Zul2606 Study Guide

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University of South Africa
Muckleneuk, Pretoria
ZUL2606/1/2020–2025
70731993
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OKUQUKETHWE
Ikhasi
Iyunithi yesifundo 1: IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU 1

1.1 ISINGENISO1
1.1.1 Incwadi Udondolo 1
1.2 UBUNJALO BOBUCIKO BOMLOMO 2
1.3 IZINHLOBO ZOBUCIKO BOMLOMO 2
1.3.1 Izinhlobo Zephrozi eyingxoxo (Izinganekwane) 2
1.3.2 Izinhlobo Zephrozi ewubuciko 6
1.4 IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU 7
1.4.1 Izinhlobo zezinkondlo zomdabu 7
1.4.2 Izibongo zamakhosi 8
1.4.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwezibongo 8
1.5 IZITHAKAZELO12
1.5.1 Izithakazelo Nobunkondlo 12
1.6 ELOKUPHETHA13
Iyunithi yesifundo 2: IZINKONDLO ZESIMANJE 15

2.1 ‌ISINGENISO 15
2.2 ‌BUYINI UBUNKONDLO? 15
2.3 ‌IZINHLOBO ZEZINKONDLO 16
2.3.1 ‌Ezomzwangedwa (amalirikhi) 16
2.3.2 ‌Ezesililo (ama-eleji) 16
2.3.3 ‌Ezenkolo 16
2.3.4 ‌Ezokuqondisa (Amasathaya) 16
2.3.5 ‌Ezilandayo 16
2.3.6 ‌Inkondlomlando (ama-Ephikhi) 17
2.3.7 ‌Ezisambhinqo 17
2.3.8 ‌A masonethi 17
2.4 ‌ISAKHIWO SENKONDLO 17
2.4.1 ‌Ukuhloba kwesakhiwo sangaphandle 17
2.4.2 ‌Isihloko senkondlo 18
2.5 ‌IMIGQA 18
2.6 IZINDIMA19
2.7 ‌ISIGQI SENKONDLO 19
2.8 ‌IFANAMSINDO 20
2.9 ‌IMVUMELWANO 20
2.10 ‌IMPINDAMQONDO 20
2.11 ‌IMPINDWA 20
2.12 ‌UKUXHUMANISA 21
2.13 ‌ISAKHIWO SANGAPHAKATHI 21
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2.13.1 ‌ULIMI 21
2.14 ‌IZIFENGQO ENKONDLWENI 22
2.14.1 ‌Isifaniso 22
2.14.2 ‌Isingathekiso 22
2.14.3 ‌Isenzasamuntu 22
2.14.4 ‌Isenzasasilwane 23
2.14.5 ‌Ihaba 23
2.14.6 ‌Indida (elokuziphikisa) 23
2.14.7 ‌Ukuhlonipha 23
2.14.8 ‌Umbhinqo 23
2.14.9 ‌Umbhuqo 23
2.14.10 ‌Uteku 24
2.15 ‌UMOYA WENKONDLO 24
2.16 ‌UKUJULA KWENKONDLO 24
2.17 ‌OKUSHIWO YINKONDLO 24
2.18 ‌UMYALEZO 25
2.19 ‌IZINDIKIMBA 25
2.20 ‌UKUHLUZWA KWENKONDLO 25
2.21 ‌A MAQHINGA OKUHLUZA INKONDLO 26
2.21.1 ‌Umqondo 26
2.21.2 ‌Inhloso 26
2.21.3 ‌Imizwa yembongi 26
2.21.4 ‌Iphimbo 27
2.21.5 ‌Izinzwa/izithombemagama 27
2.21.6 ‌Imizwa yomfundi 27
2.21.7 ‌Injula/Ingqikithi/Umyalezo/umqondo ocashile/ophakeme 27
2.22 ISIPHETHO SOKUHLUZWA KWENKONDLO 28
2.23 ELOKUPHETHA28
Iyunithi yesifundo 3: INOVELI NEDRAMA 30

3.2 ‌M AYELANA NESAKHIWO 30
3.3 ‌M AYELANA NABALINGISWA 31
3.4 ‌ISIZINDA 32
3.5 INDIKIMBA32
3.6 ULIMI32
3.7 ELOKUPHETHA33
3.8 ‌UMDLALO (DRAMA) 33
3.8.1 Umdlalo33
3.8.2 ‌Isikeshe 33
3.9 Izinhlobo zomdlalo 34
3.10 ‌Isakhiwo 35
3.10.1 ‌Isakhiwo sangaphakathi (sinokulandelayo) 35
3.11 ‌ISINGENISO SOMDLALO 35
3.12 ‌ISIXAKAXAKA SOMDLALO 36
3.13 ‌A BADLALI BOMDLALO 36
3.14 ‌UKUVEZWA KWABADLALI BOMDLALO 36
3.15 ‌UKUKHULA KWABADLALI BOMDLALO 37
3.16 ‌UDWESHU LOMDLALO 37
3.17 ‌INKULUMO-MPENDULWANO YOMDLALO 37
3.18 ‌ULIMI LOMDLALO 37
3.19 ‌ISIZINDA SOMDLALO 37
3.20 ‌U VUTHONDABA LOMDLALO 38
(iv)
3.21 I‌ PHOLAVUTHONDABA LOMDLALO 38
3.22 ‌ISIPHETHO SOMDLALO 38
Iyunithi yesifundo 4: IMIBHALO YABANTWANA 40

4.2 ‌IZINHLOBO ZEZINCWADI ZABANTWANA 40
4.2.1 ‌Izincwadi zemidwebo 40
4.2.2 ‌Izincwadi zamathoyizi 41
4.2.3 ‌Izincwadi zama-alfabhethi/zezinhlamvu 41
4.2.4 ‌Izincwadi zokubala 41
4.2.5 ‌Izincwadi zamagama 41
4.2.6 ‌Izincwadi ezinemifanekiso engenamagama 42
4.2.7 ‌Izincwadi ezifundeka kalula 42
4.2.8 ‌Izincwadi zezindaba ezinezithombe 42
4.3 ‌ISAKHIWO SEMIBHALO YABANTWANA 42
4.4 ‌ISIHLOKO 42
4.6 ‌UMZIMBA 43
4.7 ‌A BALINGISWA 43
4.8 ‌ISIZINDA 43
4.8.1 ‌Indawo 43
4.8.2 ‌Inkathi 44
4.8.3 ‌Isimo senhlalo 44
4.9 ‌ULIMI 44
4.10 ‌EMINYE IMISEBENZI YEMIBHALO YABANTWANA 44
4.10.1 ‌Imfundo 44
4.10.2 ‌Ukuthola umuzwa wobuciko 44
4.11 ‌IMISEBENZI YEMIBHALO YABANTWANA
NGOKUHLUKAHLUKANA KWAYO 45
4.11.1 ‌Izincwadi zokudlala 45
4.11.2 ‌Izincwadi zama-alfabhethi/zezinhlamvu 45
4.11.3 ‌Izincwadi zokubala 45
4.11.4 ‌Izincwadi zamagama 45
4.11.5 ‌Izincwadi zemidwebo ezingenamagama 45
4.12 ‌ISIPHETHO 46
Iyunithi yesifundo 5: I-ESEYI47

5.2 ‌I-ESEYI 47
5.2.1 ‌Izimpawu ze-eseyi 47
5.2.2 ‌Okumele kwaziwe nge-eseyi 48
5.2.3 Ukuhluzwa kwe-eseyi 48
5.2.4 ‌Ukuphetha 49
5.3 ‌INDABA EMFUSHANE 49
5.3.1 ‌Isingeniso 49
5.3.2 ‌Ukuhluzwa kwezindaba ezimfushane 50
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(vi)
1 IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO 1
1 IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU
IMIPHUMELA YOKUFUNDA
Ekugcineni kwalesi sahluko uzokwazi:
• Ukuchaza kafushane ngencwadi nalokho okuqukethwe.

• Ukuhlukanisa kabanzi ngezimpawu zobuciko bomlomo.
• Ukuhlukanisa kafushane ngamasu okwehlukanisa ubuciko bomlomo ngemikhakha
eyahlukene.
1.1 ISINGENISO
Ngenkathi wenza izifundo zakho zonyaka wokuqala wachazelwa ngamafuphi ukuthi
ubuciko bomlomo buyini. Kwachazwa ngamafuphi ukuthi yinkulumo, indaba
nezokukhuluma okanye imisebenzi eyasungulwa ngabantu abadala besebenzisa ubuciko
bokukhuluma ngaphandle kokuthi kubhalwe phansi, badlulise umlayezo othile kusuka
esizukulwaneni esinye kuya kwesinye besebenzisa wona umlomo. NgesiNgisi lezi zimo
zokukhuluma zibizwa ngokuthiwa yi-Verbal art noma yi-Oral Literature. Kanti futhi abanye
bathi yi-folklore noma yi-Traditional literature. Uma ufuna ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana
ne-Verbal Art funda iphepha elibhalwe nguBascom, W. (1973). Folklore, Verbal Art, and
Culture. The Journal of American Folklore. Vol. 8, No. 342, 374–381.
Ngoba-ke izimo ziyashintsha, futhi singafuni ukulahlekelwa amakhono nefa lethu

yingakho uthola ukuthi ubuciko bomlomo sesivame ukubuthola bubhalwe phansi
emabhukwini. Noma kunjalo busabizwa ngokuthi ubuciko bomlomo. Kulo nyaka
sizosebenzisa incwadi ebhalwe ngu-A. M Maphumulo eyihlanganyele noL. F Mathenjwa
esihloko sayo sithi Udondolo.
1.1.1 Incwadi Udondolo

Le ncwadi yehlukaniswe izahluko eziyisishiyagalombili. Izahluko zesi 2-5 ziqukethe
iphrozi ewubuciko: izisho, izaga neziphicaphicwano. Bese izahluko zesi 5-7 zona zidingida
izinkondlo zomdabu. Abalobi bale ncwadi babhala izibonelo eziningi zezinkondlo, kodwa
thina sizogxila ezibongweni nasezithakazelweni. Isahluko sokugcina sona sikhuluma
ngephrozi eyingxoxo yezinganekwane phela. Nazo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ngezinhlobo.
Into esizoyenza manje ukunichazela ngezimpawu zalobu bungcweti benkulumo esibubiza
ngobuciko bomlomo bese futhi sibehlukanise ngemikhakha nezinhlobo zakhona.
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1.2 UBUNJALO BOBUCIKO BOMLOMO

Into ephawulwa nguRosa Knorringa (1980:7) okubonakala kuyiqiniso ukuthi ubuciko
bomlomo njengoba negama lizisho, yilapho kudluliswa khona ubuciko kusuka kwesinye
isizukulwane kuya kwesinye kusetshenziswa umlomo. Nxa ubuciko bomlomo sebulotshwa
phansi sekusho okunye, ngoba bushayisana nobunjalo balobu buciko. Uma sebubhalwa
phansi kusho ukuthi kumele kusetshenziswe amehlo, kanti uma kukhulunywa ngobuciko
bomlomo kusuka kukhona umxoxi owenza okuthile esebenzisa ikakhulukazi izwi
nomzimba. Bese abalaleli balindeleke ukuba balalele, besebenzisa izindlebe, noma
bezowasebenza amehlo ukuze babone ukuthi umxoxi wenza muphi umnyakazo njengoba
exoxa, kodwa basebenzisa kakhulu izindlebe.
Okwenza ukuthi ababhali abaningi babhale phansi ukuthi izinto ziyashintsha, abantu
abaningi manje bayisizukulwane sencwadi. Futhi asifuni ukulahla noma sikhohlwe
izinto ezibalulekile. Ukuze senze njalo kumele sibhale phansi silondoloze lobu buciko.
Kuyasijabulisa ukuthi namanje noma izinto sezishintshile basekhona abantu abenza
singakhohlwa ukuthi buyini ubuciko bomlomo. Uyabathola abaningi abanekhono
lokudlala ngamagama anembayo ukuze bakhiqize izinganekwane ezintsha, amahubo,
izingoma, iziphicaphicwano, izisho, njalonjalo. Kumele sikhumbule phela ukuthi ubuciko
bomlomo buhambisana nomgubho othile.
1.3 IZINHLOBO ZOBUCIKO BOMLOMO

Uma sikhuluma ngobuciko bomlomo, sikhuluma ngobuciko bemikhakha eminingi.
Kungasisiza ukuthi sibheke ukuthi abacwaningi baseYurophu nabaseMelika bayehlukanisa
kanjani le mikhakha. Sizoqala ngokuphawula okushiwo uBascom kanye noFoster.
UBascom ubheka ubuciko bomlomo njengesifundo esiqondene nezinganekwane,
iziphicaphicwano, izaga kanye nezinkondlo zomdabu. Yena ubheka i-Folklore
njengobuciko bomlomo nje kuphela (Bheka ku-Leach & Fried, 1949:398).
Naye uFoster ubheka ubuciko bomlomo ngendlela ecishe ifane nekaBascom. Yena
ubona ubuciko bomlomo njengomlando kanye nazo zonke izinkulumo zobuciko
ezingabhaliwe phansi zabantu abathile abafundile noma abangafundile. Ubhekisa le
ngxoxo ezinganekwaneni nezindatshana. Abuye futhi alukhulise uhlu lwakhe ngokufaka
amaculo esizwe, izinkolelo nokunye okunjalo (bheka kuLeach & Fried, 1977:17). Lo
mbono kaFoster uhambisana nokaJason (1977:17) njengoba yena ethi izinganekwane
nezinye izindatshana ziyinkulumo eyingxoxo, iziphicaphicwano nezaga uthi yinkulumo
engesiyo ingxoxo (narrative and non-narrative). Kulesi sifundo sethu sizolandela uJason.
Sizodidiyela ndawonye izinganekwane nezindatshana sithi yiphrozi eyingxoxo ( prose
narrative); siphinde sithi izisho, izaga kanye neziphicaphicwano yiphrozi ewubuciko
(stylized prose).
1.3.1 Izinhlobo Zephrozi eyingxoxo (Izinganekwane)

Masikugcizelele ukuthi angeke singene shi kulesi sifundo kodwa sengula phezulu
ngoba siyobuye sigxile kuso emabangeni aphezulu. Ngakho-ke sizophawula
izindlela ezimbili kuphela abacwaningi abazilandelayo uma behlukanisa lesi sifundo
okuyimikhakha eyingxoxo nephrozi ewubuciko. ngokukaBascom (1965:4) uhlukanise
iphrozi eyingxoxo ngemikhakha noma ngezigaba ezintathu: Izinganeko, imizekeliso
kanye nezinsumansumane. (kuhle sikhumbule nokho ukuthi asinawo amagama
esiZulu aqondene ngqo nezigaba ezichazwa nguBascom ngesiZulu izinganekwane
yizinganekwane nje njalo, kazehlukaniswa imikhakha ngemikhakha. Ngokunjalo uma
2
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO 1: Izinkondlo zomdabu
uBascom esitshela nge-Myth thina sazi ukuthi kuseyinganekwane nayo leyo, umehluko
wukuthi yona iqondene nokudabuka komhlaba nezinto ezikuwo kanye nesintu sonke.
Nokho ukuze singadideki kulesi sifundo sethu i-Myth sizoyibiza ngenganeko. Kanti
futhi lokhu uBascom athi yi-Legend, thina sizokubiza ngokuthi wumzekeliso, bese
lokho athi yi-Folktale, thina sithi yinsumansumane. Uma sekuhlangene konke sizothi
yizinganekwane.)
Kanti futhi uma siza nganeno kwezilwandle, siza kuleli lakithi, sithola umbono kaGuma
(1967:4-14). Yena uveza ukuthi izinganekwane noma iphrozi eyingxoxo uyehlukanisa
ngezigaba ezine, usitshela ukuthi sithola: izinganeko (Myths), imizekeliso (legends),
izinsumansumane ( folktales), nensumo ( fables). Thina-ke asizukululandela lolu hlelo
lukaGuma. Ngokwethu ukubona izinsumo kuseyizo izinsumansumane. Khumbula
ukuthi insumo yinganekwane yezilwane enesifundo esithile. Ngokwethu ukubona
cishe zonke izinganekwane zinesifundo esithile kanti-ke izilwane ziyavela kuzo zonke
izinganekwane, ngisho izinganeko zinazo izilwane ezingabalingiswa.
Izinganeko (Myths)
Lapho echaza ngezinganeko, uBascom uthi:
Myths are prose narrative which in the society in which they are told, are considered to be truthful
accounts of what happened in the remote past. They are accepted on faith; they are taught to be believed;
and they can be cited as authority in answer to ignorance, doubt, or disbelief. Myths are the embodiment
of dogma; they are usually sacred; and they are often associated with theolog y and ritual. Their main
characters are not usually human beings, but they often have human attributes; they are animals, deities,
or culture heroes, whose actions are set in an earlier world, when the earth was different from what it
is today, or in another world such as the sky or underworld. Myths account for the origin of the world,
of mankind, of death, or for characteristics of birds, animals, geographical features, and the phenomena
of nature (Bascom, 1965:4).
Yiqiniso ukuthi izinganeko lezi azandile ezingxoxweni zesizwe samaZulu. Nanokuthi

nalezi ezimbalwa esinazo azisathathwa njengento eyiqiniso neyenzeka ngempela.
Mhlawumbe lokho kudalwa wukuthi sesemukela inkolo yobuKhrestu. Nokho sikhona
isibonelo esisodwa esitholakala encwadini Udondolo ikhasi 79-80 esicishe sibe nazo zonke
izimpawu eziphawulwe uBascom mayelana nenganeko.
Yiziphi lezo zimpawu?
(i) Okokuqala sithola ukuthi lenganekwane isichazela ngokuvela noma ukufika kokufa
esintwini.
(ii) Siphinde futhi sithole ukuthi abalingiswa abaqavile nguMdali, esingamthatha
njengoMvelinqangi, nonwabu nentulo, okuyizilwane eziziphathisa okwabantu
kule ndaba.
Imizekeliso (Legends)
Lapho esichazela ngomzekeliso, UBascom uthi:
Legends are prose narratives which, like Myths, are regarded as true by the narrator and his audience,
but they are set in a period considered less remote, when the world was much as it is today. Legends are
more often secular than sacred, and their principal characters are human. They tell of migrations, wars,
and victories, deeds of the past heroes, chiefs and kings. (Bascom 1965:4)
Le ncazelo yenza ukuba ngokukaBascom kungabi lula ukwehlukanisa imizekeliso

nezindatshana zomlando njengoba uMsimang esho ethi:
ZUL2606/13

These requirements (in Boscom’s definition) imply that legend is grounded in history. As such it is on
par with an historical sketch or anecdote. Consequently we need a distinguishing characteristic. Guma’s
definition make up for the discrepancy in Bascom’s definition and helps us to distinguish clearly between
legend and historical sketch. (Msimang, 1983:26)
Ngokubona kukaGuma, umehluko phakathi komzekeliso nendatshana engumlando

wukuthi umzekeliso ubuye ufake okuthile okungakholakali, okuguqula lowo mlando
kuwenze insumansumane. UGuma ukuchaza kanje lokho:
It (the legend) is an historical story of narrative that contains a nucleus of historical fact, such as the
name of a particular character, but whose historical existence is now so shrouded in mystery, so as to
be almost mythical or semi-mythical. For this reason, it may also “be said to be distorted history” in
that the memory of the history in it has been distorted and elaborated by various elements derived from
myths. (Guma, 1967:2)
Njengazo izinganeko, nemizekeliso nayo kayandile olimini lwesiZulu. Nokho asenze

isibonelo ngenganekwane eyodwa esibona sengathi iyazifeza izidingo zomzekeliso. Lena
yindaba yegwababa. Bheka udondolo ikhasi 81-82 lapho kuxoxwa khona ngomzekeliso.
(i) Okokuqala esikuphawulayo wukuthi nembala le nganekwane yeyeme emlandweni.

Unawo amaqiniso omlando aziwayo, njengokuthi uMawa kaJama wayebusa Kwa-
Zulu, umuzi wakhe kwakuseNtonteleni, ebusa ngaphansi kwenkosi uMpande,
owayeyindodana yomfowabo kaMawa, uSenzangakhona.
(ii) Ngokunjalo futhi isidingo sokuthi abalingiswa bale nganekwane makube
ngabantu abake baphila ngempela siyafezeka. Phela uMawa waphila ngempela,
wabe eyindodakazi yenkosi uJama, ezalwa nguMthaniya kaZingelwayo. Kanjalo
futhi noNongalaza waphila ngempela futhi wabe eyinduna kaMpande.
(iii) Futhi umzekeliso usichazela ngokuthutha kwabantu bakaMawa, besuka kwelaseN-
tonteleni ngaseMfolozi, befudukela ngaphesheya koThukela lapho okwase kubusa
khona abelungu.
(iv) Nokho okufika kube yinganekwane kulo mlando wukuthi abantu laba bafuduka
nje, baxwayiswe yigwababa. Phela ngokwazi kwethu igwababa alikwazi ukukhu-
luma. Wuphawu olusemqoka kakhulu-ke lolu, olukhombisa umehluko phakathi
komlando nomzekeliso. Umzekeliso ufaka okuthile okuwudidayo umlando, ku-
wenze inganekwane uqobo.
Insumansumane (folktale)
UBascom usichazela ngensumansumane, uthi:
Folktales are prose narratives which are regarded as fiction. They are not considered as dogma or history,
they may or may not have happened, and they are not to be taken seriously. Nevertheless, although it
is often said that they are told only for amusement, they have other important functions, as the class of
moral folktales should have suggested. Folktales may be set at any time and any place, and in this sense
they are almost timeless and priceless a variety of sub-types of folktales can be distinguished including
human tales, animal tales, trickster tales tall tales, dilemma tales, formulistic tales, and moral tales of
fables… (Bascom, 1965:4)
Nanxa siyemukela le ncazelo kaBascom mayelana nokwehlukaniswa kwezinsumansumane

ngezinhlobo zazo, kubili okudinga sikuphawule. Okokuqala masiphawule ukuthi
esiZulwini kunzima ukwehlukanisa izinsumansumane ngabalingiswa ngoba:
kunezinsumansumane ezinabalingiswa abangabantu nezinsumansumane ezinabalingiswa
abayizilwane. Lobu bunzima budalwa wukuthi ensumansumaneni ngayinye, sivame
ukuthola inhlanganisela yabalingiswa abayizilwane. Okwesibili okungemukeleki kahle hle
4
wukuthi insumo (fable) yinsumansumane enesifundo. Lobu bunzima budalwa wukuthi

akuzona zodwa izinsumo ezinezifundo; empeleni iningi lezinganekwane linezifundo.
Nokho insumo – ikakhulukazi ezinganekwaneni zaphesheya – iwuhlobo oluthile,
olunemidati ethile okudingeka sithi ukwanda kabanzana ngayo. Enye insumansumane
ezodinga ukuchazwa kabanzana yilena ebizwa ngokuthiwa yinganeko-sisusa (etiological
folktale). Nokho, ngaphambi kokuba sixoxe ngalezi zinsumansumane zombili kuhle kesithi
qaphu-qaphu ngezindikimba esivame ukuhlangabezana nazo ezinsumansumaneni.
(i) Ubuhlakani bumelene nendluyamandla
Le ndikimba ivame kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaqili (trickster folktales).

Ezinsumansumaneni zesiZulu alikho iqili elingadlula uChakijana; uChakijana Bogcololo,
uMphephethi wezinduku zabafo. Kanti-ke bakhona noNanana boSelesele, owakha
endleleni ngabomu ngoba ethembe ubuqili nobungqongqoshe. Uma sesikhuluma
ngabathakathi bezindaba, izindlovu ezinkulu, oSondonzima; sesikhuluma ngamazimu.
Okuvamile ngale ndikimba ukuthi laba abasebenzisa amandla bavame ukuthi banqotshwe
yilaba abagabe ngobuqili abanganqotshwa kalula. (umfundi makazitholele izibonelo)
(ii) Ubuhlongandlebe nokungathembeki
Ngeso lomZulu umuntu ongalaleli noma ongathembekile kumele ekugcineni athole

isijeziso ngesenzo sakhe. Yingakho-ke sithola izinsumansumane eziningi kule ndikimba,
yingakho sithola amahlongandlebe nabangathembekile begcina bejezile. (umfundi
makaphinde azitholele izibonelo ezinembayo)
(iii) Isikhwele nomona
Lena yindikimba eyejwayelekile ezinsumansumaneni. Nakhona lapha imiphumela

yesikhwele nomona mibi. Imvamisa yabantu abanalezi zimpawu bagcina sebebulewe
kabuhlungu. Isibonelo, yinganekwane kaBuhlaluse-benkosi. (umfundi makazitholele
izibonelo)
(iv) Ubelelesi abukhokheli
Le ndikimba iyisifundo kulaba abayiziphulamthetho nabayizigebengu. Ibexwayisa

ngokuthi ubelelesi lobu abunamvuzo. Le nsumansumane kaBuhlaluse iyakuveza nakho
lokho. Ake sicwaninge izifundo esizithola kuyo.
Okokuqala sithola ukuthi umvuzo womona, isikhwele nowokwenza amacala ungukufa.

