Syllabus assigned for class XII Practical for the session 2023-24

Practical examination will be organized by schools as per the directions of CBSE.

:- The record to be submitted by the students at the time of annual examination, has to include:
:- Record of at least 8 Experiments (with 4 from each section) to be performed by the students.
:- Record of at least 6 Activities (with 3 each from section A and section B) to be performed by the
students.
:- The Report of the project carried out by the students.
Evaluation Scheme
Time Allowed: 3 hours Max. Marks: 30

Two experiments one from each section 7 + 7 Marks

Practical record [experiments and activities] 5 Marks
One activity from any section 3 Marks
Investigatory Project 3 Marks
Viva on experiments, and activities 5 Marks
Total 30 Marks

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITING PRACTICAL RECORD FILES

AIM: Here write the name of the experiment (what you are going to find out). It will be given.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Mention all the component, device, instruments you are going to use.
THEORY OR PRINCIPLE: For every experiment, there is a principle involved and formulas to be used for
calculation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Draw neat circuit diagram for the experiment given.
PROCEDURE: Here, you have to write a brief description of the method and steps you followed for doing
the particular experiment. The sentences should be in past tense and it should not be in instructional
language (like it is given in lab manual, don’t copy them as it is.).
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
For this, you can use specific format for the experiment given. No scribbling, no overwriting in entering
data of the observations. It should be neat and clear.
Calculations needs formulas, mentioned in the theory. Substitute the values in the formula and write only
final value (don’t show steps of calculations)
RESULT: Write final value the quantity or quantities or the conclusion of the result.
PRECAUTIONS: At least three.
SOURCES OF ERROR: At least three.
 SECTION: A
Experiment: 1
AIM: To determine unknown resistance by plotting a graph between Voltage and Current, using Ohm’s
law circuit.
Apparatus Required: Resistance coil, battery eliminator, ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat, one-way key,
connecting wires.
Theory: As per Ohm’s law, when external conditions are kept same, then the current across the wire/coil
is directly proportional to the voltage (or p.d.) applied.
i.e. VαI
Or V = RI, where R is a constant, called electrical resistance.
Or R = V/I
The graph between V and I is a straight line. The slope of this graph gives the measure of resistance.
i.e R = (V2 – V1)/(I2 – I1)
Procedure: The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Battery eliminator, Ammeter, Rheostat,
Resistance coil, One -way key, are connected in series, whereas Voltmeter is connected in parallel to the
resistance coil. By sliding the jockey of the rheostat head, the values current and accordingly the p.d.
across the coil are adjusted. By this, five sets of readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are taken. By using
the formula for the resistance and by plotting a graph between voltage and current, resistance of the coil
is calculated.
Note: Students have to write the above procedure in past tense. It should be “ I had done or I did or I
connected etc”. It shouldn’t be instructional language.
Circuit Diagram:
 OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No Voltage (V) Current (I) Resistance (R) Mean

“In Volt” “In amp.” “In Ohm”
1 0.25 28 x 10-3 8.92
2 0.5 60 x 10-3 8.33
3 0.75 88 x 10-3 8.52
4 1.0 100 x 10-3 10.0 9.24 Ω
5 1.25 125 x 10-3 10.0
6 1.5 160 x 10-3 9.37
7 1.75 180 x 10-3 9.72
8 2.0 220 x 10-3 9.09

