Examples

3.1 Determine the dimensions of a square footing necessary to sustain an axial column load
of 850kN as shown in Fig. below, if
a) an allowable presumptive bearing pressure of 150kN/m2 is used.
b) Cu = 40 kN/m2 ; C’ = 7.5 kN/m2 ; ’ =22.50
P=850kN

 = 19.1kN/m3

2m

GWL

Solution
a) Using presumptive value

P 850
A= = =5 . 67 m2=B2
σ as 150
The dimension of the footing would be 2.40m X 2.40m
b) Using the bearing capacity formula
i) Initial loading condition
f = 5.1Cu Sc dc ic+ q Sq dq iq
Shape factors
Sc = 1.2 , Sq = 1

Depth factors

dc = (1+0.4(2/B)) , dq = 1

Load inclination factors

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 ic = 1 , iq = 1

Hence
ult = 5.1*40 *1.2*(1+0.8/B)*1+ 19.1*2*1**1*1 = (244.8+195.84/B +38.2)
A ult = P F.S

P∗F . S 850∗2
A= = =B2
σ ult 253+195. 84 /B
253 B2 +195.84B – 1700 = 0
The dimension of the footing would be 2.25m X 2.25m
ii) Final or long term loading condition
ult = CNc Scdcic+ ½ B’  N Sd i + q Nq Sqdqiq

Bearing capacity factors

Nc= 17.45, N = 6.82, Nq = 8.23

Shape factors
Sc = 1+(Nq/ Nc)=1.47, S = 0.6 , Sq = 1+ tan = 1.41

Depth factors

dc = 1+ 0.4 (2 / B)=1+0.8/B
d = 1
dq = 1+2 tan 22.5(1-sin22.5)2(Df / B) =1+0.63/B
Load inclination factors

ic = 1, i= 1 , iq = 1
Hence
ult = 7.5*17.45*1.47*(1+0.8/B’)*1+ ½ B’ *9.1* 6.82* 0.6*1*1 + 19.1*2*8.23*
1.41*(1+0.63/B)*1 = 192.39 +153.91/B +18.62B +443.28 + 279.27/B
A ltu = P F.S
2
B = PFσ . S = 850∗2
ult
635. 67+ (433 . 18 B ) +18 . 62 B
18.62*B3 + 635.67*B2 + 433.18*B = 1700
From the above the dimension of the footing would be 1.35m X 1.35m

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3.2 Given R.C. column size 30X50 cm with 422.
P = 1500kN
M = 375 kN-m
Ultimate soil bearing pressure = 400kPa
fyk = 300MPa fyd = 300/1.15 = 260.87 MPa
C25 fck= 20MPafctk = 1.5 MPa,
Required:- Design of rectangular R.C. footing

l2

30
b l1
50

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 Solution
Size of footing

Let l1 = l2
a−50 b−30
= ⇒ a−b=50−30=20 cm=0 .2 m
Then 2 2
M 375
= =0 .25 m
Eccentricity, ea = P 1500
Contact pressure

min
max

P 6 ea P 6 ea
σ max = 1+
A ( a
= ) (
ab
1+
a )
1500 6∗0 . 25
400=
( 0 .2+b ) b (
1+
( 0 . 2+b ) )
2550
400( 0. 20 b+b 2 )=1500+
( 0 . 2+b )
400 b 3 +160 b2 −1484 b−2550=0
by trial and error b= 2.345 m
Take b= 2.4m
Then a = b+0.20m = 2.60m

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Actual contact pressure

1500 6∗0. 25
σ max =
(
( 2. 6 ) 2 . 4
1+
( 2. 6 ) ) 2
=379 . 07 kN /m <σ all ok

1500 6∗0 . 25
σ min =
(
( 2. 6 )( 2 . 4 )
1−
( 2 .6 ) )
=101. 70 kN /m2 >0 ok

Thickness of the footing

i, Punching shear
The Punching shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given by

Vup = 0.25fctd k1k2ud (MN)

Take d= 0.40m and  = min = 0.5/fyk = 0.5 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = (1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.4 = 1.2

u = 2(3d +b’) +2(3d+a’) = 12d +2b’ + 2a’ = 12*0.4 +2*0.5 +2*0.3 = 6.4

Then
Vup = 0.25*1*1.085 *1.2 *6.4*0.4=0.83328MN = 833.28kN

2.15
0.45m 1.5d 1.5d 0.45m

101.70kN/m2 379.07kN/m2
1
2


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 0. 45∗(379 . 07−101. 70)
σ 1 =101. 7+ =149 .71 kN /m2
2 . 60
2. 15∗(379. 07−101. 7 )
σ 2 =101 .7+ =331 . 06 kN /m 2
2. 60
σ 1+ σ 2 331. 06+149 . 71
σ= ∗1 .7= ∗1 . 7=408. 65 kN /m
2 2
V =408. 65∗1. 5=612. 98 kN
Net shear force developed = 1500 – 612.98 = 887.02 kN  Vup not ok 

Since the developed shear force is greater than the punching shear resistance, one may
increase the depth.

