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IN A P P RE C IATI O N O F
Karl F. Freed
William M. Gelbart
Yuan T. Lee
our Ph.D. advisers
for their distinguished careers in scientific research and education
The search for truth is in one way hard and in another easy, for it is evident that no one can
master it fully or miss it completely.
But each adds a little to our knowledge of nature, and from all the facts assembled there
arises a certain grandeur.
(Greek inscription, taken from Aristotle, on the facade of the National Academy of Sciences building in
Washington, D.C.)
Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Br ief co n t e n t s
UNIT I 13 Spontaneous Processes and Thermodynamic

Equilibrium 526
Introduction to the Study of Modern 14 Chemical Equilibrium 563
Chemistry xxviii 15 Acid–Base Equilibria 611
1 The Atom in Modern Chemistry 2 16 Solubility and Precipitation Equilibria 667
2 Chemical Formulas, Equations, and Reaction 17 Electrochemistry 693
Yields 35
UNIT V
UNIT II
Rates of Chemical and Physical
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Processes 752
Structure 50 18 Chemical Kinetics 754
3 Atomic Shells and Classical Models of Chemical 19 Nuclear Chemistry 807
Bonding 52
20 Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry 839
4 Introduction to Quantum Mechanics 124
5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure 177 UNIT VI
6 Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Structure 219
7 Bonding in Organic Molecules 289 Materials 902
8 Bonding in Transition Metal Compounds and 21 Structure and Bonding in Solids 904
Coordination Complexes 325 22 Inorganic Materials 935
23 Polymeric Materials and Soft Condensed
UNIT III Matter 967
Kinetic Molecular Description of the A P P EN D I C ES

States of Matter 368 A Scientific Notation and Experimental Error A.2
9 The Gaseous State 370 B SI Units, Unit Conversions, and Physics for General
10 Solids, Liquids, and Phase Transitions 414 Chemistry A.8
11 Solutions 441 C Mathematics for General Chemistry A.21
D Standard Chemical Thermodynamic
UNIT IV Properties A.37
E Standard Reaction Potentials at 25°C A.45
Equilibrium in Chemical
F Physical Properties of the Elements A.47
Reactions 478 G Answers to the Odd-Numbered Problems A.56
12 Thermodynamic Processes and
Thermochemistry 480 Index/Glossary I.1
iv
co n t e n t s
UNIT I Introduction to the Study of Modern Chemistry xxviii
1 The Atom in Modern 2 Chemical Formulas, Equations,

Chemistry 2 and Reaction Yields 35
1.1 The Nature of Modern Chemistry 2 2.1 Empirical and Molecular Formulas 36
1.2 Elements: The Building Blocks of Matter 5 2.2 Chemical Formula and Percentage
Composition 37
1.3 Indirect Evidence for the Existence of Atoms:
Laws of Chemical Combination 8 2.3 Writing Balanced Chemical Equations 39
1.4 The Physical Structure of Atoms 15 2.4 Mass Relationships in Chemical Reactions 43
1.5 Mass Spectrometry, Isotopes, and the 2.5 Limiting Reactant and Percentage Yield 45
Measurement of Relative Mass 23
1.6 The Mole: Counting Molecules by Weighing 26
UNIT II Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 50
3 Atomic Shells and Classical 3.7 Forces and Potential Energy in Molecules:
Models of Chemical Bonding 52 Formation of Chemical Bonds 83
3.8 Ionic Bonding 85
3.1 Representations of Molecules 54
3.9 Covalent and Polar Covalent Bonding 90
3.2 The Periodic Table 59
3.10 Electron Pair Bonds and Lewis Diagrams for
3.3 Forces and Potential Energy in Atoms 62 Molecules 99
3.4 Ionization Energies, the Shell Model of the 3.11 The Shapes of Molecules: Valence Shell
Atom, and Shielding 70 Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory 106
3.5 Electron Affinity 77 3.12 Oxidation Numbers 112
3.6 Electronegativity: The Tendency of Atoms to 3.13 Inorganic Nomenclature 114
Attract Electrons in Molecules 79
vi C ONTENTS
4 Introduction to Quantum 6.7 Summary Comments for the LCAO Method and
Diatomic Molecules 252
Mechanics 124
6.8 Valence Bond Theory and the Electron Pair
4.1 Preliminaries: Wave Motion and Light 126 Bond 253
4.2 Evidence for Energy Quantization in Atoms 130 6.9 Orbital Hybridization for Polyatomic
Molecules 259
4.3 The Bohr Model: Predicting Discrete Energy
Levels in Atoms 139 6.10 Predicting Molecular Structures and
Shapes 266
4.4 Evidence for Wave–Particle Duality 142
6.11 Using the LCAO and Valence Bond Methods
4.5 The Schrödinger Equation 154 Together 270
4.6 Quantum Mechanics of Particle-in-a-Box 6.12 Summary and Comparison of the LCAO and
Models 158 Valence Bond Methods 275
4.7 A DEEPER LOOK Wave Functions for Particles in
6.13 A DEEPER LOOK Properties of the Exact
Two- and Three-Dimensional Boxes 166 Molecular Orbitals for H12 278
5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic 7 Bonding in Organic

Structure 177 Molecules 289
5.1 The Hydrogen Atom 178 7.1 Petroleum Refining and the Hydrocarbons 290
5.2 Shell Model for Many-Electron Atoms 196 7.2 The Alkanes 291
5.3 Aufbau Principle and Electron 7.3 The Alkenes and Alkynes 297
Configurations 201
7.4 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 300
5.4 Shells and the Periodic Table: Photoelectron
Spectroscopy 206 7.5 Fullerenes 303
5.5 Periodic Properties and Electronic 7.6 Functional Groups and Organic Reactions 304
Structure 209 7.7 Pesticides and Pharmaceuticals 316
6 Quantum Mechanics and 8 Bonding in Transition Metal

Molecular Structure 219 Compounds and Coordination
6.1 Quantum Picture of the Chemical Bond 221 Complexes 325
6.2 Exact Molecular Orbitals for the Simplest 8.1 Chemistry of the Transition Metals 326
Molecule: H12 225
8.2 Introduction to Coordination Chemistry 333
6.3 Molecular Orbital Theory and the Linear
Combination of Atomic Orbitals Approximation 8.3 Structures of Coordination Complexes 339
for H12 231 8.4 Crystal Field Theory: Optical and Magnetic
6.4 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: First-Period Properties 345
Atoms 235 8.5 Optical Properties and the Spectrochemical
6.5 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules: Second- Series 352
Period Atoms 237 8.6 Bonding in Coordination Complexes 355
6.6 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 246
C ONTENTS vii
UNIT III Kinetic Molecular Description of the States of Matter 368
9 The Gaseous State 370 10.4 Phase Equilibrium 430

10.5 Phase Transitions 432
9.1 The Chemistry of Gases 371
10.6 Phase Diagrams 434
9.2 Pressure and Temperature of Gases 373
9.3 The Ideal Gas Law 380
9.4 Mixtures of Gases 383
1 1 Solutions 441
9.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 385 11.1 Composition of Solutions 442
9.6 Real Gases: Intermolecular Forces 394 11.2 Nature of Dissolved Species 445
9.7 A DEEPER LOOK Molecular Collisions and Rate 11.3 Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Acid–Base
Processes 399 Titrations 448
11.4 Reaction Stoichiometry in Solutions: Oxidation–
1 0 Solids, Liquids, and Phase Reduction Titrations 452
Transitions 414 11.5 Phase Equilibrium in Solutions: Nonvolatile

Solutes 459
10.1 Bulk Properties of Gases, Liquids, and Solids: 11.6 Phase Equilibrium in Solutions: Volatile
Molecular Interpretation 415 Solutes 467
10.2 Intermolecular Forces: Origins in Molecular 11.7 Colloidal Suspensions 472
Structure 421
10.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids 426
UNIT IV Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions 478
1 2 Thermodynamic Processes and 1 3 Spontaneous Processes and

Thermochemistry 480 Thermodynamic Equilibrium 526
12.1 Systems, States, and Processes 482 13.1 The Nature of Spontaneous Processes 527
12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics: Internal 13.2 Entropy and Spontaneity: A Molecular Statistical
Energy, Work, and Heat 485 Interpretation 530
12.3 Heat Capacity, Calorimetry, and Enthalpy 492 13.3 Entropy and Heat: Macroscopic Basis of the
Second Law of Thermodynamics 535
12.4 The First Law and Ideal Gas Processes 495
13.4 Entropy Changes in Reversible Processes 537
12.5 Molecular Contributions to Internal Energy and
Heat Capacity 498 13.5 Entropy Changes and Spontaneity 541
12.6 Thermochemistry 504 13.6 The Third Law of Thermodynamics 544
12.7 Reversible Processes in Ideal Gases 512 13.7 The Gibbs Free Energy 547
12.8 A DEEPER LOOK Distribution of Energy among 13.8 A DEEPER LOOK Carnot Cycles, Efficiency, and
Molecules 517 Entropy 552
viii C ONTENTS
1 4 Chemical Equilibrium 563 15.8 Organic Acids and Bases: Structure and
Reactivity 649
14.1 The Nature of Chemical Equilibrium 564 15.9 A DEEPER LOOK Exact Treatment of Acid–Base
14.2 The Empirical Law of Mass Action 568 Equilibria 655
14.3 Thermodynamic Description of the Equilibrium
State 574 1 6 Solubility and Precipitation
14.4 The Law of Mass Action for Related and Equilibria 667
Simultaneous Equilibria 581
16.1 The Nature of Solubility Equilibria 668
14.5 Equilibrium Calculations for Gas-Phase and
Heterogeneous Reactions 583 16.2 Ionic Equilibria between Solids and
Solutions 671
14.6 The Direction of Change in Chemical Reactions:
Empirical Description 589 16.3 Precipitation and the Solubility Product 674
14.7 The Direction of Change in Chemical Reactions: 16.4 The Effects of pH on Solubility 678
Thermodynamic Explanation 598 16.5 Complex Ions and Solubility 680
14.8 Distribution of a Single Species between 16.6 A DEEPER LOOK Selective Precipitation of
Immiscible Phases: Extraction and Separation Ions 685
Processes 602
1 5 Acid–Base Equilibria 611 1 7 Electrochemistry 693