Results: From formula R = 9.24 Ω

From graph R = (V2 – V1)/(I2 – I1) = ……………..Ω

Precautions: 1. Use ammeter and voltmeter of appropriate range and connecting them with proper
polarity.
2. All connections should be tight and neat.
3. Insert the key only while taking observations to prevent heating of resistance.
Sources of error: 1. Loose screws of the instruments.
2. Higher resistance of the rheostat.
3. Resistance of the coil may change due to excess heating.
Experiment: 2
AIM: To determine resistance of a coil by using Meter bridge.
Apparatus Required: Meter bridge apparatus, Resistance coil, Resistance box (0 – 100 Ω), battery
eliminator, galvanometer, one-way key, connecting wires.
Theory: In the Meter bridge circuit, if l is the balancing length, then from balanced Wheat-Stone bridge
condition,
R/S = xl/x(100-l), where x is the resistance per unit length of the Meter bridge wire, S is unknown
resistance of the coil and R is the known resistance from resistance box.
So, S = (100-l)R/l,
Procedure: All connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Known resistance through resistance box
is connected in one gap whereas the coil of unknown resistance is connected in other gap. Galvanometer
is connected from the middle of the metallic strip and its other end is connected to the jockey, which is to
be slided over the meter bridge wire to bring zero deflection in the galvanometer. By a battery
eliminator, current is supplied in the circuit.
We take three balancing lengths by using three different values of known resistances from R.B. and after
interchanging resistance box and coil, we further take three more readings for the balancing lengths. We
calculate resistance of the coil by using the formula. We find the mean of each set of three readings and
then the mean of both the values.
Note: Students have to write the above procedure in past tense. It should be “ I had done or I did or I
connected etc”. It shouldn’t be in instructional language.

Circuit Diagram:
 OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Known Resistance Balancing Length 100 - l S = (100-l)R/l Mean

R l
1 5Ω 37 63 8.513 S1 = 8.729
2 10 Ω 53 47 8.867
3 15 Ω 63 37 8.809
After interchanging
R&S
1 5Ω 30 70 11.666 S2 = 10.842
2 10 Ω 50 50 10.0
3 15 Ω 58 42 10.862

Final mean Resistance S = (S1 + S2)/2 = (8.729+10.842)/2 = 9.875 Ω.

Results: Resistance of the coil, S = 9.875 Ω

Precautions: 1. All the connections should be tight.

2. Balancing point should be nearly in mid- range of the bridge wire.
3. Jockey should be moved over bridge wire gently.
Sources of error:
1. Loose screw of the meter bridge or battery.
2. Error in the measurement of the length of the wire.
3. Failure to check zero position of galvanometer pointer.

Experiment: 3
AIM: To verify Series and Parallel combination by using Meter bridge.
Apparatus Required: Meter bridge apparatus, Two Resistance coils, Resistance box (0 – 100 Ω), battery
eliminator, galvanometer, one-way key, connecting wires.
Theory: If R1 and R2 are the resistances connected in series, then the equivalent resistance of
thecombination is given by, RS = R1 + R2
When these resistances are connected in parallel, then the equivalent resistance of the combination is
given by
1/RP =1/R1 + 1/R2
RP = (R1R2) / (R1 + R2)
Procedure: All connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Known resistance through resistance box
is connected in one gap whereas the coils of unknown resistance is connected in other gap, one by one
then in series and then in parallel , one after the other. Galvanometer is connected from the middle of
the metallic strip and its other end is connected to the jockey, which is to be slided over the meter bridge
wire to bring zero deflection in the galvanometer. By a battery eliminator, current is supplied in the
circuit.
We take two-two balancing lengths by using two different values of known resistances from R.B., each for
R1, R2, RS & RP. We find the mean of each set of readings and then verify the results by using formulas.
Note: Students have to write the above procedure in past tense. It should be “ I had done or I did or I
connected etc”. It shouldn’t be in instructional language.
Circuit Diagrams:
For single Resistance For Series Combination

For Parallel Combination

OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. Known Balancing 100 - l S = (100-l)R/l Mean

Resistance Length
R l
For R1 1 10 Ω 52 48 9.2 R1 = 9.5 Ω
2 20 Ω 67 33 9.8
For R2 1 10 Ω 51 49 9.6 R2 = 9.5 Ω
2 20 Ω 68 32 9.4
For RS 1 10 Ω 34.5 65.5 18.9 RS = 19.05 Ω
2 20 Ω 51 49 19.2
For RP 1 10 Ω 68 32 4.7 RP = 4.7 Ω
2 20 Ω 81 19 4.69