Phela izintombi lezi zazingabangi lutho noBuhlaluse. Zazimzondela ukuthi ungumntwana
wenkosi. Le nsumansumane iveza ukuthi umona ungavela kungonakele lutho, ubone
umuntu akuzonde kuze kugcine lapho ekuthathela isinqumo sokuthi ubulawe. UBuhlaluse
wayebulawelwa ukuthi uzalwa endlunkulu nje qha. Le nsumansumane iphinde futhi
isivezele ukuthi uma uyisiphulamthetho, uhambe wenza amacala, noma lawo macala
ungawenza ebumnyameni ungabonwa, kodwa ekugcineni azovela obala, akuhlazise
phambi kwabantu. Alikho iqili elazikhotha emhlane, zabanjwa kanjalo izintombi.
Zabanjwa ecaleni ezazilenze zicabanga ukuthi akukho noyedwa ufakazi oyozidalula.
Omunye umuntu angayitusa le nsumansumane ngobuciko exoxwa ngabo. Isifundo

kasibekiwe obala, oxoxelwayo uzitholela yena. Nokho indaba yonke iyaheha, idala ihuhwa
nentshisekelo enkulu ukuba abaxoxelwayo bafise ukwazi ukuthi kazi kuzophetha kanjani.
Uma isiphetho sesifikile sonke siyeneliswa indaba bese iphela. Inkosi ivezwa njengendoda
enobuchopho. Ayizithatheli phezulu izinto. Kungenzeka ukuthi yathukuthela yagana
unwabu lapho izwa ngokonakala kwamantombazane. Nokho ayivumelanga ulaka
ZUL2606/15

ukuba luyihlomekise, yenze izinto ingacabanganga. Yalihlela kahle isu ezojezisa ngalo
la mantombazana. Lokhu kuyikhuphulela kuvuthondaba le ndaba.
Ake sibuyele emuva kancane siyonichazela ngensumo nangenganeko-sisusa. NgesiZulu

sasingenawo umehluko phakathi kwensumo nezinye izinsumansumane. Nokho,
ngokwaphesheya, insumo inezimpawo zayo ezehlukile. Njengoba bekuchaziwe.
Okokuqala lena indatshana emfushane kodwa enesifundo. Uma sicabanga ngeqoqo
lezinsumo elaziwayo.
1.3.2 Izinhlobo Zephrozi ewubuciko

Uma sikhuluma ngephrozi ewubuciko asiqondile ukuthi izinganekwane zona kazinabo
ubuciko. Zinabo kakhulu kodwa okusemqoka kuzo ukuxoxa. Futhi okusemqoka indaba
ethile.
Le phrozi yobuciko–ke siyehlukanisa kathathu: izisho, izaga neziphicaphicwano.

Ake sidingide uhlobo ngalunye.
Izisho
Izisho ziwubuchwepheshe bokukhuluma njengoba sike sathinta. Lapha isikhulumi

siyakugigiyela akuqondile, sisebenzise izifenqo ukuze ulimi lwaso lujiye futhi lugcizelele
lokho esifuna ukukusho. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa izifenqo, izisho zithi kazifane nezaga
kodwa empeleni zehlukile. Ngeshwa elikhulu, izincwadi zesiZulu ezidingida izisho nezaga
ziyakuxuba lokhu, bese kuthi umehluko phakathi kwakho ungaze wagqama ngokucacile.
Izisho zihlukile ezageni ngoba phela zona ziyizigejane zamagama (phrases) aziyona imisho
egcwele. Njengokuthi uma kuthiwa: ukulala emanzini umlayezo ogcwele awukethulwa. Lesi
sisho yisigejana nje samagama kodwa akuwona umusho. Kanti isaga wumusho ophelele,
kanje: inxeba lendoda alihlekwa. Ukuzala ukuzelula. Ayikho impunga yehlathi, njalonjalo. Siphinde
sehluke futhi isisho ngoba nakhu sona sinesakhiwo esiguqukayo kuye ngenkathi yomusho
kanye futhi nomuntu okhulumayo noma okukhulunywa naye, noma okukhulunywa
ngaye. Asiphinde futhi sicacise ngezibonelo:
(i) Sihambe kabi ngoba sibafice behlezi emanzini kwamalume

(ii) Kanti wazini ngokuhlala emanzini ngoba uselusana nje.
(iii) Kubi kabi ukubambisa umuntu udonga
(iv) Lowo muntu wangibambisa udonga esho ukuthi uzofika azongakhisa indlu.
Siyabona-ke kulezi zibonelo ukuthi isisho esithi: ukuhlala emanzini, sinesimo noma
isakhiwo esiguqukayo. Kokunye sithi: behlezi emanzini, ngokuhlala emanzini, njalonjalo. Isaga,
njengalesi esithi: inxeba lendoda alihlekwa, sona sinesakhiwo esingaguquki, akukhathalekile
ukuthi kukhuluma umuntu oyedwa noma abaningi; noma umusho usenkathini yamanje
noma ezayo okanye inkathi edlule.
Izisho sizehlukanisa kabili: ngesakhiwo sazo (structure and form). Yilezo ezinesenzo
esilandelwa ngumenziwa. Isibonelo: ukuluma indlebe. Lapha isenzo ‘ukuluma’ silandelwa
umenziwa ‘indlebe’. Kanti uhlobo lwesibili lwezisho yilolo olunebizo elilandelwa
yisichasiso. Isibonelo: umnyama ongenafu.
Kuzo zonke lezi zibonelo ngiyethemba ukuthi niphawulile ukuthi le nkulumo iyagigiyela,
isebenzisa izifenqo. Ukuhlala emanzini kusho ukuba sosizini lokufelwa, akusho ukuthi
umuntu ubhadla emanzini ngempela. Kanjalo noma kuthiwa: USibanibani akazalanga wabola
6
amathumbu, akubhekiswanga kumuntu ukuthi ubole amathumbu ngempela kubhekiswe

ekutheni umntanakhe ongento yalutho emphakathini.
Izaga
Isaga inkulumo eqoqiwe, edle ngokushuba kolimi ngokusetshenziswa kwezifenqo, futhi

eyethula iqiniso. UGuma uzichaza kanje:
A proverb is a pithy sentence with a general bearing on life, it serves to express ‘some homely truth’ or
moral lesson in such an appropriate manner as to make one feel that no better words could have been
used to describe the particular situation. (Guma, 1967:65)
Izaga lezi singazehlukanisa imikhakha ngemikhakha, kuye ngendikimba ezibhekise

kuyo. Zikhona phela ezikhuluma ngokufa:
Ukufa kulinuku.
Isitsha esihle kasidleli.
Kudla fumuka kudle silaza.
Akummango ungenaliba, njalonjalo.
Zikhona futhi eziphawula ngomendo:
Ihlonipha nala ingeyukwendela khona.

Umendo wumkhuluma nsika.
Umendo kawuthunyelwa gundane, njalonjalo.
Zikhona futhi neziphawula ngobuthakathi, ukubonga, ukusongela, njalonjalo. (mfundi

zitholele ezakho izibonelo).
1.4 IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU

Lana asizukuzama ukuchaza izinkondlo zomdabu ngoba kazihlukile nobunkondlo
jikelele. Thatha leyo ncazelo oyaziyo yobunkondlo, nezimpawu ozaziyo uchaze ngazo
ubunkondlo jikelele. Okusho ukuthi nazo lezi zomdabu, zehlukile ebucikweni obuyiphrozi
ngenxa yesakhiwo sazo nokushuba kolimi lwazo olucebe kakhulu ngezifenqo.
1.4.1 Izinhlobo zezinkondlo zomdabu

Uhlobo lwezinkondlo zomdabu oluseqophelweni eliphezulu kakhulu izibongo. Izibongo
lezi singazehlukanisa kabili: kufike kube izibongo zomuntu, isilwane noma into
ethile. Bese kuba khona futhi lezo ezibonga uhlobo noma isizwe esinesibongo
esithile, lezo zibongo sizibiza ngokuthi yizithakazelo. Kulezi ezibonga umuntu
ngamunye sekuvame ukuba abantu bacabange ngezibongo zamakhosi. Yiphutha lelo.
Ngoba kungabongwa noma ubani noma yini. Wawuthola kwaZulu insizwa ibongela
izikhali zayo, ikakhulukazi iwisa, isagila, umkhonto, njalonjalo. Inkosi, uShaka, wayebonga
ngisho nemizi yakhe. Uthole abafana abelusayo bebonga inkunzi yakubo, unondlini
wakwabo, ngisho nenja yakhe.
Uhlobo lwesibili lwezinkondlo yizilandelo nemilolozelo. Sesingabala futhi izingoma

namahubo, nokho zona zihambisana nokusina ngakho angeke sisho ukuthi ziyizinkondlo
phaqa, kodwa zinazo izimpawu zobunkondlo. Lapha sicabanga ngamahubo amakhulu
esizwe ayeculwa ngemikhosi njengalapho kunemikhosi yokubekwa kwamakhosi
ezihlalweni, ukuthunwa kwenkosi uma ikhotheme, ukubuthwa kwamabutho ukuphuma
ZUL2606/17

izimpi, njalonjalo. Bese kuba khona amahubo abhekiswe kuMvelinqangi, kanti futhi
amanye ayebhekiselwa kwiNkosazana yezulu (uNomkhubulwane) owayehutshelwa
ngemikhosi kaNomdede, umkhosi kaNomkhubulwane.
Leli gama elithi inkondlo noma izinkondlo, lisuselwe engomeni yomuntu ngamunye.
Lena ingoma ayihaya sekukubi. Yilapho esenxusa into ethile noma amathongo akubo
ukuba amsingathe. Onke amakhosi akwaZulu ayenezinkondlo zawo okwakuthi uma
esezihuba kunyakaze izwe lonke. Intombi yayihuba inkondlo yayo esigcawini ngosuku
lomgcagco.
1.4.2 Izibongo zamakhosi

Uma kukhulunywa ngezibongo zamakhosi akwenzeki ukuthi ungakhulumi noma
ungaphawuli lutho ngembongi okuyiyona eqopha lezo zibongo. Ezikhathini zasemandulo
yileyo naleyo nkosi yayiba nezimbongi zayo eziyithophayo. Njengoba inkosi yayiba nemizi
eminingi, kwakuba khona imbongi etholakala emzini ngamunye eyayibonga inkosi
uma ihambele kolowo muzi. Bese futhi kuba khona imbongi enkulu eyayihamba nayo
inkosi, ukuze izoqopha konke okwenziwe inkosi. Yayihluke kakhulu imbongi, ngisho
nangemvunulo yayo yayihluke kakhulu, yayikhanga futhi iyinika isithunzi. Yayihlonishwa
ngoba yayikwazi ukuyibeka into ngembaba. Yayingumlomo wesizwe. Kwakuthi uma
isizwe sikhononda ngokwenziwa yinkosi, imbongi yayikuqopha njengoba kunjalo bese
ikufaka ezibongweni zenkosi. Konke lokho kwakungasizi isizwe kuphela, kwakubuye
kusize inkosi ukuthi izibone uma isishayisa noma yenza kahle. Imbongi kwakumele
ibonise ubugagu obukhulu, kuthi noma inhliziyiyo yenkosi igaya izibozi ikwazi ukuyibeka
esimweni esihle. Kuthi lapho isihashwa yimbongi eyigagu izwe isihlambuluka.
1.4.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwezibongo

Masicacise ingxoxo yethu ngokuhluza izibongo zenkosi ethile. Lana sizo-ke sibhekise
ezibongweni zamakhosi athile, bese kuthi kamuva sibhekise kabanzana kwezenkosi
uShaka, ILembe eleqa amanye amalembe ngokukhalipha. Ngaphambi kokuba siqale
ake sibheke lo mbuzo othi: Zimpawu zini ezitholakala ezibongweni esingazithatha
ngokuthi ziyindikimba yezibongo na? Cishe zintathu lezo zimpawu.
Okuqala:
Ezibongweni sithola ukutusa nokuphakamisa. Obongwayo ufaniswa nazo zonke izinto,

ezitusekayo, ezesabekayo, ezizomakhela isithunzi nogazi nokuhlonipheka. Yingakho
izibongo zibuye zifaniswe nohlobo lwenkondlo esithi yi-Eulog y.
Okwesibili:
Ukuthi izibongo zibuye zisitshele kabanzana ngobunjalo nangokubukeka kwalowo

obongwayo. Imbongi ayikhohlwa ukubalula lezi zimpawu ezigqamile ngaye. Masikubeke
kucace ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngento egqamile sisuke sikhulumela ephuzwini lokuthi
libe nomphumela othile emlandweni. Njengenkosi uShaka, imbongi yabona kunesidingo
ukuthi iphawule ukuthi wayengafuni ukwelulekwa. Kwathi kuSenzangakhona imbongi
yaphawula ukuthi wayemuhle. Kanti ezibongweni zenkosi uDingane imbongi isivezela
ngobunyoka bakhe, njengoba ithi:
Inzima ewukwena koMkhumbane

Khona kwena kungafakwa lunyawo
8
Lapho imbongi imqhathanisa noShaka, njengoba ebeka ukuthi wayezamukela izeluleko.

Njengoba ethi:
Imbuzi kaDambuza benoNdlela

Abayibambe ngendlebe yabekezela
AyinjengekaMdlaka, ngaseNtshobozeni
Yen’ayibambe ngendlebe
Yadabula yaqed’ amadoda.
Lokhu kuphawula kabanzi ngobunjalo balowo obongwayo kwenza ukuba izibongo lezi
ziphinde zifaniswe nohlobo lwezinkondlo esilibiza ngokuthi yi-Ode.
Okwesithathu:
Ezibongweni siphinda sithole ukwelulekwa noma sithole ulwazi ngomlando. Ngoba

sithola okuningi ngokwenzeka ngesikhathi inkosi ebongwayo ibusa. Siphinde sithole
ngendlela ahlulwa noma anqoba ngazo izimpi. Sitshelwe ngesimo ayebusa phansi kwaso,
njengokuthi kwakukhona abantu ababecabanga ukuthi uShaka akasoze alibuse:
UTeku lwabafazi bakwaNomgabhi,

Betekula behlezi emlovini,
Beth’ uShaka kayikubusa kayikubankosi,
Kanti kunyakan’ ezakunethezeka.
Ngenxa yokugxila kwezibongo emlandweni, siphinda futhi sizifanise nohlobo

lwezinkondlo ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-epic.
Lana ngenhla besidingida indikimba yezinkondlo, esikuphawulile ukuthi kuyiqiniso uma

sibheka ezibongweni zamakhosi. Kodwa, angeke sisho ukuthi kunjalo, sizothola zonke
lezi zimpawu uma sikhuluma ngezibongo zezinye izinto, njengemizi, izikhali, izilwane
nokunye. Wena njengomhluzi kumele ugxile kakhulu ezimpawini zobunkondlo. Ake
sithi qaphu qaphu kuzo.
Okokuqala:
Izindima ziyatholakala nakhona lapha ezibongweni. Imvamisa kuba ukuthi leyo naleyo
ndima idingida isihloko esisodwa. Lezi zindima zingamadluladlulane, kuya ngokuthi
imbongi ifuna ukwethulani kuleso sihlokwana. Ezibongweni zeLembe, siyabubona
ubuciko bembongi njengoba ikwaze ukuhlela izindima ezicishe zilingane. Sithola ukuthi
ezibongweni zakhe uShaka kuvame ukuba indima ibe nemigqa emine.
Okwesibili:
Esikuphawulayo ukusetshenziswa kwamagama. Kusetshenziswa amagama aqinile

okungavamanga ukuthi asetshenziswe. Kanjalo njena lawo magama abuye abhekise
ezigamekweni ezithile, nazo ezenzeka kudala. Ezinye zifuna umcwaningi ojulayo
ngaphambi kokuba incazelo yazo ivele obala. Kanti-ke ezinye ziba nezingathekiso
ezisobala, njengoba sithola ezibongweni zikaShaka:
UyiSilo! UyiNgwe! UyiNgonyama!

UyiNdlondlo! UyiNdlovu!
Inkosi, uDingiswayo ibongwa kuthiwe:
Izulu Lidume futhi Gwabi kaNdaba.
ZUL2606/19

Nokho esizogcina ngakho mayelana nokukhethwa kolimi ezibongweni ngamagama

angamabizombaxa. Ngesinye isikhathi uthola umusho wonke ube yigama elilodwa
eliyibizongxube noma ibizombaxa. Nazi izibonelo:
ULanga-phum-endlebeni-yendlovu
(Cetshwayo)
UCala-lathethwa-ngemikhonto-kwaMalandela
(Dinizulu)
Mayelana nesakhiwo sesingaphawula ngokuphindaphinda. Kokunye kuphindwe uhlamvu

noma ilunga, bese sikhuluma ngefanamsindo:
Isidlukula’dlwedlwe,
Uhlany’ olusemehlweni’ amadoda
Lapha kuphindaphindwe o-dl- nabo-hl-. Le migqa icaphunwe ezibongeni zenkosi uShaka.

Kwezenkosi uMpande, khona sithola ukuphindaphindwa kwegama eliphelele. Lokho
sikubiza ngokuthi ukuxhumana (Linking). Kule miqga esiyicaphunile kuphindwe igama
lonke ngasekuqaleni kwalowo nalowo mugqa, esingakuchaza ngokuthi ukuxhumana-
ngqo okusekuqaleni.
Wathi ihlathi lokuphephela

Wathi linjengelaseDlokweni,
Wathi lingubaba, lingumama,
Wathi linguNongogo.
Kokunye indima ingahle ivunule kakhulu, ibe nokuxhumana siqalo maphakathi

nesiphetho. Lokho siyakuthola ezibongweni zenkosi, uDinizulu, lapho sithola khona
ukuxhumana siqalo nesiphetho, ngalendlela:
Wamshaya phans’ uMcwasimbana kamaphitha;

Wamshaya phans’ uXukwana kaMaphitha;
Wamshaya phans’ uNdlovu kaMaphitha;
Wamshaya phans’ u…
Bese siba nokuxhumana okweqanayo (alternate linking), bheka le ndima esiyicaphune

ezibongweni zikaCetshwayo:
Wadl’ uMantantashiya obezalwa wuMpande,

Amakhubal’ adliwa wuyena kwabakwaMpande
Wadl’ uSomklawana obezalwa wuMpande
Amakhubal’ adliwa wuCetshwayo kwabakaMpande
Wadl’ uMdomba obezalwa wuMpande
Amakhubal’ adliwa wuyena kwabakaMpande
Wadl’ uDabulesinye obezalwa wuMpande
Amakhubal’ adliwa wuCetshwayo kwabakaMpande
Kuningi kakhulu ukuceba ongakuthola uma ubhekisisa kahle ukuhlaziya noma

ukuhlaziywa kwezinkondlo zomdabu, okwamanje sibeka amabalengwe nje. Ake sibheke
manje izibongo zeLembe njengoba sike sachaza ekuqaleni. Lezi zibongo zinde kakhulu.
Kulezi ezaqoqwa uJames zashicilelwa ebhukwini likaCope, elithi: izibongo, kutholakala
ubude bazo ukuthi zifika emigqeni engama-450. Kuleyo migqa kuzocaphunwa engama-29
kuphela:
10
(1) UTeku lwabafazi bakwaNomgabhi,

Betekula behlez’ emlovini,
Beth’ uShaka kakubusa kakuba nkosi,
Kant’ unyakan’ uShaka ezakunethezeka.
(2) Inkom’ ekhal’ eMthonjaneni,

Izizwe zonke ziyizwil’ ukulila,
Izwiwe uDunjwa waseluYengweni,
Yezwiwa uMangcengeza wakwaKhali.
(3) UMlilo wothathe kaMjokwane;

UMlilo wothathe ubuhanguhangu,
Oshis’ izikhova eziseDlebe,
Kwaya kwasha neziseMabedlana.
(4) Odabule kuNdima noMgovu,

Abafaz’ abanendeni baphuluza;
Imikhubulo bayishiy’ izinqindi,
Imbewu bayishiy’ emahlangeni
Izalukazi zasala emanxiweni,
Amaxhegu asala emizileni,
Iziqu zemithi zabheka phezulu
(5) Odabule kuBuzane phezulu,

Wakhethelwa udwendwe lwamaza,
Wadlula kuMcombo zigoduka.
(6) Ondlela bazibuza kuDunjwa,

Kanti angabazibuza kuMbozane,
Yen’ aphang’ ukuya kuNomagaga,
Lafik’ iqhude lamvimbela.
(7) Ozulu lizayo: khwezan’ abantwana,

Ngabadala bodwa abazozibalekela
UDunjwa yedwa limkhandanisile.
Lezi zibongo zithinta njengoba sekuphawuliwe ngaphambidlana umlando weLembe.

Zisitshela kabanzana ngendlela abantu ababengalindele ngayo ukuthi abe yinkosi uShaka.
Nendlela athatha ngayo ubukhosi, nanqoba ngayo izizwe eziningi zaseBunguni.
Okusihlaba umxhwele kakhulu indlela izindima zokuqala ezintathu ezibumbene ngayo.

Umugqa wokuqala ufike wethula ingqikithi yendikimba. Yase ikhuliswa le ndikimba
emgqeni wesibili nowesithathu. Yase iphethwa leyo ngqikithi emgqeni wesine. Kanti-ke
isiphetho endimeni yokuqala neyesithupha siyingwijikhwebu yalokho ebesingakulindele.
Ezindimeni yesi-2, yesi-3 neyesi-7 sithola izingathekiso ezejwayelekile futhi ezibongweni-

izingathekiso zenkomo, umlilo nezulu. Bese sithola ifanamsindo endimeni yesi-2,
umugqa wesi-2, nasendimeni yesi-3, umugqa wesi-3. Emigqeni emibili yokugcina
endimeni yesi-2 nasendimeni yesi-3 futhi nasemgqeni wesithathu nowesine endimeni
yesi-4, sithola impindamqondo.
Uma sibheka ukugxila endikimbeni, sithola indima yesi-3 ikhuluma ngomlilo. Lesi
singathekiso somlilo sisetshenziswe kahle, ngoba sithola imbongi isitshela ngomlilo
wothathe osha ubuhanguhangu. Ngokusho kwembongi ukuthi umlilo obuhanguhangu
ZUL2606/111

kubonisa kahle ukuthi lona umlilo okungamele kudlalelwe kuwo. Abantu kwakumele
bawubalekele, kodwa-ke izikhova zaseDlebe nezaseMabedlane zona kazibalekanga, zema
nje zakhova waze wazifica umlilo wazishabalalisa. Yaphinda futhi imbongi yasibonisa
ukujula komqondo wayo, lapho isisebenzisa uthathe, okuwuhlobo lotshani obuvutha
ubulangulangu. Kulobu tshani umlilo kawuhambi uyabhebhetheka. Okusho kahle
ukuthi uShaka wazinqoba kalula izitha zakhe. Imbongi isebenzisa ubunkondlo futhi
lapho isebenzisa ifuzamsindo (onomatopoeia) u “h” egameni elithi: ubuhanguhangu, ngoba
lomsindo wo-“h” ufuze umlilo ohangulayo. Lokhu kubonisa indlela amabutho kaShaka
ahlasela ngayo ngoba asebenzisa isihluku. Lokhu kusibonisa ubugagu bembongi ukuthi
wayengumuntu ojulile.
1.5 IZITHAKAZELO
Empeleni isithakazelo lesi yigama likakhokho othile ohlotsheni lolo. Lokho kwenza
isithakazelo sifane nesibongo. Phela isibongo naso yigama lomuntu. Pho umehluko
ukuphi? Umehluko uya ngobudala balaba bantu. Isibongo yigama lenzalabantu.
Ukhulukhulu okunguyena othathwa njengowokuqala ohlotsheni oluthile. Imvama kuncane
kakhulu okwaziwa ngaye. Singasho-ke sithi uNene, uMchunu, uMkhize, uHadebe,
njalonjalo, kuncane kakhulu esikwaziyo ngabo kodwa uma sesicabanga ngoMacingwane,
abakwaMchunu bangakutshela ukuthi lowo kwabe kuyinkosi yakhona edumile.
Bangafakaza futhi ukuthi lowo kwabe kuyinkosi yakhona edumile. Bangafakaza futhi
abakwaMkhize ukuthi ayikho inkosi yaseMbo eyaduma njengoKhabazela kaMavovo
owayebusa ngesikhathi senkosi uShaka, kanjalo futhi nabakwaHadebe bayazi ukuthi
ayikho inkosi yamaHlubi eyaduma ukwedlula uBhungane.
Lokho kwenza ukuba isithakazelo kwabanye abantu sithi ukubaluleka kunesibongo.