17.1 Electrochemical Cells 694
15.1 Classifications of Acids and Bases 612
17.2 Cell Potentials and the Gibbs Free Energy 700
15.2 Properties of Acids and Bases in Aqueous
Solutions: The Brønsted–Lowry Scheme 619 17.3 Concentration Effects and the Nernst
Equation 708
15.3 Acid and Base Strength 622
17.4 Molecular Electrochemistry 715
15.4 Equilibria Involving Weak Acids and
Bases 630 17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells 728
15.5 Buffer Solutions 635 17.6 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention 736
15.6 Acid–Base Titration Curves 640 17.7 Electrometallurgy 738
15.7 Polyprotic Acids 645 17.8 A DEEPER LOOK Electrolysis of Water and
Aqueous Solutions 744
UNIT V Rates of Chemical and Physical Processes 752
1 8 Chemical Kinetics 754 1 9 Nuclear Chemistry 807

18.1 Rates of Chemical Reactions 755 19.1 Mass–Energy Relationships in Nuclei 808
18.2 Rate Laws 758 19.2 Nuclear Decay Processes 812
18.3 Reaction Mechanisms 766 19.3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 818
18.4 Reaction Mechanisms and Rate 769 19.4 Radiation in Biology and Medicine 822
18.5 Effect of Temperature on Reaction Rates 775 19.5 Nuclear Fission 827
18.6 Molecular Theories of Elementary Reactions 780 19.6 Nuclear Fusion and Nucleosynthesis 832
18.7 Reactions in Solution 792
18.8 Catalysis 794
C ONTENTS ix
2 0 Molecular Spectroscopy and 20.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 869
Photochemistry 839 20.5 Electronic Spectroscopy and Excited State

Relaxation Processes 873
20.1 Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy 840 20.6 Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry 880
20.2 Experimental Methods in Molecular 20.7 Photosynthesis 889
Spectroscopy 844
20.8 A DEEPER LOOK Lasers 895
20.3 Rotational and Vibrational Spectroscopy 850
UNIT VI Materials 902
2 1 Structure and Bonding in 2 3 Polymeric Materials and Soft

Solids 904 Condensed Matter 967
21.1 Crystal Symmetry and the Unit Cell 905 23.1 Polymerization Reactions for Synthetic
Polymers 968
21.2 Crystal Structure 911
23.2 Applications for Synthetic Polymers 972
21.3 Cohesion in Solids 916
23.3 Liquid Crystals 979
21.4 Defects and Amorphous Solids 923
23.4 Natural Polymers 982
21.5 A DEEPER LOOK Lattice Energies of
Crystals 927 Appendices A.1
A Scientific Notation and Experimental Error A.2
2 2 Inorganic Materials 935 B SI Units, Unit Conversions, and Physics for
General Chemistry A.8
22.1 Minerals: Naturally Occurring Inorganic
Materials 936 C Mathematics for General Chemistry A.21
22.2 Properties of Ceramics 941 D Standard Chemical Thermodynamic

Properties A.37
22.3 Silicate Ceramics 943
E Standard Reduction Potentials at 25°C A.45
22.4 Nonsilicate Ceramics 948
F Physical Properties of the Elements A.47
22.5 Electrical Conduction in Materials 953
G Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A.56
22.6 Band Theory of Conduction 957
Index/Glossary I.1
22.7 Semiconductors 959
22.8 Pigments and Phosphors: Optical Displays 962
A P P LI C ATI O NS
Connection to Nanotechnology: Imaging Atoms, Cumulative Exercise: Manufacturing of Maple

Molecules, and Chemical Reactions by Scanning Syrup 477
Tunnelling Microscopy 31
Cumulative Exercise: Methanol as a Gasoline
Connection to Chemical Engineering: Sulfuric Acid Substitute 524
Manufacturing 41
Cumulative Exercise: Purifying Nickel from Its
Cumulative Exercise: Titanium in Industry 49 Ores 561
Connection to Instrumental Analysis: Mass Connection to Biology: Hemoglobin and Oxygen
Spectrometry 57 Transport 591
Connection to Instrumental Analysis: Molecular Cumulative Exercise: Production of Sulfuric Acid 609
Spectroscopy 93
Connection to Biology: Buffered Blood Plasma 650
Cumulative Exercise: Structure and Bonding in Metal
Cumulative Exercise: Acid Rain 665
Oxides and Peroxides 122
Cumulative Exercise: Carbonate Minerals in Fresh
Cumulative Exercise: Conjugated Molecules in
Water and Seawater 691
Dyestuffs and Biological Materials 176
Connection to Biology: ECL in Clinical Assays 721
Cumulative Exercise: Atoms in Interstellar Space 217
Connection to Energy: Solar Energy Conversion 726
Connection to Instrumental Analysis: Photoelectron
Spectroscopy 250 Cumulative Exercise: Manganese—A Versatile
Reagent and Essential Mineral 750
Cumulative Exercise: Iodine in the Human Diet 287
Connection to Biology: Mechanisms of Enzyme-
Connection to Biology: Functional Groups in
Catalyzed Reactions 801
Proteins 312
Cumulative Exercise: Sulfite and Sulfate Kinetics in
Connection to Biology: Coordination Complexes in
Atmospheric Chemistry 805
Heme Proteins 342
Connection to Medicine: Isotopes and Nuclear
Cumulative Exercise: Platinum 366
Medicine 825
Connection to Chemical Engineering: Uranium
Cumulative Exercise: Radon in the Environment 837
Enrichment for Nuclear Reactor Fuel 406
Cumulative Exercise: Bromine 901
Cumulative Exercise: Ammonium Perchlorate as a
Rocket Fuel 412 Cumulative Exercise: The Many States of
Phosphorus 933
Cumulative Exercise: Alloys of Bismuth and their
Applications 439
P RE F A C E
The eighth edition of Principles of Modern Chemistry is written for students in

honors and upper-mainstream general chemistry courses who seek to under-
stand and interpret chemical events at the molecular level. The relation of mo-
lecular structure to function and properties requires the introduction of molecu-
lar structure early in the course and the use of structural arguments in presenting
the remaining topics. Moreover, students will soon be introduced to the predic-
tive power of chemical computations and simulations, for which a solid back-
ground in the description of molecular structure is essential.
The organization of the eighth edition is fundamentally the same as that of
the seventh edition, and presents the material from a unified, molecular point of
view that continues to emphasize the central role of structure, but with greater
focus on the electronic structure of molecules as a unifying theme. This edition
also deepens and broadens the introduction of chemical principles in several
chapters. Recognizing that in the top colleges and universities that use this text,
over 90% of students taking introductory chemistry have taken a single-variable
calculus course in high school, or are taking calculus as a co-requisite for the
course, we have improved several portions of the text. These revisions include
a more quantitative treatment of the forces and potential energy in molecules
(Chapter 3), dipole moments (Chapter 3), molecular collisions (Chapters 9 and
18), and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular speeds (Chapter 9).
The eighth edition also includes major revisions in the chapters on quantum
mechanics and molecular structure (Chapter 6), electrochemistry (Chapter 17),
nuclear chemistry (Chapter 19), and molecular spectroscopy and photochemis-
try (Chapter 20).
Significant Changes in This Edition

■ OWLv2 for General Chemistry—Our online learning solution OWLv2 has
been revised to offer more flexible student and instructor functionality, new
personalized study tools, enhanced integration with learning management sys-
tems, and improved analytics. OWLv2 includes Quick Prep, new iPad-
compatible visualizations, tutorials, and simulations, and new Adaptive Study
Plans. Tutors, Visualizations, and Simulations have been converted from Flash
to HTML, allowing for easier navigation and streamlined grading.
■ Revised Writing Style without Loss of Rigor—The language is more modern
and less formal. We have introduced a more conversational writing style,
designed to engage our students as active participants in developing the pre-
sentation. We have examined every sentence in the book to simplify and
lighten the language without compromising intellectual integrity.
xi

xii P RE FA C E
■ Greater Flexibility in Topic Coverage—In response to comments by stu-

dents, faculty, and reviewers, greater modularity and flexibility have been
built into the text to make it compatible with alternative sequences of topics.
While keeping the discussion of bonding and structure at the beginning of
the book, we have been careful to maintain the option to follow the “macro-
to-micro” approach used in previous editions. Selecting alternative
approaches is facilitated by the unit structure of the book; we offer several
suggestions in the Teaching Options section.
■ Streamlined Topic Coverage—In response to suggestions by both users and
reviewers of the text, we have taken care in this revision to retain only those
topics that were felt to be critical for students. Chapters 19 and 20, espe-
cially, were shortened after extensive surveying of professors who teach the
course; what remains (we think) are chapters that are more readily covered
within the framework of a conventional two-semester course.
■ New Problems—We’ve added approximately 30 new and revised problems
throughout the book. These follow the unique tradition established in previ-
ous editions that all problems are based on actual experimental data mea-
sured on real chemical systems. We intend the problems to guide our students
in developing intuition for chemical results and the magnitudes of chemical
quantities, as well as facility in numerical calculations.
Organizational Approach for Selected

