University of Sharjah

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering

0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001

Final Examination
04 January, 2001

SOLUTION

1 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Q.1 - The four columns shown below have the following loads and dimensions (in the
directions shown):

Columns 1 and 2 : DL=150 kN; LL=150 kN; 40 cm x 30 cm

Columns 3 and 4 : DL=300 kN; LL=250 kN; 50 cm x 40 cm

(a) Calculate the minimum dimension L and B of the footing that 10%
combines all four columns so that the resultant load is concentric.
Given the allowable bearing capacity of the soil qa = 151 kPa.
(b) Estimate the design safety factor for bearing capacity failure if the 10%
footing is placed at a depth of 2 m below the surface of a sandly-
silty soil with c = 25 kPa, φ = 15° and γ = 17 kN/m3.
(c) Calculate the minimum concrete thickness, d', of the footing based 15%
on punching shear under column 4 (only). Use fc’ = 24 MPa, fy =
345 MPa

1 3

2.6 m

2 4

3.2 m

L/2

Solution:
(b) P = RP= 2x(150+150)
1700 + 2x(300+250) = 600 + 1100 = 1700
B= = = 3. 0 m
ΣM(1-2)
qa L = 151 × 3.74
0 then
(1100 x 3.2) = 1700 (L/2 - 0.2)

2 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Therefore, 850 L = 3860 and L = 4.54 m

P 1700
B= = = 2.48 m < (2.6 + 0.2 + 0.2) therefore use
qa L 151 × 4.54

B = 2.6 + 0.2 + 0.2 = 3.0 m

4.54 m

1 3

3.0 m 2.6 m

2 4

3.2 m 0.89 m

(b) Pu = 2x(1.4x150 + 1.7x150) + 2x(1.4x300 + 1.7x250) = 2640 kN

Ultimate ratio ru = Pu/P = 2640/1700 = 1.553
2640
Ultimate applied pressure, qu(applied) = = 193.8 kPa
4.54 × 3.0

Ultimate Bearing Capacity Calculation

Bearing Capacity Factors

φ = 15°, from tables, Nq = 3.94, Nc = 10.97, Nγ = 2.65

Shape Factors
sc = 1 + (3/4.54)(3.94/10.97) = 1.24
sq = 1 + (3/4.54) tan15 = 1.18
sγ = 1 - 0.4(3/4.54) = 0.74

3 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Depth factors, Df/B < 1
dc = 1 + 0.4 (2/3) = 1.27
dq = 1 + 2 tan15 [1 - sin15]2 (2/3) = 1.20
dγ =1

qult(net) = 25×10.97×1.24×1.27 + (2×17)×(3.94 - 1)×1.18×1.20

+ (1/2)×17×3×2.65×0.74
= 431.9 + 141.5 + 50.0 = 623.4 kPa

qu (BC) 623.4
Design SF for B.C. = = = 3.22 > 2.5 B.C. is OK
qu (applied) 193.8

(c) Pu4 = 1.4x300 + 1.7x250 = 845 kN

ΣF = 0, therefore Pu4 = Fs + VC 0.5 + d'

Fs = As qua
0.4 + d'/2
As = (0.5 + d') x (0.4 + d'/2) 4
2
= 0.2 + 0.65d' + d' /2
2
Fs = (0.2 + 0.65d' + d' /2) x 193.8
2
= 38.8 + 126d' + 96.9 d'

VC = AC vC
3
v c = 8.87 24 x 10 = 1374.1 kPa
AC = (0.5 + d')d' + 2(0.4 + d'/2)d'
2
= 2 d' + 1.3d'
2
VC = (2 d' + 1.3d') x 1374.1
2
= 2748.2 d' + 1786.3d'

2 2
Therefore 845 = (38.8 + 126d' + 96.9 d' ) + (2748.2 d' + 1786.3d')
Solving we get d' = 0.293 m

4 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Q.2 - The rectangular footing shown below carries an eccentric load P = 750 kN with eB
= 0.2m and eL = 0. For the soil profile and properties given,

(a) Estimate the total settlement under the center of the footing. 15%
(b) Calculate the tilting angle θ. 10%
Use γw = 10 kN/m3 and 5B depth for settlement calculations

2m

3m

750 kN
0.2 m
Soil surface
///\\\///\\\///\\\/// ///\\\///\\\///\\\///
γ = 14 kN/m3
2m γsat = 20 kN/m3
Es = 10 MPa
1m Water table ν = 0.2
γsat = 18 kN/m3
2m Es = 25 MPa
ν = 0.35
γsat = 20 kN/m3
2m Cc = 0.1, Cr = 0.03
e0 =1.0; Pc=64 kPa

γsat = 18 kN/m3
Es = 50 MPa
3m
ν = 0.35

ROCK

Solution:
(a) Immediate Settlement
Combine Sand 1 and 2 and neglect Sand 3

ES =
(1x10 ) + (2x25 ) = 20 MPa
3

5 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 υ=
(1x0.2) + (2x0.35) = 0.30
3

Depth of rock H = 1 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 8 m
H = 8 m ; B' = 1.0 m; H/B' = 8, L/B = 3/2 = 1.5
I1 = 0.561 and I2 = 0.029, thus Is = 0.578

-0 .19
 2.0    3 .0  
I D = 0.66   + 0.025    + (12 x0.3) - 4.6 = 0.673
 2.0    2.0  

750  6(0.2) 
Applied pressure qmax, min = 1 ± 2 
2 x 3 
Thus qmax = 240 kPa and qmin = 60 Kpa with qavg = 150 kPa (at the center)

Immediate settlement (at the center)

si = 150 x 1.0
(1 − 0 .3 2 ) x 0.578 x 0.673 x 4
20000

= 0.0106 m or 1.06 cm (using qmax we get 1.7 cm)