Kusobala-ke ukuthi owakwaMchunu angakwethulela isigqoko uma umhashe uthi:
“Macingwane”. Kanjalo nowakwaMkhize, nxa uthe: “Khabazela kaMavovo kaGubhela”.
Kanjalo futhi nowakwaHadebe, nxa uthe: “Bhungane.” Ujatshuliswa wukuthi
umhlanganise namaqhawe amakhulu ake abusa isizwe sakubo.
Ngokunjalo-ke isithakazelo sikhombisa ukumhlonipha lowo othakazelwayo. Siyindlela

yokumenwaya, ezwe ekitazeka kangangoba kungalula ukuba uthole noma yini ongahle
uyidinge kuye. Nokho ubunkondlo bona bungena ngaphi.
1.5.1 Izithakazelo Nobunkondlo

Isithakazelo sisodwa kasinabo ubunkondlo. Nokho isithakazelo sivame ukuba nengxoxo
ethile elandelayo, echasisa kabanzi ngalowo okuthakazelwa ngaye. Le ngxoxo ingahle ibe
wumlando oqondene naye, kokunye ibe wumlando wesizwe sakubo. Imvamisa kuchazwa
ubuntu nobunjalo bohlobo lolo oluthakazelwayo. Asilinganise ngabakwaQwabe,
abathakazelwa kuthiwe:
Mnguni kaYeyeye
Abathi bedla
Umuntu bebe bemyenga ngendaba,
Bethi: ‘Dluya yapha kubeyethwe!”
Kanti bahlinza imbuzi,
Bathi: ‘Umyobokazi ubeyethe kabuhlungu,
Sidingida yoyodaba.’
12
Lapha sekuyacaca ukuthi abakwaQwabe ngabeNguni. Kakade ngabakaMalandela laba.

Sekuyavela futhi ukuthi bayancishana, ngoba uma ungahle ukhuleke behlabe imbuzi
bayokuxosha ngelokuthi kakungenwa ngoba umlobokazi ubelethe. Kuningi okunye
okuvezwa yizithakazelo kepha kasiqondene nakho lapha, siqondene nobunkondlo.
Nangempela buyavela ubunkondlo kule migqana engenhla. Nanxa kungebunkondlo

obujulile kepha isakhiwo sinakho ukuphindaphinda esikuphawule ezibongweni. Kwande
ikakhulu ukuxhumanisa okweqanayo kwasekuqaleni kanye nofanamsindo. Phela imigqa
eyeqanayo iqala kanje: Abathi, Bethi, Bathi, Umugqa unefanamsindo odalwa ngo-
e-e kanti umugqa wesi-4 unefanamsindo odalwa ngo-ya-no-ye-, njalonjalo. Okunye
esikuphawulayo ngale migqana engenhla wukuthi yakha indima. Yonke iqukethe
ubunjalo babantu bakwaQwabe. Ziningi ezinye izibonelo ezifana nalesi. Ake sithathe
isithakazelo sakwaMiya. Bona bathakazela bathi:
SingabakwaSidinane,
Ngokudina abaLandakazi,
Ngob’uSidinane wayehlab’inkomo yemithi,
Ethi inkomo kayemithi,
Umuntu kuphela omithayo,
(Mzolo, 1977:106-107)
Lapha sithi sixoxelwa indaba ethile ngoSidinane (okuyingqikithi yendima), sibe futhi
sithokoziswa wukuxhumanisa. Phela sithola ukuxhumanisa okuyinxemu (oblique linking),
lapho kuphindaphindwa khona u-dina-, emigqeni emithathu yokuqala, kanti kwemithathu
yokugcina ukuphindaphinda u-mith- kusinikeza ukuxhumana-ngqo okusekugcineni.
Kumele sikhumbule ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngobunkondlo sisuka singabhekile

isakhiwo kuphela, kodwa sisuke sibheke isakhiwo kanye nolimi oluhlobe ngezifenqo.
Ake sibheke izithakazelo zakwaSibiya ezithi: “USibiya ngenkomo abafokazana bona
bebiya ngamahlahla.” Ngabe babiya ngenkomo ngempela? Cha, ungabiya uthini
ngenkomo? Inkomo isetshenziswe njengesingathekiso. Okuqondwe yisithakazelo
wukuthi bafuye kakhulu abantu bakwaSibiya. Awubheke lapho sichazelwa ngokuthi
abantu bakwaMkhwanazi banolaka. Lokhu kubekwe ngobuciko obukhulu kakhulu
ngokusebenzisa isingathekiso sesikhuni esivutha umlilo:
Sikhuni sebunga
Esivuthe izindawana zonkana,
Savutha ngemuva,
Savutha ngaphambili.
(Mzolo, 1977:102)
Usuyazibonela-ke nawe ukuthi alufakwa kulaba bantu, lubuya nodaka ngempela.

Usungazibhekela isahluko sesi-6 encwadini Udondolo ukuze uthole ezinye izibonelo
zezithakazelo.
1.6 ELOKUPHETHA
UMSEBENZI WOKUHLOLA ULWAZI

(1) Ake usinike insumo enendikimba ebonisa ukuthi ubuhlakani bumelene nendluyamandla
(2) Ake usinike insumo enendikimba ebonisa ukuthi ubuhlongandlebe nokungathembeki
bunomphumela wakho
ZUL2606/113

UHLA LWEZINCWADI
Bascom, W. 1965. “Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives”. Journal of American Folklore.
Vol. 78.No. 307
Cope, T. 1968. Izibongo. London: Oxford University Press.
Guma, S. M. 1967. The Form, Content and Technique of Traditional Literature in Southern Sotho.
Pretoria: JL Van Schaik
Jason, H. 1977. Ethnopoetry. Bonn: Linguistica Biblica.
Msimang, C. T. 1983. Folklore Influence on the Zulu Novel. Pretoria: Acacia
Mahonga, L., Masubelele, R., Molefe, L., Mollema, N. And Ntuli DB. 1995. Only study
Guide for Zul203-S. Pretoria: UNISA
Mkhize, Z. 2017. Ikhanzi: Incwadi yesiZulu Yobuciko Bomlomo. Cape Town: Cambridge
University Press
Mzolo, D. M. 1977. A Study of Nguni Clan Praises in Natal and Zululand. Unpublished M. A.
Dissertation, Durban: University of Natal
14
2 IZINKONDLO ZESIMANJE
Inhloso yale ngxenye ukufundisa abafundi ikhono lokuhluza izinkondlo:
• Uma usuqede ukufunda le yunithi kumele ukwazi ukwenza lokhu okulandelayo:

• ukwazi ukubona izinkondlo zesimanje ngokwesakhiwo.
• ukwehlukanisa izinkondlo zomdabu nezinkondlo zesimanje ngokwesakhiwo.
• ukwazi ukuhluza inkondlo ngokulandela imigomo ngokwesakhiwo.
• Ukwazi ukutshengisa ubudlelwano phakathi kwemibhalo nempilo yamanje.
2.1 ‌ISINGENISO
Kulesi sahluko sizothinta izihlokwana ezizokusiza ukuba ukwazi ukuthi ibonakala
ngaziphi izimpawu inkondlo yesimanje. Uzokwazi nokwehlukanisa izinhlobo zezinkondlo
(njengamalirikhi, ama-ephiki, amasonethi, inkondlo eyisililo, njalonjalo). Lokhu
kuzokuhlomisa ukuba ukwazi ukuyihluza inkondlo. Usungaze ukwazi nokuziqambela
eyakho inkondlo nokuyihaya ngendlela uma kudingeka. Kusobala-ke ukuthi ngokwenza
lesi sifundo nawe uzophonsa itshe esivivaneni sokuthuthuka kwezinkondlo zesiZulu.
2.2 ‌BUYINI UBUNKONDLO?

Inkondlo ingumsebenzi wobuciko njenganoma yimuphi umsebenzi wobuciko
njengephrozi. Iphrozi inemigqa ebhalwa kuze kuyofika ekugcineni kwephepha. Lokhu
kuzochazwa kabanzi esahlukweni esilandelayo. Kanti imigqa yenkondlo ayifiki ekugcineni
kwephepha, ihamba iphelele maphakathi nephepha. Umehluko ebunkondlweni ukuthi
bona budle ngokusetshenziswa kolimi ngendlela eqinile. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi
inkondlo isebenzisa amagama angajwayelekile enkulumeni yansukuzonke. Kuphinde
kube ukusetshenziswa kwamazwi agigiyelayo angakhulumi uqonde ngqo. Yingakho nje
lokho okukhulunywa ngakho kube sekugqanyiswa kakhulu imifanekisomqondo. Isakhiwo
senkondlo isona esiletha umehluko wenkondlo kweminye imisebenzi yobuciko. Inkondlo
ilingisela indaba ende ngendlela enqamulelayo ngenxa yesakhiwo esixakayo kepha ibe
inencazelo ethile. Imbongi isuke inomqondo othile ewuveza ngokubhala inkondlo.
Yingakho nje umfundi kudingeka ukuba afunde inkondlo ukuze afinyelele emqondweni
wembongi (Maphumulo 1991:62). Ukufunda kwakhe inkondlo yikhona okumvezela lokho
okwakusemqondweni wembongi ngenkathi ibhala inkondlo. Ukuxhumana kwabantu
nokuguquguquka kwempilo, konke lokho kungumcebo empilweni nasosibeni lwembongi.
ZUL2606/115

Lapha sifisa ukuphawula amaphuzu ambalwa abalulekile uma kuhluzwa inkondlo. Sithi
lawa maphuzu abalulekile ngoba sikholwa ukuthi uma imbongi iwasebenzise kahle,
ingasizakala kakhulu emzamweni wayo wokusipha inkondlo esezingeni elicokeme.
Yingakho nje kuleli banga esikulona kukuningi okufanele sikubheke lapho sihluza
inkondlo.
2.3 ‌IZINHLOBO ZEZINKONDLO

Kuyakhanya ukuthi izinkondlo zingehlukaniswa ngezinhlobo zazo. Lezi zinhlobo
zingazinza esakhiweni noma engqikithini eziyidingidayo. Kumqoka ukuba iso lomhluzi
likhonze ngokuziguduza zonke lezi zinhlobo zezinkondlo uma icwaninga ngobunkondlo
enkondlweni. Lapha ngezansi uKhumalo (1995:70-73) uzihlela izinkondlo ngokwehlukana
ngokwezinhlobo zazo.
2.3.1 ‌Ezomzwangedwa (amalirikhi)

Uma sithi lena inkondlo yoMzwangedwa, kuchaza ukuthi wuhlobo oluthinta imizwa
yembongi ngalokho ekudingidayo. Yinkondlo ebalisayo ngesigigaba esihaqe nesisibekele
imbongi uqobo. Lapha imbongi ayivami ukuxoxa indaba kepha yeneka imizwa enzulu
futhi ibunjwe ngezindlela ezehlukahlukene. Enye yazo isonethi. Lokhu kuyalikhuphula
izinga lenkondlo libe phezulu kakhulu ngenxa yokuthi iphalaza ulaka novo lwayo
olungemuncu noma olumtoti. Ngamafuphi, lena yimvove (umnkantsha) yengaphakathi
lembongi elivovekele oqwembeni njengoba linjalo.
2.3.2 ‌Ezesililo (ama-eleji)

Wuhlobo lwenkondlo lolu lapho imbongi iphimisela khona imizwa yayo ngokufa. Lokhu
ikwenza okhalweni lwezinhlungu zokwelekwa yifu elimnyama, ngokuthi imbongi
iyabalisa, iyadabuka ngesehlo ukuba lowo oyizwayo ancindisane nayo ukuze ibhodle.
2.3.3 ‌Ezenkolo
Lolu uhlobo oluyingqikithi yalo izinze enkolweni jikelele. Imbongi ingaveza imizwa
nemicabango yayo kuMvelingqangi noma ngoMvelingqangi ngqo ngenye iNkolo encike
kuyo.
2.3.4 ‌Ezokuqondisa (Amasathaya)

Wuhlobo lolu lapho imbongi izwakalisa khona imizwa yayo ngenhloso yokunqanda,
ukuqondisa nokudonsa ngendlebe kodwa ngendlela yamahlaya. Lolu hlobo luyeluleka
ukuba lowo noma labo abenza okuphambene banqandeke ukuze kwande ukuthula,
inhlalakahle nobulungiswa. Lolu hlobo lwezinkondlo luhle ngoba lukhuthaza izenzo
ezinhle. Ngamafuphi lugxeka ngokwakhayo kulabo abenza okuhle ngenhloso yokuba
bathuthuke njalo.
2.3.5 ‌Ezilandayo
Lolu hlobo lugxile kakhulu ekubumbeni indaba ende eyake yenzeka noma eyifa
lemicabango. Le ndaba ingagxila esehlakalweni esake sehlakala noma kube ngesiqutshulwa
16
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO 2: Izinkondlo zesimanje
lusikisiki nosinga engqondweni yembongi. Isakhiwo sayo singaba nesiqalo, indikimba

nesiphetho. Yize ilanda kepha izinze esakhiweni esimgqumo waso umathe nolimi
nokunkondloza.
2.3.6 ‌Inkondlomlando (ama-Ephikhi)

Lulo uhlobo oluqhakambisa ubuqhawe, ngoba lweluka izehlakalo zesihlabani esithile
emlandweni. Kokunye kungaba yisehlakalo seqhawe elingakaze liphile emhlabeni kodwa
imbongi izihlanganise kahle izigigaba ngokulawulwa zinyandezulu.
2.3.7 ‌Ezisambhinqo
Lolu uhlobo lwezinkondlo ezifaka ukubhinqa ngokugxeka izenzo ezimbi ezenziwa
umphakathi. Umuntu obhala lezi zinkondlo ufana nomlawuli wokulunga kanye
nokukhulunywa kweqiniso, mayelana nokwenziwa kwezinto ezilungile kanye nokutusa
okuhle. Ungumuntu olungisa amaphutha omphakathi futhi abuye awagxeke ngokwakha.
Lolu hlobo lwenkondlo luyizwi lokusola nokuveza intukuthelo kulokho okungahambisani
nomphakathi. Kulolu hlobo lwezinkondlo imbongi isuke ihlaba ihlikiza imikhuba
emibi eyenziwa ngabantu, njengobululwane nobuphukuphuku. Kukho konke okubi
abantu abakwenzayo imbongi ikubukela phansi ngenhloso yokugqugquzela ukuba
abantu baphenduke kukho. Imvamisa, lolu hlobo lwezinkondlo lusuke luqondiswe
emicabangweni ethile, ezinhlanganweni ezithile kanye nakuhulumeni imbala. Akuvamile
ukuba luqondiswe kubantu abathile (Maphumulo 1993:72).
2.3.8 ‌Amasonethi
Lolu uhlobo lwezinkondlo ezinemigqa eyishumi nane. Ingqikithi yayo yayingeyothando
ngokwabasunguli bayo amaNtaliyane nozakwabo amaNgisi. Ngenxa yalokho nje,
kukhona amasonethi aziwa ngokuthi ngawesiNtaliyane nalawo aziwa ngokuthi
ngawesiNgisi. Lolu hlobo luhlabahlose ngesigqi sekhethelo, ubunyoningco nobuciko
bokuhlanganiswa kwamavesi kanye nemvumelwanosigcino. KwaboMdabu lolu hlobo
lwakhiwa ngenani lemigqa yamavesi nesigqi. Lungamumatha noma iyiphi ingqikithi,
inkani nje uma imigqa iyishumi nane.
2.4 ‌ISAKHIWO SENKONDLO

Lona ngumhlobiso noma yimvunulo yenkondlo, omunye angathi yingubo yenkondlo
noma yisimo senkondlo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi yingaphandle lenkondlo noma yilokho
okubonakala ngeso lenyama lapho uwubuka nje umsebenzi wobuciko benkondlo ukuthi
uhleleke kanjani. Kuphinde kube nengaphakathi lenkondlo elidinga iso lengqondo
ukukhipha lokho okusethenziswe yimbongi nekhuluma ngakho.
2.4.1 ‌Ukuhloba kwesakhiwo sangaphandle

Isakhiwo sangaphandle singahloba ngezimpawu eziningi ngenhloso yokuncenga iso
lomfundi kanye nemizwa yomlaleli lapho ihaywa inkondlo. Yilelo nalelo luphawu
lubalulekile, futhi kunezizathu ezisetshenziselwa zona. Ngakho-ke kumele umhluzi
akwazi ukukhipha lezi zimpawu abuye ahlolisise izinhloso zokusetshenziswa kwazo.
Lapha kulindeleke ukuba umfundi aphefumule ngokuthi zisetshenziswe kahle noma
kabi yini lezi zimpawu, aveze izizathu zokusekela akubonayo.
ZUL2606/117

2.4.2 ‌Isihloko senkondlo

Isihloko siwuphawu lokuqala okuqalwa ngalo enkondlweni uma ihluzwa futhi yiso
okuqanjwa ngaso inkondlo. Isihloko sisinika umqondo wokuthi inkondlo izobe ikhuluma
ngani. Umbuzo obalulekile okufanele umfundi azibuze wona ngowokuthi: Esinjani
isihloko senkondlo esihle? Isihloko esihle imvamisa siba sifushane, sihehe, sakhe
ilukuluku lokulangazelela ukwazi. Umuntu asithi nhla kanye qede simthathe, afise
ukuzizwela mathupha ukuthi inkondlo iquketheni. Kakufanele simdide kakhulu isihloko
umfundi, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuba imbongi isikhethe ngobuciko isihloko sayo.
Ingase ilusebenzise ulimi oluqinaqinile ekuqambeni isihloko kodwa kubalulekile ukuba
sizwakale, sicace zisuka nje. Kakukuhle ukuba isihloko sibe yinkulumo nje evamile,
engenabuciko bokunkondloza.
Isihloko kufanele sihambisane nenkondlo. Ngamanye amazwi lokho okushiwo yisihloko

makutholakale nasenkondlweni. Ezinye izimbongi ziye zikhethe isihloko ‘esizomdida’
umfundi, acabange ukuthi inkondlo ikhuluma ngento ethile kanti kakunjalo, imbongi
izisholo okuthile nje. Nanxa kunjalo kufanele kube khona ukuhambisana phakathi
kwesihloko nenkondlo yonke. Ngokwesibonelo imbongi ingase ikhethe isihloko esithi
“Amanzi AseNtshonalanga”, sithi uma sesiyifunda inkondlo sithole ukuthi imbongi
kayikhulumi ngamanzi amponjwana lawa ajwayelekile, kunalokho ikhuluma ngemfundo,
ukuthi nje enkondlweni yayo ifanisa imfundo namanzi amahle, atholwa kanzima ngoba
kugeza laba abazimisele, ayasimamisa ngenxa yokuthi abageza kuwo abahlalwa mpukane
bagqoka kahle bayaconsa.
Nazi izibonelo zezihloko zezinkondlo: Kwelamanqamu, Isigcino, Muphe ithuba, Sekusile,

Isoka laKwaZulu, Kohlala kunje, Umunyu Nosizi.
2.5 ‌IMIGQA
Inkondlo ibhalwa ibe nemigqa. Ukuhleleka kwemigqa yikhona okwenza umehluko
phakathi kwenkondlo nendaba ebhalwe ngephrozi, ngoba indaba ibhalwa kusetshenziswe
imisho ehlanganiswa ngezihlanganiso. Kanti imigqa yenkondlo ayizisebenzisi
izinhlanganiso ngoba ayiyona imisho. Imigqa yenkondlo yakhiwa ngamagama ambalwa
akhethekile okungamagama angavamile ukusetshenziswa enkulumeni ejwayelekile noma
yansuku zonke. Yingakho nje umthetho omkhulu wokulotshwa kwezinkondlo ugcizelela
ukongiwa kwamagama (Ntuli 1991:31). Bese ekhethwa amagama ngendlela enobunono
bekati obembethe ukunkondloza. Imbongi ewulandele kahle lo mthetho ibonakala
ngokusebenzisa amagama ambalwa kakhulu emgqeni. Lokhu kwenza imbongi iwonge
amagama nanokuthi ingawasebenzisi noma kanjani. Imicabango yembongi ibekwa
ngamafuphi. Yingakho nje umugqa uba namagama angeqile kwayisihlanu.
Yingakho nje ukuhlelwa kwemigqa yenkondlo kwenziwa ngokuthi kushiywe isikhala

ekuqaleni nasekugcineni kwekhasi okulotshwe kulo. Umugqa nomugqa ubhalwa
ngaphansi komunye ulingane noma ucishe ulingane nomugqa olandelayo ngenxa yenani
lamagama asetshenzisiwe. Lesi sakhiwo yisona esenza ukuthi umsebenzi ubonakale
zisuka nje ukuthi uyinkondlo awuyona indaba.
Imigqa ingalingana esigabeni iphinde ishiyane futhi ngobude. Kuvame ukuba umugqa
wakhiwe ube nomqondo ophelele. Umugqa uba nomqondo ophelele ngokuba ube
nokhefana noma ungqi ekugcineni. Kuyenzeka kwesinye isikhathi amagama afinyezwe
ukuze avumelane nomugqa. Imigqa yehlukaniswa ngokuvuleka nokuvaleka ngenxa
yezimpawu zokuphumula ezifakwa ekugcineni. Yingakho nje umugqa ovulekile ungenalo
uphawu lokuphumula ekugcineni wona awunawo umqondo ophelele. Umqondo uze
18
uthole ukuphelela emgqeni ongezansi lapho sekufakwe khona uphawu lokuphumula.

Kanti umugqa ovalekile unophawu lokuphumula olufakwe ekugcineni wona umqondo
uphelela kuwo nje umugqa awudluleli kumugqa ongezansi noma olandelayo. Ukuvuleka
nokuvaleka kwemigqa yenkondlo kulawulwa indikimba yenkondlo okugcina sekuthinta
ukugeleza nokungagelezi lapho inkondlo ihaywa.
2.6 IZINDIMA
Isitanza noma indima yisigatshana esibunjwe imigqa esibonakala kalula ngezikhala
ezishiywe njalo ekupheleni kwazo. Izitanza yizo ezehlukanisa inkondlo ngokwamaphuzu
noma imiqondo imbongi esuke ikhuluma ngawo. Ngamanye amazwi izitanza zizimele
kodwa zinokuhlobana enkondlweni ngokwemiqondo. Kubalulekile ukuba izitanza
zingaphindaphindi into eyodwa. Yingakho nje imbongi iyaye iqikelele ukuthi indima
inomqondo owodwa obekwe ngemigqa embalwa elinganayo noma engalingani. Kuphinde
kwenzeke futhi sithole inkondlo enezindima ezedlulanayo. Lokhu kudlulana kungadalwa
ukugxila kwembongi emqondweni othile kuye ngokuthi imbongi ibona lowo mqondo
ubaluleke kangakanani enkondlweni (Mhlanga 1991:70). Inkondlo kayinayo imigomo
mayelana nokuthi kumele ibe nezigaba ezingakanani noma ezingaki. Lokhu kuya
ngokomqondo noma imiqondo ethuliwe kuleyo nkondlo mayelana nendikimba. Imvamisa
imbongi iye ihlukanise inkondlo ngezindima ezilinganayo ukuze ibe nokwakheka
okuthile okuyihlobanisayo inkondlo.
Izindima zakhiwa yimigqa embalwa ehlelwe yalandelana, eyakha umqondo owodwa.

