Tank Heat Losses Cal.

for insulated tank

Table of contents

№ Content Pages

1 Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks 2

2 Properties ambient air 6
Properties of air
3 Heat transfer outside, roof 7
Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall
4 Properties tank medium 8
Properties of heavy fuel oils
5 Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom 9
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
6 Gas properties 10
Properties of air
7 Heat transfer outside, shell 11
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
8 Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell 12
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
9 Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell 13
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
10 Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof 14
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: Internal Flows
11 Physical properties of heating medium 16
Properties of Water and Steam
12 Condensation in the tube 17
Filmwise condensation of pure vapors - Condensation in a
horizontal tube
13 J1.3 Doku 21
Form for equations
14 Heat transfer coil around tubes 22
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows

Appendix
A Program annotations A1

Layout

Input values: 1.234 or 1.234

Calculated values: 1.234 or 1.234
Critical values: 1.234 or 1.234
Estimated values: 1.234 or 1.234

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Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks

Global conditions
Product temperature ϑP 50 °C
Inside pressure pi 1 bar
Air temperature ϑL 0 °C
Wind speed uW 4 m/s
Ground temperature ϑB 0 °C

Geometry of storage tank

Ground plan Round sketch
Tank inside diameter DT 4200 mm
Circumference 13195 mm
Area 13.85 m²

Tank height HT 8000 mm

Filling level HF 7000 mm

Volume of the storage medium V 96.98 m³

Mass of the storage medium m 85140 kg

Properties
Storage medium HFO 100
Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1950 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K

Gas above storage medium

Medium name Air
Density ρ 1.082 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02799 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01957 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.808e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003114 1/K

Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of baseplate, tank and the insulation
Bottom Shell Roof
Thickness of the 8 mm 8 mm 6 mm
wall
Thermal 54.01 W/(m·K) 54.01 W/(m·K) 54.01 W/(m·K)
conductivity

Insulation 0 mm 100 mm 100 mm

thickness
Thermal 0 W/(m·K) 0.0497 W/(m·K) 0.0497 W/(m·K)
conductivity

Soil
Thermal 2 W/(m·K)
conductivity

Heat losses
Bottom Shell Roof
0.8006 kW wet part 2.18 kW 0.3109 kW

dry part 0.2714 kW

Total heat loss Qtotal 3.563 kW

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Bottom
Thickness of the wall sW,B 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,B 54.01 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,B 1.481e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,B 0 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,B 0 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,B 0 m²·K/W
Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,B 24.74 W/(m²·K)
Thermal conductivity of soil λSoil 2 W/(m·K)

Contact surface AB 13.85 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,B 1
Wall temperature inside, bottom ϑi,B 47.66 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,B 47.66 °C
Temperature outside, bottom ϑa,B 47.66 °C
Heat flow to outside Qa,B 0.8006 kW

Shell
Thickness of the wall sW,M 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,M 54.01 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,M 1.481e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,M 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,M 0.0497 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,M 2.012 m²·K/W
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa,M 17.52 W/(m²·K)

Shell wet part

Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,M,b 20.51 W/(m²·K)

Contact surface AM,b 92.36 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,M,b 1
Wall temperature inside, shell ϑi,M,b 48.85 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,M,b 48.85 °C
Temperature insulation outside, shell ϑa,M,b 1.348 °C

Heating performance Qh,M,b 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,M,b 2.18 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,M,b 2.18 kW

Shell dry part

Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,M,t 2.764 W/(m²·K)

Contact surface AM,t 13.19 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,M,t 1
Wall temperature inside, shell ϑi,M,t 42.56 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,M,t 42.56 °C
Temperature insulation outside, shell ϑa,M,t 1.174 °C

Heating performance Qh,M,t 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,M,t 0.2714 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,M,t 0.2714 kW

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Roof
Thickness of the wall sW,D 6 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,D 54.01 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,D 1.111e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,D 100 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,D 0.0497 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,D 2.012 m²·K/W
Emissivity of the roof εD 0.8
Emissivity of the product εP 0.9
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa,D 13.73 W/(m²·K)
Heat transfer coefficient inside (total) αi,D 6.979 W/(m²·K)

