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1,
CULTURAL
Anthropology
A Perspective on the Human Condition
Third Canadian Edition I Schultz • Lavenda • Dods
 ••
CONTENTS VII

KeyTerms 48
Chapter Summary 48
Critical Thinking ~estions 49
Suggested Readings 49
Related Websites 49

3 Anthropology in History and the

Explanation of Cultural Diversity SO
Learning Objectives SO
The Roots of Canadian Anthropology S1
Capitalism, Colonialism, and "Modernity" 52
Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter 59
Toward Classifying Forms of Human Society 60
Studying Human Societies Today 70
A Critical Look 71
KeyTerms 72
Chapter Summary 72
Critical Thinking ~estions 72
Suggested Readings 72
Related Websites 73

PART II The Resources of Culture 75

4 Language 76
Learning Objectives 76
Language and Culture 77
Design Features of Human Language 78
Language and Context 80
Linguistic Relativity 80
Components of Language 82
Non-verbal Communication 86
Pidgin Languages: Negotiated Meaning 88
Linguistic Inequality and Oppression 89
Language and Gender 91
The Flexibility of Language 92
Language and Change 93
A Critical Look 94
KeyTerms 94
Chapter Summary 95
Critical Thinking ~estions 95
Suggested Readings 95
Related Websites 95
 •••
VIII CONTENTS

5 I Culture, the Individual, and

Identity 96
Learning Objectives 96
Perception 98
Cognition 103
Emotion 107
Motivation 109
Personality/Self/Subjectivity 111
Sex, Sexuality, and Gender Roles: The Creation
of Subject Positions 114
Structural Violence and Social Trauma 120
Individual Psychology and Context 126
A Critical Look 127
Key Terms 128
Chapter Summary 128
Critical Thinking ~estions 128
Suggested Readings 129
Related Websites 129

6 I Social Relationships: Marriage, Family,

Kinship, and Friendship 130
Learning Objectives 130
Marriage 131
Family Structure 138
Families and Change 141
Kinship and Systems of Relatedness: Ways of Organizing
Human Interdependence 143
Beyond Kinship 156
Theories of Relatedness: Kin-based and Non-kin-based
Societies 159
A Critical Look 160
Key Terms 162
Chapter Summary 162
Critical Thinking ~estions 162
Suggested Readings 162
Related Websites 163
 •
CONTENTS IX

7 Making a Living 164

Learning Objectives 164
Culture and Livelihood 165
Subsistence Strategies 166
Phases of Economic Activity 167
Distribution and Exchange 168
Production 171
Consumption 175
A Dialectic between the Meaningful and
the Material 183
A Critical Look 184
Key Terms 18 5
Chapter Summary 185
Critical Thinking ~estions 185
Suggested Readings 186
Related Websites 186

8 Play, Art, Myth, and Ritual 187

Learning Objectives 187
Play 188
Art 193
Myth 200
Ritual 204
Combining Play, Art, Myth, and Ritual 208
A Critical Look 209
Key Terms 210
•)
••
-,••
Chapter Summary 210
Critical Thinking ~estions 210
Suggested Readings 210
Related Websites 211

9 States of Being in Wellness and

Illness 212
by Roberta Robin Dods
Learning Objectives 212
Beyond the Science-Tradition Divide 214
Integrated Approaches and Holism in Medical
Anthropology 216
Cultural Interpretations and Labels of Illness and
Disease 218
Environments and Well-Being 223
X CONTENTS

Health Care Delivery Systems 226

Epidemiology 233
Being Applied 234
A Critical Look 236
Key Terms 237
Chapter Summary 237
Critical Thinking ~estions 238
Suggested Readings 238
Related Websites 238

10 I World View 239

Learning Objectives 239
The Role of Metaphor, Metonymy,
and Symbol 240
Key Metaphors 243
Religion 244
World Views in Operation: Two
I Case Studies 250
Maintaining and Changing a World View 255
World Views as Instruments of Power 257
Religion and Secularism 259
A Critical Look 261
Key Terms 262
Chapter Summary 262
Critical Thinking ~estions 262
Suggested Readings 263
Related Websites 263

PART III Organization of Life: Local to Global 265

11 I Social Organization and Power 266

Learning Objectives 266
Varieties of Social Organization 268
The Search for the Laws of Social
Organization 268
The Power to Act 269
Power as an Independent Entity 279
The Power of the Imagination 281
History as a Prototype of and for
Political Action 287
 •
CONTENTS XI

Negotiating the Meaning of History 289

A Critical Look 289
KeyTerms 290
Chapter Summary 290
Critical Thinking ~estions 291
Suggested Readings 291
Related Websites 291

12 Inequality in the Contemporary

World 292
Learning Objectives 292
Class 293
Caste 295
Race 298
Ethnicity 303
Nation and Nationalism 307
A Critical Look 315
Key Terms 316
Chapter Summary 316
Critical Thinking ~estions 316
Suggested Readings 317
Related Websites 317