Yingakho nje imbongi eqikelelayo yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi inkondlo ingabi nezindima
eziningi, kanjalo nezitanza zingabi nemigqa eminingi kanye nemigqa emide kakhulu.
Lokhu kungenza ukuba inkondlo ingabumbeki kahle, bese iba inhlakanhlaka kuhle
kophuthu lwamasi noma indle yomthini. Uma kuqikelelwa lokhu okuvezwe ngenhla
kwakheka umunyampula wenkondlo (inkondlo esezingeni eliphezulu).
2.7 ‌ISIGQI SENKONDLO

Singachazwa ngokuthi yijubane elizwakalayo ngesikhathi kuhaywa inkondlo. Lokhu
kuhambisana kahle nokugcizelelwa kanye nokungagcizelelwa kwamalunga athile
enkondlweni (Maphumulo 1991:92). Kungenzeka omunye athi lokhu akubonakali
esweni lenyama kodwa ukuzwa ngemizwa uma inkondlo isihaywa. Kolunye uhlangothi
isigqi sakhiwa isimo semigqa, okungaba ubude nobufishane bemigqa. Lokhu kubonakala
ngenani lezinhlamvu emgqeni. Ukulingana kwenani lezinhlamvu noma amabanga
emigqeni, ngokwelamana kwayo noma ngandlela-thile kube sekwakha isigqi esimnandi
enkondlweni (Khumalo 1993:82). Ngakho-ke isigqi sinomthelela omkhulu enkondlweni
ngokuthi siveza uhlobo lwendikimba esenkondlweni. Isigqi singakwenza lokhu kabili,
ngokuba sisheshe noma sinense. Uma isigqi sishesha ngokujwayelekile kusuke kujatshulwe
noma kunenywe, kumbe kuhalaliswa, kubongwa noma kunconywa. Ngakho-ke, imimoya
isuke iphezulu, iphakeme. Kanti isigqi esinensayo sivama ukutholakala ezinkondlweni
ezidingida izindikimba ezijulile njengothando, ukufa, ukukhononda, ukubalisa, njalonjalo.
Ngakho-ke kuvamile ukuba inkondlo enokukhononda okuthile noma ebalisayo ibe
nesigqi esinensayo. Phela isigqi sisuke sifanelana kahle nendikimba leyo esuke idingidwa
enkondlweni ngoba kuba nokuzotha okuthize, kuphinde kuthinte nomyalezo owedluliswa
yinkondlo.
Okunye okuhlukanisa ukuthi isigqi siyanensa noma siyashesha, kuba izimpawu zokubhala
ezibizwa ngeziphumuzi, ezitholakala ekugcineni kwemigqa. Inkondlo engenazo izimpawu
zokuloba yenza ofundayo noma ohayayo asheshe nje ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka,
ZUL2606/119

bese lokho kwakha isigqi esisheshayo. Kanti inkondlo eneziphumuzi, isigqi siyanensa
ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kofundayo noma ohayayo inkondlo. Umoya wenkondlo iwona
osivezela isimo imbongi eyayikuso ngenkathi iloba inkondlo yayo. Nanokuthi umoya
yiwona owedlulisa umyalezo wenkondlo.
2.8 ‌IFANAMSINDO
Lolu hlobo lobuciko lungolunye olwenza inkondlo ihlobe ngesigqi. Lapha sibheka
ukuphindeka kwezinhlamvu ezithile emgqeni noma emalungeni athile egama khona
emgqeni. Sinezinhlobo ezimbili zefanamsindo:
Ifanankamisa yilapho kuphindeka khona unkamisa othile emgqeni.
Isibonelo: amachalaha ahhahhama sanyamalala.
Ifanangwaqa yilapho kuphindeka ongwaqa abathile emigqeni elandelanayo.
Isibonelo: okwesidlodlo sendlondlo
2.9 ‌IMVUMELWANO
Isho ukuhambisana kwemisindo ezinhlamvini noma emalungeni emigqa uma leyo
migqa ihambisana ngohlamvu noma izinhlamvu ezifanayo ekuqaleni, maphakathi
nasekugcineni. Imvumelwano iyaye ikhuphule izinga lenkondlo ngezindlela eziningi.
Eyokuqala, ukukhuthaza ukuxhumana kwemigqa noma amavesi enkondlo. Okwesibili,
ukukhombisa ukudlondlobala kwesenzeko kanye nokuphakama komoya. Ake sibheke
kule nkondlo kaMhlanga ethi: Sekuyasa
Siqoqane siwolane
Sixhakane sixhasane
Kokuthathu lokhu kuvumelana siyakuthola kule migqa engenhla enkondlweni.
2.10 ‌IMPINDAMQONDO
Lapha sikhuluma ngokuphindeka komqondo emigqeni emibili elamanayo. Leyo miqondo
ingahle ivumelane noma iphikisane. Isizathu esenza kuthiwe impindamqondo nje yingoba
itholakala ilingana ngezinga okubalulekile kuyona ukubonisa ukugcizelela kwalokho
okwethulwa enkondlweni. Lokhu kuyagqama ezibongweni zoMdabu, ake sicaphune
ezibongweni zikaNdaba:
Obeyalala wangangemifula
Obeyavuka wangangezintaba
2.11 ‌IMPINDWA
Lapha kusuke kuphindwa umugqa othile noma ingxenye yawo. Kuvamise ukuba ngumugqa
osekuqaleni noma osekugcineni kwendima. Lokhu imbongi ikwenza ngokulokhu
iwuphinda lo mugqa phakathi kwezindima noma ngasekugcineni kwezindima.
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Uyaye uncomeke umugqa oyimpindwa uma uphindaphinda ungasale nje usufana njengoba
unjalo ezindimeni ukwenzela phela ukukhulisa nokudlondlobalisa umqondo. Kokunye
imbongi ingayiqala indima nempindwa iyivale ngayo ize iyofika ekugcineni. Inhloso
enkulu yalesi sihlobiso ukuvuselela umqondo imbongi ecabanga ukuthi ubalulekile,
kube sengathi ungagxila ungenisise koyifundayo, oyihluzayo noyihayayo. Sibukeka
sisakhorasi njengasemculweni lesi sihlobiso ngenhloso yokugcizelela size siyithole
indawo koyihayayo noma koyilalele.
2.12 ‌UKUXHUMANISA
Lokhu kumayelana nokuphindeka kwegama lonke noma ingxenye yalo emgqeni
emibili noma engaphezulu elandelanayo. Inhloso enkulu yokwenza lokhu ukwakha
umfanekisomqondo ojulile kumfundi. Leli ngelinye lamasu aphakamisa izinga lesigqi
lize lithi alilande esezibongo zaMakhosi oHlanga. Ukuxhumanisa kuhlukene, kukhona
okusekuqaleni komugqa: isibonelo:
Umthombo wamanz’ amnandi.

Umthomb’ ophuza kuwo wagangatheka.
Bese kube khona ukuxhumana okumaphakathi.
Isibonelo:
sikhohlw’ umhlab’ ohlabayo,

Sibon’ umhlab’ usungowethu.
Kube khona ukuxhumana okusekugcineni.
Isibonelo:
Namhla ngiqopha kuqopheke ngawe,

Namhla ngiqamba kuqambeke ngawe.
Kuphinde kube khona okuyingxemu (okutshekile).
Isibonelo:
Isizwe savunulisw ingcebo.

Ingcebo engamaqhawe namaqhawekazi.
Kube khona ukuxhumana okuyisiphambano.
Isibonelo:
Ibhubesi lisukela indoda.

Indoda yalidubula ibhubesi.
2.13 ‌ISAKHIWO SANGAPHAKATHI
2.13.1 ‌ULIMI
Ulimi yilona olwenza inkondlo ibe inkondlo ngoba lungomunye wemikhakha ebalulekile
uma kucutshungulwa kubhekwa ubuciko obusetshenziswe yimbongi enkondlweni.
Imbongi ilindeleke ukuba ikwazi ukukhethela nokudlisela ngolozolo lolimi, into eyehla
ZUL2606/121

esiphundu hhayi indaba nje evamile exoxwayo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kufanele imbongi
ekwakheni kwayo imicabango ngamazwi, inandise, icikoze ngolimi olunothile.
Kumele imbongi iqikelele ukuthi izincazelo zezifengqo, zezaga, nezezisho nezawo wonke
amagama ewasebenzisile enkondlweni iyawazi njengoba iwasebenzisile futhi kuzwakale
koyifundayo ukuxhumana kwezincazelo zamagama nendikimba yenkondlo.
Isibonelo senkondlo ngokusetshenziswa kwamagama angajwayelekile

enkulumeni yansuku zonke.
Le Ndawo Ayinifanele
Isimo sayo asinambitheki

Iyimfunda engenampilo.
Iniganisela ebulwaneni.
Ngenxa yeziphambeko zenu.
Le ndawo ifenyisa amaphupho.
2.14 ‌IZIFENGQO ENKONDLWENI

Zimbalwa izifengqo esizozibalula ngenxa yokuthi zithathwa njengalezo eziphakamisa
izinga nomoya wenkondlo. Lokhu zikwenza ikakhulukazi ngoba zisinikeza imifanekiso-
mqondo emangalisayo. Lapha ngezansi uMaphumulo (1993: 74) izifengqo enkondlweni
uzihlela kanje:
2.14.1 ‌Isifaniso
Lesi isifengqo esisetshenziswa lapho kuqhathaniswa izinto ezimbili ezingafani kodwa
okuthi lapho uqaphelisisa ubuthole ubudlelwane obuthile obuvame kuzo zombili.
Sibonakala kakhulukazi ngokusebenzisa izakhi ezilandelayo: -fana, -fuze, -kuna, nganga-,
njenga-, okwa-, sa- nezinye.
Isibonelo: USmangele muhle sengathi ilanga liphuma.
2.14.2 ‌Isingathekiso
Naso ngokunjalo lesi sifengqo kuqhathaniswa izinto ezimbili ezingafani. Umehluko
phakathi kwaso nesifaniso wukuthi sona asisebenzisi izakhi ezithile zokuqhathanisa
kodwa sivele sibeke lento esifanisa ngayo.
Isibonelo: UThemba uyindlovu engenamsebenzi.
2.14.3 ‌Isenzasamuntu
Lolu kuseluhlobo oluthile lwesingathekiso. Umehluko usekutheni isenzasamuntu senza
into engaphili ithathwe njengento ephilayo. Lokhu kwenziwa ngokuba imbongi ifake
izimpawu zomuntu entweni engeyena umuntu bese yenza njengoba umuntu enza.
Isibonelo: Umbhede uyajabula uyangcingciza.
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2.14.4 ‌Isenzasasilwane
Umehluko phakathi kwaso nesenzasamuntu ukuthi imbongi ithatha into engaphili noma
umuntu imfake izimpawu zesilwane bese leyo nto noma umuntu lowo enze njengoba
izilwane zenza.
Isibonelo: UNozizwe uyabhonga.
2.14.5 ‌Ihaba
Lapha imbongi iyeqisa ekulinganiseni kwayo lokho ekuchazayo. Uma kukuncane, kwalani
ithi: bengikhohlisa ithumbu isho idle yasutha. Kwalani ukulinganisa umuntu nendlovu
noma nokunye okuncane noma okukhulu kakhulu kunalokhu okulinganiswa nakho.
Isibonelo ngifice imamba igcwele indlu.
Isibonelo: UNosipho mkhulu njengentaba.
2.14.6 ‌Indida (elokuziphikisa)

Lokhu kubuye kwaziwe ngelokuziphikisa, ngani ngoba imbongi ingasho okuthile kube
sengathi kuyaphikisa kanti cha, kunobuqiniso okuhloswe ukuvezwa kuleyo mfihlakalo.
Kuphinde kukhanyise ubuqiniso bokufinyelela esiphethweni emva kokuzibuza uziphikise
uziphendula uze ugcine uqome enye ingxenye ngezizathu ezithile.
Isibonelo: Asazi nathi ukuthi yini embulele kodwa abafike kuqala lapho belele khona
bathe ubegcwele igazi kukhiyiwe endlini yakhe ukhiye wakhe ungaphakathi.
2.14.7 ‌Ukuhlonipha
Lolu uhlobo lwesifengqo olutholakala ezibongweni zomdabu lapho kuhlonishwa khona
amagama athile, izinhlamvu ezithile ngenxa yezizathu ezithile. Imbongi iyakusebenzisa
lokhu ngenhloso yokuvuselela lelo vuso lenhlonipho nokukhumbuza ukuthi sake
sayisizwe esinezinto esingazigaguli, noma sizibeke ngembaba.
Isibonelo: Izulu kuthiwa ngumphezulu uma lonile. Okukanye kwelelese umphezulu.
2.14.8 ‌Umbhinqo
Yindlela lena yokugqamisa into noma ubunjalo obuthile ngokuhlenekezela okusho
ukushishiliza othile ngobuyena. Lokhu ukubhuqa okuhlabayo, okulumelayo, okuhayayo,
okunohlalwana lwesimuncwana.
Isibonelo: wayehleziphi bezala.
2.14.9 ‌Umbhuqo
Naso lesi sigqamisa into noma ubunjalo obuthile ngokusho okuyimbibizane nokho
okuludlana nokungahlabi njengokubhinqa. Ngamafuphi nje usho lokho umuntu ayikho
ngendlela ethe phecelezi. Kunganokuhlekisa kanye nokuzwela konozwelo.
Isibonelo: Balengisa imilomo abangazi.
ZUL2606/123

2.14.10 ‌Uteku
Lolu uhlobo lwesifengqo olusetshenziswa yimbongi ukwethula izimo nezinto ngendlela
ezokwenza kube khona uhleko kanti kokunye kakuhlekisi okukhulunywa ngakho.
Okusuke kuhlekisa indlela engajwayelekile okwethulwa ngayo (nokukitaza) kanti injongo
kuseyikho ukubeka obala okwenansika yesilwane emqondweni wakho.
Isibonelo: Wahlanganaphi noth’ umfazi uyazondla
Enendoda ewumqemane, ephile saka.
2.15 ‌UMOYA WENKONDLO

Uma sicubungula umoya wenkondlo sisuke sizama ukufinyelela emicabangweni yembongi
ngenkathi ibhala inkondlo leyo. Lapha kusuke kuyimizamo yokuzibandakanya nemizwa
yembongi eshubile sibuka ukujula nokubheka kwayo izinto (Maphumulo 1991:91-95).
Umoya wenkondlo usuke futhi ubheka lokho obekuyithintile imbongi ngale nkathi ibhala
inkondlo yayo. Kungase kube isigameko esibuhlungu, esijabulisayo, esokukhononda
noma sokuvimba isimo esithile emphakathini. Kufanele kugqame ukuthi imbongi iba
nezifiso ezithile enazo ngempilo noma ngabantu abathile. Konke lokhu izokwendlala
phansi ukuze kucacelwe noma ngubani ukuthi imbongi lena inezinhloso ezithile. Lapha-
ke sigxila kakhulu emagameni imbongi ewasebenzisile. Kuba yiwona lawo magama
azosiholela ekutholisiseni umoya wenkondlo (Thwala 1993:88).
Imbongi ingasebenzisa imifanekisomqondo eyenza ukuba inkondlo iphile futhi ikwazi

ukudlulisa kahle imizwa yembongi. Ingaphinda isebenzise imisindo ethile ukushubisa
imizwa yayo imbongi, igcizelele amagama ngokuwaphinda.
2.16 ‌UKUJULA KWENKONDLO

Lapha sibheka umqondo ojulile mayelana nenkondlo leyo. Lo mqondo umfundi uwuthola
ngokufundisisa inkondlo ngokubheka nokusetshenziswa kwamagama athile okuyiwona
ayoholela emqondweni ocashile oqukethwe yileyo nkondlo. Asingakhohlwa mfundi
ukuthi izinkondlo kwesinye isikhathi azibi nayo imiqondo emibili. Kuyenzeka ezinye zibe
nomqondo owodwa ojulile ziphelele lapho. Ukujula kwenkondlo kuchazwa kangcono
uma kubhekwa ukusetshenziswa kwemifanekiso yomqondo lapho imbongi isebenzisa
khona izifengqo nokunye okunothisa ulimi (Thwala 1993:86–87).
Lapha kucutshungulwa izisho, izaga, izifengqo namandla lezi zinto ezinawo enhliziyweni
kanye nasengqondweni yomuntu. Ukusetshenziswa kwamagama kusinikeza ithuba
lokuthola umqondo ojulile. Lapha ekujuleni kwenkondlo sithola izinga lesibili lencazelo
yenkondlo. Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi izinga lokuqala lencazelo yenkondlo, yileli
elisitshela ngomqondo nje wenkondlo osobala (Maphumulo 1991:95).
2.17 ‌OKUSHIWO YINKONDLO

Lapha kusuke kuyisiqalo sokuqondisisa umsebenzi lowo obhaliwe, mayelana nesisusa
sokuhaywa kwenkondlo leyo nomphumela wokuhaywa kwaleyo nkondlo. Kubalulekile
kakhulu ukuba umfundi ayazi inkondlo ukuthi ikhuluma ngani. Ukuyazi kumsiza
ekutholeni amanye amasu imbongi ewasebenzisile enkondlweni. Ngamanye amazwi,
24
lokhu kuyisinyathelo sokuqala okufanele umfundi asithathe kanduba angene kwesinye

esingaphezudlwana ngezinga (Thwala 1993:85).
Okuvelayo ukuthi kuyenzeka ngaphansi kwaso lesi sihloko sithole izinkondlo

ezehlukahlukene ngezinga lokubhalwa kwazo. Yingakho nje kukhona izinkondlo
ezinendikimba elula okungadingi ukuthi umuntu aze ajulisise ingqondo. Bese kuba khona
lezo zinkondlo ezinendikimba ecashile okungelula ukuthi umfundi asheshe atholisise
umqondo wayo inkondlo. Lokhu kuyamphoqa umfundi ukuba ajule ngengqondo ukuze
atholisise ukuthi imbongi ikhuluma ngani ngempela.
2.18 ‌UMYALEZO
Umyalezo singawuchaza ngokuthi yilokho imbongi efuna ukukudlulisela ezithamelini
zayo. Ngamanye amazwi yilokho okuyikhona okuyisuse phansi yadumela usiba
nephepha yaloba inkondlo. Kubalulekile ukuba imbongi isethulele umyalezo
onamandla, onokubaluleka okuzosenza sivuleke amehlo, siyibabaze, siyibonge imbongi
ngokusixwayisa, ukusikhumbuza, ukugcizelela, njalonjalo, ngezinto ezisithintayo
empilweni yethu yansuku zonke.
Umyalezo omuhle nozithintayo izethameli yilowo oqukethe noma ogcizelela izinto

ezintsha ebezinganakwe muntu, esitshelwa ngazo yimbongi qede sithole izifundo
ezithile esizozisebenzisa ekubhekaneni nezinselelo zempilo. Iyancomeka futhi imbongi
engashumayeli lapho isethulela umyalezo, kunalokho isethulela amaqiniso njengoba
enjalo ngokuwabona kwayo imbongi, bese ikushiyela ezethamelini zayo ukuba zizifunele,
zizitholele, zizetshisele zona ngokwazo umyalezo ngaphandle kokufunzwa yimbongi.
2.19 ‌IZINDIKIMBA
Indikimba ingumqondo omumethwe yinkondlo leyo noma isihloko inkondlo ekhuluma
ngaso. Lo mqondo yiwona phela okuthi uma umfundi eseyifundile wayiqeda inkondlo
bese ekwazi ukuzichazela yena ngawakhe amagama ukuthi uzwe kuthiwani enkondlweni.
Okufanele kugqame lapha, ukuthi umqondo wenkondlo kufanele uthwalwe izindima.
Ngakho-ke izindima kufanele ziwuthunge lo mqondo ngokuthi kube khona ukuxhumana.
2.20 ‌UKUHLUZWA KWENKONDLO

Leli kusuke sekuyizinga lokuzama ukufinyelela emqondweni owumongo nengqikithi
yenkondlo. Umhluzi lapha usamele ukuthi ethi encike nkomo kosekushiwo phambilini,
ebe encike nasemkhondweni wemicabango yembongi.
Kufanele kugqame ukuthi izimbongi zibhala izinkondlo ngenhloso yokubamba

iqhaza lokubaza umphini wentuthuko. Lokhu izimbongi zikwenza ngokwembulela
umphakathi ngezinto ezinhlobonhlobo ezenzeka ezimpilweni zabantu benganakile.
Lezo zinto ezigcina ziba nemiphumela engemihle ezimpilweni zabo. Ngamanye amazwi,
izimbongi zizama ukuvula amehlo umphakathi ukuze ube nenqubekela phambili.
Lokhu kuyancika kakhulu ngasohlangothini lokuvukuza umphakathi ukuba uqonde
kahle ngokwenzeka ezimpilweni zawo, nokufanele kwenziwe ukuze kulungiswe lokho
okungahambi kahle emphakathini. Ukuhluzwa kwezinkondlo kuchamusela isimo
sokuqonda kahle ngokwenzeka emphakathini ukuze kutholakale ikhambi lokwelapha
nokusombulula izinkinga ezikhungethe umphakathi. Lesi simo siphinde silolonge
amakhono okucubungula izinselelo nezinkinga ezibhekene nesizwe.
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Umnikelo wokuhluza imibhalo ikakhulukazi izinkondlo ukuhlahlamelisa ikhono

lokucabanga ngendlela ejulile. Ukujula ngokucabanga kuphulukisa isizwe ukuze
sikwazi ukuqonda ukuthi impilo ayiqhakazi ngezindlela ezinqamulelayo. Kodwa isizwe
siyakhanyiseleka ukuthi kufanele sikhwice imikhono, sisebenze ngokuzikhandla ukuze
sikwazi ukuvuna ezondleke ngambili. Ngakho-ke ukuhluza izinkondlo kufana ncamashi
nokuzawulwa ngensingo ukuze kufakwe izibiba zokudumaza amalumbo adodobalisa
uthingo lomzimba. Bese kuphakama uqhakazompilo kuzaleke inqubekela phambili,
kubumbeke isizwe esicabanga ngokujulile.
2.21 ‌AMAQHINGA OKUHLUZA INKONDLO

Kufanele kugqame ukuthi leli kusuke sekuyizinga lokuzama ukufinyelela emqondweni
wenkondlo. Umhluzi lapha kusamele ancike nasemicabangweni yembongi, yize kusafana
nosekushiwo phambilini. Kusamele kuthungathwe ukuthi:
(i) Ithini imbongi?