Contact surface AD 13.85 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,D 1
Wall temperature inside, roof ϑi,D 46.78 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,D 46.78 °C
Temperature insulation outside, roof ϑa,D 1.635 °C

Heating performance Qh,D 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,D 0.3109 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,D 0.3109 kW

Balance
Heating performance Qh,total 0 kW
Heat flow from inside Qi,total kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,total 3.563 kW

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Calculation of the heating coil

Number of parallel heating circuits 1

Heating medium Steam
Mass flow m 6.368 kg/h
Volume flow V 1.241 m³/h
Pressure (abs.) P 10 bar
Inlet temperature ϑe 180.4 °C
Outlet temperature ϑa 179.4 °C
Mean temperature ϑm 179.9 °C

Tube outside diameter da 60.3 mm

Tube wall thickness s 3.91 mm
Tube inside diameter di 52.48 mm
Thermal conductivity of tube material λR 54.01 W/(m·K)
Fouling inside fi 1e-4 m²·K/W
Fouling outside fa 4.1e-4 m²·K/W

Properties of the heating medium

Density ρ 887.1 kg/m³ ρD 5.145 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 4405 J/(kg·K) cpD 2715 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.6747 W/(m·K) λD 0.0354 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.1505 mPa·s ηD 0.01498 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.696e-7 m²/s νD 2.912e-6 m²/s
Heat of evaporation Δhv 2014437 J/kg

Properties of the storage medium at ϑ 94.59 °C

Density ρ 849.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 2113 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1237 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 16.5 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.941e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.434e-4 1/K

Result
Tube-side velocity u 0.1593 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient inside αi 528.7 W/(m²·K)
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa 164.4 W/(m²·K)
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 112.9 W/(m²·K)
Tube length per heating circuit L 1283 mm
Area per heating circuits A 0.243 m²
Total tube length of all heating circuits Ltotal 1283 mm
Total area of all heating circuits Atotal 0.243 m²

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Properties ambient air

Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ1 0.8173 °C ϑ2 °C
Pressure p1 101325 Pa p2 Pa

Density ρ 1.289 kg/m³ ρ kg/m³

Specific heat capacity cp 1006 J/(kg·K) cp J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02442 W/(m·K) λ W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01726 mPa·s η mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.339e-5 m²/s ν m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7109 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 1.884e-5 m²/s a m²/s
Compressibility factor Z 0.9994 Z
Specific enthalpy h -24331 J/kg h J/kg
Specific entropy s -85.12 J/(kg·K) s J/(kg·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003663 1/K β 1/K

Speed of sound w 332 m/s w m/s

Constants
Molar mass M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kg·K)
Standard density ρN 1.293 kg/m³

Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 °C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density ρc 342.6 kg/m³

Validity range
-150 °C ≤ ϑ ≤ 1000 °C
1 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar

Composition of the air

Mol-% Wt-%
N2: 78.12 75.570
O2: 20.96 23.161
Ar: 0.92 1.269

Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kg∙K) T = 298.15 K = 25°C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components

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Heat transfer outside, roof

Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall
Geometry
Heated plate length l 4200 mm
Flow velocity w 4 m/s

Properties
Mean pressure p 101325 Pa
Mean temperature ϑ 0 °C

Fluid liquid /gaseous? gaseous

Density ρ 1.289 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1006 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02442 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01724 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.338e-5 m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7102

Mean wall temperature ϑW 1.635 °C

Exponent for gases nG 0.12

Heat transfer
Reynolds number Re 1255893
Nusselt number laminar Nulam 663.9 (1)
Nusselt number turbulent Nuturb 2267 (2)
Nusselt number average Nul,0 2362 (5)
Nusselt number with wall correction Nu 2360 (6)

Heat transfer coefficient α 13.73 W/(m²·K)

Equations

(1)

(2)

(5)

(6)

Correction factor K (Effect of temperature dependent property variations)

Gases

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Properties tank medium

Properties of heavy fuel oils
Properties of Heavy Fuel Oils (HFO)
Selected oil: HFO 100