13 A Global World 318

Learning Objectives 318 I

Views of the Political Economy 319

Cultural Processes in a Global World 322
Globalization and the Nation-State 326
Human Rights, Globalization, and the Language of Social
Justice 330
Cultural Imperialism, Cultural Hybridization, and
Cosmopolitanism 338
A Critical Look 343
- I

Key Terms 345

Chapter Summary 345
Critical Thinking ~estions 345
Suggested Readings 346
Related Websites 346
 ••
XII CONTENTS

14 I Applying Anthropology in Everyday

Life 347
Learning Objectives 347
Anthropology in the World at Large 348
Two Examples of Practical Applications 349
Anthropology and Policy 353
Antl1ropology and the Challenges of Global
Citizenship 3 54
Awareness and Uncertainty 361
Freedom and Constraint 363
A Critical Look 363
Chapter Summary 365
Critical Thinking ~estions 365
Suggested Readings 365
Related Websites 365

GLOSSARY 366
REFERENCES 373
CREDITS 384
INDEX 385
MAPS

1.1 Dakhleh 9 7.1 Trobriand Islanders 180

2.1 Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku Inuit) 39 7.2 Plains Cree 182
2.2 Sidi Lahcen Lyussi 44 8.1 Aymara 189
2.3 Komachi 47 8.2 Yoruba 208
3.1 Baule 58 8.3 Sinhalese 208
3.2 North American Culture Areas 68 9.1 Grassy Narrows First Nation 224
4.1 Samoans 86 10.1 Fang 247
5.1 Pitjantjatjara (Anangu) 99 10.2 Huichol 251
5.2 M buti (Bambuti) 102 10.3 Azande 253
5.3 Kpelle 106 10.4 Guider 255
5.4 Giriama 109 10.5 Kwaio 257
5.5 Dani 118 11.1 Somalis (Northern) 269
5.6 Haiti 121 11.2 Beng 276
5.7 Cairo 126 11.3 Tamils 277
6.1 Nyinba 136 11.4 Bolivian Tin Miners 282
6.2 lteso 136 11.5 Sefrou 283
6.3 Khalapur Rajputs 137 11.6 Sedaka 284
6.4 Mende 139 11.7 Northern Peruvian Highlands 287
6.5 Ashanti 140 12.1 Gopalpur 295
6.6 Ju/'hoansi (!Kung) 142 12.2 Colonial Oaxaca (1521-1812) 301
6.7 Los Pines 143 13.1 Kayap6 319
6.8 Navajo 149 13.2 Thailand 336
6.9 Nyakyusa 158 14.1 Japan 350
6.10 Boran 158 14.2 Saskatoon 353
6.11 Sherbro 159 14.3 Rione Monti 356

Mediterranean Sea '*'!,

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Windhoek Kalahari ·.('9° Titicacd}(i ~ Paz
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SUDAN I I I I

km km km ARGENTINA

Map 1.1 Map 2.1 Map 6.6 Map 11.4

Dakhleh 9 Utkuhikhalingmiut 39 Ju/'hoansi 142 Bolivian Tin Miners 282
FOREWORD

Emily A. Schultz and Robert H. Lavenda

We are pleased to see the third Canadian edition of our Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the
Human Condition. In our view, Roberta Dods has done a very fine job in adapting our book for Canadian
students. While we wrote a book that has had success internationally, we recognize the advantages of
tuning a book for a particular academic environment; the Canadian educational system is sufficiently
different from that of the United States to justify differences in textbooks at the university level. But it
is also the case that Canada has long had its own anthropological history and set of problematics, not
reducible to the Anglo-American narrative that has dominated English-language anthropology.
Our original book aimed not only to show beginning anthropology students something of the vari-
eties of human culture around the world, but also to draw their attention to the intensifying flows
of people and culture from many parts of the world on unpredictable journeys, producing sometimes
surprising encounters. Wl1en we began, we did not realize the journeys our book would take outside
the United States, and even outside the English-speaking world, as translations allowed it to encounter
audiences we never anticipated being able to address. The Canadian edition of our book has under-
gone a somewhat different kind of customization process, since it is still in English, but has, thanks to
Roberta Dods, been more fully customized for Canadian readers, thus enriching our original efforts
with a wealth of new etl1nographic examples by a wide range of Canadian anthropologists. It is a plea-
sure to learn from our own book!
While we have taken an explicitly global perspective in the book, we recognize that what anthropol-
ogy does best when it looks at the global is to concentrate on the local in order to grasp the effects of
the global. So making our anthropology text more Canadian paradoxically makes it more global as well.
Dr Dods is correct in commenting that we take students seriously. We believe that when students are
challenged, they rise to the challenge. Anthropology is a vibrant, challenging discipline, perhaps the
earliest discipline to take the diversity of human culture seriously. We have tried to capture that in the
text we wrote in a clear, straightforward, and uncluttered manner, and we are delighted that Dr Dods
has also taken these same challenges seriously and has presented all of us with a successful hybrid text
for a hybrid discipline!
PREFACE TO THE CANADIAN EDITION