Chapters and Major Changes to Content
for Eighth Edition
Chapter 1: The Atom in Modern Chemistry
This chapter describes the physical structure of the atom, as determined from the
classic experiments of Thomson, Millikan, and Rutherford. For this edition, we
added an introduction of the electrostatic force on negatively and positively
charged particles (see Section 1.4.3), improved the coverage of the J.J. Thompson
experiment measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron (see Section 1.4.3),
and incorporated coverage of the mole, counting molecules by weighing (which
was Section 2.1 in the seventh edition; it is Section 1.6 here in the eighth edition).
Chapter 3: Atomic Shells and Classical Models

of Chemical Bonding
This chapter provides a substantial introduction to molecular structure by cou-
pling experimental observation with interpretation through simple classical
models. Today, the tools of classical bonding theory—covalent bonds, ionic
bonds, polar covalent bonds, electronegativity, Lewis electron dot diagrams, and
VSEPR theory—have all been explained by quantum mechanics. It is a matter of
preference whether to present the classical theory first and then gain deeper in-
sight from the quantum explanations, or to cover the quantum theory first and
then see the classical theory as a limiting case. Our experience has been that
presenting the classical description first enables our students to bring consider-
ably greater sophistication to their first encounter with quantum mechanics and
therefore to develop a deeper appreciation for that subject. We have seen that
this approach offers definitive pedagogical advantages by enabling students to
■ learn the language and vocabulary of the chemical bond starting from famil-
iar physical concepts.
Organizational Approach for Selected Chapters and Major Changes to Content for Eighth Edition xiii
■ become familiar with the properties of a broad array of real molecules before
attempting to explain these results using quantum mechanics.
■ develop experience in using physical concepts and equations to describe the
behavior of atoms and molecules.
We have organized this chapter to meet these goals. Changes for the eighth edi-
tion include the following:
■ The chapter now presents attractive and repulsive forces between nuclei and
electrons, and between atoms in a diatomic molecule, using simple vectors in
two dimensions, so that students may correctly calculate the direction of
attractive and repulsive forces between particles (see Section 3.3). We
emphasize the physical insight gained from the new quantitative treatment.
■ We have streamlined and improved the discussion of polar covalent bond-
ing, removing the application of the virial theorem but retaining the basic
description of Coulomb forces between electrons and nuclei (see Sections 3.7
and 3.9).
■ We introduce the direction of a molecular dipole moment, in addition to its
magnitude (see Section 3.9.4).
Chapter 4: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

This chapter presents a significant introduction to the concepts and vocabulary
of quantum mechanics through very careful choice of language, illustrations
with experimental data, interpretation with aid of simple models, and extensive
use of graphical presentations.
For the eighth edition we improved the treatment of the particle-in-a-box
with examples (Example 4.7 and the solution to Problem 37) that show students
how to use the mathematical solutions to answer questions about the prob-
ability of the electron being found in different regions of space. We chose the
chemical system of 1,3-butadiene for the example. The added material (mainly
in Section 4.6) is appropriate both for students who have had integration in their
single-variable calculus course and for students who would simply estimate the
area under a curve graphically.
Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure

This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the hydrogen atomic
orbitals, the Hartree orbitals, the shell model of the atom as explained by the
Hartree orbitals, and the relation of the shell model to experimental measure-
ments such as photoelectron spectroscopy and the periodic properties of atoms.
In this edition, recognizing that students’ quantitative understanding of electron
density in molecular systems begins with their introduction to atomic wave
functions, we added graphical and analytical examples (Examples 5.2 and 5.3)
to help students navigate the three-dimensional coordinate system in atoms (see
Sections 5.1.2 and 5.1.3). Equation 5.7 reduces the integration over three di-
mensions to an integral that students may solve using single-variable calculus (or
estimate graphically) to aid their understanding of the graphs of r22 and r2R2
presented in the chapter.
xiv P RE FA C E
Chapter 6: Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Structure

This chapter provides a gentle ramp-up, starting from a qualitative overview of
the quantum picture of the chemical bond and its relation to the potential energy
curve for a molecule. The discussion proceeds through molecular orbital theory
(MO), then valence bond theory (VB), then the combined use of MO and VB,
and ends with a comparison of MO with VB. Changes for this edition include:
■ The pedagogy in the introductory section titled Quantum Picture of the
Chemical Bond (Section 6.1) has been shortened and improved.
■ The graphics and equations presented in the treatment of LCAO-MO theory
(see Sections 6.5 and 6.6) have been revised to represent constructive and
destructive interference using the same wave functions that are presented in
Chapter 5. The linear combinations of atomic orbitals used to construct
hybrid atomic orbitals (Section 6.9) have been revised and the pedagogy is
shortened and improved.
■ The treatment of polyatomic molecules has been improved, including delo-
calized p bonding in NO2, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene.
■ The summary and comparison of LCAO-MO theory and the valence bond
model was shortened and improved (Section 6.12).
Chapter 7: Bonding in Organic Molecules

The purpose of this chapter is to describe the bonding and nomenclature in al-
kanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and conjugated hydrocarbons and in the ma-
jor functional groups. Our main goal is to illustrate the bonding theories from
Chapter 6 with examples from organic chemistry that can be used in conjunc-
tion with Chapter 6. For the new edition we updated the nomenclature to give
IUPAC names (retaining the common names where advisable) and moved the
graphics related to delocalized p molecular orbitals in 1,3-butadiene and ben-
zene to Chapter 6.
Chapter 8: Bonding in Transition Metal Compounds

and Coordination Complexes
We present a comprehensive introduction to bonding in transition metal com-
pounds and coordination complexes using MO and VB theory as developed in
Chapter 6. Our goal is to demonstrate that MO theory is not limited to the first-
and second-period diatomic molecules and that it provides the most satisfactory
method for describing bonding in coordination complexes. The material covered
in this chapter now provides a self-contained introduction to structure and
bonding in inorganic chemistry that should provide sound preparation for an
advanced inorganic chemistry course. For the new edition, we have revised and
improved the figures related to chiral molecules (see Section 8.3.3) and crystal
field theory (see Section 8.4.2).
Chapter 9: The Gaseous State

In this chapter we improved the treatment of the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribu-
tion of molecular speeds (see Section 9.5.2) to help students estimate the fraction
of molecules with speed in a given range and to understand why the rate of a
chemical reaction might increase with temperature. We also introduced the con-
cept of relative velocity in the treatment of molecular collisions (see Section
9.7.2) so that students have a basis for deriving (in Chapter 18) the expression
Organizational Approach for Selected Chapters and Major Changes to Content for Eighth Edition xv
for the rate of an elementary bimolecular reaction in terms of the product of the
concentrations of the two reacting species.
Chapter 10: Solids, Liquids, and Phase Transitions

For the eighth edition, we have introduced calculus to the treatment of com-
pressibility and thermal expansion (see Sections 10.1.2 and 10.1.3).
Chapter 12: Thermodynamic Processes

and Thermochemistry
The treatment in this and prior editions gives the instructor flexibility on how to
cover traditional thermochemistry in conjunction with direct applications of the
laws of thermodynamics. Stronger students may be encouraged to solve problems
starting from the axioms and deriving the needed formulas from first principles.
Chapter 13: Spontaneous Processes

and Thermodynamic Equilibria
The chapter presents a molecular statistical interpretation of entropy alongside
the traditional macroscopic description involving the reversible transfer of heat.
It carefully develops the conditions under which one may use the change in
Gibbs free energy to assess the spontaneity of a reaction.
Chapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium

To provide flexibility for instructors, this chapter is written to allow thermody-
namics to be taught either before or after equilibrium. Each topic is introduced
first from the empirical point of view, and then followed immediately with the
thermodynamic treatment of the same topic. Instructors who prefer to treat
thermodynamics first can use the chapter as written, whereas those who prefer
the empirical approach can skip appropriate sections, and then come back and
pick up the thermo-based equilibrium sections after they cover basic thermody-
namics. “Signposts” are provided in each section to guide these two groups of
readers; the options are clearly marked. Specific examples of this flexible ap-
proach are:
■ Section 14.2 provides a thorough discussion of procedures for writing the
empirical law of mass action for gas-phase, solution, and heterogeneous
reactions, with specific examples for each.
■ Section 14.3 follows with the thermodynamic prescription for calculating
equilibrium constants from tabulated Gibbs free energy values for gas-phase,
solution, and heterogeneous reactions, with specific examples for each. For
students who have covered Chapters 12 and 13, it gives a succinct derivation
of DG 5 DG° 1 RT ln Q and the relationship between Q and K.
■ Sections 14.4 and 14.5 present a variety of equilibrium calculations based
on the empirical law of mass action.
■ Section 14.6 discusses direction of change in terms of the empirical reaction
quotient Q, with illustrations in gas-phase, solution, and heterogeneous
reactions.
■ Section 14.7 discusses direction of change from the point of view of thermo-
dynamics, relating Q to the Gibbs free energy change and the equilibrium
constant.
xvi P RE FA C E
Chapter 15: Acid–Base Equilibria

The examples establishing the molecular-level interpretation of acid-base equi-
libria (see Section 15.8) have been carefully vetted and improved.
Chapter 17: Electrochemistry