Oil selection: 6

State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ 50 °C ϑ 94.56 °C

Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³ ρ 849.9 kg/m³

Specific heat capacity cp 1.95 kJ/(kg·K) cp 2.114 kJ/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K) λ 0.1236 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s η 16.5 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s ν 1.941e-5 m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 1347 Pr 282.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K β 7.439e-4 1/K
Thermal diffusivity a 7.401e-8 m²/s a 6.879e-8 m²/s

Pr = ν/a = η∙cp/λ
a = λ/(ρ∙cp)

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
4. Horizontal plane surfaces
Heat emission at upper side (lower surface cooled)

Boundary conditions
Area of the body flown-around A 13.85 m²
Perimeter of the projection surface U 13195 mm

Characteristic length l 1050 mm (11)

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 47.66 °C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 2.336 K

Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 48.83 °C
Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1950 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 1347
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 1929982 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 2.6e+9 (4)

Prandtl function f2(Pr) 0.9817 (20)

Nusselt number laminar Nul 58.29 (18)
Nusselt number turbulent Nut 205 (19)
Nusselt number Nu 205

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient αa 24.74 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 13.85 m²
Convective heat flux Q -0.8006 kW

Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(11)

(18)

(19)

(20)

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Gas properties
Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ1 48.38 °C ϑ2 °C
Pressure p1 100000 Pa p2 Pa

Density ρ 1.083 kg/m³ ρ kg/m³

Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K) cp J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02796 W/(m·K) λ W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01956 mPa·s η mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.806e-5 m²/s ν m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7048 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 2.562e-5 m²/s a m²/s
Compressibility factor Z 0.9999 Z
Specific enthalpy h 23544 J/kg h J/kg
Specific entropy s 79.84 J/(kg·K) s J/(kg·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003117 1/K β 1/K

Speed of sound w 359.6 m/s w m/s

Constants
Molar mass M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kg·K)
Standard density ρN 1.293 kg/m³

Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 °C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density ρc 342.6 kg/m³

Validity range
-150 °C ≤ ϑ ≤ 1000 °C
1 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar

Composition of the air

Mol-% Wt-%
N2: 78.12 75.570
O2: 20.96 23.161
Ar: 0.92 1.269

Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kg∙K) T = 298.15 K = 25°C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components

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Heat transfer outside, shell

Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
Heat loss in insulated pipelines (exposed)

Parameters
Temperature medium inside ϑi 50 °C
Air temperature ϑa 0 °C
Inside diameter of the pipe d1 4200 mm
Inside heat transfer coefficient αi 20.51 W/(m²·K)
Wind velocity w 4 m/s

Heat transfer

Thickness Thermal conductivity

Tube wall s0 8 mm λ0 54.01 W/(m·K)
Insulation 1 s1 100 mm λ1 0.0497 W/(m·K)
Insulation 2 s2 0 mm λ2 1 W/(m·K)

Calculation
Outside diameter of the pipe d2 4216 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 1 d3 4416 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 2 d4 4416 mm
Temperature difference │ϑi-ϑa│ 50 °C

Auxiliary variable D 2.11 m²·K/W

Outside heat transfer coefficient αa 17.52 W/(m²·K)

Heat loss per unit of length Q/l -320 W/m

Pipe length l mm
Heat loss absolute Q kW

Temperatures
Temperature medium inside ϑi 50 °C
Wall temperature inside ϑWi 48.82 °C
Wall temperature outside ϑWa 48.81 °C
Insulation ϑIso 1.317 °C
Surface temperature ϑo 1.317 °C
Air temperature ϑa 0 °C

Equations

For wind (w>0) follows

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
2. Vertical areas (Cylinder)

Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 7000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 4200 mm

Characteristic length l 7000 mm

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 48.85 °C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 1.151 K

Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 49.42 °C
Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1950 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 1347
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 2.819e+8 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 3.8e+11 (4)

Prandtl function f1(Pr) 0.9796 (13)

Nusselt number for plate NuP 1132 (12)
Nusselt number Nu 1133 (14)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 20.51 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 92.36 m²
Convective heat flux Q -2.182 kW

Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(12)

(13)

(14)

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
2. Vertical areas (Cylinder)

Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 1000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 4200 mm