Roberta Robin Dods

This third Canadian edition of Cultural Anthropology: A Perspective on the Human Condition contin-
ues to situate students in a world view informed by a concern for social justice within a discussion
of the discipline of anthropology, specifically cultural anthropology. This aim has come into sharper
focus in recent times as globalization has brought us into closer relationships with peoples around the
world. Some of these relationships have challenged our better selves to reach out in times of change
and upheaval while we consider the complications of living in a world of deep diversity. Anthropology
offers a unique opportunity to situate each of us in this better place of understanding and analysis of the
humanity of ourselves and others.
In this new edition, some chapters have been reorganized to add new material but, as with the ear-
lier Canadian editions, the conceptual integrity has been maintained. We continue with the 14-chapter
structure designed to fit the semester system of most Canadian universities. Each cl1apter begins with an
outline and a set of learning objectives and concludes with a list of key terms, a chapter summary, critical
thinking questions, and lists of suggested readings and related websites. These framing materials challenge
students to integrate learned concepts while providing them with a window to a wider world of inquiry.
In preparing the third edition, I was asked to add a critical comment at the end of each chapter, and
thus there are fourteen new commentaries on topics that tie in with the concepts discussed in the spe-
cific chapters. These mini-essays reflect my commitment to the discipline, to positioning anthropological
study within a larger community of inquiry, and to exploring themes that will inform-and in many cases
challenge-the reader.
In Chapter 1, we begin with a discussion of anthropology and its four traditional subfields-
biological anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology-as well
as what could effectively be considered its fifth subfield: applied anthropology. The theme of applied
anthropology in its various forms echoes throughout this text. We continue with an introduction to
cultural anthropology-its scope and its goals. Further, we explain the concept of culture and examine
the critique of its use within a wider historical perspective, and we emerge with an understanding of
the efficacy of a holistic approach to anthropological study. We also introduce the methodology of
fieldwork and its resulting reportage-ethnography-and conclude with a discussion of ethnocentrism.
We examine ethnographic fieldwork in detail in Chapter 2, offering insight into forms of data
collection, ways to prepare for "the field;' professional ethics, and culture shock. We also compare three
principal modes of ethnographic research-positivist, reflexive, and multi-sited. Our explanation of
the "dialectic of fieldwork" considers the roles people play when acting as an anthropologist's guide
in the field, the effects of fieldwork on all involved, and the value and open-ended nature of anthropo-
logical knowledge.
Our focus in Chapter 3 is on colonialism, capitalism, and modernity. Viewing historical develop-
ments through a critical lens, we examine the rise of political economies and place anthropology as a
"player" in the colonial encounter. We then critique the development and use of various classification
systems including the "culture areas" classifications that evolved in North America. In conclusion, we
reflect on post-colonial realities as a counterpoint and a challenge.
In Chapter 4, our objective is to understand the theoretical and practical aspects of language and its
use. Here, we discuss the relationship between language and culture and tl1e importance of symbolic
representation. We introduce some of Charles Hockett's design features of language, and we overview
the components of language (phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and ethnoprag-
matics). We also consider linguistic inequality and areas of negotiated meaning exemplified by pidgin
languages. The chapter concludes with a brief statement on the dialectic between experience and
language and the creation of ambiguity in symbolic systems.
 •
XVI PREFACE