This chapter provides a molecular level interpretation of electrochemical pro-
cesses unique in an undergraduate textbook, as far as we are aware, to comple-
ment the standard thermodynamic treatment of the subject. We introduce the
idea that a redox potential (a free energy) can be associated with an orbital en-
ergy level, which allows us to use energy-level diagrams to help students visual-
ize electron transfer processes pictorially. This approach also allows us to intro-
duce an electrostatic driving force for electrochemical processes and connect it
to the thermodynamic driving force. We explicitly identify the conditions under
which this approximation is valid (outer sphere electron transfer processes, neg-
ligible entropic contribution to the Gibbs free energy) so that our students can
use this description with confidence.
For the eighth edition we streamlined and improved the introductory mate-
rial on electric potential versus potential energy (see Section 17.1), moved the
essential material on the molecular interpretation of electrochemical processes
to later sections in the chapter to better integrate the pedagogy and applications,
and deleted the long subsection on alternative reference electrodes in Section
17.2, moving the essential material to earlier in Section 17.2. We revised the ap-
plications in the molecular electrochemistry section (which was Section 17.5 in
the seventh edition and is now Section 17.4 in the eighth edition) to shorten the
presentation and improve clarity, including the discussion of using semiconduc-
tors in solar cells for generating H2 as an alternative fuel.
Chapter 18: Chemical Kinetics

For the eighth edition we revised and improved the treatment of collision theory
(see Section 18.6.1) to allow students to solve problems of importance in atmo-
spheric chemistry, such as the reaction of Cl with methane. The concepts of rela-
tive velocity and impact parameter are developed with new graphics and simple
examples (Examples 18.9, 18.10, and 18.11) and the connection with molecular
collisions (as introduced in Chapter 9) are firmly established. We also expanded
the material on molecular beam experiments (see Section 18.6.4). The seventh
edition subsection on mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is now pre-
sented as a Connection to Biology.
Chapter 19: Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 19 has been extensively reorganized and streamlined, with the focus
now on balancing nuclear reactions, mass–energy relationships, and predicting
the spontaneity of nuclear reactions (with improved notation in the eighth edi-
tion), and the kinetics of radioactive decay. This material is followed by a de-
tailed description of selected key applications. The first set of applications, cov-
ered under the heading, Radiation in Biology and Medicine (see Section 19.4),
retains the Connection to Medicine presented in the seventh edition. The chapter
ends with applications in nuclear fission, including nuclear power reactors (see
Section 19.5.1), and fusion (in the sun and other stars and in proposed energy
applications).
Organizational Approach for Selected Chapters and Major Changes to Content for Eighth Edition xvii
Chapter 20: Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry

Chapter 20 has been reorganized in the eighth edition to provide an introduc-
tion to molecular energy levels first, including a discussion of how one might
probe them using traditional absorption spectroscopy or more modern laser
spectroscopy (specifically laser-induced fluorescence). Other changes include:
■ A streamlined discussion of direct absorption methods and Raman spectros-
copy (see Section 20.2), which included removing the detailed description of
Fourier transform methods that was in the middle of the vibrational spec-
troscopy section in the last edition.
■ A reorganized order of topics, so that rotational spectroscopy in diatomic
molecules is now treated first, followed by vibrations in diatomics and then
infrared spectroscopy of diatomic molecules involving a change in both the
vibrational and the rotational quantum number (see consecutive subsections
in Section 20.3.1). Rotations and vibrations in polyatomic molecules follow
(see Section 20.3.2), ending with material from the seventh edition on char-
acteristic vibrational frequencies of organic functional groups.
■ A simplified treatment of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy,
making it more physically intuitive (see Section 20.4), while retaining material
on Fourier-transform NMR from the seventh edition.
■ The revision of several figures in the chapter with a focus on scientific accuracy.
■ A shortened, streamlined section titled Introduction to Atmospheric Chem-
istry (see Section 20.6) that retains the discussion of the chemistry of ozone
but removes, in response to reviewer feedback, much of the last edition’s
coverage of climate change. (The full treatment that was found in the sev-
enth edition will be made available on the instructors’ website.)
■ A shortened, streamlined A Deeper Look section (Section 20.8), that
retains the coverage on lasers but omits the coverage of the Einstein radia-
tion relations.
Chapter 21: Structure and Bonding in Solids

For the eighth edition we improved the discussion regarding symmetries of the
cube primitive (see Section 21.1) and improved the accuracy of several figures.
Chapter 22: Inorganic Materials

For the eighth edition we improved graphics in the section on silicates (see Sec-
tion 22.1.1).
Appendices
For the eighth edition we added to the appendix on mathematical background
for general chemistry a subsection that introduces vectors (see Section C.7). We
also improved the notation and pedagogy in portions of the appendix on physics
background for general chemistry (see Section B.2).
xviii P RE FA C E
Teaching Options

The text is structured and written to give instructors significant flexibility in
choosing the order in which topics are presented. We suggest several such pos-
sibilities here. In all cases we recommend starting with Chapter 1 to provide a
contemporary introduction to the structure and properties of the atom, as well
as to help our students understand how we came to acquire this understanding.
Our own students report that this early introduction to the scientific method,
following these historical examples, has been helpful to them in subsequent
courses. We then recommend working through the material in Chapter 2 to es-
tablish a secure foundation in “chemical accounting methods” that is necessary
for studying all the remaining chapters. Particularly well-prepared students can
skip Chapter 2, especially if diagnostics are available to ascertain satisfactory
background.
Classical Bonding before Introduction

to Quantum Theory
Chapters 1–6; selections from Chapters 7 and 8; Chapters 9–23
This is the sequence we have found most effective overall all for two reasons:
(1) introducing the classical description before tackling quantum mechanics
helps our students see the need to understand the latter approach, and (2) it en-
ables our students to bring substantially greater maturity to their first exposure
to quantum theory. This leads to deeper and quicker mastery of quantum theory
and its applications to atomic and molecular structure. Instructors who wish to
introduce molecular spectroscopy earlier can easily cover Sections 20.1 through
20.4 immediately after Chapter 6.
Introduction to Quantum Theory before Bonding

Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 3, 6; selections from Chapters 7 and 8; Chapters 9–23
These sequences are appropriate for instructors who prefer to establish a back-
ground in quantum theory before discussing ionic and covalent bonding, Lewis
diagrams, and VSEPR theory. Instructors who prefer to cover these classical
bonding topics after quantum mechanics but before MO and VB theory would
cover Chapter 3 before Chapter 6. Those who want to present the full quantum
story first and then present the classical description as the limiting case would
cover Chapter 3 after Chapter 6. We recommend that both of these sequences
cover Section 3.3 (force and potential energy in atoms) before Chapter 4 to give
students a good physical feeling for Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom in
preparation for the quantum theory. Instructors who wish to introduce molecu-
lar spectroscopy earlier can easily cover Sections 20.1 through 20.4 immediately
after Chapter 6.
Traditional “Macro-to-Micro” Approach

Chapters 1, 2, 9–19, 3–8, 20–23
This sequence covers fully the macroscopic descriptions of chemical phenomena
and then begins to interpret them in terms of molecular structure. Instructors
could choose either of the two bonding approaches suggested earlier for the
specific order of Chapters 3 through 6 late in this course. This sequence repre-
Teaching Options xix
sents a rather pure form of the “macro-to-micro” approach that was followed in
the first three editions. Alternatively, they could cover Chapter 3 between Chap-
ter 2 and Chapter 9, as was done in the fourth and fifth editions. This approach
has the advantage of building a substantial foundation in structure—and a com-
plete discussion of chemical nomenclature—as the basis for the macroscopic
descriptions, while leaving the quantum theory of bonding to come later in the
course.
Thermodynamics before Chemical Equilibrium

Chapters 12–17
This is the sequence we have found to be the most effective. If students first have
a good understanding for the physical basis of equilibrium, then the facts and
trends of chemical equilibrium quickly begin to form patterns around molecular
structure. The equilibrium state is determined by the changes in entropy and
bond energies associated with each chemical reaction.
Empirical Chemical Equilibrium before Thermodynamics

Chapter 14 (omit Sections 14.3, 14.7); Chapters 15, 16, 12, 13; Sections 14.3,
14.7; Chapter 17
Perhaps to provide background for quantitative laboratory work, others may
wish to present chemical equilibrium earlier in the course in a more empirical
fashion, before the presentation of thermodynamics. Chapter 14 is clearly
marked with “signposts” to facilitate this sequence.
Modified “Macro-to-Micro” Approach
Chapters 1–3, 9, 10, 12–14, 11, 15, 4–7, 20, 16–19, 8, and 21; selections from
Chapters 22 and 23
The syllabus currently in use at The University of Chicago follows the approach
of thermodynamics before chemical equilibrium, and covers most of quantum
mechanics in the winter months (so students co-enrolled in calculus are up to
speed by then). Molecular spectroscopy (Chapter 20) and applications to or-
ganic chemistry (selected from Chapter 7) immediately follow, or are interleaved
with, the coverage of quantum mechanics and molecular structure during the
winter. Chapters 16 to 19 and Chapter 21 follow in the spring with Chapter 8
immediately following Chapter 19 in our regular course and Chapter 7 in our
honors course. This allows students to switch between our honors and regular
course in the winter if they desire. For an honors course populated primarily by
students who have scored a 4 or 5 in AP chemistry, we retain the student’s inter-
est by covering only selected sections of Chapters 1, 3, 9 (focusing on the mate-
rial in Section 9.5 and later), 10, and 11, and we skip Chapter 2. We then focus
on a first-principles development of thermodynamics and chemical equilibrium
in Chapters 12 to 14, immediately followed by chemical applications in Chapter
15 and selected portions of Chapter 16. This is followed by the comprehensive
treatment of quantum mechanics, Chapters 4 to 6, the last with added material
on molecular orbitals for a variety of polyatomics covered in Chapter 7 along
with some radical species such as the allyl radical. Chapters 8 and 20 are typi-
cally covered then, followed by Chapters 16 through 21 in the spring and special
topics selected by the instructor.
xx PRE FA CE
General Aspects of Flexibility

