Tittle :-

Work Measurement & Standard

Time
Prepared By: Muluneh Abiyu
IE|CI||LM|
August, 2023
-1- Introduction

Work Measurement
• The process of establishing the time for a qualified
operator to
carry out a specific task.

Uses:
Estimate output capacity or potential of individual
operators
• Balance operator workload before production

• Determine performance of individual operators

• Develop standard times

Introduction
Work Measurement Techniques
1) Output Counting
- count the output of an operation for a period of time, e.g. 1 day, 1 hour,
etc
2) Time Study - use stop watch to measure actual work time

3) GSD Method
- use motion analysis to derive the work time with a standard times
database
4) Work sampling
- use statistical sampling method to derive work time
Time Study
• Also refers as Stop Watch Time Study

• To measure the process times of an operation

and its work elements for a work cycle

• The measurement results are obtained by computing

the average time measured over a number of work
cycles

• An effective and common method for front line staff

to conduct work measurement on shop floor
2. Time Study
 Basic Steps of Time Study
1) Determine the operation and operator for study

2) Observe the operation for several cycles (at least 3

cycles ) to get enough understanding

3) Break down the operation into key work elements

(e.g. pick, align, sew, put aside)

4) Select a break point as the start/end point of a work cycle to

be measured

5) Use stop watch to measure the working time duration from

the start to end of work cycle

6) Repeat the measurement for 3-5 times

7) Obtain the results by computing the average time

 Time Study – Break Point
• Breakpoint
• A convenient and easily
recognizable point when
one element ends and
the next begins.

• May be visual, audio, or

both.

8) Record the key data, including style code, operation

description, operator name, machine model, tooling,
etc.
 Time Study
Notes in Practice
i. Do not stand too close to the operator. Avoid any
psychological effect on the performance

ii. For operator loading and performance evaluation,

excluded additional cycle time due to any abnormal
conditions, such as rework

Should record any conditions observed e.g. machine, skill, and fabric
quality problems for follow up actions
How To Determine the Break Point?

PICK
Break point Break point

ALIGN
Typical Sewing Cycle
PLACE

Break point Break point

SEW
 Example:
Measure process time: Operation :
Body Binding

Operator :
• Work breakdown : Tigist
i. Pick Binder
ii. Insert Binder into folder
iii. Pick Body
iv. Put Body under Folder
v. Align Body with Folder
vi. Sew
vii. Put aside garment
• Select break point as the start/end of work
cycle:
Video

“Start sewing ”
 Measuring Results
Cycle No. 1 2 3 4 5

Time (sec) 62.47 61.67 64.05 63.40 61.86

Average Process Time

= 62.6 sec
Maximum Output Capacity
= 60x60 / 62.6

= 57.5 pcs/hr
 Considerations
• Production unit :
e.g. one garment, one side (i.e. left or right)

• Bundle handling times :

e.g. Bundle clamping, folding, stacking, etc.

• Batch processing (i.e. processing multiple pieces at one time):

e.g. Front Lamination, Back Lamination , Sleeve Lamination & Pkt

Lamination

• Learning Period :
e.g. new operators or operations
3. Standard Times
Standard Times
Definition
The time required to produce a product at work station with the
following 3 conditions:
1) A qualified, well-trained operator
2) Working at a normal pace
3) Doing a specific task

Qualified Operator: one who has acquired the knowledge and

skills to carry the work in hand to satisfactory standards of quantity,
quality and safety.
 Uses of Standard Times

Set Standard for Output Level

Compare Work Methods

Determine Available Capacity

Analyze Machine
/Capital investment
Plan work force needs

Evaluate Operator‘s Performance

Establish Wage Incentive Schemes

 Standard Time = Normal Time x (1 + Allowance Factor)
Normal Time = Observed Time x Performance Rating
Normal Time
The time required for an average, trained operator to
perform a task under usual
working conditions and working at a normal pace
Performance Rating
The rating percentage to represent the speed of the operator
under study related to an average operator with 100%
performance. > 100% means the operator’s performance is better
than standard; otherwise, < 100%

Allowances
•The amount of time added to the normal time to provide
for personal needs, fatigue, and unavoidable delays.
Personal Allowance
The time an operator is allowed for personal things such as going to
bathroom, drinking water, and any other operator-controlled reason for
not working

Fatigue Allowance
The time allowed for recovered from fatigue, in the form of work breaks.
Normally increase with the effort in term of weight.

Delay Allowances
Refer to factors out of the operator’s control preventing the operator from
working.
 Performance Allowance
Rating Factor

Observed Normal Standard

Time Time Time

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 Example :- Body Binding

Normal Time
= Observed Time x Performance Rating
= 62.6 x 80%
= 50.08 sec

Standard Time = Normal Time x (1 + Allowance Factor)

= 50.08 x (1 + 15%)
= 57.6 sec

Remark :
Only for illustrating the main concepts of standard times.
In Beryl Davis, standard times are derived by the GSD method.
19
Standard Times
Example
Operation : Body Binding

Observed Time
= Average Process Time
= 62.6 sec

Suppose
Performance Rating = 80%

Allowance Factor = 15%

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 - 4- GSD Method
General Sewing Data (GSD) Method
• A type of Pre-determined Motion Time System (PMTS)
specifically for garments production.