Beginning from the observation that every individual views the world from a unique position, we
investigate the nature of identity and the individual in Chapter S. First, we explore how individual psy-
chology is situated in the context of a symbolic, cultural world and how cultural schemas and prototypes
shape the ways we perceive our experiences. Then, we outline interpretations of intelligence, cognitive
(learning) styles, reasoning, and logic. Next, we examine emotion as the product of the dialectic between
bodily arousal and cognitive interpretation mediated by, and embedded within, a cultural matrix.
In addition, we discuss ranges of sexual and gender identities and how those identities are culturally
informed. Norms and normative constructs are also considered. Finally, we reflect on the self and how
this "entity" interprets the world and, specifically, how the selfsurvives in the face ofviolence and trauma.
In Chapter 6, we analyze the complexities of human social relationships, focussing on different inter-
pretations of marriage, family, kinship, and friendship. Throughout the chapter, we investigate what
determines relatedness and group membership, with an awareness of the role of sex and gender in sys-
tems of social organization. We discuss marriage as a social process in the context of economic exchange
and family alliance. As we explore the dimensions of family life, we outline various family structures
and note how families change over time and in response to new global circumstances. We also compare
kin-based versus non-kin-based societies and conclude with an appreciation for the nuances of the
dimensions of group life.
Making a living is our central focus in Chapter 7. We begin with a consideration of subsistence strat-
egies before moving on to discuss the relationship between production, distribution, and consumption.
Additionally, we note the differences between internal (needs) and external (resources) explanations
of consumption patterns. We also explore the cultural and symbolic nature of consumption and then
elucidate distribution and exchange at local and global levels by examining various forms of exchange-
from reciprocity to redistribution to market exchange.
In Chapter 8, we discuss play, art, myth, and ritual. We begin with play, which is an open system
that allows us to communicate about communicating (metacommunication) and provides an introduc-
tion to meaningful reflexivity. From play, we move on to discuss first sport as embedded in the prevail-
ing social order and then art as play that produces significant transformation-representation. We also
explore the relationships between myths, as charters for social action and providers of stories of truth,
and rituals, culturally defined schemas that bring text and performance together and that can function
as powerful forms of metacommunication.
Chapter 9 focusses on an applied discipline that has been gaining attention in recent years: medical
anthropology. While a chapter is not enough to cover all the diverse topics of study that medical anthro-
pologists investigate, we discuss many themes at tl1e heart of the discipline and offer examples of how
researchers have applied these themes to real-world situations. We emphasize holism, particularly in our
discussion of the impact of physical, social, and cultural environments on the well-being of individuals.
We also consider various culturally informed approaches to health care and ways of labelling and defin-
ing illness and disease. In addition, we revisit some ethical considerations as we explore the challenges
involved in studying human health. Above all, we emphasize the importance of being open to traditional
knowledge and non-Western ways of healing.
In Chapter 10, we consider the seemingly simple-yet actually very complex-subject of world view.
We explore the role of metaphor, metonymy, and symbolic thought and comment on the anthropo-
logical analysis of religion and secularism within the context of world view. As we come to understand
world views as instruments of power, we also come to understand how key metaphors and world views
are maintained and modified in a world of change.
We turn to social organization and patterns of human interdependence in Chapter 11, noting that
no single cause can explain the complexities of human social relations. We consider the human power
to act, various forms of social power, and explanations of why human beings submit to institutionalized
power. As we investigate how humans invest the world with meaning, we also discuss how people bar-
gain for reality as they negotiate the meaning of history and tradition.
111 Chapter 12, we delve into social inequality and explore the multi-dimensional nature of inequality
in terms of class, caste, race, ethnicity, and nationality. We begin by considering the implications of
class-stratified societies and class mobility. Next, we present examples of caste, focussing in particular on
how divisions of caste impact peoples' ways of living in India. We then survey the discredited concept
 ••
PREFACE XVII

of race and its manifestation in today's world, keeping in mind the ethical implications that often arise
when race is perceived as a social division. Finally, we reflect upon definitions of ethnicity before con-
cluding with an examination of what constitutes a nation, what a national identity is, and how national
identity may manifest in nationalism.
We explore the emergence of the global world in Chapter 13. In the context of the history of the
development of political economies, we consider globalization and the pressures on nation-states as
new cultural processes emerged and continue to emerge. A key issue is the challenge of human rights in
a "globalized" world, and we discuss cultural imperialism, cultural hybridization, and cosmopolitanism
as responses to this challenge.
In the concluding chapter, we emphasize the idea that anthropology encompasses so much more than
what students will learn in a classroom. Anthropology is about the lives and worlds of the people who gift us
with their world views. It is a portal to effective global citizenship in a world of uncertainty. Finally, it offers
perspective and a way to develop awareness (reflexivity) in order to confront issues and challenge views on
freedom and constraint.