Consolidation settlement, Clay

σo'(mid-clay) = (2)(14) + (1)(20 − 10) + (2)(18 − 10) + (1)(20 − 10) = 64 kPa

pc 64
OCR = = = 1.0 therefore Normally Consolidated Clay
σo′ 64

Calculate the stress increase at the top, middle and bottom of clay layer

750
qt = = 25 kPa
( 2 + 3 )(3 + 3 )

750 1
qm = = 17.9 kPa ∆q = ( 25 + 4(17 .9 ) + 13.4 ) = 18 .3 kPa
( 2 + 4)(3 + 4 ) 6

750
qb = = 13.4 kPa
( 2 + 5)(3 + 5 )

6 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Therefore

(0.1) (2.0)  ( 64 + 18.3 ) 

sc = log   = 0.0109 m or 1.09 cm
(1 + 1.0 )  64 

Total settlement s = 1.06 + 1.09 = 2.15 cm (with qmax , s = 2.79 cm)

(b) Titling
L/B = 3/2 = 1.5; thus Im = 4.12

M = 750 x 0.2 = 150

150  1 - 0.32 
tan θ =   x 4.12 = 0.00 16
2 
3 x 2  2 0000 


Thus θ = 0.0016 rads < 1/500 or 0.002

7 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
Q.3 - The cantilever retaining wall shown below has a uniform stem thickness. For the
given dimensions, loads and soil properties:

(a) Check whether the thickness of the stem is adequate. Show all 10%
calculations.
(b) Assuming that the thickness of the stem is adequate, calculate the 10%
minimum required steel reinforcement (bar size and spacing) at
the bottom of the stem.
(c) Calculate the minimum base dimension B to be safe for sliding 20%
with SF=2.0 and overturning with a safety factor SF = 1.5. Neglect
the passive soil pressure at the toe in all calculations.
Use fc’ = 24 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, γconcrete = 23.6 kN/m3 and an
ultimate ratio of 1.4 for shear and moment.

0.5 m

Soil 1: Backfill Soil

c = 0 kPa
φ = 30°
7m
γ = 18 kN/m3

Excavation Line

1m

0.5 m Soil 1
Soil 2
B
Soil 2: Base Soil
c = 60 kPa
φ = 15°
γ = 17 kN/m3

8 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
(a) The active force on the wall is calculated by: Pa = ½ γ1 H2 Ka
For φ1 = 30o, Ka = tan2(45 - φ1/2) = tan2(45 - 30/2) = 0.33
At the bottom of the stem, H = 7 m,
Therefore, Pa = ½ (18) (7)2 (0.33) = 145.53 kN/m
203.74
VU = 145.53 x 1.4 = 203.74 kN/m, vU = = 679.14 kPa
[(0.5 − 0.2)× 1.0]
vc = 4.56 24000 = 706.4 kPa > 679.14, therefore the wall thickness is adequate.

(b) The equation for the active pressure on the stem can be written as:
pa(z) = (γ1 Ka) z = (18 × 0.33) z = 5.94 z

The ultimate shear and bending moment equations are obtained by integrating
the function of pa and multiplying by the ultimate factor ku = 1.4. Thus,

Vu(z) = 2.97 z2 × 1.4 = 4.16 z2 and

Mu(z) = 0.99 z3 × 1.4 = 1.39 z3

At the bottom of the stem z = 7 m, and Mu(7) = 1.39 (7)3 = 476.77 kN.m/m

From reinforcing tables and using

fc’ = 24 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, t'b = (0.5 − 0.2) = 0.3 and Mu = 476.77 kN.m/m

p = 1.65% and AS = 0.0165 x 0.3 x 1 = 0.00495 m2/m or 49.5 cm2 / m

ϕ40@33.33, AS = 50.27 cm2 / m

ϕ36@25.00, AS = 50.89 cm2 / m
ϕ34@20.00, AS = 54.48 cm2 / m

Use ϕ36@25.00, AS = 50.89 cm2 / m

9 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
(c)

0.5 m

W1 W3

7m

1m B − 1.5

W2
0.5 m

C
B

Area Weight, Moment Arm Moment

Sec. (m3) (kN/m) From C (m) (kN-m)
1 7 x 0.5 = 3.5 82.6 1.25 103.25
2 0.5xB 11.8B B/2 5.9B2
3 (B − 1.5)x7 = 7B − 10.5 126B − 189 (B − 1.5)/2 + 1.5 63B2 − 141.8

ΣV = 137.8B − 106.4 ΣMR = 68.9B2 − 38.55

For sliding:
The normal (vertical) forces N = ∑V = 137.8B − 106.4 kN
The Friction force at the base of the wall

FRS = F = B (2/3 c2) + ∑V tan(2/3 φ2)

= B (2/3 × 60) + (137.8B − 106.4)tan(2/3 × 15)
= 40 B + 24.3 B − 18.8 = 64.3 B − 18.8

10 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma
 Pa = ½ (18) (7.5)2 (0.33) = 167.1 kN/m

The safety factor against sliding failure is thus defines as:

F 64.3B − 18.8
SFS = RS = = 2.0
Pa 167.1

Solving we get B = 5.49 m

For Overturning:
MOV = Pa (H’/3) = 167.1 (7.5/3) = 417.75 kN.m / m (Driving moment)

2
∑ MR 68.8 B − 38.55
SFOV = = .

= 1 .5
MOV 417.75

Solving we get B = 3.11 m

Sliding governs, so use B = 5.49 m (use 5.5 m)

11 of 11 0401356 Foundation Engineering 1

Fall 2000/2001 - Final Exam/ SOLUTION
Dr. Adnan A. Basma