Take d= 0.45m and  = min = 0.5/fyk = 0.5 /300 = 0.0017

k1 = ( 1+50) = (1 +50*0.0017) =1.085
k2 = 1.6 – d =1.6 -0.45 = 1.15

u = 2(3d +b’) +2(3d+a’) = 12d +2b’ + 2a’ = 12*0.45 +2*0.5 +2*0.3 =7

Then
Vup = 0.25*1*1.085 *1.15 *7*0.45=0.98260MN = 982.60kN

2.225
0.375m 1.5d 1.5d 0.375m

101.70kN/m2 379.07kN/m2
1
2


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 0. 375∗(379 .07−101 .70 )
σ 1 =101. 7+ =141 .71 kN /m2
2 . 60
2. 225∗(379. 07−101. 7 )
σ 2 =101 .7+ =339 . 07 kN /m2
2. 60
σ 1 +σ 2 339 .07 +141. 71
σ= ∗1 .85= ∗1 . 85=444 .72 kN /m
2 2
V =444 .72∗1. 65=733. 79 kN
Net shear force developed = 1500 – 733.79 = 766.21 kN < Vup ok 

The depth satisfies the punching shear requirement for the assumed min.

ii, Wide beam shear

P

1.05m
1.55m
d

101.7kN/m2  379.07kN/m2

1
Contact stress at distance d from the face of the column, 

( 379. 07−101. 7 ) (1 .55+0. 45)

σ =101. 7+
2. 60
σ =315. 06 kN /m2
σ max +σ 379 .07 +315 .06
σ 1= (
2 ) ( 1. 05−d )= ( 2 )
0.6

=208. 24 kN /m
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Developed wide beam shear
Vd = 208.24 *2.4 =499.78kN
The wide beam shear resistance according to EBCS-2 is given by

Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)

=0.25*1*1.085 *1*2.4*0.45
Vud =295.92 kN
Since the developed shear force is greater than the wide beam shear resistance, one may
increase the depth

Take d = 0.60m
Contact stress at distance d from the face of the column, 

( 379. 07−101. 7 ) (1 .55+0. 60

σ =101. 7+
2 . 60
σ =331. 06 kN /m2
σ +σ 379 .07 +331. 06
(
σ 1 = max
2 )
( 1. 05−d )=
2 ( 0 . 45 )
=159. 78 kN /m
Developed wide beam shear
Vd = 159.78 *2.4 =383.47kN
Wide beam shear resistance
Vud = 0.25fctd k1k2 bwd (MN)
= 0.25*1*1.085*1*2.4*0.60 =0.3906MN =390.60kN > Vd ok 

Bending Moment

1.35m

1.05m

101.70kN/m2 379.07kN/m2

 2 1

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 1. 55∗(379 . 07−101 .7 )
σ =101. 70+ =267 .06 N /m2
2 .60
1
σ 1 = (1 .05 )(379 .07−267 . 06 )=58 .81 kN /m
2
σ 2 =(1 . 05)(267 . 06 )=280 . 41 kN /m
2 1. 05
[
M= σ 1 (1 .05 )+σ 2 (
3 2
)b
]
2 1 .05
[
M= ( 58 . 81 ) (1. 05 )+ (280 . 41 ) (
3 2 ] ) 1=188 . 38 kN−m/m

Moment capacity of concrete

M=0 . 32∗f cd∗bd 2

2
=0 . 32∗11. 33×103∗1 . 0∗( 0. 6 ) =1305 .22 kN −m/m

Calculation of reinforcement

Long direction

f cd 2M
ρ=
f yd [ √
1− 1−
f cd bd 2 ]
¿
11.33
260 .87 [ √
1− 1−
2∗188. 38
3
11 . 33×10 ∗1 . 0∗( 0. 6 )
2 ]
=0. 0021> ρ min

As=ρ bd=0 . 0021∗100∗60=12. 6 cm2 /m

use 16

as∗100 2 . 01∗100
spacing= = =16 cm
As 12. 6
Use 16c/c16cm

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 Short direction

1.15m
0.85m


1

Average contact pressure,

σ max + σ min
σ avg =
2
379 . 07+101 .7
σ avg= =240 . 39 kN /m2
2

1 .05
[
M = σ 1(
2
) a ]
1. 05
[
M = 240 . 39(
2 ]
) 1=126 .21 kN −m/m

f cd 2M
ρ=
f yd [ √
1− 1−
f cd bd 2 ]
¿
11.33
260 .87 [ √
1− 1−
2∗126 .21
11. 33×103∗1 . 0∗( 0. 584 )
2 ]
=0 .0014 <ρmin

As=ρ min bd =0 .0017∗100∗58. 4=9. 928 cm 2 /m

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 as∗100 2 . 01∗100
spacing= = =20 . 2 cm
As 9. 98
Use 16c/c20cm

Since there is no much difference between a and b, distribute these reinforcement uniformly.

Development length

φ f yd
ld =
4 f bd

f yd =
f yk
γs
=260 . 87 MPa ; f bd=f ctd
0 . 35 √ f ck 0 . 35 √ 20
f ctd = = =1 MPa
γc 1 .5
φ f yd 1 . 6∗260 . 87
ld= = =104 . 35 cm
4 f bd 4∗1

ld available = 100cm < ld , bend the bars upward with a minimum length of 10cm

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