A Final Note
Each new edition of Cultural Anthropology has moved forward in some small and/ or large way to
illuminate the trends of the discipline. Nonetheless, what has been constant is the book's core value: a
respect for students. Like Schultz and Lavenda, I, too, take students seriously. I believe that students
have the capacity to read and think as involved adults. It has been my experience using this book over
the years that students are l1appy to be seen as capable of the reflexivity the book espouses. They may
sometimes complain about or struggle with the content and the concepts, but I have found they are
charmed into learning as they come to appreciate that the text grounds them in an intellectual, emo-
tional, and practical perspective that finds resonance in their-quite substantial-understanding of
the world. What we offer are the tools for analysis. Inevitably, students appreciate how this book,
and anthropology as a subject, situates them in a world of change and challenges them to employ the
anthropological perspective as an increasingly important tool for effective global citizenship.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Once again I want to thank the people I met and worked with in the field who gifted me with their
friendship and insights into their lives while teaching me to see their worlds and ways of being human.
They have been my true teachers, and their kind involvement has been a sacred gift. As this book has
always inferred, such generosity helps us face the world with humility, while the study of anthropology
situates us in a place of analysis that fosters the development of humble concern and deep hope. None
of tl1is could be possible without tl1e kindness of others.
I would like to thank Schultz and Lavenda for providing the foundation upon whicl1 the Canadian
editions of Cultural Anthropology have been built and for their ongoing insightful comments on the
progress made in the current edition.
The work could not have proceeded without the exceedingly positive relationship that I developed with
my first editors at Oxford University Press. Here, I note three people specifically: Peter Chambers, develop-
mental editor, Higher Education Division; Amanda Maurice, assistant editor, Higher Education Division;
and Janice Evans, senior editor, Higher Education Division. Peter worked with me on the first two Canadian
editions. Without his input and the contribution ofAmanda on the first Canadian edition, I could not have
worked through the difficult process of making this book ((Canadian" while keeping the tone of the original
authors. The second edition became what it was because ofJanice Evans, and she continued to provide great
assistance in working through the final processes for this third edition. To her and our new additions to the
editorial team for this book, Tanuja Weerasooriya and Dani Pacey, fell the monumental task of smoothing
out the tone of three voices, setting a better order for the material while reconciling the struggle of th e reor-
ganization of chapters, and the adding of new and, at times, controversial materials. Thanks to all.
All the people thanked in previous editions have their place in this edition as well. I would like to
join the publisher in thanking the following reviewers, as well as those who wish to remain anonymous,
whose thoughtful comments and suggestions helped shape these, now three, Canadian editions.

Hugo De Burgos, University of British Columbia Okanagan

Steven Ferzacca, University ofLethbridge
Diana French, University of British Columbia Okanagan
Dawn Grimes-MacLellan, St Mary's University
Nicole Hayes, University of Waterloo
Chris Holdsworth, University of Calgary
David Howes, Concordia University
Magdalena Kazubowski-Houston, Wilfrid Laurier University
Carlota McAllister, York University
Laurie Milne, Medicine Hat College
Charles R. Menzies, University of British Columbia
Timothy Panas, University of Saskatchewan
David Ryniker, University of British Columbia
Alan Smart, University of Calgary
Pamela Stern, Simon Fraser University
Douglass Drozdow-St. Christian, Western University
Susan Walter, St Mary's University
Terry Webb, Western University