Certain topics may be omitted without loss of continuity. For example, a prin-
ciples-oriented course might cover the first 20 chapters thoroughly and then
select one or two specific topics in the last chapters for close attention. A
course with a more descriptive orientation might omit the sections entitled
A Deeper Look . . . , which are more advanced conceptually and mathemati-
cally than the sections in the main part of the book, and cover the last three
chapters more systematically. Additional suggestions are given in the Instruc-
tor’s Manual that accompanies the book.
Features

Mathematical Level
This book presupposes a solid high school background in algebra and coordinate
geometry. The concepts of slope and area are introduced in the physical and chem-
ical contexts in which they arise, and differential and integral notation is used in
parallel with these concepts. Thus, students with a single-variable calculus back-
ground are engaged fully, while students without that background will not be at a
disadvantage. Simple vectors are introduced to aid in discussing force and velocity,
with an elementary section in Appendix C covering vectors in Cartesian coordi-
nates. The book is fully self-contained in its use of mathematical methods. Meth-
ods are introduced at “point of use,” and Appendix C provides a more comprehen-
sive introduction (or review) of the material as needed.
Key equations in the text are highlighted in color and numbered on the right
side of the text column. Students should practice using them for chemical cal-
culations. The steps to derive each of these equations are presented in the text,
so students do not conclude they must simply memorize these equations. Rather
they are taught how to develop these relationships from first principles.
Updated Design and New Illustrations

and Photographs
This eighth edition features a modern design, whose elements have been carefully
arranged for maximum clarity and whose aesthetics should engage today’s visu-
ally oriented students. We have selected photographs and illustrations to amplify
and illuminate concepts in the narrative text. All illustrations of atomic and mo-
lecular orbitals, charge density, and electrostatic potential energy maps were gen-
erated expressly for this textbook. Most orbitals and charge densities were calcu-
lated by Mr. Hatem Helal (Cambridge University, UK) in the Materials Simulation
Center at the California Institute of Technology, directed by Professor William A.
Goddard III. Dr. Kelly Gaither (Director, Visualization and Data Analysis group,
Texas Advanced Computing Center) plotted the images using state-of-the-art soft-
ware at the Scientific Visualization Laboratory at The University of Texas at Aus-
tin. The colors, lighting effects, and viewing angles were chosen to display three-
dimensional objects with maximum clarity and to provide chemical insight. In
many cases quantitative contour plots accompany the three-dimensional isosur-
faces representing orbitals to help our students understand how the appearances
of isosurfaces depend on choices made by scientists and that these isosurfaces are
not unique.
Another random document with
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Banger begon ’t weer in ’m te woelen. Kon hij hen
uitschelden, over ’t gappen, als hij zelf gapte? Z’n
taaie energie, om zelf baas te blijven zoolang ie
leefde, al was ’t maar alleen voor de wereld, begon
weer te zakken, te verslappen. Hij most maar de heele
boel laten waaien, zoo als ’t gaan wou. Hij zou toch
z’n spullen wel houên; ’n arme donder was ie altijd
geweest, al schatten ze ’m voor vol.
Z’n genot, z’n zaligheid kon niemand ’m bestelen. En

als ’t dan November op betalen kwam, en de boonen
gingen goed, zou ie zich misschien nog wel redden,
uit z’n andere mikmak.—
.… Hoho, sou die vast nie meer s’n kop van braike..
hai had d’r s’n aige pelsier.. sain aige koorakter..
hoho!.. vier en vaif en nie g’nog! en dâ waa’s gain
duufel die ’t sàin f’rtuike kon.— [369]
[Inhoud]
NEGENDE HOOFDSTUK.
Eind-Augustus stonden ’t snij- en sperziegewas,

prachthoog in bloei.—Ze hadden al berekend de
tuinders, dat er duurte in de boonen schoot, met de
schrale zon en gurigheid. Dat was d’r eerst met
snijboon, negentig cent de duizend voor fabriek; de
sperzie, vijfentwintig, en nou zou ’t temet twee pop
voor snij-, en negentig cent voor ’t spersiegoed
worden.—
—Daa’s suinige Job!.. schreeuwden ze elkaar toe, van

de paden.—Uit alle hoeken, werd spannend-angstig
de pluk gewacht als laatste uitstuiping van
zomerzwoeg. Ze plukten nog wat vruchten, her en der,
maar ’t was spelen.—
Ouë Gerrit zat iederen dag zelf in z’n boonelaantjes

geknield, op de onderste ranken te zoeken, dat ie ’r
van trilde in z’n knieën, en de kerels spottend
schreeuwden:
—Ouë, je baift aa’s ’n kikker op ’n kluitje.. la stoan dâ

werrekie!
Pracht-hoog in groen-goud, poortig diep,

zonnesprankelend beflonkerd en vurig beketst,
stonden de boonlaantjes, koepelig dichtgegroeid op
de latten en hooge rijzen.—
Honderd schepsels had ie geplukt, ouë Gerrit.

—Suinigies, suinigies, bromde ie, most tùg gauwerst
gonge in dâ weer!—Stram van ’t bukken kromde ie
overeind, kreunend van voetpijn. Zoo in buk, kerfde ’m
z’n klomprand vlak in de wreef, scherpe rooie gleuf
snijdend in ’t heete vleesch. Hij gromde maar ouë
Gerrit, onrustig, dat alles zoo laat kwam.—Aa’s de
bofeste boel nou moar vrucht sette; die gaf tug ’t
maist. Dan gong alles nog wèl.… bromde ie.—
Dirk was aan ’t sla-steken, nateelt, bij ’n hoekje

vruchtboomen, [370]en Piet droeg de manden uit. Met
z’n honderd schepseltjes sjokte de Ouë op z’n jongens
áán.
—Tug goed hoho! dâ d’r waa’t in ankomst is hee?

hoho! Kaik main rais mit natte beene stoan? Eenmoal
andermoal.. dâ hep je nou van die laileke spruitkool..
huhu! nou is ’t weer t’met droog aa’s ’n hart! en sullie
binne d’r saiknat!.. wa daa’t g’was tug an sain woàter
komp hee?.. enn ’n proes da je d’r hep!.. je ken d’r
vast nie tussche harreke!
—Daa’s nou sòò sait, norschte Piet, wa mô je mi die

spruitkool tussche je boone?!
—Reuk jai da feuruit.… vier en vaif.…
—Reuke? wa reuke? blaift tog àl je woater opstoan?

da weut jai krek aa’s wai, moar je wou d’r weer
suinigies anlegge hee?
—Daa’s weer wat aêrs! knorde Ouë, wel voelend dat

ie niet had moeten klagen … Veur wat had ie soo stom
weust.. waas doar nou ruimte?.. de snaiboone op vier,
en de spersies op vaif voet! kon op ’t pad ommers niks
tussche!
Tegen ’t allerlaatst van de maand was ’t weer plots

gedraaid. Winderige blaas guurde over de akkers.
Zware zilv’ren wolksteden dreven áán, als lichtende
vestingen en grillige bastions, overgierd in
regenwaalte, bangen hemeldruisch en klettering van
sneeuwig hagelblank. Angstig gekijk naar de luchten
was overal op de akkers; naar den zwaren hang en
roetige wolkduisteringen, die vervalend-somber over
de velden dreven, opgejaagd in windhoozen.—
Ouë Gerrit was niet meer te houën. Laan in, laan uit
z’n boonen liep ie al z’n akkers af, van vijf uren in den
morgen. In siddering zag ie de zon wegblijven, den
wind opsteken, en onweerigen bliksem dag en avond
over de velden flitsen. Hij at en dronk niet, stáárde
maar met bleek-bang gezicht naar de lucht,
benauwende woordjes vermummelend.
De jongens kropten zomerandijvie open, sloegen ze

als pauken op elkaar schoon, slobberden ze in ’t
water, de geel-weeke omkranste prachtharten. Maar
ouë Gerrit zag niets dan de [371]grauwe bastions, de
geel-roetige lucht; hoorde donder om ’m heenratelen,
liep doorzògen in den regen en hagel, in dolle
oproerige vloek-bange spanning, wat dat worden
moest met z’n boonen.—
Op den laatsten dag van Augustus, tegen den middag,

in zwoelerige stormigheid, stond ouë Gerrit, vaalbleek,
baardtrekkend, versteld en kromgerugd van angst, op
z’n akkers, mummelend in brommige oproerigheid
tegen àllen.… wat dat nou worden moest met z’n
oogst.—
Langzaam was ’n droge dorre zomerstorm komen

opgieren, zooals ie die wel meer had gezien; hoozen
die ’m stil maakten van hevige vrees. Rondom de
groote lanen, loei-druischten de boomen als werd de
aarde zwart-hoog overgolfd van aanbruisende,
suisend-kokende zee-zwalpende branding.—
Geraas van orkaan bulder-loeide al sterker over de

akkers, en de lucht plots stond laag, roetig-geel,
onweer-bang.—En telkens vuiler geel doorzwamde
den hemel, als vitriool dat kookte en schuim-ziedde in
’t ruim.—De boomen en ’t gewas groenden valsch-hèl
onder de eindloos roet-gele lucht, en vreemde
grondsidder van aanrollend onweer beefde door ’t
land. Van de hemelhoeken uit, naar geel-duister zwerk
dreven òp, reuzige wolk-katafalken, overeind
gestapeld als stille omfloerste rouwgebouwen.
Angstige drooge loei goot warrel en stofkolking uit de
lanen àchter de hagen op ’t land, en als levende
cykloon stormden de zandhoozen zwirrelend heet, in
razenden loei gloeiend over ’t gewas.—
Plots in zondvloedschen raas stortte regen neer; wilde

overstroomende regen, gierende druisch, woest-
donderend van kook en kletter. Wilde razernij van
stormrukken bulderde mee over ’t land, hoosde en
rende tusschen ’t gewas.
Ouë Gerrit stond midden in. De kerels, Dirk en Piet, en