(ii) Ikusho kanjani?
(iii) Ikusholani lokho ekushoyo?
Lokhu kulandeleka kangcono ngokusebenzisa uhlaka olulandelayo olufaka:
• umqondo
• inhloso
• imizwa yembongi
• iphimbo
• izinzwa/izithombemagama
• imizwa yomfundi/yomhluzi,
• injula/ingqikithi/umlayezo/umqondo ocashile/ophakeme.
2.21.1 ‌Umqondo
Inkondlo iba nomqondo nje osobala njengoba usuke uyifunda. Wena njengomhluzi bheka
ukuthi uthini lowo mqondo? Ungakwazi yini ukuxoxela omunye umuntu ngamafuphi
mayelana nokushiwo yinkondlo njengoba kunjalo kungakajuli? Ngamafushane nje
kuba amabalengwe ngalokho okufundayo ngokukha nje phezulu okanye uzinqume
amakhanda uzishiye.
2.21.2 ‌Inhloso
Umsebenzi nomsebenzi wobuciko unenhloso obhalelwa yona. Imbongi, njengombhali
weminye imisebenzi, uma ibhala inkondlo isuke ihlose okuthile. Kukhona esuke ihlose
ukukwedlulisela emphakathini. Okungaba okunye kwalokhu: ukubuyisa, ukuyala,
ukukhalaza, ukukhuthaza nokunye. Ngakho-ke, hluza ukuze uthole ukuthi yini ngempela
imbongi ehlose ukuyisho?
2.21.3 ‌Imizwa yembongi

Omunye lokhu angakubiza ngomoya wenkondlo ngoba yilapho ozwa khona ukuthi
imbongi yayiphatheke kanjani iloba le nkondlo. Yilapho-ke kubaluleke khona ukuba
wena njengomhluzi uzame ukuba munye nembongi. Ube yiyo ngokwemizwa nomoya,
26
yona kube sengathi inguwe. Uzibuze wena umbuzo wokuthi wawuyozizwa unjani ukuba
wawukuleso simo?
Nalapha-ke kufanele uthole ukuthi imizwa yembongi injani noma izizwa injani imbongi
ngenkathi ibalisa enkondlweni? Kufanele usekele umbono wakho ukuthi lokho ukushiswa
yini, ngasiphi isizathu? Uma lokhu ukubuka njengomoya wenkondlo, ungaphawula
ngobusizi, ubuntokozo, ukugxeka, ukukhalaza komoya/kwemizwa.
2.21.4 ‌Iphimbo
Lapha umhluzi uphawula ngephimbo lembongi ukuthi lingelinjani. Imbongi ekushoyo
ikusho kanjani (ngokwephimbo) enkondlweni yayo? Lokhu kucaciswa kahle ngokwemizwa
yayo ngoba imizwa izwakaliswa yiphimbo isikhathi esiningi. Inkondlo noma imbongi
ingaphatha lokhu okulandelayo: ukubalisa, ukulila, ukudazuluka, ukububula, ukuncokola
nokunye.
2.21.5 ‌Izinzwa/izithombemagama
Enkondlweni kuyagqama ukuthi kukhona amagama noma umugqa othi uma uwufunda
kuthinteke inzwa ethile kuwena mhluzi. Izinzwa esingazibala yilezo ezejwayelekile
njengalezi:
(i) Inzwa yokubona

(ii) Inzwa yokuthinta
(iii) Inzwa yokuhogela
(iv) Inzwa yokuzwa
(v) Inzwa yokunambitha
(vi) Inzwa yokubikelwa
Umsebenzana: Ngabe iyiphi inzwa ethintekayo kulesi sibonelo = ukushiywa igazi ehlane.
2.21.6 ‌Imizwa yomfundi

Lapha sibheka ukuthi njengomfundi ngabe ikhona into esukayo kuwe uma ufunda
inkondlo? Uzizwa unjani uma uyifunda noma emva kokuyifunda/? Yini ekwenza ube
kuleso simo?
Ngokujwayelekile omunye angazizwa kanje: efudumala, ehla eba mncane, edikibala,

evuseleleka, kusuka usinga, kudamuke umusi nenkungu nokunye. Konke lokhu kususwa
ngokuthile osekukuthintile emizweni okusenkondlweni.
2.21.7 ‌Injula/Ingqikithi/Umyalezo/umqondo ocashile/ophakeme

Leli yizinga elithi alibe njengelokugcina ngci elilangazelelwa ngumhluzi. Ngasohlangothini
lwembongi yiwona mnkantsha nomyalezo lona. Lapha umhluzi ufanele azihluphe
ukufuna ukuthi mlayezo muni omumethwe yile nkondlo? Kufanele umhluzi ajule
ngomqondo, acwaninge ngobuchule zonke izinto imbongi esikhanyisela zona. Zikhiphe
ngononina ngobuchule uze uqiniseke ngengqikithi. Okubonayo sengathi iwona umyalezo
kufakazele njalo ngokucaphuna enkondlweni igama, umugqa noma isigaba okuyisona
esikwenza uqiniseke ngokushoyo ukuthi kuhambisana ncamanceshi nokusenkondlweni.
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2.22 ISIPHETHO SOKUHLUZWA KWENKONDLO

Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhluzwa kwenkondlo sengathi kucishe kube ngempela nguzime
lona. Kufanele uzinikeze ithuba-ke mfundi ngokuba uhlanganise izingxenye zombili
zesakhiwo senkondlo kulumbaniseke ukuze ukuthakasele ukucwaninga lolu hlobo
lomsebenzi wobuciko. Qikelela ukuthi, ungakulibali okulandelayo ekuhluzeni kwakho:
(i) Isakhiwo Senkondlo
Lapha uphawula ngokubonayo ngobunjalo bezigaba, imigqa kanye nezimpawu zonke

ezikhanyisa ngesakhiwo senkondlo.
(ii) Imisindo Esenkondlweni
Lapha uphawula ngobuhle nobubi bemisindo esetshenzisiwe ezinkondlweni.
Uveze ukuthi iluhlobo luni imisindo, itholakala kuyiphi imigqa kanye neqhaza elibambile
kuleyo migqa.
(iii) Ulimi Lwenkondlo
Lapha kubhekwa isimo solimi olusetshenziswe yimbongi mayelana nobulula nobulukhuni

balo ngohlobo lwamagama asetshenzisiwe mayelana nokuthi ayawukhanyisa yini umyalezo.
Lokhu kungachaza ukuthi uyasikisela ngemifanekisomqondo noma uyayathazeka nje.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezifengqo, zisetshenziswe kanjani? Ngabe ziyalikhulisa izinga
lokunkondloza?
2.23 ELOKUPHETHA
Siyethemba ukuthi la maphuzu ambalwa esixoxe ngawo lapha azoba usizo uma umfundi
ethola ithuba lukuhluza, awakhumbule lapho ecabanga ngamasu anhlobonhlobo imbongi
ewasebenzisile ukupheka inkondlo yayo ukuze ihlabahlose. Kufanele sikugcizelele ukuthi
izithako nje lezi eziningi ezingasetshenziswa yimbongi lapho icikoza.
Ngakho-ke ngaphandle kolwazi umuntu uphenduka imfanayo efahlazwa yindikibalo,

bese ephenduka isifukuzi, esiyimfamona nemfama efocozwa ikhuxhuzwe, ikhahlelwe
yizo zonke iziyaluyalu zempilo. Njengoba kunezikhathi empilweni yomuntu lapho ezinye
izinto zibaluleke kakhulu kunobuthongo. Uma lezo zikhathi zokuzinikela zingekho
empilweni yomuntu, leyo mpilo iba wugwadule. Yingakho nje umvuzo wobuthongo
kuwubuze.

(1) Funda inkondlo ethi, Bengimthanda Ngimethemba bese uphendula imibuzo
elandelayo:
(a) Ake uthi qaphu qaphu ngokushiwo yinkondlo kanye nomoya osenkondlweni.
(b) Ngabe le nkondlo iyilirikhi noma iyi-eleji? Sekela impendulo yakho.
(c) Tomula izifengqo ezimbili ezahlukene ezisenkondlweni ethi Bengimthanda
Ngimethemba bese ubheka okulandelayo:
(i) Uhlobo luni lesifengqo.

(ii) Ngabe isifengqo ngasinye sisetshenziswe ngempumelelo yini.
28
(2) Chaza kafuphi ukuthi ngenjani inkondlo ebhalwe ngezansi maqede unikeze isibonelo
ngokugagula isihloko senkondlo eyodwa eqoqweni lezinkondlo ozifunda nonyaka:
(3) Chaza kafuphi ukuthi ngenjani inkondlo ebhalwe ngezansi maqede unikeze isibonelo
ngokugagula isihloko senkondlo eyodwa eqoqweni lezinkondlo ozifunda nonyaka.
Siphethu sempilo yami nentokozo,

Ngiyini ngaphandle kwakho?
Nxa bekusitha kimi
Ngiyogqokwa yithunzi lobumnyama …
(a) Ilirikhi
(b) I-eleji
(c) Isonethi
(4) Shono umehluko okhona phakathi kwesifaniso nesingathekiso. Sekela impen-

dulo yakho ngokusebenzisa izibonelo ezimbili ozicaphune enkondlweni ethi,
“Ngingowesifazane”.
(5) Mehluko muni ophakathi kwesakhiwo sangaphandle nesakhiwo sangaphakathi?
Tshengisa ngezibonelo.
(6) Khetha inkondlo eyodwa maqede unikeze izibonelo zofanangwaqa nofanankamisa
kuleyo nkondlo.
(7) Ngenjani inkondlo eyisonethi? Sekela ngokunikeza isihloko esisodwa senkondlo
esencwadini bese uthi qaphu qaphu ngokushiwo yileyo nkondlo.
UHLA LWEZINCWADI
Abrams, M.H. 1988. A glossary of literary terms. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Bascom, W. 1965. Forms of Folklore: Prose Narratives. Journal of American Folkore. Vol.
78. No.307.
Guma, S.M. 1967. The Form, Content and Technique of Traditional Literature in Southern Sotho.
Pretoria: JL van Schaik.
Khumalo, Z.L.M. 1993. Imbiz’ Imbelwe. Bridge Publishers.
Knorringa, R. 1980. Het oor wil ook wat. Assen: Van Gorcum.
Kunene, M. 1997. Igudu Likasomcabeko. Pretoria: J.L. van Schaik.
Mabuya, L.T.L. 1988. Angigeqi Magula. Pretoria: Erroll Marx Publishers.
Maphumulo, A. M. 1991. Imvubelo. Cape Town: Vivlia Publishers.
Mhlanga, E. J. 1993. Ubulawu Bamathwasa. Swaziland: Macmillan Boleswa Publishers.
Mhlanga, E. J. 1991. Amadwala Ezimpophoma. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
Ntuli, D.B.Z. 1990. Only study guide. Pretoria: Unisa.
Ntuli, D.B.Z. 1991. Only study guide. Pretoria: Unisa
Ntuli, N. S. 1991. Usinga. Pretoria: Out of Afrika Publishers.
Thwala. J. J. Izihlandla Zohlonga. Midrand: Varia Publishers
ZUL2606/129

3 Inoveli nedrama
Uma usuqede ukufunda le yunithi kumele ukwazi ukwenza lokhu okulandelayo:
• ukwazi ukuchaza izimpawu zenoveli.

• ukwazi ukuhluza inoveli.
• Ukwazi umehluko phakathi kwenoveli nomdlalo
3.1 ‌ISINGENISO
Ezifundweni zonyaka wokuqala sibonisene kabanzi ngokuthi inoveli iyini nokuthi
yimaphi amaphuzu asemqoka okumele siwaqaphele uma siyihluza. Sathola ukuthi uma
uhluza indaba noma iyiphi sijwayele ukubheka amaphuzu alandelayo:
• Isakhiwo
• Abalingiswa
• Isizinda
• Indikimba
• Ulimi
Kujwayelekile ukuthi uma umuntu ehluza indaba athathe ngakunye kulokhu akhulume
ngakho, ahlabe noma ancome ngokuphumulela kombhali. Kodwa yiqiniso yini ukuthi
umuntu uma efunda indaba abone isakhiwo, abalingiswa, isizinda, indikimba kanye
nolimi kugcine lapho? Kulesi sifundo sifuna ukwazi ukuthi kukhona yini okunye umuntu
angakubheka ngaphezu kwalokho okubaliwe.
3.2 ‌MAYELANA NESAKHIWO

Kulesi sahluko sizosebenzisa incwadi esihloko sithi Mntanami Mntanami! ebhalwe
ngu-S Nyembezi. Siyathemba ukuthi uke wayifunda le ndaba ekule noveli. Uma sithi
qaphu qaphu ngale noveli sithola uJabulani Dlamini, oweqa ekhaya walibangisa eGoli.
Wazithola enobudlelwano obukhulu nezigebengu. Benza ukukhohlakala okuningi
kodwa okufike kwaba sesiqongweni salokhu ukuphoqwa kwakhe ukuthi abulale umfana
ongenacala ukuze kutholakale isitho esithile kuye. Samhlupha kakhulu lesi sigameko
wazithola ezisola. Ekugcineni, waboshwa kodwa kwabonakala ukuthi ekuphumeni
kwakhe likhona ithemba lokuthi uyophuma abe ngumuntu oshintshile.
30
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO 3: Inoveli nedrama
Njengoba sishilo kakade ukuthi kujwayelekile ukuthi uma kuhluzwa indaba kuqalwe
ngesakhiwo sayo. Nathi sizobheka isakhiwo salenoveli, sizoqala khona esingenisweni
sendaba. Sixoxe ngokuqala kukaJabulani ukuhlupha abazali bakhe waze wabaleka
ekhaya ngoba abazali babengahambisani nezenzo zakhe. Ekuqhubekeni kwendaba
simthola eseyisigebengu, kungabonakali endabeni ukuthi uzoshintsha yini noma cha.
Esiqongweni sayo indaba simthola esekhipha isidumbu, waze wazinikela emaphoyiseni.
Umbuzo ophakamayo ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sincike kanjani kubalingiswa? Kuyo yonke
indaba kumele kube khona udweshu. Nakule noveli sithola ukuthi abazali bakaJabulani
ngabantu abaqoqekile, abathanda iNkosi neBhayibheli. Abafuna izingane zabo zilandele
inkolo. Yingakho bengazwani nomuntu ophuzayo nobhemayo. Lokhu, kudala udweshu
phakathi kukaJabulani nabazali bakhe, ikakhulukazi uma bethola ukuthi uyabhema.
Nakhu phela siphinda sixoxelwa ngokusuka kwakhe ekhaya elibangise eGoli. Kunokuba
aye kumuntu onjengoMaphelu nje obezomsiza ukuthi aqoqeke, wazithela ezigebengwini
ezamenza waba senkingeni yokuboshwa ngoba zamenza umbulali.
3.3 ‌MAYELANA NABALINGISWA

Simethulelwe kahle umlingiswa oqavile njengoba kwasekuqaleni simbona engumuntu
othandekayo njengoba ehlonipha, elandela imithetho yasekhaya, umthola enza yonke
into okumele ayenze. Bese sivezelwa lapho eshintsha khona, eguquka kancane kancane,
simthola eba okuncane, konke lokhu kusenza sifune ukwazi ukuthi uzokwenza
abuye akuyeke yini. Ekuqhubekeni kwendaba sithola ukuthi uJabulani akashintshile
uyaqhubeka manje nempilo yobulelesi, nangu phela eba wumpetha wokweba eGoli.
Okuhle esikubonayo ukuthi ubuhle bakhe nonembeza wakhe wawuphila. Simthola
ekhathazeka lapho ozakwabo bemphoqa ukuba abulale. Lokhu kusinika ithemba ukuthi
angashintsha. Indaba igcina esephendukile.
Singasho ukuthi uJabulani ubalwa nabalingiswa okuthiwa abalingiswa abaguquguqukayo.

Ngoba simthola ekuqaleni engumuntu olungile, kuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ashintshe
abe yiselelesi, aphinde futhi ashintshe abuyele kulesiya simo sakhe owakhuliswa ngaso,
sokwazi okuhle nokubi. Singaphinde sisho futhi ukuthi uJabulani angafakwa ngaphansi
kohlobo lwabalingiswa okuthiwa bayindilinga ngoba simbona esikhombisa amacala
amaningi obuntu bakhe.
Esingakuphawula ukuthi uJabulani uyilomuntu awuye ekugcineni kungenxa yabalingiswa

athintana nabo. Kusukela kubazali bakhe, siye kuMbongeni, yintombi yakhe u-Alice,
kwaba nabangani bakhe abayizigebungu nabanye. Yibo bonke laba bantu ababa nomthelela
wokuthi ashintshe impilo yakhe ukuthi azithole eguquguquka esimweni sokuba nguye.
Nawe mfundi ungazibhekela wena, uzitholele ukuthi laba bantu bayishintsha kanjani
impilo yakhe, ingabe bonke bayishintsha kabi? Ngaphandle kwabalingiswa kukhona
okunye okwadala ushintsho empilweni yomlingiswa oqavile, isizinda. Ekuqaleni simthola
uJabulani ehlala emakhaya. Nawe uyazi impilo yasemakhaya neyaseGoli ihluke kakhulu.
IGoli linobugebengu uma uphuma endaweni ethule njengasemakhaya lingakudla uma
ungaqaphelanga. Kodwa-ke ngoba wakhulela emndenini okhonzayo kwaba lula kuyena
ukuthi ngenkathi u-Alice emtshela ukuthi aye kumfundisi, wakuthola kulula ukwenza
njalo.
Lana besizama, ukusiza abafundi ukuthi bazi ukuthi uma sihluza ngomlingiswa
singamthathi ezimele yedwa, sibheke yonke into engamsekela ukuthi abe wumlingiswa
agcina ewuye.
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3.4 ‌ISIZINDA
Uma sifunda le ndaba sincoma indlela umbhali asibeke ngayo isizinda. Ngoba sithola
uJabulani ekuqaleni esemakhaya, endaweni eyaziwayo ukuthi umntwana wakhona kumele
ahloniphe. Nangempela sithola abazali bakhe bengabantu abathanda inkolo, bethanda
inhlonipho bengaphuzi bengabhemi. Size sithole uJabulani ebaleka ngoba indlela yena
ebefuna ukuziphatha ngayo yayingamukeleki endaweni ahlala kuyo.
Ukusuka kwakhe aye eGoli kushintsha yonke into. Isizinda saseGoli sihluke kakhulu
nesasemakhaya. Impilo yakhona iyashesha, nobugebengu buningi kakhulu. Abantu
bakhona bafuna impilo engcono, bafuna ubumnandi notshwala, njalonjalo. Konke
kwenza ukuba isizinda lapho uJabulani afikela khona kucace ukuthi sinjani. Nakhu phela
akasaphunyuki uzithela ebugebengwini. Okuncomekayo ngendlela umbhali abhale ngayo
le noveli wukuthi akalenzanga iGoli ukuthi libe mnyama bhuqe. Uzamile ukusibonisa
abanye abantu abahlala khona abalungile njengoMfundisi nentombi kaJabulani u-Alice.
3.5 INDIKIMBA
Uma sibheka indikimba yalendaba sithola izifundo eziningi. Ngoba, siboniswa
ngemiphumela yokungahloniphi. Siphinde siboniswe ukuthi alikho iqili elazikhotha
emhlane, nazi phela izigebengu sezizama ukubalekela ingalo yomthetho, zigcina
sezibanjwa. Siphinda futhi sibone abazali bakaJabulani, ukuthi nakuba babenezinhloso
ezinhle kodwa baba nawo amawala, ngoba bajezisa uJabulani bengenabo ubufakazi
bokuthi ubebhema ngempela.
Okwenza le ndaba ibe yinhle wukuthi wena mfundi ungazikhethela wena indikimba
yendaba ngendlela obona ngayo. Umbhali akazange asitshele ukuthi inhloso yakhe
bekuyini.
3.6 ULIMI
Okuphawulekayo ngoNyembezi wukuthi ungumbhali osebenzisa ulimi olwejwayelekile.
Akasebenzisi ulimi oluqine kakhulu, uba nakho ukusebenzisa izaga noma izisho. Simthola
lapha ngasekuqaleni aphawula khona ngoDlamini uyise kaJabulani:
“umuntu wayengamfuni umnumzana owazibopha ngexhama kwabonakala”, (Nyembezi, 1950:1).
Nakhu phela umbhali esivezela elinye ikhono lapho echaza isiphithiphithi sasesiteshini
eGlencoe. Njengoba echaza ukusuka kwesitimela eMnambithi:
“Yasho inkomo laphaya phambili, yakhonya yathi POP...PO...POPOP. Sathi khixi khixi, sathi
khixi khixi, sathi tsi ...tsi...tsi, sasuka”, (Nyembezi, 1950:46).
Okunye ukuchaza okuthi kuyigqamise into kube kunoteku phakathi. Nansi indawo
lapho uJack exoxela uJabulani ngeSenta:
“Zithi lapho sezisho izinsimbi Mfana senze nje,” Washo uJack egxuma ekhamisa, wenza sengathi
uyakhothama, izinqe esezikhiphe injojela, izandla lezi eziphakamisile okomuntu obona inunu;uyagxuma
lo muntu ngazo zombili izinyawo, abuye ashaye uzungelezane..., (Nyembezi, 1950:106)
Ngendlela ulimi olusetshenziswe ngayo kusibonisa ukushuba kwesimo. Enye yezindawo

ezinjalo kulapho uJabulani esethatha isinyathelo sokubulala:
32
Wayithatha insabula yakhe wasondela. Kuthe lapho eseyifaka enhliziyweni yomfana, wavala amehlo
uJabulani ukuba angaziboni ebulala umuntu. Wayaluza umfana phansi kukude nokujubalaza ngoba
egigwe wagigwa. Wajubajubalaza umfana inxeba likhafula igazi, wajubajubalaza ngoba akusiyo into
encane ukuxosha umphefumulo endlini yawo, wajubajubalaza umfana wabe uyaphangalala njalo,
(Nyembezi, 1950:134).
Ukusetshenziswa kolimi nokuphindwa kathathu kokujubajubalaza kuyasishubisa ngempela

lesi simo esichazwayo, uze usibone leso simo ngamehlo engqondo. Siphinde sithole
izimo eziningi ezibonisa ukuthi umbhali walenza ucwaningo ngolimi olisetshenziswa
yiwo wonke umuntu ovezwe lana. Nakhu sithola umlungu ekhuluma noDlamini ethi:
“wait a minute, wena ayayazi kukhuluma English?,” (Nyembezi, 1950:27).
Siphinde sizwe ulimi olusetshenziswa izigebengu ukuthi zisebenzisa ulimi lwabo. Konke
lokhu kusenza sisho ukuthi ulimi lusetshenziswe ngempumelelo.
3.7 ELOKUPHETHA
Le noveli kaNyembezi ithathwa njengenye yamanoveli abhalwe kahle olimini lwesiZulu.
Sesishiyela wena mfundi ukuthi uyihluze kahle. Khumbula ukuthi umsebenzi wethu
akukhona ukuthi sinenzele umsebenzi, sizama ukunibonisa, ngokuninika isisekelo
sokuthi nikwazi ukuhluza.
3.8 ‌UMDLALO (DRAMA)
3.8.1 Umdlalo
Umdlalo usuke ubhalelwe ukudlalwa esiteji ngaphambi kwezibukeli. Indaba emdlalweni
iqhubeka ngenkulumo-mpendulwano, kanti endabeni emfushane kwande ingxoxo,
ukuphendulana kude kungena nje lapha nalaphaya uma kudingekile. Umdlalo omude
uba nezehlakalo eziningi kanti njengoba sekuke kwashiwo indaba emfushane ayikwazi
ukuba nezehlakalo eziningi. Umdlalo onkundlanye ucishe ufane nendaba emfushane
ngezinto ezimbalwa. Nawo njengendaba emfushane udingida isigameko esisodwa.
Kodwa phela umdlalo onkundlanye uze uphelele lapho ukhonjiswa esiteji.
3.8.2 ‌Isikeshe
Isikeshe kungenzeka kube khona okwenziwa ngabalingiswa kodwa asinaso isakhiwo
esibumbene njengesendaba emfushane. Isikeshe singase sichaze ubunjalo bomlingiswa
othile noma isimo esithile kodwa kasinawo umongo wendaba eyenza ukuba izehlakalo
zibumbane zibe uchungechunge.
Ngesinye isikhathi akulula ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwendaba emfushane nengxoxo

naphakathi kwendaba emfushane nesikeshe. Into engasiza wukuba sikhumbule ukuthi
indaba emfushane inesakhiwo esifuze leli phethini: kunomuntu ophokophelele ukuzuza
okuthile, nokho kunemigoqo eminingi emkhinyabezayo okumele ayigudluze. Ekugcineni
uyaphumelela noma ehluleke. Nxa lingekho iphethini elifuze leli embhalweni wephrozi
owufundayo, lowo mbhalo ungahle ube ngenye nje into kodwa hhayi indaba emfushane.
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• Ziningi izindlela zokuthamela umdlalo.