Roberta Robin Dods

FROM THE PUBLISHER
What does it mean to be human? How do we define ourselves and others?
Which of our qualities remain fixed across time and space, and which are
subject to change? These questions are at the very heart of anthropology. Of course, some of
what makes us human is biological- our physiology is distinctively human, we possess a complex brain
that is capable of high-level thinking, and so on. Yet much of our humanity comes from how we choose
to interact with our fellow human beings and the world around us-the relationships we nurture, the
traditions we learn and pass on, the ways in which we adapt to and transform our surroundings. In many
ways, it is our capacity for culture, in all its forms, that makes us human.
Building on the solid foundation ofpast editions, this third Canadian edition of CulturalAnthropology:
A Perspective on the H uman Condition invites students to embark on a journey of cross-cultural compar-
ison. Some of what they will encounter may be surprisingly familiar ; some of it will be startlingly new.
Everything will be thoroughly human.
Key Features
EXPANDED COVERAGE OF GENDER, SEXUALITY, RELIGION, AND OTHER ESSENTIAL TOPICS.
New discussions of topics such as queer theory, gendered violence, women in the working world, and religion
in contemporary society offer students further insight into important areas of study within anthropology.
3 I ANTHROPOLOGY IN HISTORY AND THE EXPLANATION O F CU LTURAL D IVERSITY
IN THEIR OWN WORDS "Bisexuality" and the Politics of Normal in African Ethnography
- -
Marc Epprecht is head of the Depanment of Global Development
Studies at Queen's University. In the following discussion, he exam-
ines the lasting impact of the common stereotype, created and
spread by Europeans in colonialist times, thatAfricans did not prac-
tice same-sex sexuality.
Anthropologists have played a central role in documenting the
diversity of human sexuality as it is understood and expressed in
different cultures around the world .... However, ... anthropolo-
gists at times "conscripted' select evidence and even fabricated
•facts" about the people they studied in order to advance ideals
and preferences around sexuality in their own societies. By con-
juring idealized or exoticized Others, they helped to create an
understanding of"normal"and •modern" by way of contrast. This
has resulted in a body of purportedly empirical or scientific data
that in retrospect we can see as deeply flawed, morally norma-
tive, and sometimes actually complicit in the construction and
maintenance of racist colonialist structures....
[Consider] the commonplace assumption or assertion as an
FIGURE 5.11 A hijra onlooker watches another hij ra apply makeup. unqualified fact that Africans south of the Sahara either did not
practice same-sex sexuality in their traditional societies, or that
they only did so so rarely that it was inconsequential. ... [More
recently,] a growing body of research, activism, and art has com-
prehensively demonstrated the falseness of the'fact" of Africans'
exclusive heterosexuality.... A growing, pan-African network of
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) associa-
tions also attests to diverse, indigenous, same-sex, and bisexual
cultures and practices in Africa. A range of images written or pro-
duced by Africans in fiction. theatre, and film further destabilizes
the stereotype of the •pure" African heterosexual.
These sources on the whole do not propose a timeless, arche-
typal African gay or lesbian in opposition to that older stereo-
type. Rather, the women and men who have same-sex sexual
relations most often also continue to marry, to have children,
and to engage in heterosexual relationships. Whether this
should properly be termed "bisexual" i.s a matter of debate.
However, whether men who sometimes have sex with men but
do not identify as homo- or bisexual (MSM), and whether women
who sometimes have sex with women but do not identify as les-
bian or bisexual (WSW) exist in Africa in greater numbers than
commonly assumed or asserted cannot in good scholarship be
disputed. That it does continue to be disputed is a cause for far
greater concern than academic quibbling over numbers. Indeed,
scholars, activists, and community leaders who deny the exist-
ence of MSM and WSW in Africa, who rationalize it as imported
or recent, or who simply disregard the evidence, may be fuel-
ling unhelpful or even dangerous homophobic and xenophobic
FIGURE 10.7 Priest s are experts in carrying out religious rituals.
69
rhetoric. Such rhetoric stigmatizes already vulnerable groups
and self-evidently impedes HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention
campaigns. ...
Clearly, many factors contribute to the tenacity of the no
same-sex sexuality in Africa argument The ethnography, how-
ever, is unquestionably foundational in that it provides a sci-
entific-sounding canon that gives authority to contemporary
claims about what isnormal and traditional, and what is deviant,
