KENDRRIYA VIDYALAYA OLF

RAIPUR, DEHRADUN,
UTTRAKHAND

`
CHEMISTRY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT WORK
( 2023-2024 )
“EFFECT OF SODIUM CARBONATE ON FOAMING
CAPACITY”
NAME : HARSHIT JOSHI
CLASS : XIITH A
SESSION : 2023-2024
ROLL NO. :
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
MRS. MANISHA BHARDWAJ (PGT CHEMISTRY)

SIGN. OF EXAMINER
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that HARSHIT JOSHI of class 12th

A has prepared a chemistry investigatory project
entitled “EFFECT OF SODIUM CARBONATE ON
FAOMAING CAPACITY”. The report is the result
of his efforts and endeavours. The report found
worthy of acceptance as final project report for
the subject chemistry of class XIIth . He prepared
the report himself and under my supervision and
guidance.

Mrs. MANISHA BHARDWAJ (PGT Chemistry)

K.V. O.L.F. ,
RAIPUR DEHRADUN
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express a deep sense of thanks

and gratitude to my project guide Mrs. Manisha
Bhardwaj ma’am for guiding me immensely
through the course of project. She always
evinced keen interest in my work . Her
constructive advice and constant motivation
have been responsible for the successful
completion of project . I also thank out lab
attendant for his able guide and support in
completing this project.
I also thank my parents for their motivation and
support. I must thank to my classmate for their
timely help and support for completion of this
project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank all
those who helped me directly or indirectly
toward the completion of this project
HARSHIT JOSHI
 CONTENTS

1. Introduction
2. Objective
3. Material Required
4. Theory
5. Procedure
6. Observation Table
7. Conclusion
8. Bibliography
  INTRODUCTION

Soap and detergents are cleaning ingredients

that are able to remove oil particles from the
surface because of their unique chemical
properties . Soap are created by the chemical
reaction by the chemical reaction of a jetty acid
with on alkali metal hydroxide. In a chemical
sense soap is a salt made up of carboxylic acid
and alkali like sodium of potassium. The cleaning
action of soap and detergents is a result of thrill,
ability to surround oil been used for centuries
and continues to be an important product for
batching and cleaning. It is also a mild antiseptic
and ingestible antidote for certain poisons
SOAP-
Soap is a common term for number of related
compounds used as of washing clothes or bathing. Soap
are sodium or potassium salt of higher fatty acids such as
stearic acid (𝑪𝟏𝟕 𝑯𝟑𝟓 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯),palmitic
acid(𝑪𝟏𝟓 𝑯𝟑𝟏 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯)and oleic acid 𝑪𝟏𝟕 𝑯𝟑𝟓 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯
They have the general formula RCOONa.
  GENERAL OVERALL
HYDROLYSIS REACTION
Fat + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝑮𝒍𝒚𝒄𝒆𝒓𝒐𝒍 + 𝒔𝒐𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒕
𝑪𝑯𝟑 (𝑪𝑯𝟐 )𝟏𝟔 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑯 + 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝑪𝑯𝟐 (𝑶𝑯)𝑪𝑯(𝑶𝑯)𝑪𝑯𝟐 (𝑶𝑯) + 𝑪𝑯𝟑 (𝑪𝑯𝟐 )𝟏𝟔 𝑪𝑶𝑶𝑵𝒂

Although the reaction is shown as one step reaction,it is in

fact two steps. The net effect as that the ester bond all
broken. The glycerol turns back into an alchol. The fatty acid
is turned into salt due to the presence of a basic solution of
NaOH. In carboxyl group , one oxygen now has a negative
charge that attracts the positive sodium ion . A molecule of
soap consists of two parts

a)Alkyl group – it is oil soluble

b)Carboxyl group – it is water soluble
TYPES OF SOAPS-
The type of fatty acid and length of the carbon chain
determines the unique properties of various soaps tallow or
hard,insoluble soap. Fatty acid with longer are even more
insoluble. As matter of fact , 3inc stearate is used in talcum
powders because it is water repellent coconut oil is a
sodium of lauric acid (12 carbon) which can be made into
laurate. This soap is very soluble and will lather easily even
in sea water
Serial no. Name Time taken Conclusion
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