’n paar losse werkers, waren in ’t schuilhok gevlucht.
Maar hij liep als ’n dolle op de akkers, omstormd door
hagelende vlaagbuien, die ’m striemden, half
vernielden, z’n oogen dichtkeiden, z’n gezicht
bombardeerden en z’n plunje doorweekten en
fladderig havenden.—Maar vóórt wou ie, in
doodsnood geslagen, geteisterd, [372]tùsschen de
laantjes, waar de storm in razernij alles stuk-mokerde,
knakte en versplinterde; waar oproer-tumult doorheen
gierde, in uitstortende woeste vlaag op vlaag.
Ze schreeuwden ’m toe, van ’t hok, uit ’t erf, dat ie zich

bergen zou. Van allen kant op de akkers rondom, zag
ie de mannen vluchten in dollen loop. De bliksem
zeiste blauw-roode vlammen om ’m heen. Donder
doorroffelde den hemel ratelhelsch, als stortten ’r
rotssteden in, bazaltblokkig, in daverend tuimelgerucht
van donderende treinen, op elkander inbotsend, onder
welvende hemelkap. Boven de akkers, in de lucht,
rumoerde zwarte worstel van titanen uit, achter de
zwirrelende regenvaalte en sneeuwende hageling.
Dun schrik-geschrei van ènkele stemmen op de lanen
klonk na, en vluchtende donkere gestalten holden
over den wèg, in bangen haast, als èven windhoos
neerlag.—In rauwe razernij waggelde ouë Gerrit op
z’n land, al sterker omdonderd van windhoozen.
Telkens werd ie teruggezogen door windrukken, die
vernielend om ’m neerraasden, z’n kiel van ’t lijf
fladderde in scheurende ritsen; stond ie blind
geslagen, schreiend-vloekend te tasten in den natten
walm van hagelwit en regenstorm.—
Lager, lager, in geel-roetig schuim gromde de lucht,

wijd, en over heel ’t laat-zomergroèn kolkte een woest-
sneeuwige warrel van blanken hagel, een raasbui
tusschen valen regen zigzaggend, dwars stroomend
over ’t land.—In de lucht, onder de boomen zeiste de
bliksem. Bang-bijbelsch-rumoer, sloeg als ’n
stedevernieling en godstoorn over ’t land. Bazuinig
geschal en geloei verklonk dóór ratel-hevigen
onweerdreun heen. Dreunende gongs zongen
donkere melodie achter den roffel der slagen, en
paukende helleraas overbruiste de akkers bij elken
nieuwen slag van zeisend blauw-rood gebliksem. En
door de luchten vluchtten, in zwaaienden, gang de
vuil-gele roetwolken als donk’re karossen woest en
vernielend.
Ouë Gerrit huilde, snikte, rochelde van angst,

ontzetting en drift. Den bliksem zàg ie, ’t onweer
hoòrde ie niet meer.—Alleen bestaarde ie z’n boonen,
z’n bòònen, daar nou in de [373]paden neergehamerd,
in kraak en ruk, kris-kas voor de wereld, zóó dat ie ’r
zelf geen voet meer tusschen kon dringen.—In
geweldige uitstorting van woede en angst, mokerde ie
z’n vuisten naar den hemel, vervloekte God, den
Heere Jesus, dat ze z’n oogst vernielen lieten; in
dollen krijsch, zijn stemmewanhoop verloren en
verwaaiend achter regenkletter en stormrukken.
Geen pad was meer te zien, tusschen de boonen. In

één uur had de storm in zoo hevige verwoesting
rondgemokerd dat de akkers onkenbaar verwoest
droefden.—De knoestige rijzen en latten lagen geveld,
gebroken, doorknakt, de hooge bloeipracht-boonen
afgerukt en dóórscheurd, de ranken vol jonge vrucht,
steuneloos doorstrengeld, ’t sap sipperend uit de
wonden, kris en kras dooréén. Ingepiekt, gewond,
afgenageld en geschonden in hun stronkige
stevigheid, splinterden de rijzen op de paden, als
slagveldwarrel waar regen dampend over heen
grauwde.—Al ’t gewas rondom lag vernield.
Ouë Gerrit doorzopen als ’n druipende schooier, z’n

baard en lokken omzogen en harig-vastgeplakt op z’n
groengrauw bleeke kop, was na krankzinnige
uitrazing, en vloek tegen God, sidderend stil en
bochelend-gekromd tegen stormhoozen in, z’n huis
ingestapt. Z’n oogen keken niet meer. Er zat staar in
z’n kijk van ’n gek die rondliep met wraak en manie,
koeling zoekend overal waar ’t op kon.
Twee uur had de verwoesting aangehouden. Toen

was orkaan uitgeraasd, en stille ruischregen alleen
zong nog nà uit de stil grauwe lucht, laag over de
akkers, in paarsen streepnevel eindloos vèr, zangerig-
stil van ruisch alom! De weggerukte hagen en struiken
openden ’t land met vreemde vergezichten, onkenbaar
geschonden. Angstige stilte van hevige ontsteltenis
ging er over Wierelandsche werkgroepen. Niemand
van de tuinders die durfde zien, zièn de volle schade
van ’t dolle weer.—Na dagen pas kropen ze bijéén, de
kerels.
Op hun koppen vrat vloek-razernij in, grimmige

verbittering. Met ontsteltenis-stemmen jammerden ze
òp, vroegen ze elkaar wat bij die, en bij diè, de
„boonenstorm” had uitgewerkt. Eén, in beschutten
hoek, leek er wat beter afgekomen dan de ander,
[374]maar bij de meesten was er verlies van miljoenen
boonen, ’n oogstvernieling die de naakte, zorg-zware
pachtertjes inééns tot bedelaars maakte. Want niets
werd vergoed, niets was verzekerd van hun waar.
Als ’n rouw, ging er stomme ontzetting en stil geween

over ’t land. Honderden arme kerels, met alleen pacht
van brok grond, stonden geschonden; wisten niet
meer wàt ze waren: bedelaars of baasjes, pachters of
wanbetalers. Ze zagen zich al in November van ’t land
gewezen, omdat ze geen geld genoeg voor den
landheer hadden. —
Na dagen nog, geweldig in grauw-triest en

regenafdruip, lagen de akkers, in slagveldvernieling
van gewas.—Over elkaar heen, één strubbel en
splintering van hout, afgerukt verminkt groen, half al
aan ’t verrotten in de nattige brei en spoeling.—
De boonkoppen slierden als leeggevreten door

kraaien, uitgescheurd vlechtwerk, tusschen de
splinters van de rottende knubbels. De late
kapucijnders hurkten plat en dwarsgetrapt voor den
grond, in vollen bloei geradbraakt. En onafzienbare
rijen, snijboonen en sperzie lagen gestreken als ’n
vies groen-zwarte modderzooi, kris-kras dooréén.
Rondom, in ’t morsige gras splinterden de gebroken
frambozestruiken en besseboompjes, in klonterigen
warrel, geknakt, met angstigen krampweerstand van
gekneusde takken, groezelig verrottend, als
doorbarsten nattig hout.
Na den eersten ontzettenden aanval van angst en

drift, terwijl de bui boven z’n hoofd uitraasde,—en hij
als ’n gekke mandril, holde, griende, vuistbalde tegen
God; vuistmokerde tegen alles, inéénkromp van
waanzinnig schreiend-amechtig verzet, voelend de
vernieling van z’n boonen als ’n uitrukking van zijn
ledematen, scheuren en hakken in zijn eigen levend
vleesch,—was ie, nà nog ééne opbruising
teruggevallen in nerveuze spraakloosheid.—
Binnenshuis had íe eerst z’n vrouw dwars in ’t gezicht
gemept, Guurt gevloekt en gescholden dat ze
zwanger was van ’n vuilen vent, en woest-schreiend
op de kerels neergesmakt, dat zij de schuld waren van
alles. Zij hadden ’m bestolen, en zij hadden dien
luizigen Kees en Ant, twee kruisen, twee ongelukkigen
in z’n mikken gehaald. Maar de kerels [375]lieten zich
niet lang verbluffen. Met ’n paar hevige opstoppers
tegen z’n maag en z’n neus, strompelde ouë Gerrit
achteruit, bleef ie stom, starend-stom, neergesmakt in
den leegen stal. Niks zei ie meer, niks, dagen
achtereen geen woord. Alleen bromde ie wat, z’n
groenzuur kindergezicht zenuwdoorschokt van rare
wilde trekken, als ’n op zelfmoord peinzende gek,
mummelend en baardtrekkend.
—Rooit noa niks, rooit noa niks! moàkt màin niks.. hep
d’r main aige! gromde hij.
De jongens werkten weer op ’t land, poogden de

neergestorte weggebroken ranken overeind te binden.
—
Ouë Gerrit keek ’r naar, in waanzinnige mijmer-kalmte,

mummelend wat woorden, zonder zin.—
Dirk rukte de geknakte latten en rijzen uit den grond,

trapte rondom den modderboel weg, stootte nieuwe
stronken in de aarde, bond ’t gewonde goed, dat nog
èven leefde, met touw en teenen òp.—Piet hielp mee,
vloekend op de vernieling, driftig rondloopend in lust
tot drinken, baldadigheid en bakkeleien.—
De zon was na storm-grauw en regen weer

schaterend doorgestraald. De hemel blauwde en
glansde prachtklaar, en in den lichtenden fijn
geurenden Septemberdag jubelden de glanzen,
stroomde zomerhitte langs de akkers; als proestte de
zon om demonenhumor en verwoesting van den wind.
—
In Wiereland was alleen gesprek over den

