¨ `y‡h©vMwU AvµvšÍ GjvKvq Kx ai‡bi cÖ fve †d‡j‡Q? eY© bv Kiæb|

DËigvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.1 : 1. M 2. N 3. N 4. M 5. N

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.2 : 1. N 2. L 3. M 4. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.3 : 1. K 2. M 3. K 4. L 5. N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.4 : 1. K 2. K 3. N 4. L 5.M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 12.5 : 1. M 2. N 3. L 4. L 5. K 6. N

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