Characteristic length l 1000 mm

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 42.56 °C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 7.441 K

Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 46.28 °C
Density ρ 1.082 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01957 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.808e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02799 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003114 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 0.7048
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 6.95e+8 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 4.898e+8 (4)

Prandtl function f1(Pr) 0.3459 (13)

Nusselt number for plate NuP 98.58 (12)
Nusselt number Nu 98.78 (14)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 2.764 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 13.19 m²
Convective heat flux Q -0.2714 kW

Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(12)

(13)

(14)

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: Internal Flows
Horizontal flat layers (heated from below)

Boundary conditions
Layer thickness s 1000 mm
Heated area A 13.85 m²
Emission rate of the heated surface (Ka) ε1 0.9
Emission rate of the cooled surface (Ka) ε2 0.8

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the heated surface ϑ1 50 °C

Temperature on the cooled surface ϑ2 46.78 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ1 - ϑ2) Δϑ 3.215 K
Temperature difference (T14 - T24) ΔT 4.276e+8 K^4

Properties
Mean temperature ϑm 48.39 °C
Density ρ 1.082 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01957 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.808e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02799 W/(m·K)
Thermal diffusivity a 2.566e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of expansion β 0.003114 1/K

Characteristic values
Grashof number Grs 3.003e+8 (6)
Prandtl number Pr 0.7048 (7)
Rayleigh number Ras 2.116e+8 (8)
Nusselt number Nus 51.43 (11/12)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 1.439 W/(m²·K) (5)
Heat flux (conduction and convection) QLK 0.06412 kW (3)

Radiation exchange coefficient C12 4.166e-8 Ka (7)

Heat flux (radiation) QS 0.2468 kW Ka (6)

Total heat flux QSLK 0.3109 kW

Equivalent heat transfer coefficient αSLK 6.979 W/(m²·K)

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Equations

(6)

(7)

(8)

- without convection Ras < 1708 Nus = 1

- laminar 1708 ≤ Ras < 2.2∙104 Nus = 0.208 ∙ Ras0.25 (11)

- turbulent Ras ≥ 2.2∙104 Nus = 0.092 ∙ Ras0.33 (12)

(5)

(3)

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Physical properties of heating medium

Properties of Water and Steam

State 1 State 2
Calculation for saturation? Yes No

Temperature ϑ1 179.9 °C ϑ2 148 °C

Pressure p1 1000000 Pa p2 1000000 Pa

Properties of liquid water or superheated steam

State 1 State 2
Liquid Liquid

Density ρ 887.1 kg/m³ ρ 919.2 kg/m³

Spec. isob. heat capacity cp 4405 J/(kg·K) cp 4303 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.6747 W/(m·K) λ 0.6845 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.1505 mPa·s η 0.1854 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.696e-7 m²/s ν 2.017e-7 m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.9826 Pr 1.166
Thermal diffusivity a 1.726e-7 m²/s a 1.73e-7 m²/s
Specific volume v 0.001127 m³/kg v 0.001088 m³/kg
Spec. isoc. heat capacity cv 3397 J/(kg·K) cv 3535 J/(kg·K)
Specific enthalpy h 762683 J/kg h 623871 J/kg
Spec. internal energy u 761556 J/kg u 622783 J/kg
Specific entropy s 2138 J/(kg·K) s 1821 J/(kg·K)
Compressibility factor Z 0.005391 Z 0.005597
Surface tension σ 42.22 mN/m σ 49.17 mN/m
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.001221 1/K β 0.001012 1/K
Isentropic exponent κ 1718 κ 1991
Speed of sound w 1392 m/s w 1472 m/s
Dielectric constant ε 38.26 ε 44.47