„boonenstorm”.—Er werd gestemmeschreid door
woeste stoere kerels, die in twintig en dertig jaar geen
traan gelaten hadden; kerels die nù in één voor den
grond lagen, niet meer wisten, waàrmee hun jaar te
redden. Natuurlijk voelden ze, dat notaris en landheer
ze zouden beklagen, wel geduld wilden hebben met
betaling, maar geen cent tegemoetkoming in verlies
aanbrengen zouden.—De weinige bazen met eigen
land, bracht ’t jaren achterop, de kleine pachters
waren in één geknakt, konden den bedel òp naar
werk. Want duizenden guldens waren er weggespoeld
in die teelt, geld waar op gerekend werd.—
Elk jaar was er gevaar voor hun oogst, elk jaar bracht
angsten [376]voor ’t weer; maar nooit nog was een zóó
felle teistering, zoo vernielend, over prachtbloei van
boonen heengegierd.—Ze schreiden de kerels,
schreiden bij ’t zien van hun gehavende rommelzooi,
ze konden er niet van slapen, niet van eten. En ze
praatten maar door, over zóó nooit geziene vernieling,
alsof ze dàt verlichtte. Ouë Gerrit werd beklaagd,
zonder dat ie zelf ’n stom woord zei. Hij leefde nog in
’n stille, z’n eigen rust wegvretende woede-krizis, ’n
stille inwendige bloeding van wraak. Ze hadden
gedacht dat ie stapelgek zou worden; tòt Dirk en Piet,
op den derden dag, bij hun overeind-zetten, van den
gebroken rommel, den Ouë zagen uitbarsten in grien.
—Vier millioen boonen had ie moèten leveren, voor de
fabriek. Nou kon ie, met groote moeite, er misschien ’n
paar honderd duizend halen.
Er schoot schriklijke duurte in ’t gewas, maar ’t gaf

niets, redde weinig.—Dubbele hulpkrachten waren
weer noodig bij ’t overeindscharrelen, zoodat Kees
geroepen werd door de kerels, zonder dat Ouë Gerrit
’n woord verzet had en z’n bijgeloof niet eens meer
òpleefde.—
In Ouë Gerrit lag angst te ontbinden. Hij wist zelf niet

meer goed, wàt te denken, wàt te doen. Natuurlijk
begreep ie, dat ie nou voor goed geknakt was, dat ie
naar den notaris moest, vragen om uitstel voor alles.
—Hij voelde iets heel bangs op ’m drukken, iets ergs
dat gebeuren moèst.—Natuurlijk begreep ie, dat ie
van z’n land afgekieperd werd, z’n zoons als knechten
bij ’n baasje heenkomen zoeken gingen, hij ’n krotje
moest opsnorren voor z’n wijf en Guurt. Dat ie dan te
rekenen had op steun van de jongens, en hij,
dóódarm,—bij de Bekkema’s—zooals hij de nieuwelui
óók bleef noemen—z’n paar centen als tuinman per
maand bijverdiende! Nou was ’r ’n tekort, dat ie in
geen tien, geen twintig jaar meer kòn bijspijkeren.—
Van z’n boonen zoo goed als niets meer. Zijn appelen
en peren afgewaaid, leeggestormd, geen cent. Zijn
moffengoed, z’n andijvie, zijn koolen, alles vernield,
vernield. Kon ie maar weer wat huilen, zou ie wel
bedaren. ’t Was alles weer zoo donker, zoo zwart voor
z’n oogen. Maar ’t propte vast in ’m, [377]smoorvast in
z’n strot, en heet zat onbestemde angst daar als ’n
zweer te gloeien. Dat geklieter en geklaag om ’m
heen, gaf ’m geen luis. Hij had ’t wel gevoeld. Dat
mòst komme! dat mòst komme! En als ze ’m nou bij
den notaris nog gingen donderen, zou die d’r geen
hand meer uitsteken. Most ’r maar van draaien wat ’t
wou. Maar ’t most komme. Zat ’m de heele zomer al in
z’n buik, die angst en schrikkelijke benauwing.
Dagen later had ie gehuild, gesnikt, was ’r daarna

gemoedelijke rust in ’m gezakt. Met heete blijdschap
dacht ie aan z’n spullen. Nou alles toch zoo geloopen
was, voelde ie ’n fatale kalmte, ’n zalig-gelukkig
gevoel, dat hij die spullen had, buiten storm en onweer
en boonen en notaris, en buiten geklieter van
menschen. Achter z’n telkens weer opschokken van
hoop en smart, prentte ie zich in, voelde ie diep, dat ie
toch alleen leefde voor dàt genot, ’t eenige zalige in
z’n leven. Wat kon hem de boonen schelen, en de
centen, en de notaris? Hij zou d’r heengaan.—
Goed! En als ’t te bar wier, zou ie opbreken. Als hij z’n

pràcht spullen maar had en houên kòn.—En als ie d’r
eenmaal afgekieperd was, z’n hypotheekrente toch
niet betalen kon, en niets anders ook, had ie ook geen
gemier meer an z’n kop. En nou de kerels als
knechten!—
.. Hoho.… da sal d’r hullie ’t land injoage! Moar dâ kon
d’r sain ook nie skele.… Hij had ’t dan stilletjes en
rustig, kòn gappen wat ie wou. Al meer zalig genot,
geen zorg meer voor pacht, hooi, koeien, hypotheek,
en de heele santekraam niet. Laat ze d’r nou maar
zeggen, dat ie straatarm was. Ze beklaagden ’m bitter.
Dat verging nog beter dan ie gedacht had. Nou most
ie d’r rondkomme van ’n paar gulden per week.… Z’n
wijf ging er toch wel gauw van door. Die stonk en
stotterde iederen dag erger; van onder al half lijk.…
hoho! da gong goed! da gong prêchtig! En nou sou die
notoaris spreke.. want aa’s de jònges gain aige lappie
pachte konne en sain d’r uit trapte, sat ie lailik vast!
Zoo draaiden en drentelden de gedachten in Ouë

Gerrit rond, voor ie op stap ging naar notaris
Beemstra. Maar ’t moèst, en [378]de dag daarop stond
ie al voor ’t kantoor. Even beefde angst in ’m op, over
’t goud potlood dat ie destijds zoo netjes van ’m gepikt
had. Maar dat gevoel zakte weer. De kerel had nooit
iets gemerkt. De klerken hadden ’m achter ’t hekje
geroepen en bij den notaris aangediend. De grijze
familjare man, die dolgraag voor aristokraat doorging,
begon, toen de klerk wegstapte, heel joviaal.
—Wèl Hassel, wat had je?
De vraag ontshutste ouë Gerrit zóó, dat ie sip voor

zich bleef kijken. Wa nou? Zou die vent niet snappen
waarvoor ie kwam; waar de heele plaats vol was van
zijn ongeluk met den boonenstorm?
Hij stamelde:
—Jai menair de netoaris! ’t is … sien u!.. van dit en
van dat! hoho! de boonestòrm!
—Hèb ik ’t niet gedacht! schaterde ironisch notaris

Beemstra plots, dat ouë Gerrit de woorden op de
lippen terugbeefden,—heb ik ’t niet gedacht! de
boònestorm, de bòònestorm. Ik hoor van niets anders.
—Verduiveld ’t wordt ’n nachtmerrie! Boonestorm hier,
boonestorm daàr!—’t Is om gek te worden. Intusschen
wordt daar nu alles opgesmeten. Maar ik láát me niet
bedotten.
Ouë Gerrit voelde zich nijdig worden en bang tegelijk.

Op zoo’n ontvangst had ie toch heelemaal niet
gerekend. Nìjdig, omdat de notaris niet scheen te
begrijpen, hoe ’n vreeselijke ernst ’t hier was; en bàng,
omdat ie, bij ’t begin al, zoo weinig inschikkelijkheid
toonde. Hoe nou den rommel uit te leggen? Hoe nou?
Maar notaris stond driftig òp, stapte heen en weer en
dreigde luid met z’n zware aristokratenstem:
—Hoor eens Hassel.… ik wéét wat je zeggen wilt,

alles!.. Dàt je geen geld hebt om je pacht te betalen,
voor de Beek, voor.…
—Enne.. veur de hypotheek nie.… enne ’t losgeld nie!
—Wat? schreeuwde de notaris, wàt? dan is ’t spele

met vuur, vader!.. Ik krijg nu al vier termijnen, dat màg,
màg ik niet langer zoo laten, dat kàn, kàn ik niet langer
voorschieten. [379]Hassel! nog tot November hèb je, en
vervloekt! is ’t ’r dàn niet, dan gaat je boel
onherroepelijk an de paal, onherroepelijk!
Deur kraakte open achter notaris, en bediende kwam
vragen of notaris wel wist dat ’r vergadering was, en
dat de burgemeester al wachtte. En driftig barstte
Beemstra uit:
—Dat heb je nou met àl die kommissies.. wacht! Is de