Conclusion:
In Series: From formula, RS = R1 + R2 = 9.5 + 9.5 = 19.0 Ω
From Experiment, RS = 19.05 Ω
In Parallel: From formula, RP = (R1R2) / (R1 + R2)
= (9.5x9.5)/(9.5 + 9.5)
= 4.75 Ω
From Experiment, RP = 4.7 Ω
The values calculated from formulas and by experiment are very close, both for Series and Parallel
combinations.
Hence Formulas are verified.
Note: In the table, only specimen values are given.
Precautions:
1. All the connections should be tight.
2. Balancing point should be nearly in mid- range of the bridge wire.
3. Jockey should be moved over bridge wire gently.
Sources of error:
1. Loose screw of the meter bridge or battery.
2. Error in the measurement of the length of the wire.
3. Failure to check zero position of galvanometer pointer.
Experiment: 4
AIM: To determine resistance of a galvanometer by Half-deflection method.
Apparatus Required: Two Resistance boxes (0 – 1000 Ω & 0 – 10000 Ω), battery eliminator,
galvanometer, one-way key, jockey, connecting wires.
Theory: In a circuit, consisting of a battery eliminator, a very high resistance R and a galvanometer in
series, if θ is the deflection in the galvanometer, then a resistance S, which is required to be connected in
parallel with the galvanometer that makes the deflection in the galvanometer θ/2, is the resistance of the
galvanometer (provided there is no noticeable change in the value of current in the main circuit).
That is G = S
Procedure: The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Battery eliminator, Resistance box of
range 0- 10000 Ω, One-way key K1, Galvanometer are connected in series. Another resistance box of
range 0 – 1000 Ω along with one-way key K2, is connected in parallel with the galvanometer.
After keeping K1 closed and K2 open, the deflection in the galvanometer pointer is adjusted to some even
number of division by keeping a suitable resistance from R.B. of high range. After keeping K2 also closed,
we adjust the resistance from R.B. of low range, that brings the deflection of the galvanometer to half of
its previous value. This resistance RP is nearly equal to the resistance of the galvanometer.
In this way, we take four sets of readings with different values of deflections in the galvanometer and
then find mean of the values of RP.
Note: Students have to write the above procedure in past tense. It should be “ I had done or I did or I
connected etc”. It shouldn’t be in instructional language.

Circuit Diagrams:
 OBSERVATION TABLE

S.No. High Resistance R Deflection in the Low Resistance S G=S Mean

galvanometer
1 7600 Ω 10 130 Ω 130 Ω
2 5300 Ω 14 130 Ω 130 Ω 130 Ω
3 4000 Ω 18 130 Ω 130 Ω
4 3400 Ω 20 130 Ω 130 Ω

Result: The resistance of the galvanometer is 130 Ω.

Precautions:
1. Connections should be tight and neat.
2. Emf of the battery should be constant.
3. The value of series resistnce RS should be very large as compared to the resistance of the
galvanometer.
Sources of error:
1. Loose plugs in resistance box.
2. Emf of the battery may not be constant.
 Activities from Section A

1. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a
power source.
2. To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.
3. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key,
ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct
the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

Note: For the details of the activities, take help from the laboratory manual. Accomodate the
descriptions of one activity in one page only.

SECTION: B

Experiment: 5
AIM: To find the focal length of a concave mirror by plotting a graph between object distance u and
image distance v.
Apparatus Required: Optical bench, Clamp, Two needles, Convex lens, Meter Scale.
Theory: For a lens, object distance u, image distance v and focal length f are related by the relation,
1/u + 1/v = 1/f
f = uv/( u + v )
Procedure: We fix concave mirror and two pins in the stand and place over optical bench. After taking
one pin stand, we slide its position to bring its real and inverted image just coincide with the pin itself.
After pushing this pin further towards the mirror, we place another pin in order to keep image of the first
pin exactly coincides with the second pin. In this way, we take four sets of values of u and v. By using
formula, we calculate f and the find the mean of these values.
The graph between u and v is symmetric about 2f distance. So the coordinates of the point on this line,
where angle bisector of the quadrant meet, is 2f distance. Half of this distance is focal length.