Properties of vapour fraction of wet steam

State 1 State 2
Density ρ 5.145 kg/m³ ρ kg/m³
Spec. isob. heat capacity cp 2715 J/(kg·K) cp J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.0354 W/(m·K) λ W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01498 mPa·s η mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 2.912e-6 m²/s ν m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 1.149 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 2.534e-6 m²/s a m²/s
Specific volume v 0.1943 m³/kg v m³/kg
Spec. isoc. heat capacity cv 1930 J/(kg·K) cv J/(kg·K)
Specific enthalpy h 2777120 J/kg h J/kg
Spec. internal energy u 2582771 J/kg u J/kg
Specific entropy s 6585 J/(kg·K) s J/(kg·K)
Compressibility factor Z 0.9295 Z
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003116 1/K β 1/K
Isentropic exponent κ 1.291 κ
Speed of sound w 500.9 m/s w m/s
Dielectric constant ε 1.043 ε

Heat of evaporation Δhv 2014437 J/kg Δhv J/kg

Entropy of evaporation Δsv 4447 J/(kg·K) Δsv J/(kg·K)
Fraction vaporized x - x -
Enthalpy of wet steam hx J/kg hx J/kg
Entropy of wet steam sx J/(kg·K) sx J/(kg·K)

Characteristics
Validity
Molar mass M 18.02 g/mol 0.01°C ≤ ϑ ≤ 800°C
Gas constant R 461.5 J/(kg·K) 0.00612 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar
Critical temperature Tc 373.9 °C 0.01°C ≤ ϑ ≤ 2000°C
Critical pressure pc 2.206e+7 Pa 0.00612 bar ≤ p ≤ 500 bar
Critical density ρc 322 kg/m³

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Condensation in the tube

Filmwise condensation of pure vapors - Condensation in a horizontal tube
Filmwise condensation of pure vapors - Condensation in a horizontal tube
Tube outside diameter da 60.3 mm
Tube inside diameter di 52.48 mm
Wall thickness s 3.91 mm
Thermal conductivity of tube material λW 54.01 W/(m·K)
Number of tubes n 1

Saturation temperature ϑS 179.9 °C

Physical properties
Physical properties of liquid at saturation temperature
Specific heat capacity cpF 4405 J/(kg·K)
Density ρF 887.1 kg/m³
Thermal conductivity λF 0.6747 W/(m·K)
Dyn. viscosity ηF 0.1505 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity νF 1.696e-7 m²/s
Prandtl number PrF 0.9826
Heat of evaporation Δhv 2014437 J/kg

Physical properties of vapour at saturation temperature

Density ρD 5.145 kg/m³
Dyn. viscosity ηD 0.01498 mPa·s

Physical properties of liquid at wall temperature

Dyn. viscosity ηW 0.1854 mPa·s

Total mass flow (vapour + condensate) Mtotal 6.368 kg/h

Vapour Inlet Outlet

Vapour mass fraction x 1 0.9 -
Local mass flow of vapour MD 6.368 5.731 kg/h
Local mass flow of condensate MF 0 0.6368 kg/h
Velocity of vapour uD 0.1583 0.146 m/s

Cooling medium (shell-side)

Mass flow m kg/h
Specific heat capacity cp J/(kg·K)
Inlet temperature ϑe 50 °C
Outlet temperature ϑa 50.1 °C

Heat transfer coefficient (shell-side) αa 164.4 W/(m²·K)

Fouling (shell-side) fa 4.1e-4 m²·K/W
Fouling (tube-side) fi 1e-4 m²·K/W

Results (with shear stress) Vapour Inlet Outlet

Local Nu number Nu•F,x 0.08695 0.03445
Heat transfer coefficient α•F,x 4098 1623 W/(m²·K)
Overall heat transfer coefficient kx 143.6 135.3 W/(m²·K)

Mean overall heat transfer coeff. k 139.4 W/(m²·K)

Heat flux Q 0.3563 kW
Heat transfer area A 0.01968 m²
Tube length l 103.9 mm
Pressure drop Δp 0.01026 Pa

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Intermediate results
Vertical tube without shear stress
Stationary vapour Vapour Inlet Outlet
Local trickle density Γx,e 1.073e-4 0.001073 kg/(m·s)
Characteristic length L 0.01432 0.01432 mm
Local Reynolds number of film ReF,x 0.7129 7.129
Correction for rippling fwell 1 1.082
Correction factor fη 0.9491 0.9491
Local laminar Nu number NuF,x,l 0.7742 0.3594
Local turbulent Nu number NuF,x,t 0.002124 0.008849
Local Nu number (without shear) NuF,x 0.7349 0.3691
Local heat transfer coefficient αF,x 34630 17392 W/(m²·K)