non-existent, or modern. But how trustworthy is that canon?
[There are) key discrepancies in the documentary record dating
as far back as the eighteenth century . . . [that] offer insight into
the complex relationship between colonial rulers and subjects,
and can help us to understand why some Africans today still
remain attracted to and defensive of colonial notions of nor-
mal. Awareness of this history could also move us toward more
pointed research about sexuality in the present that could, in
turn, improve our ability to design more effective interventions
again.st HIV/AIDS. A queer analysis of African ethnography could
also sharpen the postcolonial critique of anthropology more
generally by alerting us to hitherto unsuspected essentialist,
•westocenrric' terms and concepts....
[This) new anthropology ... represents the kind of bold challenges
to mainstream scholarship predicted by Kath Weston in her reflec-
tionson queer ethnographic research (1998). These would include:
First, establishing beyond reasonable objection that most
African societies had normative ways of dealing with sexual dif-
ference that were discreetly hidden within the dominant hetero-
patriarchal norms. Sweeping claims about non-existence ... [of)
same-sex sexuality are thus empirically unfounded. Expressions
of same-sex sexuality, moreover, changed over time in response
to many factors, almost certainly including Interventions by
Western anthropologists.
Second, the research raises compelling questions on a num-
ber of contemporary issues. Are men who sometimes have sex
with men but do not admit it and do not consider themselves
homosexual or bisexual a more significant vector for HIV than
has previously been considered? Do women who have sex with
women yet consider themselves straight or normal engage in
practices that would more accurately be termed bisexual or les-
bian-like? It seems likely.
The new anthropology also causes us to reflect on whether the
attitudes and political agendas that obscured MSM and WSW from
the view of earlier anthropologists and other researchers had a
bigger role in shaping heteronormative gender roles and identi-
ties in the majority population than has thus far been investigated.
Source: Epprecht, Marc. '"Bisexuality' and the Politics of Normal in
African Ethnography.' Anthropologico 48, 2: 187- 201.
 xx FROM THE PUBLISHER
FIGURE 8.5 Cecil Paul, a Haisla elder, stands next to the G'psgolox totem
pole, which now stands in the Kitlope Va lley near Kitimaat, British Columbia.
The totem pole was returned from Sweden's Museum of Ethnography in
2006. Why might some people object to displaying "art by appropriation" in
museums?
6
PART r J THE TOOLS OF
biological evolution
Change (thro.,gh
m11tar;on) in genetic
makeup (tile DNNRNA)
ofa population that ls
passed on through th
9~rations. e be human. and (3) .
cultural evolution
Evofutfon of the befiefs
~nd behaviours we
incorporate into human
development through
the experienc~ of
teaching and learn·
1n9.
evolutJon.ary
A characteristic of
the anthroPofogical
perspective
that requires
anthropoJogisrs
to Place their
observations about
human nature, human
society. or human
history in a flexible
trameworl( that takes
mto consJde;•ratjon
changE' ove-r time.
biological
(or physkal)
anthropology
The specialty of
giscy ace '"«'1'.'C.Sted . d
. •n
anthropology that
mg change r:he th
fooks at humans as
broJogicaJ organisms
and tries to discover
what characteristics
make- us different fn:>m
~ndlor similar to other
living things.
FIGURE 1-4 In N
anthropology, archaeoi
draws on information p:~:9:istJc anthrop,oJogy, and c.ultutaf anth nto four spedafUes: bioJ09ica/
CANADIAN FOCUS. An array
of Canadian examples, points of
view, and issues offer insight into
the many ways in which Canadians
have contributed to the field.
Students will also enjoy learning
about the breadth and depth of
anthropological research being
carried out in this country today.
FIGURE 5.1 Today, many Canadians are passionate about their anti-war stance.
O s OF CUL,.URAL ,vn,11\0VOLOGY
pAl(f 1 I ,-HE ,-o L
66
CUlTUJ\Al ANTHROPOLOGY
Thu, •nthropo/o · :ti .
ingd,,.&om ma~c ;nidy invoJvcs (I) gather.
e"vlucion , ·
em. (l) com= . yhcu rures, both pasr •nd prcs- . 3() at it,; core And rod
1mo .in era in wh · h ay. a..~ we ntm·e
,.-nng t ose data rod · .
and ft$t:1ble h h - c:rrve;: mfurmc:d ic evenoUrb' I .
ypor «cs •hour wh · be ,Jeered rhrough h ,o og,cal being can
s of human socle-ty.
. . at ir means to interest in h rec/ ~ology• .anthropologists'
h . mvest,gacrn<, wh ·r . «man evo urion h FIGURE 3.10 A typical classl~catlon of form
t ing. can be $.1.d. bo z, ar. • any. t1 ona.f cross-di · . . ~ ~ .
1• .
I\Cn on .add;.
· 1
a ut the h
scip1maryimpli~rions
f om lewe11et1 l 983: \6. . . fl.ocnccof co\01,ialisro
rh.it rnighr be vafd
A ...
. urna.n condition ~,ce:.Ac!apt= r
·s appcoach the last1ng'" f th·,, kind
n. ' _J.
acro.-.s space "'"d . Th e urver '... · th I l ·ficaciot\.S o "
lJs intt:.f""r • L .. ..,,, over trmc.
s... ways we com here be<,vtcn hr ""!""" as c ass• ..