Note: Students have to write the above procedure in past tense. It should be “ I had done or I did or I
connected etc”. It shouldn’t be in instructional language.
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Object distance, u Image distance, v f = uv/( u - v ) Mean

1 -16.0 cm - 30.5 cm - 10.5 cm
2 -18.0 cm - 26.0 cm - 10.6 cm
3 -21.0 cm - 21.0 cm - 10.5 cm - 10.5 cm
4 -26.0 cm - 18.0 cm - 10.6 cm
-30.5 cm - 16.0 cm - 10.5 cm
Result:
From Graph: 2f = - 21.1 cm
f = -10.55 cm
From Formula, f = - 10.5 cm

Precautions:
1. Properly level the optical bench.
2. The tip of the image should not overlap with the tip of image needle.
3. Don’t keep your eye too close while measuring object distance and image distance
Sources of error:
1. Possibility of parallax error.
2. Uprights may not be in vertical position.

Experiment: 6
AIM: To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph between object distance u and image
distance v.
Apparatus Required: Optical bench, Clamp, Two needles, Convex lens, Meter Scale.
Theory: For a lens, object distance u, image distance v and focal length f are related by the relation,
1/v - 1/u = 1/f
f = uv/( u - v )
Procedure: We place convex lens in between two pins stand, over an optical bench. Taking one pin as an
object and pin on the other side is kept in such a way the tip of this pin exactly coincides with the tip of
real and inverted image of the first pin. Distance of the first pin from lens is the object distance u and the
distance of the second pin from the lens is the image distance v.
In this way, we take five sets of values of u and v. By using formula, we calculate f and then find the mean
of these values.
The graph between u and v is symmetric about 2f distance. So the coordinates of the point on this line,
where angle bisector of the quadrant meet, is 2f distance. Half of this distance is focal length.
Note: Students have to write the above procedure in past tense. It should be “ I had done or I did or I
connected etc”. It shouldn’t be in instructional language.

Image of the Object Pin

Object Pin Image Pin
OBSERVATION TABLE:

S.No. Object distance, u Image distance, v f = uv/( u - v ) Mean

1 -18.5 cm 25.0 cm 10.6 cm
2 -20.1 cm 23.0 cm 10.7 cm
3 -21.0 cm 20.0 cm 10.2 cm 10.5 cm
4 -20.0 cm 21.0 cm 10.2 cm
5 -23.0 cm 20.1 cm 10.7 cm
6 -25.0 cm 18.5 cm 10.6 cm

Result:
From Graph: 2f = 21.1 cm
f = 10.55 cm
From Formula, f = 10.5 cm

Precautions:
1. Properly level the optical bench.
2. The tip of the image should not overlap with the tip of image needle.
3. Don’t keep your eye too close while measuring object distance and image distance
Sources of error:
1. Possibility of parallax error.
2. Uprights may not be in vertical position.
Experiment: 7
AIM: To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism, by plotting a graph between angle of
incidence and angle of deviation.
Apparatus Required: Drawing board, White sheet of paper, Glass triangular prism, Drawing pins, Scale ,
protractor, graph paper.
Theory: For a prism, initially angle of deviation decreases with increase in angle of incidence, but after
attaining a minimum value, say δm, angle of deviation increases with further increase of angle of
incidence.
For a prism, if δ = δm,
Then i = e and r1 = r2
Procedure: We take outer line of a prism on a A4 size paper and label ABC, angle A is taken as angle of
prism and sides AB and AC are taken as refracting faces of the prism. After removing the prism, a line PQ
is drawn on the face AB, at an angle 35o with the normal to this face. This line represents incident ray.
Prism is re-placed on the outer line and two pins are fixed on this line with a gap not less than 5 cm. They
are viewed through the face AC and third and fourth pins are fixed in such a way that all four pins are in
the same line. Small circles are drawn after removing these pins. Prism is removed and a line RS is drawn
passing through the marks of 3rd and 4th pin. This line represents emergent ray. By extending AB and
drawing RS backward, they meet at O. Angle at this point is the angle of deviation δ.
In this way, we find five values of angle of deviations for angle of incidence 40o, 45o, 50o, 55o and 60o. We
plot a graph between i and δ, the tangent at the bottom point of this graph is extended upto δ- line.
Where it meets, is the angle of minimum deviation.