• Ungathanyelwa ngokubukelwa eshashalazini, kumabonakude, ebhayisikobho,
ngokulalelwa noma ngokufundwa bese owulalele/owufundayo azibonele yena
ngamehlo engqondo okwenzekayo.
• Isethameli singawuqondisisa umdlalo futhi siwuhluze kangcono uma sinolwazi
olunzulu mayelana nalokhu okwenzekayo.
3.9 IZINHLOBO ZOMDLALO

(1) ‌Umdlalo weshashalazi
• Udlalelwa eshashalazini
• Abalingiswa bayabonakala ngamehlo enyama
• Abalingiswa bayazikhulumela
• Izethameli ziwubuka bukhoma
• Izethameli ziba nomoya wokuhlanganyela
• Izethameli ziyahleka uma kumele zihleke
(2) Umdlalo womoya
• Uthembela ezindlebeni
• Udlala emsakazweni
• Kusetshenziswa amehlo engqondo
• Ungalalelwa noma ikuphi
• Abalingiswa ababonakali
(3) Umdlalo kamabonakude
• Uthembela ezindlebeni nasemehlweni

• Udlala kumabonakude
• Kusetshenziswa amehlo enyama ukuwuthamela
• Abalingiswa bayabonakala
• Abadlali badlala phambi kwekhamera
(4) Umdlalo ofundwayo
• Ufakwa kakhulu izinto okungelula ukuzilingisa

• Umbhali usuke ehlose ukuthi ufundwe phansi kuphela
• Ezinye zezinto ezikuwo akulula ukuzithwala/ukuzithola
• Uba mnandi ngokufundwa kuphela
• Izibonelo zezinto okungelula ukuzithola; isibhakabhaka; impukane ezikhulumelayo;
iZulu; isihogo; abantu abandizayo; njalonjalo.
• Uthembela emandleni engqondo omfundi.
(5) Umdlalo onkundlanye
• Awugcogcomi
• Unenkundla eyodwa kuphela
(6) Umdlalo oyisenamisi
• Uyenamisa/uyajabulisa ngesikhathi uwufunda

• Unomoya wenjabulo
• Kwenzeka izinto eziningi ezijabulisayo
34
(7) Umdlalo oyimbangalusizi
• Ubanga usizi ngesikhathi uwufunda

• Unomoya wosizi
• Kwenzeka izinto eziningi ezinosizi
(8) Umdlalo ozinkundlankundla
• Unezinkundla eziningi
• Uyagcogcoma
3.10 ‌ISAKHIWO
• Umdlalo obhaleke kahle uba nesakhiwo somzimba sangaphandle lapha izinkundla
nezigcawu kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi.
• Kwesangaphandle kungaba khona inkundla yokuqala bese iba nezigcawu ezintathu
(esokuqala, esesibili nesesithathu).
• Uma siqhubeka bese kuba khona nenkundla yesibili nayo enezigcawu zayo.
• Qaphela awukho umthetho othi ngaso sonke isikhathi izinkundla nezigcawu zomdlalo
kufanele zibe ngaki.
• Kuya ngombhali ukuthi yena uthanda umdlalo wakhe ube mude kangakanani.
3.10.1 ‌Isakhiwo sangaphakathi (sinokulandelayo)

• Isisusa sendaba
• Isimo okubhekenwe naso okumelwe silungiswe
• Ukuvezwa kwabalingiswa abasemqoka.
• Udweshu lwangaphakathi nolwangaphandle
• Izixakaxaka
• Ukukhula kwendaba iqonge ize ifike kwangqingetshe
• Ukufika kwendaba kuvuthondaba
• Yipholavuthondaba noma ibohlololo
• Isizinda
• Indikimba nezindikimbana
3.11 ‌ISINGENISO SOMDLALO

Umdlalo unesingeniso esehlukaniswe yizingxenye ezimbili, okuba isethulo nesisusa.
(i) Isethulo: Lapha kwethulwa khona ulwazi olubalulekile oludingekayo ukuze

kuqondisiseke okuzokwenzeka. Yingakho-ke nje umbhali wethula iqhawe lom-
dlalo kanye nenkinga elibhekene nayo. Kuphinde kube abanye abadlali okufanele
basheshe bethulwe, nabo bavezwa kule ngxenye yesingeniso. Emdlalweni ‘ingane
yamalungelo’ ngabe kuyenzeka yini lokhu okuchazwayo lapha ngesisusa somdlalo?
(ii) Isisusa sodweshu: Yileyo ngxenye yesethulo enamandla, eyinselelo kummeleli
ngandlela thize. Lapha umbhali uveza isehlakalo esiyisisusa senkinga (udweshu)
yeqhawe lomdlalo, lena yinkinga leyo evezwe esethulweni. Le nkinga noma lolu
dweshu luyoqhubeka njalo selukhushulwa nangezinye izehlakalo. Lokhu kube
sekukhulisa umdlalo uze ufike kuvuthondaba. Isisusa noma imbangela yodweshu
kufanele ikholakale. Emdlalweni ‘ingane yamalungelo’ ngabe kuyenzeka yini lokhu
okuchazwayo lapha ngesisusa sodweshu somdlalo?
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3.12 ‌ISIXAKAXAKA SOMDLALO

Siqukethe izenzo ezenziwa ngummeleli kanye nalabo abaphikisana naye. Zivamile
izigameko ukuthi zihambe zibhangqene esixakaxakeni, okusho ukuthi okwenziwa
ngummeleli kuphikiswa abaphikisana naye kanye nabamelekelelayo. Lokhu yikhona
okushubisa isimo kangangoba kungaze kudingeke ikhambi elinamandla ukubuyisela
izinto esimeni sazo sokuqala.
Lezi yizehlakalo eziba phakathi kwesisusa novuthondaba lomdlalo. Udweshu oluvezwa

kusisusa kumele lubonakale lukhula, lubhebhetheka luze luyofika kuvuthondaba
lomdlalo. Umdlalo kule ngxenye kufanele kuzwakale ukuthi uyaqhubeka, kungabi
bikho lapho ushudula khona ndawonye. Ngabe uma ubheka okwenzeka emdlalweni
‘ingane yamalungelo’ siyakuthola yini okuchazwa lapha ngesixakaxaka somdlalo? Sekela.
3.13 ‌ABADLALI BOMDLALO

Abadlali babamba iqhaza elibalulekile emunxeni womdlalo, kanti bawuhlaka olumayelana
nokwenzeka emdlalweni ngokuxoxwa yibo abadlali.
Umdlali kufanele abe nokuxhumana nomfundi ngandlela thile. Aphinde futhi abe
nomnikelo ozwakalayo mayelana nomdlalo ayingxenye yawo.
Abadlali banhloboningi kuya ngomsebenzi nangokubaluleka kwalowo nalowo mdlali.

Abadlali bomdlali baye bahlukaniseke kanje: kuba khona umdlali oqavile obizwa ngokuthi
iqhawe noma ummeleli. Uma enabamsizayo kuthiwa abalekeleli. Bese kuthi lowo
ophikisana neqhawe kuthiwa imbangi ngoba nguye obangela iqhawe lomdlalo inkinga.
Kwesinye isikhathi imbangi kungaba isimo esithile esiphikisana nezinhloso zokuphila
komlingiswa oliqhawe. Isimo lesi kungaba yinkolo, usikompilo, icala, uthando nokunye.
Lokho okuxabanisa iqhawe nembangi kuthiwa umqhathi. Kuyenzeka nalapha futhi
kungabi umuntu kodwa kube isimo noma into ethile okungaba yindawo yokuhlala, yifa,
umuntu, nokunye. Ngabe emdlalweni ‘ingane yamalungelo’ siyabathola yini bonke laba
badlali umbhali akhuluma ngabo kule ngxenye? Sekela.
3.14 ‌UKUVEZWA KWABADLALI BOMDLALO

Abadlali bomdlalo bangavezwa ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:
(i) Indlela esamdlalo: Lapha umlingiswa uziveza yena ngokukhuluma nangokwe-

nza kwakhe, umfundi bese ezibonela yena ukuthi lo mdlali ungumuntu onjani.
Lena indlela esetshenziswa kakhulu eminxeni yomdlalo ngoba ivumela abadlali
baziveze bona ngokukhuluma nangokwenza. Le ndlela ngokukaThwala igcizelela
isu lokubuka ngokucabanga kunokuxoxa indaba. Iphinde iphaphamise ababukeli
noma abafundi, ibenza babe yingxenye ngokuzithathela izinqumo ngomdlali
nokwazi ukubona ukuziphatha komdlali. Ngabe abadlali bomdlalo osihloko sithi
‘ingane yamalungelo’ iyasetshenziswa yini ‘indlela esamdlalo’ ukuveza abalingiswa?
(ii) Indlela yengxoxo: Kokunye umfundi uyaye ezwe abanye abalingiswa bekhuluma
ngomunye, bese emazi ubunjalo bakhe ngaleyo ndlela. Uma lezi zindlela zombili
zisetshenziswa ngokudedelana zivamise ukuwenza umdlalo uthandeke. Ngabe
abadlali bomdlalo osihloko sithi ‘ingane yamalungelo’ iyasetshenziswa yini ‘indlela
yengxoxo’ ukuveza abalingiswa?
36
3.15 ‌UKUKHULA KWABADLALI BOMDLALO

Lokhu kusho ukuthuthuka noma ukuguquka kwabadlali ngokukhuphuka komdlalo,
kusukela esingenisweni kuya esiphethweni. Ukukhula nokuguquka kwabadlali isikhathi
esiningi kugovuzwa isimo senhlalo. Izimo zempilo abadali abazithola bedlula kuzona.
Zingaba zinhle ezinye zibe zimbi. Zonke lezi zimo ziba nomthelela empilweni yomdlali
ngezindlela ezahlukene. Angaba khona lowo mdlali ongakhuli noma ongaguquki,
lowo kuthiwa uyisicaba. Izizathu ezidala ukuguquka komdlali ziyavela emdlalweni
ngokuphehlwa isimo senhlalo. Ebadlalini bomdlalo othi ‘ingane yamalungelo’ngabe
siyakubona yini kuvezwa ‘ukukhula kwabadlali bomdlalo’?
3.16 ‌UDWESHU LOMDLALO

Esethulweni kuvame ukuba khona ukuvezwa kwesimo sezinto esingakaphazamiseki.
Lokho okuphazamisa isimo esijwayelekile kubizwa ngodweshu. Udweshu kungaba
ukungqubuzana phakathi kwabadlali abathile noma phakathi komdlali nesimo esithile
okungaba inkolo, amasiko noma kube ukuphikisana kwemicabango engqondweni
yomdlali. Umdlalo ungeze waphila ngaphandle kodweshu. Imbangela yodweshu kumele
ukuba ikholakale. Yikuphi ongakuphawula mayelana nodweshu lomdlalo othi ‘ingane
yamalungelo’?
3.17 ‌INKULUMO-MPENDULWANO YOMDLALO

Yilapho kunokushayisana kwemibono. Umdlalo uncike kakhulu kuso isimo senkulumo-
mpendulwano ngoba umbhali akanalo ithuba lokuchaza izinto yena ngokwakhe
njengasenovelini nasendabeni emfushane. Yingakho nje umbhali akuchazayo ukusho
ngamazwi nje ambalwa kakhulu, ezindaweni ezithile ukucacisa okuthile ukuze umdlalo
ulandeleke. Konke ukukhula komdlalo kuphethwe yinkulumo-mpendulwano yabalingiswa.
Ngakho-ke inkulumo-mpendulwano kumele iphile, nabadlali banqakisane eduze
ngenkulumo. Yingakho nje nezinkulumo zabo ziba mfishane. Ngabe yikuphi lapho
kutholakala khona inkulumo-mpendulwano emdlalweni othi ‘ingane yamalungelo?
Nikeza okumbalwa uma kukhona.
3.18 ‌ULIMI LOMDLALO

Emdlalweni noma ngabe yimuphi lubalulekile ulimi umbhali alufunza abadlali bomdlalo
wakhe. Yilolu limi olukhulunywa ngabadlali oluthwele yonke indaba athanda ukuyedlulisa
umbhali. Ulimi luphinde luveze ukuthi abadlali emdlalweni bangabantu abanjani,
lokho kuzovezwa yizinkulumo abafunza zona. Nayo indikimba noma umlayezo
awethulayo ugcina sewuncika kuyo inkulumo yabadlali. Kufanele kugqame ukuthi
ulimi olusetshenziswa ngabalingiswa emdlalweni kumele luhambisane nempilo ephilwa
yilowo mlingiswa okhulumayo ngaleso sikhathi. Abanye ababhali abanekhono bagcina
besebenzisa ulimi lobunkondlo lapho kunokuphakama kwemimoya khona. Ngabe ikuphi
okuqaphelekayo ngolimi olusetshenziswe ababhali emdlalweni “ingane yamalungelo?
3.19 ‌ISIZINDA SOMDLALO

Isizinda esikhethwe umbhali womdlalo kufanele sihambisane nokwenziwa ngabadlali
emdlalweni. Kulo mdlalo kaVilakazi indawo eyasemakhaya esengenwe uguquko
kwezembusazwe. Isizwe sibuswa yinkosi eyibambela kanye nekhansela osekufanele
ZUL2606/137

igudluke ukuze umnikazi wesikhundla athathe izintambo. Ikhansela likhethwe

ngokwentando yeningi.
Isizinda sisho umdlalo lapho wenzeka khona, nenkathi owenzeka ngaso. Ulimi
olukhulunywa ngabadlali, imikhuba yempilo abayiphilayo kuleyo ndawo, nokunye
okuphathelene nenhlalo yabo, kumele konke lokho kuhambisane nesizinda okuxoxwa
ngaso. Lokho kuthiwa yisimo senhlalo esithinta izimo zempilo ezingafaka ezomnotho,
ezempilo nezombusazwe. Ngabe ababhali bakwazile yini ukwethula kahle isizinda
somdlalo emdlalweni othi ‘ingane yamalungelo’? Phawula kabanzi ngesizinda somdlalo.
3.20 ‌UVUTHONDABA LOMDLALO

Yilelo banga eliveza ukuthi udweshu lungaxazululeka kanjani, ngendlela ethandwa
noma engathandwa ngummeleli. Kuzomele sikhumbule-ke lapha ukuthi indaba yonke
ithatha umzila owodwa okuzothi uma ufika esiphethweni kutholakale ukuthi kube yini
imbangela yengqinamba futhi ingaxazululwa kanjani.
Yingakho nje lesi kuyisicongo somdlalo lapho udweshu obeluya ngokukhula lukhuphuka
selufinyelele ekugcineni. Lapha singabona labo ababeqophisana betholana phezulu noma
sibone inkinga ebikhungethe iqhawe iqaqeka, noma sibone ukubhoboka kweqiniso
ebelifihlakele njalonjalo. Kule ngxenye yomdlalo, kusuke sekuvela obala ukuthi yiliphi
iqembu eliphumelelayo nelehlulwayo kulawo abeqophisana, kubalulekile ukuthi lokho
okwenzeka kuvuthondaba kukholakale, kwemukeleke njengalokho okuzokwenzeka
kuvuthondaba lomdlalo, kodwa kufanele kube yilokho abengakulindele ukuthi kwenzeke.
Lokho kusuke kukhombisa ukuthi lowo mdlalo usuke ubhaleke kahle. Ngabe yikuphi
lapho sithola khona uvuthondaba lomdlalo emdlalweni othi ‘ingane yamalungelo’?
3.21 ‌IPHOLAVUTHONDABA LOMDLALO

Lapha yilapho kuphola khona indaba. Lesi yisiphetho somdlalo lapho umbhali engachaza
khona amaphuzu athile asadinga ukucaciselwa ngawo umfundi mayelana nokuhamba
komdlalo. Le ngxenye kufanele ibe mfushane impela ngoba umfundi usuke esewazi cishe
wonke umdlalo, engasenamdlandla wokufunda undendende. Abanye ababhali abanekhono
abalufaki nakulufaka ipholavuthondaba uma bebona ukuthi lokho okungashowongo,
umfundi usengazicabangela, aziphummele nalokho abona kuwufanele lowo mdlalo.
Ngabe emva kokufunda umdlalo othi ‘ingane yamalungelo’ yikuphi ongakuphawula
ngopholavuthondaba?
3.22 ‌ISIPHETHO SOMDLALO

Yilapho kuxazululwa inkinga ebiyethulwe ngasekuqaleni komdlalo. Kufanele isiphetho
sibe sifushane, kepha sishaye emhloleni ngoba kufanele kutholakale isifundo. Kwezinye
izindaba isiphetho siba wumusho owodwa nje emva kovuthondaba. Isiphetho sendaba
ebhaleke kahle kumele siphele esicongweni okuwuvuthondaba, ngokuba kwenzeke
okuthile obekungalindelekile, ingwijikhwebu. Kuhle nokho yemukeleke le ngwijikhwebu
kofundayo ukwenzeka kwayo kube nakho ukuxhumana nomdlalo ngandlela thile. Sihle
isiphetho esihambisana nesihloko. Ngabe ababhali bakwazile yini ukuphetha kahle
umdlalo othi ‘ingane yamalungelo’? Uma bengakwazanga ngabe wena ubona ukuthi
bekumele bawuphethe kanjani umdlalo?
38

(1) Chaza izinto ezibhekwayo uma kuhluzwa inoveli
(2) Chaza izinto ezibhekwayo uma kuhluzwa umdlalo
(3) Ngabe umfundi wazini ngomdlalo?
(4) Ngabe siqukethe ini isakhiwo somdlalo?
(5) Ngabe umdlalo wehlukene kangaki?
(6) Chaza izinhlobo zomdlalo ozaziyo
(7) Hluza umdlalo othi ingane yamalungelo.
(8) Ithini indikimba yalo mdlalo eniwufundile Ingane yamalungelo?
(9) Ngabe ubani iqhawe lo mdlalo eniwufundile Ingane yamalungelo?
(10) Nikeza isizinda somdlalo Ingane yamalungelo.
(11) Ngabe ubani umlingiswa/abalingiswa abayizimbangi emdlalweni Ingane yamalungelo?
(12) Nikeza abalingiswa abahlanu ababaluleke kakhulu emdlwalweni Ingane yamalungelo.
(13) Ngabe yikuphi ongakuphawula ngodweshu lo mdlalo Ingane yamalungelo?
(14) Ngabe ulithola kuphi uvuthondaba emdlalweni Ingane yamalungelo?
(15) Ngabe ulithola kuphi upholavuthondaba emdlalweni Ingane yamalungelo?
(16) Ngabe iyatholakala ingwijikhwebu emdlaweni Ingane yamalungelo?
Umdlalo ‘ingane yamalungelo: Imibuzo esezingeni eliphezulu ibhekiswe kulo

mdlalo
(17) Ngabe isihloko nesizinda somdlalo kuyahambisana yini? Chaza.

(18) Ngabe ulimi olusetshenziswa abadlali nesihloko somdlalo kuyahambisana yini?
Sekela.
(19) Ngabe isizinda nengqikithi yomdlalo kunakho yini ukuxhumana? Sekela,
(20) Ngabe abalingiswa nosikompilo lomdlalo kuyahambisana na? Chaza.
(21) Ngabe umlingiswa omkhulu nesihloko somdlalo kukhona yini ukuxhumana
okutholakala kukho? Chaza.
UHLA LWEZINCWADI
Alexander L. G. 1965. Essay and Letter Writing. London: Longman
Dlamini A. M. 1975. The difference between a short story and an essay. Limi Vol.3, No.2 (62-
70), Pretoria: UNISA.
Johnson, J. And Hamlin, W. C. 1966. The short story. New York: American book company
Kwetana, W. M. 1987. The essay in Xhosa. Honours article, Pretoria: Unisa
Lockitt, C. H. 1949. The art of the essayist. London: Longmans
Mahonga, L., Masubelele, R., Molefe, L., Mollema, N. And Ntuli DB. 1995. Only study
Maphike, P. R. S. 1978. The essay in Southern Sotho. Pretoria: UNISA.
Maphike, P. R. S. 1980. On the essay in Southern Sotho. Limi Col 8. Nos 1 & 2, (35-49)
Pretoria: UNISA.
Mkhize, Z. 2017. Ikhanzi: Incwadi yesiZulu Yobuciko Bomlomo. Cape Town: Oxford Uni-
versity Press.
Nene, J.O. And Zwane C. L. 2019. Ingane yamalungelo. Johannesburg: Bhiyoza publishers.
Nyembezi, S. 1950. Mntanami! Mntanami!. Johannesburg: APB.
Scholes, R. 1969. Elements f the essay. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sebate, M. P. M. 1988. Compression in Mangoleng’s Short Story: Gale Ka la Tswa. Unpublished
Unisa Departmental address Pretoria: UNISA.
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4 IMIBHALO YABANTWANA
• ukwazi ukuchaza ngomlando mayelana nemibhalo yabantwana ezilimini zebele.

• ukwehlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlobo zemibhalo yabantwana.
• ukwazi ukubalula okuhle kanye nemisebenzi yemibhalo yabantwana.
4.1 ‌ISINGENISO
Lolu hlobo lomunxa lwemibhalo luhlukile emibhalweni yomunxa wobuciko bomlomo
ngoba lona luyabhalwa ngokwesimo salo. Yingakho nje lungena kahle ngaphansi
kwemibhalo yobucikomazwi obuhlelelwe abantwana. Indlela obhalwa ngawo lomunxa
uba yindaba ebhalwa ihambisane nemidwebo enohlaka noma isakhiwo esithile esixoxa
ngomuntu othile, owenza okuthile, endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esithile ngenxa
yesizathu esithile. Uhlaka lomunxa wemibhalo yabantwana kumele lube lula lulandeleke
kalula ngoba lubhalelwe abamqondo wabo usathambe kakhulu. Uhlaka lwalo mbhalo
luvame ukuba luncike enkingeni noma odweshwini umlingiswa oqavile abhekene nalo.
Lungaphinda futhi luncike odweshwini analo umlingiswa oqavile nomunye umlingiswa
noma ezimweni ezimzungezile noma anqwamana nazo yena mathupha. Lolu hlobo
luvamise ukuba umunxa bese luhlukaniseka iminxana eyahlukahlukene (Ntuli 2011:21).
4.2 ‌IZINHLOBO ZEZINCWADI ZABANTWANA

Ziningi izinhlobo zezincwadi zabantwana ezihlanganisa izincwadi zemidwebo, izincwadi
zamathoyizi, izincwadi zama-alfabhethi noma zezinhlamvu, izincwadi zokubala, izincwadi
zamagama, izincwadi ezinemifanekiso engenamagama, izincwadi ezifundeka kalula
nezincwadi zezindaba ezinezithombe. Zonke lezi zinhlobo zizochazwa ngokulandelana
ngezansi.
4.2.1 ‌Izincwadi zemidwebo

Lolu hlobo lwezincwadi lubhalwa ngendlela yokuthi lugcwala imidwebo yodwa ize
imidwebo iyofika ekugcineni. Zihlukaniswa izinhlobo ezahlukene ngokweminyaka
yabantwana. Lezi zincwadi zihlukaniswa ngemikhakha elandelayo: izincwadi zamathoyizi,
izincwadi zama-alfabhethi, izincwadi zezinombolo, izincwadi zamagama, izincwadi
40
IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO 4: Imibhalo yabantwana
ezinemidwebo engenamagama bese kuba nezincwadi ezixoxa indaba ngemidwebo. Lolu

hlobo lwezincwadi zemidwebo lunikeza abantwana izinhlobonhlobo zemizwa yokubona
(Cianciolo 1981:01). Lolu hlobo lomunxana lubamba iqhaza ekusondezeni abantwana
emhlabeni wobucikomazwi kanye nethuba lokuqala isiko lokufunda impilo yabo yonke.
Izincwadi zemidwebo kufanele zibhalwe ngezihloko ezithandekayo kubantwana.
Yingakho inhloso yezincwadi zemidwebo ekugcineni kufanele zibahlole ngendlela
enokubathokozisa abantwana, nokubaphonsela inselelo kanye nokubagqugquzela ukuba
kutshaleke nesiko lukuba bathande ukufunda impilo yabo yonke.
4.2.2 ‌Izincwadi zamathoyizi

Lolu hlobo lwezincwadi zamathoyizi lubaluleke kakhulu ngoba lwethulwa isigaba
sokuqala sokufundisa abantwana ngendlela esamdlalo. Lokhu kwenzeka ngendlela
yokuthi abazali babambe iqhaza ngokukhuluma nomntwana ngesikhathi besebenzisa
le ncwadi. Luphinde lolu hlobo lusimamise ulimi, isimo somqondo, kanye nokukhula
ngokwenhlalo kubantwana baleli zinga ngokuvamile abasenkulisa (Norton 1983:142).
4.2.3 ‌Izincwadi zama-alfabhethi/zezinhlamvu

Lolu hlobo lwencwadi yezinhlamvu lubalulekile nalo ngendlela yalo ngoba luphakamisa
ukukhula kwamagama asetshenziswa uma kukhulunywa noma kubhalwa. Ukuze
kutshengiswe ukuthi zibaluleke kanjani lezi zinhlobo zezincwadi ekunonophaliseni
abantwana ngokomqondo, uStewig (1998:115) ubeka ngokuthi izincwadi zezinhlamvu
zikahle kakhulu emfundweni yokuqala yomntwana. Umsebenzi obalulekile walezi
zinhlobo zezincwadi ukufundisa abantwana ngendlela elandelekayo ngezinhlamvu
kusukela ohlamvini lokuqala u-A kuya ku-Z. Ngokujwayelekile izinhlamvu zihamba
ngokusondelana nemisindo yalezo zinhlamvu. Yingakho umsebenzi walezi zinhlobo
zezincwadi ufundisa abantwana ikhono lokwazi ukuhlukanisa uhlamvu nomsindo.
4.2.4 ‌Izincwadi zokubala

Izincwadi zokubala zisetshenziswa ukufundisa abantwana ukuthi kubalwa kanjani
kusukela enombolweni yokuqala u-1. kuya enombolweni enkulu noma ethe xaxa. Lokhu
kwenziwa ngokweminyaka yabantwana balelo zinga. Isibonelo, abantwana abasebancane
bayafundiswa ukuthi kubalwa kanjani ngokulandelana kwezinombolo kusukela ku-1
kuya ku-10.
4.2.5 ‌Izincwadi zamagama

Lezi zinhlobo zezincwadi zisetshenziswa ukufundisa abantwana ukuqamba izinto
ezibazungezile ngokuzinikeza amagama lezo zinto, ukubona nokuqonda incazelo
yamagama adingekile ezingeni labo ukwakha iqoqo lamagama. Lokhu kufaka
amagama emibala eyehlukahlukene kanye namagama aphikisanayo. Norton (1983:136)
uphawula ngokuthi izincwadi zamagama zithuthukisa intuthuko yesimo somqondo
ngokugqugquzela ukuqonda okusondelene nemiqondo okuyingqikithi yemibono.
Ngokuka Hancock (2008:66) izincwadi zamagama zabelana ngomumo, imibala, usayizi
kanye nezinto eziwubuciko bencwadi yezithombe. Lokhu ngokaPriddy (2006) uveza
ukuthi izingane zingafunda ngamagama ezinto ezisondelene nazo.
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4.2.6 ‌Izincwadi ezinemifanekiso engenamagama