burgemeester in de salon?.. Ja.. donders.. wacht! laat
de burgemeester maar hier.… Ja Hassel, dat gààt
niet.. ik moèt hier vergaderen.. je moet maar doen of
er niemand van de heere is.. bovendien.. zijn ’t
allemaal krediteuren van je.. En ik heb.. werkelijk.…
weinig tijd. Notaris draaide zich naar de deur..
—Hazoo, komt u in, burgemeester! ik heb hier weer ’n

slachtoffer van de bòonestorm bij mij.. ze schieten uit
de grond als paddestoelen. Haha! lachte ironisch
notaris Beemstra, in glimlach burgervader de hand
drukkend en op ’n grooten stoel neerdrukkend.
—Hm! de heeren zijn er nog niet! vroeg strak-

zelfbewust burgervader.
Vluchtig gestap in de gang klonk.—’n Deur zwaaide

joviaal open en recht op den notaris aan, stapte dokter
Troost, zwager Stramme en Dr. Beemstra, zoon van
notaris.—
Hij vond ’t wel leuk notaris, dat de heeren er bij waren,

voelde zich ook sterker tegen den pummel, die wel
eens brutaal uit den hoek kon schieten.—
—Heeren, neemt plaats, hee zeg Henri! ’n bizonder

geval, waar ook jullie min of meer bij geïnteresseerd
bent.—Hassel hier, slachtoffer van den boonestorm
natuurlijk, kan z’n hypotheek wéér niet betalen.—
De heeren lachten kiespijnzurig. Stramme monsterde

ouë Gerrit, die nog krommig-onderdanig vóór z’n stoel
stond. De kassier wou wel ’n grap zeggen op mooie
Guurt, maar ouë Gerrit trok zóó ’n bedrukt gezicht,
bleek-beverig, dat ie niet durfde.
—Ga zitten Hassel, joviaalde notaris weer.—
Gerrit schoof op puntje van den stoel, zacht bedeesd

alsof ie eieren op de zitting kneuzen zou.— [380]
—Aa’s de haire, aa’s de haire! stotterde ouë Gerrit.
—De heere wille, dat je November met je duiten komt,

vader Hassel, anders niet, viel Stramme de kassier in,
lachend alsof ie ’n snedigheid gezegd had.—Ik geloof
dat de notaris al bij veel te veel zaken is
bijgesprongen.. maar niet waar? dan moet ’r ook naar
gehandeld worden.
Dr. Troost schudde gewichtig z’n hoofd. Z’n wit vest

blankte hel onder z’n zwart jacket uit. Loenschig
kippigden z’n oogen op Hassel, en zwaar donderde
z’n stem.
—Heb ik ’t je niet gezegd, dat je je worp op de aarbei

moest gooie, haha! nou zit je an de grond, knap
gedaan! C’est de la blague! mon-cher! nou zit je in je
gat geknepen! C’est de la plesenterie! En kom je nou
klementie smeken? Als ik notaris was.…
Plots zei Beemstra ’m iets in ’t oor, en—Troost lispte ’t
over aan Stramme.—Dokter Beemstra praatte
gemoedelijk met burgervader. Gegrinnik hinnikte er
tusschen de heeren, ingesmoord-leukies, en toen, met
wat vertoon van deemoed op z’n gezicht, zich
krabbend in ’t grijze haar, begon deftigheidsstem van
Beemstra weer:
—Hoor eens Hassel! je bent nu ruim dertig jaar lang

rente schuldig van los geld dat ik je welwillend
geleend heb … Je bent al je grondbelasting achter uit..
waarvan ik je voorschot gaf; je bent vier termijnen
hypotheekrente achter. Drie keer heb je onder groote
pressie angezuiverd, anders had ’t zeven geweest!
Dan ben je van vier jaar rijzen en hooi achter.. Je
hypotheekrente gaat mij in zooverre an, dat de
voorschieter mijn zwager Stramme is, en die draagt ’t
mij op. Je bent achter, ’n verschil van twee
koebeesten, zelfs nog een postje van voor vier jaar!
Dan heb je nog vier bunders pacht te betalen.. ’n
bunder van aardappelen bij de Beek van voor vier
jaar! en ’n tien aggelen bij ’t Duin! En dit jaar, dit jaar!
kom je misschien met de helft anzetten! Nee,
werkelijk.. Zie, alles staat hier geboekt!.. da gaat niet
langer.… Alleen maar met los geld en rente krijg ik al
’n heele som!.. je zult..
—Moàr.. moar stotterde Hassel, midden in, met bang-

bleek [381]gezicht achteruitschuivend op z’n stoel.. en
drift-kreukelend z’n groen petje.
—Nee, wacht even, aanstonds kun je ’r tegen in

brengen wat je wilt, deftigde de notaris, vóór ouë
Gerrit staand, rechtop, in requisitoir-houding,—ik zeg
maar, dat ik geduld met je gehad heb, en nòg.. nòg..
de heeren zullen straks.. Maar wacht, wat heb je
tègen mijn opsomming?
—Nee moar?.…
—Wat nou? huspot, schaterde Troost, als ’t toch zoo

is, mille de tonnerre! jullie werkvolk bent te beroerd om
gekraakt te worde.. Mijn zoon heeft gelijk! haha! dat
zwakke goed! dat geen rede van bestaan heeft moet
weg! dat zwakke gebroed dient tot niets! Had mijn
raad opgevolgd, en mijn grond gekocht, destijds, en
nou stik je in schuld.…
—Ja kijk, Troost! ik wou eerst met hèm afhandelen?
—Dus je stemt in, spotte Stramme, niet waar?
—Hoe zou ’t ook anders, ’t boek spreekt beter dan

wij?.. en zeg mij nu eens, hier onder de heeren kan je
vrij uit spreken, zonder dat je je hoeft te geneeren, zeg
eens, hoeveel denk je dit jaar te kort te hebben?
—Je.… moàr.… de.. de boonestorm!
—Haha, schaterde Troost.. drie dakpannen zijn van

mijn huis gewaaid.. ben ook ’n slachtoffer!.. en twee
ruiten kràk door midden, haha!
—Laat die boonestorm nou rusten.… ik heb ’n

honderd lui, al zoowat bijgesprongen.. ze uitstel
verleend.. maar dat raakt de zaak niet, is zóó erg niet
althans … Voet-bij-stuk, dùs?.…

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UNIT I 13 Spontaneous Processes and Thermodynamic

Kinetic Molecular Description of the A P P EN D I C ES

UNIT I Introduction to the Study of Modern Chemistry xxviii

1 The Atom in Modern 2 Chemical Formulas, Equations,

UNIT II Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 50

5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic 7 Bonding in Organic

6 Quantum Mechanics and 8 Bonding in Transition Metal

UNIT III Kinetic Molecular Description of the States of Matter 368

9 The Gaseous State 370 10.4 Phase Equilibrium 430

Transitions 414 11.5 Phase Equilibrium in Solutions: Nonvolatile

UNIT IV Equilibrium in Chemical Reactions 478

1 2 Thermodynamic Processes and 1 3 Spontaneous Processes and

1 5 Acid–Base Equilibria 611 1 7 Electrochemistry 693

UNIT V Rates of Chemical and Physical Processes 752

1 8 Chemical Kinetics 754 1 9 Nuclear Chemistry 807

2 0 Molecular Spectroscopy and 20.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 869

Photochemistry 839 20.5 Electronic Spectroscopy and Excited State

UNIT VI Materials 902

2 1 Structure and Bonding in 2 3 Polymeric Materials and Soft

22.2 Properties of Ceramics 941 D Standard Chemical Thermodynamic

Connection to Nanotechnology: Imaging Atoms, Cumulative Exercise: Manufacturing of Maple

The eighth edition of Principles of Modern Chemistry is written for students in

Significant Changes in This Edition

■ Greater Flexibility in Topic Coverage—In response to comments by stu-

Organizational Approach for Selected

Chapter 3: Atomic Shells and Classical Models

Chapter 4: Introduction to Quantum Mechanics

Chapter 5: Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Structure

Chapter 6: Quantum Mechanics and Molecular Structure

Chapter 7: Bonding in Organic Molecules

Chapter 8: Bonding in Transition Metal Compounds

Chapter 9: The Gaseous State

Chapter 10: Solids, Liquids, and Phase Transitions

Chapter 12: Thermodynamic Processes

Chapter 13: Spontaneous Processes

Chapter 14: Chemical Equilibrium

Chapter 15: Acid–Base Equilibria

Chapter 17: Electrochemistry

Chapter 18: Chemical Kinetics

Chapter 19: Nuclear Chemistry

Chapter 20: Molecular Spectroscopy and Photochemistry

Chapter 21: Structure and Bonding in Solids

Chapter 22: Inorganic Materials

Classical Bonding before Introduction

Introduction to Quantum Theory before Bonding

Traditional “Macro-to-Micro” Approach

Thermodynamics before Chemical Equilibrium

Empirical Chemical Equilibrium before Thermodynamics

Modified “Macro-to-Micro” Approach

General Aspects of Flexibility

Updated Design and New Illustrations

Z’n genot, z’n zaligheid kon niemand ’m bestelen. En

Eind-Augustus stonden ’t snij- en sperziegewas,

—Daa’s suinige Job!.. schreeuwden ze elkaar toe, van

Ouë Gerrit zat iederen dag zelf in z’n boonelaantjes

—Ouë, je baift aa’s ’n kikker op ’n kluitje.. la stoan dâ

Pracht-hoog in groen-goud, poortig diep,

Honderd schepsels had ie geplukt, ouë Gerrit.

Dirk was aan ’t sla-steken, nateelt, bij ’n hoekje