Ray Diagrams:
Angle of incidence, i Angle of deviation, δ
35o 44o
40o 41o
45o 39o
50o 38o
55o 39o
60o 42o
Precautions:
1. Drawing pins should be fixed vertically on the paper and their tips should be sharp.
2. The distance between the two pin should not be less than 5 cm.
3. Keep eye always away from the prism.
Sources of error:
1. Improper fixing of the drawing pins.
2. Improper measuring of angles.
Experiment: 8
AIM: To find the refractive index of water by using a convex lens and a plane mirror.
Apparatus Required: Convex lens, plane mirror, Iron stand with clamp, a meter scale, water.
Theory: With the arrangement of a convex lens placed over a plane mirror, if the object pin is adjusted to
keep its image coincident with it, then the distance of the object pin from the lens,
d = f, focal length of the convex lens
When any liquid (maybe water) is put between the lens and the paper, then if d’ is the distance of the pin
when its image coincides with it,
Then d’ = effective focal length of the convex lens and the plano- concave lens the liquid.
Refractive index of the liquid is given by
n = (2d’ – d)/d’
Procedure: A convex lens is placed on a plane mirror. With the help of a stand, a pin is kept in
horizontal position, above the lens-mirror arrangement. This pin is slided up and down to bring it in such
a position, where its tip exactly coincides with the tip of the real and inverted image of this pin itself. The
distance of the pin from the lens d, under this situation is the focal length of the convex lens. Experiment
is repeated after placing water in the gap between the lens and the mirror. The distance of the pin from
the lens d’, under this situation, is the equivalent focal length of the convex lens and the plano-concave
lens of water (formed between the space of the convex lens and the plane mirror). Refractive index of
water is calculated by using formula, n = (2d’ – d)/d’.

Observations and Calculation:

With convex lens and Plane mirror,
Focal length of the Convex lens, f = d = 12 cm
Effective focal length of convex lens and plano-concave lens, f’ = d’ = 18 cm
Then Refractive Index of the liquid,
N = (2d’ – d)/d’
= (2x18 – 12)/18 = 4/3 = 1.33
Precautions

1. The liquid taken should be transparent.

2. Only few drops of liquid should be taken so that its layer is not thick.
3. The parallax should be removed tip to tip.

Sources of error

1. Liquid may not be quite transparent.

2. The parallax may not be fully removed.

Activities from Section B

1. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

2. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex lens on a screen by using a candle
and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens).
3. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror on a screen by using a candle
and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the mirror).
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR WRITING EXPERIMENT DETAILS DURING PRACTICAL
EXAMINATION
EVERY STUDENT HAS TO DO TWO EXPERIMENTS AND ONE ACTIVITY.
AIM: Here write the name of the experiment (what you are going to find out). It will be given.
APPARATUS REQUIRED: Mention all the component, device, instruments you are going to use.
THEORY OR PRINCIPLE: For every experiment, there is a principle involved and formulas to be used for
calculation.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM/RAY DIAGRAM: Draw neat Circuit diagram and the Ray diagram for the formation of
image by a convex lens and for prism or glass slab.
PROCEDURE: Not Required. (So no need to write this sub heading)
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: For this, you can use specific format for the experiment given. No
scribbling, no overwriting in entering data of the observations. It should be neat and clear. Calculations
needs formulas, mentioned in the theory. Substitute the values in the formula and write only final value
(don’t show steps of calculations)
RESULT: Write final value the quantity or quantities or the conclusion of the result.
PRECAUTIONS: At least three.
SOURCES OF ERROR: At least three.

ALL THE BEST