Lezi zinhlobo zezincwadi njengoba negama lisho zenziwe ngemidwebo kuphela.
Okuhle ngalezi zinhlobo zezincwadi ukuthi zifundeka ziqondwe ngabantwana abakwazi
ukufunda nabangakwazi ukufunda. Lezi zincwadi ngokuvamile zinikeza umntwana
ithuba lokuhumusha okwenzekayo kanye nezigameko ezenzeka endabeni njengoba
umntwana eziqonda ngothi lwazo.
4.2.7 ‌Izincwadi ezifundeka kalula

Njengoba lezi zincwadi ziba nemisho embalwa nje, zinikeza abantwana abaqalayo
ukufunda ithuba lokuzilolonga mayelana nokufunda. Isibonelo salencwadi yile esihloko
sithi: Umlilo (2007) ebhalwe nguKhumalo, Mhlophe kanye noMagone efaka imidwebo
eminingi evumelana nokubhaliwe.
4.2.8 ‌Izincwadi zezindaba ezinezithombe

Izincwadi zalolu hlobo zinika abantwana ithuba lokusizwa ngabazali nothisha
enkulisa. Lezi zincwadi zisiza abantwana hhayi ngokubathokozisa kuphela kodwa
ziphinde zibafundise namakhono amasha athinta impilo. Ziphinde futhi zakhe isimo
sokuthuthukisa amakhono athinta ukukhula kolimi nokusetshenziswa kwalo.
4.3 ‌ISAKHIWO SEMIBHALO YABANTWANA

Isakhiwo semibhalo yabantwana siba lula ngenhloso yokuba sobala ukuze abantwana
bangabi nenkinga yokudideka ngokungakwazi ukulandela indaba exoxwayo. Isakhiwo
semibhalo yabantwana siba nesingeniso, umzimba nesiphetho. Isingeniso semibhalo
yabantwana siba ngesilula kakhulu siphinde sibe sifushane siphinde siyingenise
ngokushesha indaba. Siphinde futhi siveze ngokucacile zisuka nje ukuthi indaba imayelana
nobani owenzani kuphi ngasiphi isizathu. Emva kwalokho indaba iyasuka esingenisweni
yehlele emzimbeni lapho iphekwa khona ngendlela elula nelandelekayo ukuze umntwana
ayiqonde angaphazamiseki ize iyofika esiphethweni. Umzimba ufaka abalingiswa, isizinda
esakhiwa indawo ephendula umbuzo othi indaba yenzeka kuphi? Kube isikhathi esibuza
umbuzo othi indaba yenzeka nini? bese kuba isimo senhlalo esiveza indlela okuphilwa
ngayo emphakathini. Isakhiwo salo munxa sigcina ngesiphetho esikhomba ukuphela
kwendaba. Okuzolandela lapha ngezansi ukuchaza isakhiwo semibhalo yabantwana
ukuze sigqame isithombe.
4.4 ‌ISIHLOKO
Isihloko kufanele sibe lula kakhulu ngokuba sihambisane nendaba yonke ngokuba
sihehe ukuze abantwana bahalele ukuqhubeka nokuyifunda indaba yonke. Okunye,
isihloko kufanele sibe yilokho indaba ekhuluma ngakho. Sisondelane nendaba yonke
ize iyofika ekugcineni.
4.5 ‌ISINGENISO
Indaba iqala ngesingeniso esithile lapho umlingiswa oqavile enenkinga noma isifiso
esithile. Indima yokuqala kumele yethule umlingiswa oqavile onenkinga ethile noma
kungabi inkinga kodwa kube okunye okuthile. Kumele futhi isingeniso sethule nendawo
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noma isizinda lapho indaba yenzeka khona. Kubalulekile ukuba umbhali ayiveze inkinga
zisasuka phansi nje. Lapha umbhali uqikelela ukuthi akawafaki amawongowongo
nemininingwane engadingekile ngoba lokho kungase kumdide umntwana ebese
engayizwa indaba yonke. Yingakho kubalulekile ukuba indaba isheshe idonse noma
ihehe ofundayo.
4.6 ‌UMZIMBA
Lapha silindele ukukhula kwezinkinga ngesikhathi umlingiswa oqavile wendaba ezama
ukuphumelelisa izifiso zakhe uma esehlangabezana nezinkinga noma izikhubekiso.
Lezi zinkinga ziya ngokuya ziba nkulu zidlondlobale futhi zixake kunakuqala. Lapha
sithola ilukuluku eliqutshulwa umoya owakhiwa isimo sokuba nombuzo noma okuthile
okutshengisa ukuthi kunento engase yenzeke.
Kufanele kube khona nesixakaxaka lapho umlingiswa oqavile eselahlekelwa yithemba.

Lokhu kumenza aphinde athathe esinye isinqumo ngokuba ashiye phansi noma aqhubeke
nesu lakhe. Ngakho-ke lokhu kuchaza ukuthi udweshu kufanele lusondelane nezinto
ezizungeza imizwa ejwayelekile yomntwana.
4.7 ‌ABALINGISWA
Abalingiswa balolu hlobo lombhalo kufanele bacaciswe kahle mayelana neqhaza
abalibambile endabeni ukuze kungayiphazamisi indaba nokuthi ilandeleke. Umlingiswa
oqavile kumele alingane nabantwana abasezingeni lakhe ngokweminyaka. Kungaba kuhle
kakhulu kube yilowo abantwana abangazifanisa naye futhi abangazwelana naye kulokho
abhekene nakho okuyinkinga. Nokuthi abalingiswa kufanele kube abaguquguqukayo
bevunyelwa isimo esibangamele.
4.8 ‌ISIZINDA
Sifaka indawo, inkathi nesimo senhlalo, lokhu kusiza kakhulu ekubumbeni ukuthi indaba
yenzeka kuphi nini ngaphansi kwesimo esinjani sempilo. Abacwaningi bokubhalwa
kwezindaba zabantwana baveza ukuthi kunezindlela ezehlukene zokwakha isizinda.
Njengoba kwenzeka emibhalweni yabantu abadala ukuthi isizinda sakhiwa umbhali
ngendlela asichaza ngayo ngokusebenzisa ingxoxo yabalingiswa kanye nezenzo zabo.
Kwezinye izincwadi zabantwana umbhalo wesihloko sencwadi ubumba noma umumatha
isizinda (isibonelo: Isidleke Samajuba Amhlophe). Isizinda emibhalweni yabantwana sakhiwa
sisondelane nalokho okuzungeze abantwana (Gamble & Yates 2002:67). Okuphathelene
nesizinda kuba yilokhu okulandelayo:
4.8.1 ‌Indawo
Imayelana nalapho indaba yenzeka khona. Ngakho-ke indaba yalolu hlobo kufanele
yenzeke endaweni abafundi bayo abayejwayele ezokwazi futhi ukuba heha. (Isibonelo:
inkulisa, isikole, enkundleni yezemidlalo abavamise ukudlala kuyo, idolobha, isonto
nasekhaya). Kuyenzeka kwesinye isikhathi indawo kube engajwayelekile kubantwana
kodwa kufanele ukuthi okwenzeka endabeni makuhambisane nesizinda. Lokhu kube
sekwenza indaba ilandeleke kubantwana.
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4.8.2 ‌Inkathi
Kufanele inkathi kube eyamanje ikhombe izinto ezenzeka manje ngokusebenzisa
izinto ezitholakala kule nkathi abaphila kuyo ukuze bangadideki. Izinto ezingafakwa
ezifana nethelevishini, indlu enogesi, izimoto, amabhasi amatekisi, amabhayisikili kanye
namathoyizi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ngokwenkathi indaba ibhalwa isuselwe emhlabeni
wabantwana wezwe labo lukucabanga.
4.8.3 ‌Isimo senhlalo

Kufanele sihambisane nendawo lapho abantwana bechitha khona isikhathi esiningi
bephila khona. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi isimo senhlalo asibe sobala mayelana nempilo
ephilwa abantu abasondelene nabantwana.
4.9 ‌ULIMI
Indaba yabantwana ibhalwa isebenzise inkathi yamanje ngoba inkathi edlule ingakha
isimo esingabadida abantwana bangezwa nhlobo okushiwo endabeni. Yingakho nje
umlingiswa noma abalingiswa kufanele babonakale bekhuluma benza ngaso leso
sikhathi. Yingakho nje okubhalwa ngakho kufanele kususelwe emhlabeni wabantwana
basezweni labo lokucabanga. Umbhali walolu hlobo lombhalo kufanele acabange
njengomntwana, izinto azibuke njengomntwana, ezwe njengomntwana. Yingakho futhi
kubalulekile ukuba babhekwe abantwana lapho bedlala, bese kulalelwa nezinkulumo zabo
zamanje ngesikhathi bedlala. Amagama ezinto ezingabonakali akufanele asetshenziswe
kulolu hlobo lombhalo ehamba wodwa, kufanele alekelelwe imifanekiso eshuthekiwe
ehambisana nale mizwa. (Isibonelo uma indaba ikhuluma ngomfana owacasuka walahla ithoyizi
lakhe, masibonakale isithombe esinomfana ocasukile ngoba lokho kuzwakala futhi kumchazela kangcono
umntwana ofundayo). Okunye okubalulekile ukuthi kufanele incwadi ikugqamise ukuthi
mkhulu umehluko phakathi kwabantwana banamuhla nalabo ababekhona eminyakeni
engamashumi amabili edlule.
4.10 ‌EMINYE IMISEBENZI YEMIBHALO YABANTWANA

Ihlukahlukene imisebenzi yemibhalo yabantwana, uNtuli (2011) uyayicubungula
imisebenzi yomunxa ngamunye wemibhalo yabantwana.
4.10.1 ‌Imfundo
Inhloso yemibhalo yabantwana ukujabulisa nokufundisa ngesikhathi esisodwa, okusho
ukushaya izinyoni ezimbili ngetshe elilodwa. Phakathi kwezinto ezifundwa ngabantwana
okuthinta izinto ezibazungezile nezibalulekile emphakathini. Kusukela umntwana ezalwa
kuze kube uba mdala. Lokhu umphakathi ukwenza ngohlelo lwemibhalo ukumnikeza
umntwana ulwazi kanye namakhono azomsiza ukumelana nezigaba ezehlukahlukene
zempilo.
4.10.2 ‌Ukuthola umuzwa wobuciko

Abantwana babanalo ihlo kubazali mayelana nabakwenzayo kanye nakwabanye abantu
abadala ngesikhathi benza izinto ezihambisana nalezo ezitholakala ezincwadini.
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4.11 I‌MISEBENZI YEMIBHALO YABANTWANA

NGOKUHLUKAHLUKANA KWAYO
Lapha kubhekwa imisebenzi yohlobo ngalunye lwemibhalo yabantwana. Lokhu kuchaza
ukuthi uhlobo ngalunye lombhalo wabantwana lubamba iqhaza elingefani okhalweni
lokufunda kwabantwana. Kuzobhekwa uhlobo ngalunye lombhalo wabantwana mayelana
nomsebenzi walo.
4.11.1 ‌Izincwadi zokudlala

Lolu hlobo lwezincwadi lusebenza ukufundisa abantwana ukusetshenziswa kwamathoyizi
njengethuluzi lokudlala. Kodwa lokhu kufunda nokukhuluma kwenzeka phakathi
kukamama nomntwana. Yingakho nje uHancock egcizelela ubuhle bokusetshenziswa
kwalolu hlobo lwezincwadi abantwana bathola ithuba lokuthinta amakhasi encwadi
okokuqala. Ekusetshenzisweni kwezincwadi zokudlala, kuyilapho umama noma umuntu
omdala engumkhomba ndlela wokufunda kulokho abantwana abahlangana nakho
encwadini.
4.11.2 ‌Izincwadi zama-alfabhethi/zezinhlamvu

Ukuze kubonise ukuthi izincwadi zezinhlamvu zibaluleke kangakanani empilweni
yomntwana okhulayo, u-Stewig uthi: “Izincwadi zezinhlamvu ziyisiqalo kuwo wonke
amabanga okufunda asezingeni eliphansi.” (1998:115). Lolu hlobo lwezincwadi
zezinhlamvu lufundisa abantwana ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu kusukela ku-A kuya
ku-Z. Njengoba uhlamvu ngalunye luhambisana nomsindo othize, omunye umsebenzi
ocacile walezi zincwadi ukufundisa abantwana ukuba bakwazi ukuqonda imisindo
yezinhlamvu ngokuhlukana kwayo. Izincwadi zezinhlamvu ziphinde zikhuthaze
ukuthuthukiswa kwesilulumagama (Norton, 1983: 144).
4.11.3 ‌Izincwadi zokubala

Izihloko zalezi zincwadi zibonisa ukuthi zisetshenziselwa ukufundisa abantwana
mayelana nokuthi kubalwa kanjani kusukela enombolweni ephansi kuya enombolweni
enkulu, ngokuhambisana kweminyaka yabantwana abakuleli zinga lokufunda. Isibonelo,
abantwana abancane bafundiswa ukuthi babala kanjani ngokulandelana kwezinombolo
kusukela kweyokuqala kuya kweyeshumi.
4.11.4 ‌Izincwadi zamagama

Kusukela engxoxweni engenhla kanye nokuchazwa kwemifanekiso, kubonakala ukuthi
izincwadi zomqondo zingabhekwa njengamathuluzi okwenza izingane zikwazi ngemvelo
yazo. Lolu hlobo lwezincwadi lusiza abantwana ukuze bakwazi ukuqala ukufunda ulimi
lwabo. Lapha abantwana baphinde bathole ithuba lokuqala lokufunda iqoqo lamagama
ezinto ezibazungezile. Lokhu kube sekwandisa nesilulumagama.
4.11.5 ‌Izincwadi zemidwebo ezingenamagama

Izincwadi zemidwebo ezingenamagama ziyabasiza abantwana mayelana nokufunda
nokuqonda kubantwana abanamakhono angefani uma kufundwa. Kulolu hlobo
lwezincwadi kuyavela ukuthi bonke abantwana banethuba lokuhumusha izenzo
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nezigameko ezenzeka endabeni njengoba bezibona. Lezi zincwadi ziphinde zisebenze

ukuvukuza imibono nokukhulisa ulimi. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi lolu hlobo luyasebenza
futhi ukufundisa abantwana ukuxoxa mayelana nokwenzeka endabeni.
4.12 ‌ISIPHETHO
Lapha bekucutshungulwa imibhalo yabantwana yesimanje eveza uguquko oluthinta
ukubhalwa ngohlelo lwencwadi, njengoba esikhathini esiphambili umunxa wabantwana
ubufaka ubuciko bomlomo. Ngokujwayelekile ubuciko bomlomo ngokwesimo sabo
njengoba bebungabhalwa phansi ngoba bebudluliswa ngohlelo lomlomo.
Ulwazi lwamanje ngemibhalo yabantwana lutholakalale emithonjeni yolwazi

ehlukahlukene. Lolu hlobo lwemibhalo yabantwana bekungelula ukuthi kuqhanyukwe
nalo ngenxa yokuzaca kwabacwaningi olimini lwesiZulu.

(1) Nikeza incazelo yombhalo wezincwadi zabantwana.
(2) Nikeza izinhlobo zezincwadi zabantwana
(3) Siyini isizathu sokuthi ulimi lube lula ezincwadi zabantwana?
(4) Kufanele sibe njani isihloko ezincwadini zabantwana?
(5) Lunjani ulimi olusetshenziswa ezincwadini zabantwana?
(6) Yikuphi okubalulekile ngabalingiswa ezincwadini zabantwana?
(7) Abafundi kumele bakwazi ukufunda ukubhala indaba yabantwana emfushane ethi
ayibe ynamakhasi amabili kuya kwamathathu.
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5 I-ESEYI
• Wazi umehluko phakathi kwendaba emfushane kanye ne-eseyi.

• Incazelo ye-eseyi.
• Izimpawu se-eseyi.
• Ukusebenzisa izimpawu ukuhluza i-eseyi oyinikiwe.
5.1 ‌ISINGENISO
Ezifundweni zonyaka wokuqala sike sabheka izindaba ezimfushane. Kulo nyaka
sifuna ukubheka i-eseyi bese sikwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwe-eseyi kanye nendaba
emfushane. Asifuni umfundi adidanise phakathi kwendaba emfushane kanye ne-eseyi.
Kumele sikhumbule umehluko okhona phakathi kwe-eseyi nendaba emfushane.

Njengokuthi kuma-eseyi kunezimpawu kanti endabeni emfushane kunemigomo. Uma
sikhuluma ngezimpawu sisuke sikhuluma ngezinto ezicacisa ukuthi into ibonakala ngani
noma yakhiwe kanjani. Kanti uma sikhuluma ngemigomo sisuke sikhuluma ngemithetho
noma izibopho ezilandelwayo uma kubhalwa.
5.2 ‌I -ESEYI
5.2.1 ‌Izimpawu ze-eseyi

Izimpawu ezivame ukubonakala ku-eseyi yilezi: Inesakhiwo esiqala ngesingeniso kube
umzimba bese siba nesiphetho. Esingenisweni yilapho kwethulwa khona isihloko, bese
kunatshwa emzimbeni, ekugcineni bese kusongwa yonke into eshiwo. I-eseyi kumele ibe
nolimi oluhehayo. Bese isifundisa okuthile. I-eseyi ayinqunyelwe ukuthi ibe namakhasi
amangaki, kodwa kujwayelekile ukuthi ibe namakhasi ambalwa, njengoba sekushiwo iya
ngokuthi luhlobo luni lwe-eseyi. Kanti futhi nabalingiswa kuyenzeka ukuthi sibathole
kubuye kwenzeke bangatholakali, kodwa uma bekhona kusuka kucaciswa iphuzu elithile.
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5.2.2 ‌Okumele kwaziwe nge-eseyi

Uma kuhluzwa i-eseyi kubalulekile ukuthi silandele izimpawu ezibhalwe ngenhla.
Singabheki kuphela isakhiwo sayo, ngoba lokho akusibonisi ukuthi siyazazi izimpawu
ze-eseyi. Kuyomele sibheke uphawu ngalunye ukuze sithole inhloso yomlobi. Singahle
sithole ukuthi leyo eseyi umlobi akazange alandele izimpawu zayo, uma kunjalo kuyomele
sithole ukuthi inhloso yalowo mlobi bekuyini. Kungenzeka ukuthi i-eseyi ayingeni khaxa
kuzo zonke izimpawu ezikhona ze-eseyi.
Ngokuvamile abafundi ubathola bedideka uma kuziwa ekuhluzeni i-eseyi. Ikakhulukazi

uma kungahle kuvele umbuzo othi, ‘Hluza le eseyi ukuthi ibhaleke kahle yini.’ Uthole
umfundi akhohlwe ukuthi ihluzwa kanjani i-eseyi, nezimpawu okumele zilandelwe
umlobi.
5.2.3 ‌ukuhluzwa kwe-eseyi

Kuyaye kube kuhle ukuthi uma sihluza i-eseyi sizame ukusebenzisa zonke izimpawu kanye
namaphuzu e-eseyi. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi siyakubona ukubaluleka kwazo izimpawu.
Ungaqala ngokuchaza incazelo ye-eseyi ukuthi iyini. Kule ncwadi ezosetshenziswa ethi
isibhakabhaka umfundi kuzodinga azihlole yena ngokwakhe ukuthi uyawazi yini umehluko
phakathi kwe-eseyi nendaba emfushane, ngoba le ncwadi ayihlukanisi ngokubhala
ukuthi lena indaba emfushane noma yi-eseyi. Uma sewuyifundile le ncwadi wayizwa
imibhalo ekuyo kumele ukwazi ukusitshela ukuthi izindaba ezimfushane zisekuqaleni
noma zisekugcineni. Uphinde usitshele ukuthi uma zisekuqaleni zigcina kuphi, nama-
eseyi ngokunjalo. Ake sithathe isibonelo sendaba ethi “Mhleli”, ake usitshele ukuthi
le ndaba yi-eseyi noma indaba emfushane, usho nezizathu ezenza ucabange kanjalo.
Nakuyo i-eseyi isakhiwo sikhona. Okumele sikuqaphele ukuthi isingeniso kumele

sethule isihloko. Kodwa uma i-eseyi inobunkondlo isingeniso singahle sime ngenye
indlela. Ingani enkondlweni izinto kazicaciswa kodwa zibekwa ngamanye amazwi enza
umqondo ujule. Umzimba we-eseyi unabisa isihloko , kumele kucace ukuthi umxoxi
uyahlaba, uyancoma, uyabeka nje, uyancenga, kumbe okunye. Yilapho kutholakala
khona uhlobo lwe-eseyi. Konke okugqamile kumele kubekwe kucace. Isiphetho sona
kumele sisonge yonke into. Singasonga ngokukhipha isifundo esitholakale kuleyo eseyi.
Ezinye izinto okumele siziqaphele, Ulimi. Esikuqaphele ukuthi ezikhathini eziningi

abafundi bavesane bancome bathi ulimi luhle, bengashongo ukuthi kungani besho njalo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi umfundi asinike izizathu zakhe zokuthi kungani ethi ulimi luhle
noma lubi. Kumele futhi kuphawulwe nokunye ngaphandle kokusho ukuthi kunezaga
nezisho.
Okunye okumele kuphawulwe Isifundo. Kumele sibheke uma sikhona isifundo esikhona.
Nokuthi, sinjani? sisobala yini? sivela kuphi, ekuqaleni noma ekugcineni? Sibhekiswa
kubani? Ingabe simukeleke kangakanani emphakathini? Siyatholakala yini? Senza
mahluko muni ohlotsheni lwe-eseyi? Lana sifuna umfundi abhekisise, le mibuzo neminye
ukuze asinike isizathu esiqavile ukuthi sifundo sini esitholakala kuleyo naleyo eseyi.
Angavesane athi asikho isifundo ngoba evilapha ukubheka. Kodwa-ke uma singekho
kumele asinike amazwi okwesekela lokho, kuthi nalowo ohluzelwayo avume ngezizathu
ezibekwe phambi kwakhe. Uma sibheke ku-eseyi ethi isibhakabhaka singasho ukuthi
ziningi izifundo ezitholakala kuleyo eseyi. Okunye esingakusho ukuthi leyo eseyi ijulile.
Isenza ukuthi sinake umkhathi esiphila kuwo. Lana umbhali usivusa amehlo ukuthi
sinake izinto eziningi esingazinaki, njengokuthi yonke into edaliwe izoshabalala. Kukuwe
mfundi ukuthi lesi sifundo uzosithatha kanjani.
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IYUNITHI YESIFUNDO 5: I-eseyi
Ayikwazi ukuba phakathi nendawo i-eseyi. Kumele ibe wuhlobo oluthile. Ziningi
izinhlobo zayo. Kukhona esankondlo esebenzisa ulimi lwenkondlo uma yethulwa,
enobufilosofi namaqiniso anzima kakhulu njengokufuna umqondo womuntu ukuthi
ukuphi emzimbeni, elandayo iyaxoxa njena ngokukhululeka, encengayo izama
ukubonisa abantu ukuthi benze okuthile ngendlela ephakanyiswa umxoxi, enobudrama
lena isuke ibhalwe njengencwadi yedrama, iba nengxoxo phakathi kwabantu abathile,
bese kuba khona neningayo lapho umbhali ekhuluma ngempilo yakhe. Encwadini
yethu ethi isibhakabhaka sithola izinhlobo eziningi zama-eseyi:
Enobunkondlo – (Ngivakashelwe yiLembe). Le-eseyi ihamba ihambe siyizwe lapho

seyethula khona izibongo zeLembe. Nawe mfundi ungazibhekela wena ukuthi kungani
sithi inobunkondlo
• Enobufilosofi – (Isibhakabhaka). Esikuqaphelayo ukuthi imininingwane kanye

nezibalo nezikali zezinto namanye amaqiniso kakunabo yini ubufilosofi.
• Enobudrama – (Umbukiso). Sibona ngenkulumompendulwano eningi. Ungayithola
nawe enobudrama kodwa engeke ifane ncamashi nalena engenhla.
Okunye okumele sikuqaphele ukuthi i-eseyi yethu inezimiso yini noma cha. Uma
sikhuluma ngezimiso sisuka sikhuluma ngemitheshwana emiselwe yona, njengamakhasi
ayo, isihloko sayo, ulimi kanye nokuthi ithunyelwe endaweni ethile. Njenge-eseyi
ebhalelwa amaphephabhuku, kumele ilandele imithetho yalelo phephabhuku. Noma
ibhalelwa incwadi ethile kuyomele ilandele imithetho yaleyo ncwadi futhi itshengise
ubuqiniso bayo. Njengokuthi uma i-eseyi ingeyemisebenzi yesihlahla kumele isivezele
ukubaluleka kwaleso sihlahla, ngokuthi siletha umthunzi, amahlahla ayo ayashanela,
ungelapha ngezimpande, njalonjalo. Uma yenza njalo isibonisa izimiso zayo. Kanti
noma udokotela ebhala ngesifo esithile kuyomele abale futhi adalule wonke amaqiniso
awaziyo ngaleso sifo, angaqageli. I-eseyi engenazimiso yilena umbhali azikhethela
yena isihloko, ayibhale ngokuthanda kwakhe, abeke imibono ngendlela abona ngayo,
futhi kungenzeka ukuthi lokho akushoyo kunamaqiniso noma akunawo.
Kubalulekile ukuthi uma kuhluzwa i-eseyi kubhekwe ukuthi zonke lezi zimpawu ziyavela
yini noma cha. Uma zingaveli singasho nokusho ukuthi umbhali ube nobubhimbi.
Khumbula ukuthi ububhimbi bubonakala ngokuba umbhali engancomeki ezimpawini
eziningi kulezi ezibalwe ngenhla. Kanti i-eseyi enobuchule yilena enenhlanganisela
yezimpawu ezibalwe ngenhla.
5.2.4 ‌Ukuphetha
Silindele ukuthi manje usungakwazi ukuyithatha i-eseyi uyihluze ngokucacile ngoba
sichaze ngokwanele izinto noma izimpawu ozidingayo ukuze uhluze i-eseyi. Sesizodlula
manje siye endabeni emfushane.
5.3 ‌INDABA EMFUSHANE
5.3.1 ‌Isingeniso
Kuleli banga siyazi ukuthi uma sikhuluma ngendaba emfushane sisuke sikhuluma
ngani. Uma usukhohliwe sicela ubuyele emhlahlandleleni wakho wonyaka wokuqala
uke uzikhumbuze kancane. Nalana uma sikhuluma ngendaba emfushane sizobe
sikhumbuzana njena ngoba okuningi kwachazwa emhlahlandleleni wonyaka wokuqala.
ZUL2606/149