• PMTS
The use of a historical database of basic motions and elemental times
that have been averaged and converted to standard times.

• Any production operation is breakdown into a set of basic motions.

The standard time is then derived by adding up standard times of these
basic motions
GSD techniquetechnique for Method Analysis to get a standard time for sewing industry
- developed using MTM Core Data (MTM – Methods Time Measurement, MTM-2)
- MTM: a system developed by American engineering consultants H B Maynard, G J Stegemerten and J L
Schwab, published in 1948 worked on the development of the data supporting the MTM basic method. This
data was evaluated, revised and fully tested in industry. The book “Methods-Time Measurement”, which
summarizes the basics of the MTM methodology in 1948
History of MTM
 GSD Method
• In BD, standard times are expressed as Standard Minutes
Value (SMV)
• GSD Center GSD
- responsible to establish the SMV of each operation of garment
manufacturing.
• SMV
- based on the MBP method, i.e. the most efficient method among BD
factories

Standard Time = Normal Time x (1 + Allowance Factor)

In GSD method, basic time (normal time) is expressed as

Normal Time = Handling Time + Machine Time

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Sewing operations typically can be broken down into
below steps

1) Pick cut piece

2) Align and adjust cut piece accurately for sewing

3) Sew cut pieces Sewing Element

4) Trim threads
Handling Element

5) Put aside finished cut pieces

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 GSD Method
Handling Time
• The times for the elemental cut-pieces or garment handling
motions.

• 8 standard categories of Motion Elements

1. Obtain and match parts

2. Aligning and adjusting
3. Forming shapes
4. Trimming and use tools
5. Asiding
6. Handling machines
7. Get element
8. Put element Mule – IE/CI
 GSD Method
For each handling motion category, a set of Elemental Motions are
defined and coded with corresponding standard times.

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TMU = Time Measurement Unit, 1 TMU = 0.0005 min. = 0.03sec.
Reference: TMU
MTM-1 speed of cinematographic camera 16 film frames per second.
Min unit of time used when developing the MTM-1 data was therefore 1/16 second =
0.00001736 hours.
Unit of measurement should equal 0.00001 hour with the given name, Time Measurement
Unit (TMU).

Source: General Sewing Data

Mule- IE/CI
(GSD) Student Manual 1996
 GSD Method
Machine Time
• Determined by the formula of specific types of machine
process.

• Sewing times are based on the

- machine speed
- stitch density
- sewing length
- adjustment factors for difficulties in guiding and accuracy.

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Machine Time

Sewing Time = MST x SL x HSF x GT + SS + P

MST = Machine Sewing Time (per cm)

= Stitch per cm / Stitch per TMU
SL = Sewing Length (cm)
HSF = High Speed Factor
GT = Guiding and Tension Factor
P = Precision Factor
SS = Start and stop constant

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 GSD Method
Machine Time
• Determined by the formula of specific types of machine
process.

• Sewing times are based on the

- machine speed
- stitch density
- sewing length
- adjustment factors for difficulties in guiding and accuracy.

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 -5- Applications
1. Line Efficiency Calculation

Standard Allowable Hours (SAH)

Line Efficiency = X 100%
Total working man hours

( Total SMV x actual output / 60 )

= X 100%
No. of operators x Working hours

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Example
Calculate the line efficiency of the day for a Nyo Vest production line
given with 46 operators, the actual output of one day for 9.5 hours is
2500 pcs and the total SMV is 9.32 min.

( Total SMV x actual output ) / 60

Line Efficiency = X 100%
No. of operators x Working hours

9.32 x 2500 / 60
= X 100%
46 x 9.5
= 88.86% Mule –IE/CI
 2. Capacity Calculation

No. of Operators x 60
Output Capacity (pcs/hr) =
Total SMV / Line Efficiency

No. of Operators x 60
= x Line Efficiency
Total SMV

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Example :
Calculate the output capacity of a OccuNomix T- shirt production line
given with 26 operators, the total SMV of a style to be produced is 10.89
min. and the line efficiency is estimated as 80%.

Output Capacity No. of Operators x 60

= X Line Efficiency
Total SMV

26 x 60
= X 80%
10.89
= 114 pcs Mule –IE/CI
 Applications
-3- Operator Performance Calculation

The performance of individual operators should be determined by

comparing observed work time with SMV.

Operator Performance = Normal Time

X 100%
Observed Time

(SMV x 60) / ( 1+Allowance Factor)

== X 100%
Observed Time

(SMV x 60)
= X 100%
Observed Time x (1 + Allowance
Factor)
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Example :
Suppose the SMV of a “X Velcro attach” operation is 0.712 min. If the observed
time of a operator to perform the operation is 48 sec., the operator performance
can be determine as below.

SMV x 60
Operator Performance = X 100%
Observed Time x 1.2

0.712 x 60
= X 100%
48 x 1.2

= 74.2% Mule –IE/CI

End !!!
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