Horizontal tube with shear stress

Flowing vapour Vapour Inlet Outlet
Hydraulic diameter dh 52.32 51.95 mm
Relative gas Reynolds number ReD-F 2844 2604
Flow parameter F 7.114e-4 0.002435
Volumetric vapour fraction ε 0.994 0.9798
Film thickness δ+F 0.0787 0.2655 mm
Friction factor hydraulic smooth ξ°g 0.0375 0.03817
Friction factor ξ°r 0.06017 0.1172
Shear stress τD 9.698e-4 0.001606 N/m²
Dimensionless shear stress τD* 0.001416 6.953e-4
Correction factor, laminar KPh,l 1 1
Correction factor, turbulent KPh,t 1 1
Local laminar Nu number Nu+F,x,l 0.08695 0.03444
Local turbulent Nu number Nu+F,x,t 2.386e-4 7.839e-4
Local Nu number (with shear) Nu•F,x 0.08695 0.03445
Local heat transfer coefficient α•F,x 4098 1623 W/(m²·K)

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Equations
Stationary vapour

fwell = ReF,x 0.04 for ReF,x ≥ 1, else fwell = 1 fwell = 1

Flowing vapour

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J1.3 Doku
Form for equations
Tables

Comment
Film condensation in horizontal tubes

xe xa Alpha e Alpha a k-value Length dp

- - W/(m²·K) W/(m²·K) W/(m²·K) mm Pa

1 1 0.9 4098 1623 139.4 103.9 0.01026

2 0.9 0.8 1623 1198 133.1 108.9 0.01445
3 0.8 0.7 1198 971.6 129 112.3 0.01624
4 0.7 0.6 971.6 813.1 125.3 115.6 0.01692
5 0.6 0.5 813.1 686.6 121.6 119.2 0.01684
6 0.5 0.4 686.6 577 117.5 123.3 0.01617
7 0.4 0.3 577 476 112.6 128.7 0.01499
8 0.3 0.2 476 377 106.3 136.2 0.01333
9 0.2 0.1 377 270.9 97.14 149.1 0.01119
10 0.1 0 270.9 129.6 77.92 185.9 0.008555
11
12
13 1283 0.139
14
15

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Heat transfer coil around tubes

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
5. Horizontal curved areas (Cylinder)

Cylinder
Outside diameter do 60.3 mm
Wall thickness s 3.91 mm
Inside diameter di 52.48 mm
Thermal conductivity λ 54.01 W/(m·K)
Characteristic length l 94.72 mm
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperatures and properties

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 139.2 °C
Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 89.18 K

Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 94.59 °C

Density ρ 849.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 2113 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 16.5 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.941e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1237 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.434e-4 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 281.8
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 1466614 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 4.133e+8 (4)

Prandtl function f3(Pr) 0.9485 (24)

Nusselt number Nu 125.9 (22)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient αa 164.4 W/(m²·K) (2)
Convective heat flux Q 3.563 kW

Balance for the calculation of the surface temperature

Heating medium
Specific heat capacity cp 2014437 J/(kg·K)
Density ρ 5.145 kg/m³
Mass flow m 6.368 kg/h
Volume flow V 1.238 m³/h
Inlet temperature ϑe 180.4 °C
Outlet temperature ϑa 179.4 °C
Mean temperature ϑm 179.9 °C

Duty QH -3.563 kW

Tube-side velocity u 0.1589 m/s

Heat transfer coefficient inside αi 528.7 W/(m²·K)

Fouling inside fi 1e-4 m²·K/W
Fouling outside fa 4.1e-4 m²·K/W
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 112.9 W/(m²·K)

Length of the cylinder L 1283 mm

Area of the cylinder A 0.243 m²

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Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(22)

(24)

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Appendix: Program annotations

№ 7 Heat transfer outside, shell Page 11
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
==> Thermal resistance in wind 1/alpha_a: Calculation of this
value only with extrapolation! Extrapolation up to higher
values?

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