Izindaba ezimfushane ziwela ngaphansi kwephrozi. Zibhekene nomlingiswa oyedwa

oqavile, enenkinga eyodwa, esehlakalweni esisodwa. Indaba yakhe iba yinhle uma
ingeqanga osukwini olulodwa. Nendawo akumele isabalale. Namakhasi ayo avame
ukuba yisikhombisa ukuya kwayishumi, kuyenzeka ukuthi uthole indaba emfushane
ethi ukuba yinde kancane kangangokuthi amakhasi ayo afinyelela kwayishumi nambili.
Umsebenzi wendaba emfushane akukhona ukuthi iveze zonke izinto. Kuyadingeka

ukuthi umfundi ahambe ezakhela yena isithombe semininingwane engethulwanga
umbhali. Khumbula ukuthi izinto kazichazwa kabanzi endabeni emfushane. Umfundi
uzinika yena isiphetho sezinto eziningi. Ubumnandi bendaba emfushane benza ukuthi
umqondo usebenze, ngoba kuba wumsebenzi wakho mfundi ukuthi uqedele lapho
kushoda khona.
5.3.2 ‌Ukuhluzwa kwezindaba ezimfushane

Sesiyazi manje ukuthi uma sihluza izindaba ezimfushane kumele sikhethe phakathi
kokulandela ukuqoqeka noma umthelela wezinganekwane. Uma uzolandela ukubhalwa
kwezinganekwane kumele ufake nemibono yakho kanti ekuqoqekeni ungethula izinto
ezifana nalezi: Abalingiswa, isikhathi, indawo, isakhiwo, inkinga izehlakalo,
ingwijikhwebu, amakhasi kanye nesikhathi sokuyifunda. Indlela ejwayelekile
nesiyithandayo ngeyokuqoqeka kwendaba emfushane. Make sibheke-ke ukuthi singahluza
simise kanjani ngokubhekisa ekuqoqekeni kwendaba emfushane. Uma sibhekisa
kubalingiswa kumele sithinte izinto ezifana nalezi: inani labalingiswa. Sithe kuhle
uma lingeqi kwabahlanu. Uma sebevile kuleli nani isuke indaba emfushane ifune
ukuthatha umgwaqo wenoveli. Kanti kumele futhi sikwazi ukuthi ngubani umlingiswa
oqavile. Yena ubonakala ngokuthi athwale indaba yonke. Inkinga kube ngeyakhe futhi
akwazi ukulwa nayo aze ayinqobe noma ayixazulule. Kumele abe nabo abamesekelayo.
Kungaba ngabamelene naye kumbe abamelekelelayo. Masithole ukuthi bangobani
abalingiswa abakhona endatshaneni. Akukhombisi ukuthi siyifunde kahle indaba uma
singabazi nalabo balingiswa ukuthi bangaki bangobani amagama. Encwadini yethu yalo
nyaka, uma sibheka laphaya endabeni esihloko sithi “inhlamba”, sithola abalingiswa
abangoMgogodla, uSubatha kanye noHlatshwayo. Bathathu. Akekho ongabalulekile
ngoba akekho ongenzi lutho. Sikhumbule ukuthi abalingiswa abangenzi lutho ababona
abalingiswa abangabalwa. Lapha sibhekise kulabo okukhulunywa ngabo. Umlingiswa
ovele ethumele incwadi ngeposi kwase kukhulunywa ngaye akuyena umlingiswa odinga
ukubalwa uma sekuhluzwa ngabo. Laba esibabale ngenhla icacile imisebenzi yabo.
uMgogodla nguye umlingiswa oqavile othwele indaba yonke. Ubhekene noSubatha. Kanti
umlamuli nguHlatshwayo. uSubatha singambiza ngomxovi ngenxa yokuqamba kwakhe
inja ngegama lomnumzane wendawo. Endabeni ethi “Isikweletu” uMadolo singamthatha
njengomlingiswa obalwa nabanye? Vuma noma uphike, wesekele imibono yakho. Laphaya
endabeni ethi: “Ngomntanami” ungathini ngabalingiswa abezwakala sebephendula
inkosikazi elandela indoda ebaleke nomntwana? Ngabalingiswa abagcwele? Endabeni
ethi: “Ivasi kaVusi” uthini ngoNduduzo okukhulunywa ngaye kanye nokunyamalala
kwakhe? Ukhumbule ukuthi le mibono ungayiphikisa, noma uyesekele.
Uma beqile enanini, kuhle sibheke ukuthi akukho sizathu yini esiphoqe umlobi ukuthi
enze njalo. Kumele simhlabe umlobi kuphela uma kukukhulu okonakalayo ngokweqa
inani. Kulokhu singamhlaba uma eleqe inani ngomlingiswa ongenzi lutho vele. Kumele
simkhiphe lo mlingiswa sibone ngokuthi kusale kungonakali lutho ukuthi akanasidingo.
Ngaleyo ndlela kumele sibone ukuthi kambe umlobi uziphoqelele ukuthi asebenzise inani
labalingiswa elinamathela ekuqoqekeni kwaze konakala indaba. Ngeke phela kwenzeke
ukuthi injulalwazi esetshenziswa ukuhluza incwadi ibe ngengenaphutha nakancane yona.
Kumele uma sibheka ngamehlo abahluzi sibheke ndawo zonke. Ikhona yini indaba
50
emfushane enalokhu encwadini yakho yalo nyaka? Sekela impendulo yakho. Noma
ngabe kayikho, thatha izindaba ezimfushane zibe mbalwa ukhombise ngazo ukuthi leli
phuzu umlobi ulwa kanjani nalo.
Sizokhumbula ukuthi sonke isikhathi uma sibeka umbono ngomgomo othile kumele
siwesekele ukukhombisa ukuthi siyawuqondisisa umgomo lowo. Lokhu kusiza nokubonisa
ukuthi uyahambisana yini nalowo mgomo. Kumele sesekele ngokupheleleyo. Kumele
sisho ukuthi sithini ngobuchule namangwevu ombhali. Nokho masingabi nomqondo
wokuncoma yonke into. Akukhona ukuhluza lokho. Akonakali lutho uma sincoma lapha
sihlabe laphaya ngendlela esibona ngayo njengabahluzi. Kuhle ukukuqaphela futhi ukuthi
singathi uma sifuna ukuhlaba sihlabe nje kube kuphela kube sengathi akusekho lutho
noluncane oluncomekayo. Ake ubheke lapha ngezansi ukuthi kuthiweni ngesiphetho
sale ndaba emfushane esiyenze isibonelo kulo mhlahlandlela.
Uma sesibhekana nesakhiwo kuhle sikhumbule ukuthi sizokhuluma ngezigaba zaso

ezintathu. Isingeniso, umzimba kanye nesiphetho. Kubukeka kakhulu ukuthi nxa
sihluza indaba emfushane sihluze isingeniso. Kuthi emzimbeni sifake abalingiswa,
isikhathi, indawo, inkinga, izehlakalo, nokunye. Akukubi nokho lokhu, kodwa uma
sesibhekisisa kahle abalingiswa asiqali ukubabona emzimbeni kuphela ngaphandle uma
umbhali ebe nendlela emnandi nengejwayelekile yokukwenza lokhu, oqavile ungena
kusuka esingenisweni. Inkinga ivela esingenisweni. Ngisho nendawo kwezinye izindaba
ezimfushane ingena esingenisweni. Siyambona uMgogodla endabeni emfushane engena
esingenisweni. Siyambona uMgogodla emshweni wokuqala ukuthi uthukuthele ugane
unwabu. Ngeke umlobi angasitsheli ukuthi uthukutheliswe yini. Noma ngabe akasitsheli,
vele ezinye izinto zinhle uma ziyekelwe ilukuluku. Wenze njalo vele uNtuli kule ndaba
yakhe. Akayivezi inkinga esigabeni sokuqala. Kudala elihle ilukuluku lokhu. Lokhu
kuyakhombisa ukuthi uma sifuna ukuhluza kanje kumele sibhekisise ukuthi ikuphi
lapho singasakhulumi khona iqiniso. Okukhulukazi kumele sikhombise kulo ukuthi
umlingiswa oqavile ulwa kanjani nenkinga yakhe, ukuze esiphethweni sazi ukuthi
iyaxazululeka yini yona leyo nkinga. Uma sesifake izinto eziningi singahle sikhohlwe
ukuthi umsebenzi womzimba yini. Kule ndaba emfushane uyabonakala uMgogodla
efika emzini kaSubatha. Iyabehlula indaba. Kayixazululeki. Useyadlula uMgogodla
uya enduneni. Ngeke phela kubizwe yena ngoMgogodla kubizwe inja futhi.Nenduna
uHlatshwayo uthatha isikhathi eside ukuyixazilula le nkinga. Ilukhuni le ndaba. Useze
ulahla uSubatha. Kodwa ngenkathi sekudliwa inyama yenhlawulo, izinja ziveza inkinga
enkulu ngangokuthi leli gama elizoguqulwa lapha sekufuneka lisebenze futhi. Yingwadla
ngempela lena. Kodwa-ke phela isiphetho siyosithola lapho kuyoxazuleka khona inkinga
lena. Ngoba uma lingaguquliwe igama, kusho ukuthi akakeneliswa uMgogodla.
Ukuhluzwa kwesiphetho kuba kuhle uma kulandele izindlela ezimbili: ukuxazululeka

kwenkinga kanye nokuvela kwengwijikhwebu. Ingwijikhwebu akuthina sonke
esingavumelana ngento eyodwa ngayo. Abantu ababoni ngaso linye. Okubi kuwe
kungaba mnandi kimi. Ngakho-ke, ingwijikhwebu ehlaba umxhwele kimina, ingase
ingahlabi umxhwele kuwe. Kungenzeka kodwa futhi ukuthi sibone ngendlela efanayo
sibe mbalwa. Nokho okukhulu ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ubona kanjani. Nokuthi
uzesekele kanjani kulokho akutholile. Yikho kungezwakali nje uma umfundi ethi
isigaba esithile endatshaneni siyingwijikhwebu bese eshiya kanjalo. Kumele kwesekelwe
lokhu. Kumele omunye umuntu abone kade engaboni ukuthi yingwijikhwebu leyo
ngokuthi umchazele umthathe njengongazi lutho ngengwijikhwebu. Ungasipha nawe
isibonelo sengwijikhwebu ezindabeni ozenza kulo nyaka. Kule esibhekene nayo indaba
emfushane abanye abahluzi bebezothi kumele iphele le ndaba ekhasini lesi-6 lapho
bephoqeleka khona ukuthi babuyele egameni likaMgogodla ukuze izinja zixazululeke.
Bekumele sizicabangele thina ukuthi emva kwalokho liguquliwe yini igama lenja. Kepha
ZUL2606/151

abanye abahluzi bebekhala uma igama lingaguqulwa ngoba lokho kusho ukuthi inkinga
kayixazululiwe. Manje sekuya nokuthi imibono yabahluzi abathi inkinga mayixazululwe
siyithanda kangakanani kule ndaba. Uthini wena? Uyavuma ukuthi bekuyingwijikhwebu
eyanele ukubona sekubuyelwa egameni elidala lenja esikhundleni sokuthi liguqulwe?
Usho ukuthi uMgogodla ubezovuma ukuthi inja kaHlatshwayo ife ngoba nakhu kumele
lingabizwa igama lakhe ukuxazulula isimo? Uthini ngokuthi umlobi bekumele asebenzise
inja yakhe ukumenza agculiseke ukuthi leli gama liwusizo ngoba seyize yaqanjwa
lona inja? Usola ukuthi ubezobukeka kabi kule ndaba uSubatha obonakala engafanele
ukuqamba inja ngegama lo mnumzane?
Singakasuki nje ephuzwini lengwijikhwebu, kumele singawushiyi umbono omuhle

wohlobo lwengwijikhwebu esihlangabezana nalo ezindatshaneni zababhali banamuhla.
Bheka ukuthi endabeni ethi “Isikweletu” ingwijikhwebu kayikho esiphethweni, kodwa
yendlaleke nendaba yonke. Phakathi nendaba uFaith ufika kunina asethuse ngokuveza
ukuthi nguye isela ebe ezalwa lapha ekhaya. Phezu kwalokho useyibuyisa iphindwe
kashumi imali ayeyintshontshile. Bekungalindelekile lokhu. Futhi ubethe unenkinga,
kanti usho ukuthi unenkinga yokuxazulula enye inkinga ayezifake kuyo yokweba
ekhaya. Nakhu nomama esilethele enye ingwijikhwebu yokuthatha imali ebuye ngendlela
eyingwijikhwebu eyisa lapho kwakuntshontshe khona umyeni wakhe. Yingwijikhwebu
enye lena. Ubengazithulela unina kaFaith ngoba akukho muntu obesolile ukuthi bavula
ibhizinisi nje balivula ngemali yokwebiwa. Uyayiphika mhluzi le ndaba yengwijikhwebu
egcwele kule ndaba emfushane? Ungayiqhathanisa naleyo etholakala endabeni esihloko
sithi: “Ngomntanami” Zihlahlele, nazi zihlatshiwe sezidindilizile.
Thina abaningi kasize singanaka ukuthi ukuqoqeka kwendawo kusho ukuthi indawo
ingabe siyigqagqana njengeGoli neTheku noma neTheku neKapa. Kodwa uma yenzeka
eMbali bese iyophelela edolobheni eMgungundlovu akukho nkinga lapho. Kodwa futhi
umlobi angahlanganisa abantu baseThekwini nabaseGoli ngocingo kwakheke indaba
ongeke uyihlabe ngokungaqoqeki ngendawo ngoba ucingo luzihlanganisa kalula lezi
zinto. Kodwa uma umuntu ezohamba aye eGoli, aqhubeke nendaba, kubi. Nakhona
lapha akusho ukuthi sekumele sizihlabe zonke izindaba ezenze lokhu. Kumele sibheke
ukuthi thina ngeso lase-Afrika kukhona yini okubi kangako ngendaba enjalo. Ukuthi-
ke kumele singakhohlwa ukukubalula ukuthi abahluzi abesekela ukuqoqeka kwendaba
emfushane ngakho konke bona bebezoyihlaba. Thina uma singayihlabi kumele sisho
ukuthi kungasizathu sini siphikisana nalaba bahluzi. Ungasitholela isibonelo kwenye
yezindaba ozenza ngalo nyaka. Usho ukuthi kulena esihloko sithi “Inhlamba” sekukubi
ngoba uMgogodla ukuya kwakhe kwaSubatha abuye aye kwaHlatshwayo? Hluza sizwe.
Isikhathi asinankinga, siyaziwa. Izindaba ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngezithatha usuku

olulodwa. Kodwa umthetho usabavumela ababhali ukuthi basebenzise noma yisonto
lonke. Yizinganekwane zethu zomdabu ezingakunaki lokhu. Nathi sikunaka ngoba
uma ukwaze ukungena ezimisweni ezibukeka zizinhle zabahluzi abanjengawoMatthews
nawo Poe, uzizwa unqobile. Yikho nje sesanamathela kangaka ekubhekeni ukuthi
indaba emfushane iba nesikhathi esiphelela osukwini yini. Uyaye uzwe nje nawe
ukuthi uma indaba seyikhuluma ngomntwana ozalwa namuhla akhule, aphile, afunde
isikole, aphumelele, ashade, aguge, kube njeyaya, ayizwakali injengendaba emfushane.
Mhlawumbe kumele sibe nelinye igama lendaba emfushane njengoba igama elithi
inganekwane lavela ngoba abase-Afrika babengafuni ukuthi balokhu beboshwa yimigomo
yobufushane njengoba kwenza igama elithi “indaba emfushane.”
Inkinga kumele ibe yinye. Nokho zingaba ningi kuneyodwa. Inkinga eyodwa ingazidala
eziningi ezinye eziwumndeni wayo. Lapho sithatha ngokuthi yinkinga eyodwa. Ingani
52
uma umlingiswa ethi uxazulula isigaba sokuqala senkinga abhekene nayo kungavela
ezinye endleleni.
UHLA LWEZINCWADI
Alexander L. G. 1965. Essay and Letter Writing. London: Longman
Dlamini A. M. 1975. The difference between a short story and an essay. Limi Vol.3, No.2 (62–70),
Pretoria: UNISA.
Johnson, J. And Hamlin, W. C. 1966. The short story. New York: American book company
Kwetana, W. M. 1987. The essay in Xhosa. Honours article, Pretoria: Unisa
Lockitt, C. H. 1949. The art of the essayist. London: Longmans
Mahonga, L., Masubelele, R., Molefe, L., Mollema, N. and Ntuli DB. 1995. Only study
Maphike, P. R. S. 1978. The essay in Southern Sotho. Pretoria: UNISA.
Maphike, P. R. S. 1980. On the essay in Southern Sotho. Limi Col 8. Nos 1 & 2, (35–49)
Pretoria: UNISA.
Nyembezi, S. 1950. Mntanami! Mntanami. Johannesburg: APB
Scholes, R. 1969. Elements f the essay. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sebate, M. P. M. 1988. Compression in Mangoleng’s Short Story: Gale Ka la Tswa. Unpublished
Unisa Departmental address Pretoria: UNISA.
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Iyunithi yesifundo 1: IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU 1

Iyunithi yesifundo 2: IZINKONDLO ZESIMANJE 15

Iyunithi yesifundo 3: INOVELI NEDRAMA 30

Iyunithi yesifundo 4: IMIBHALO YABANTWANA 40

Iyunithi yesifundo 5: I-ESEYI47

• Ukuchaza kafushane ngencwadi nalokho okuqukethwe.

Ngoba-ke izimo ziyashintsha, futhi singafuni ukulahlekelwa amakhono nefa lethu

1.1.1 Incwadi Udondolo

1.2 UBUNJALO BOBUCIKO BOMLOMO

1.3 IZINHLOBO ZOBUCIKO BOMLOMO

1.3.1 Izinhlobo Zephrozi eyingxoxo (Izinganekwane)

Lapho echaza ngezinganeko, uBascom uthi:

Yiqiniso ukuthi izinganeko lezi azandile ezingxoxweni zesizwe samaZulu. Nanokuthi

Yiziphi lezo zimpawu?

Lapho esichazela ngomzekeliso, UBascom uthi:

Le ncazelo yenza ukuba ngokukaBascom kungabi lula ukwehlukanisa imizekeliso

Ngokubona kukaGuma, umehluko phakathi komzekeliso nendatshana engumlando

Njengazo izinganeko, nemizekeliso nayo kayandile olimini lwesiZulu. Nokho asenze

(i) Okokuqala esikuphawulayo wukuthi nembala le nganekwane yeyeme emlandweni.

UBascom usichazela ngensumansumane, uthi:

Nanxa siyemukela le ncazelo kaBascom mayelana nokwehlukaniswa kwezinsumansumane

wukuthi insumo (fable) yinsumansumane enesifundo. Lobu bunzima budalwa wukuthi

(i) Ubuhlakani bumelene nendluyamandla

Le ndikimba ivame kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaqili (trickster folktales).

(ii) Ubuhlongandlebe nokungathembeki

Ngeso lomZulu umuntu ongalaleli noma ongathembekile kumele ekugcineni athole

(iii) Isikhwele nomona

Lena yindikimba eyejwayelekile ezinsumansumaneni. Nakhona lapha imiphumela

(iv) Ubelelesi abukhokheli

Le ndikimba iyisifundo kulaba abayiziphulamthetho nabayizigebengu. Ibexwayisa

Okokuqala sithola ukuthi umvuzo womona, isikhwele nowokwenza amacala ungukufa.

Omunye umuntu angayitusa le nsumansumane ngobuciko exoxwa ngabo. Isifundo

Ake sibuyele emuva kancane siyonichazela ngensumo nangenganeko-sisusa. NgesiZulu

1.3.2 Izinhlobo Zephrozi ewubuciko

Le phrozi yobuciko–ke siyehlukanisa kathathu: izisho, izaga neziphicaphicwano.

Izisho ziwubuchwepheshe bokukhuluma njengoba sike sathinta. Lapha isikhulumi

(i) Sihambe kabi ngoba sibafice behlezi emanzini kwamalume

amathumbu, akubhekiswanga kumuntu ukuthi ubole amathumbu ngempela kubhekiswe

Isaga inkulumo eqoqiwe, edle ngokushuba kolimi ngokusetshenziswa kwezifenqo, futhi

Izaga lezi singazehlukanisa imikhakha ngemikhakha, kuye ngendikimba ezibhekise

Zikhona futhi eziphawula ngomendo:

Ihlonipha nala ingeyukwendela khona.

Zikhona futhi neziphawula ngobuthakathi, ukubonga, ukusongela, njalonjalo. (mfundi

1.4 IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU

1.4.1 Izinhlobo zezinkondlo zomdabu

Uhlobo lwesibili lwezinkondlo yizilandelo nemilolozelo. Sesingabala futhi izingoma

1.4.2 Izibongo zamakhosi

1.4.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwezibongo

Ezibongweni sithola ukutusa nokuphakamisa. Obongwayo ufaniswa nazo zonke izinto,

Ukuthi izibongo zibuye zisitshele kabanzana ngobunjalo nangokubukeka kwalowo

Inzima ewukwena koMkhumbane

Lapho imbongi imqhathanisa noShaka, njengoba ebeka ukuthi wayezamukela izeluleko.

Imbuzi kaDambuza benoNdlela

Ezibongweni siphinda sithole ukwelulekwa noma sithole ulwazi ngomlando. Ngoba

UTeku lwabafazi bakwaNomgabhi,

Ngenxa yokugxila kwezibongo emlandweni, siphinda futhi sizifanise nohlobo

Lana ngenhla besidingida indikimba yezinkondlo, esikuphawulile ukuthi kuyiqiniso uma

Esikuphawulayo ukusetshenziswa kwamagama. Kusetshenziswa amagama aqinile

UyiSilo! UyiNgwe! UyiNgonyama!

Inkosi, uDingiswayo ibongwa kuthiwe:

Izulu Lidume futhi Gwabi kaNdaba.

Iyunithi yesifundo 1: IZINKONDLO ZOMDABU 1

Iyunithi yesifundo 2: IZINKONDLO ZESIMANJE 15

Iyunithi yesifundo 3: INOVELI NEDRAMA 30

Iyunithi yesifundo 4: IMIBHALO YABANTWANA 40

Iyunithi yesifundo 5: I-ESEYI47