I meaning of bei h to Undc.T.sr::1nd the oup th'c\t lies somcw
~ n C11.tngc: ov
l. Trib e: a gr on a.tu Or- -,:.,,• h t colonial a1.1thoe1c,cs
1 · c:
pologi$t$ ro ex l h c:.r rime c:.1d,; antliro. ng umon throu•,L th 1· d ,,.,\iti<al svscem. . . alli• made ,o c p fr.
J ~ ::i.nthro- b d and a ccncr• ,zc , - .d d were ong1n k' , · 1-1ow do A ,cao
.
t hc:-1r societies
p OCC OW Jndi\•d
d h . 1 uaJ huma,ns po.ogiCJl pcr.Spccrivc ~n be: l:Y.'
a an ll la er chan a ban an al plcs S• ., ang.
' an t err C l 1 h ' Th,s diagram show .L . sec:~1 '" Figure l.4. A tribe is genc.ra Y '11 · l but tuk loc peo . . ch,,.. chcscofficiabwcrc
ConseqL ic:nrfv "'~m h l turc.t ave cvolvtd. (. s u1e connc:ct 1o . ' pla1\tS a,,d a.nuna s, po\itica\systeins work to } . eactical qoestion,
. ,,. ~ e anr ropol0 g· our tradirion:d . .J. f1$ among the has domcsocat<" · \argelv er the inore p
b•ological e,·o/uti f ., ,sis Study the . Spec,, a« bd· ro-aniiacion re,nau,s ·
f ,r)riL\g to answ
oknowab otU these ~, n,,sccms
• • _1
· on O me hunn · 0 •nthro=,Jogy
,-~ an
d .L • • o, SU
b' IScipJinc::.,. its po\mca, o .,-- ·d ·fies li•c sub·
mg:itttnrion not only h · 11 sp«,cs. pay- l.flCir .
. Lcwdlen t enu "\X'hat do we uc.e t d . , ..
...L to uma.n · · b •pplied •nrhropoJ com <ne<f linkage to eg.alitana,,. · that chcrc arc
"1c:pattcrn.sofbi I . I . . O rrgm$ ura.lsoro ogy. As th,. lig . ·L - but corl).tl\t-i\ts comaM ,.. then1 work foe w..
o og1ca v=inatton . r . h .ir rhe mm-c incf, ...· I d ure , 11usuares. r~pes of a u1uc
populations· orht" I in iving urn:in holi<ric srudy of-.,we ev anrh J l F nctional Theory
. • rs Stuc y c11Jrur I I h ropo ogy is the likely others (1983: 26). structura - u . . , . anthropologists
r,aang how c Iemencs of c I a cvo utfon u.ma.n n.aturc h . of Br,ttsh soc1a1
, and hum.in h.. . The foll , . Untan Societv
chitfdOn'I
over rime. J11 gene J u turc: h:we c/ttnged . •Sron• .,, A fo<m of soc.ta\ . . l S)~«ms ha·•e • a ccntral. The theories . . \ forms function
· ra , one -0h1nth J , w1JI explain C.ach (
• -•- OWrng sub$ection$ c "flttaliicd po ,uca l . h a chief ruc1.1lar soc.1a
imporr:mt con crib . r:opo ogy s most . O me: rvur
1'-
· OfganiUltion \n w!'lich , . . d £ os of allthoricy sue as . dealt with how pa r=!ucc ch.de tra·
ur,on.s to the , d b,ologic;J} .:inc-hr I maJor spc:<:iaJtics- day u . ) order ro rep v•
evolution has bee d >cu y of human opo ogy, >rchaeolo · /·
tho l•ade< (a chieO ·nstic1.1uonalazc
1
OC 1· ed socicucs from day-to .. I aura\ ..functional
.L
•nmropolog·)' d . J gy. inguistic and the \tader's dose n mbcrs of ccmra i i cs. S1.1c ' stro
r.. • " to c:rnonsua .L · · or a king. Son1c' e . res.tigc than ocher dirional scruccur · h. hlv de<'<lopcd by
«:rencc:irhat5<.'""'r.i b. I . re: u1e:cnt1cald.if'- · an cu rul:'31 .:i h ,-e1atNeS ar(' ~t apa.rt ealth power, or p d haps most ,g , .« -
. r.. re io og,cal cvoJ . well.., applied• th nr ropofogy-as f((>1'0 th(' re-st of societ.Y ha..-e greatc-r w • . -,ident Centralize theory was pet l . A R Radclm,·
S'1tuared io envir n . • uoon. \Vhich i.s n <opoJogy.
o mc:nra.J circu11J.Jt. f; and atlov,ed prh,il<,ged ts '{h1JS hierarchy ,s e . .h ·aJ anchroPo og>St · · . .
turaI evolution. 11 · , d· . . mict:s-. rum cul- roc1nbe · s· Sri<» soc, d l 940s. Around rh1stune.
l is IStinction r: .• • acces.s to wealth,. . a""' di.,.idcd into cwo type . Brown ia, d,c t 930s an . . ere be.ginning co
.:mr as a way of cf . emaint unporr- powet. and ()fes.tigt. svscems l"'
emon.srr.:irmg ch 1· 3 d Biofogicaf Anth ropology ·al anthropologists w F
:u:gumc:-nC$ that :ts""'.... -•- c n equ.1cy of . . l ' chc chief and the many soc, d·d d· d not change. or
th· k =• maceveryrhi g J 610/ogical (o r physical) •nth, sta.te l. Ch•
.efdoro: usuaUy on l
L...... .
f .•
he rest o soc, q1.1escio11 wl1y t hings • or ,
. rn . can be ex-pl.:tined bi I . . n peop e do or 0 0 • f ilv arc set auv,:e t
m terms <)f "race.. or • o ..ogBrc:dJ)'-furel(ample,
on human beings ., livi P. 1ogy focusses A st1atiMd soc.iE.1.y, d\icf s am . - 1· al'an uaroplc:
makes u.~ diffe..... (, ng o rganr..~m.s a,nd wh.:it cotnro\ltd bY a, formal t' which remains fairly cga. tt ' . cot
., .
sex. ec.,u~ . I
. ,tnr 11'.'o_po o-
I •i.cnr rom o · ·1 govetnmeot. that pos· c >· oops suffer perman .al crucc1.1res last for c.:et1~
ocumencing d living thin~ Th . . . r Sim, a,r tO ocher sesses a t~ntotY that ls 2 State: dilf<rcnt gr . and • \'Vhy do some soc, s Catholic Church)
an expfoin- h .,.. ,s Spcc,:ilr f h . . f access co ·
w e.a lth, power,
, an ropologicaJ pcr#'lecrj\•e a.s ir$ roocs · h . Y o a,nr ropoJog)• dt!feoded f(O(n outside: incquahty o • . l th rcsea,cc of social curies (e.g.. ,he Roman. kl •'e• ,heShak-
•n r c nmerecn h . Mmif's wtt.h an armY . ear qo,c.: • } \: ·o"
T is and o,hc.rs d,sapp
C$t fr1 hum:rn pl ,· I . t -ccnrury inrer-
tys1c::i vanation wL. h
• ,uc Wa.s
!"'1 from lnt~mal disOr
prestige~ chis s,gna s e p
sttatific~,oon.
.
c.rs of o1ncccco
U . cd Scau:s) ?
ch·ccorurv tltt
. . . abanOon foraging
de,with police.
\'1lw did some soc,rucs while
e of u:wdlcn's ,ypology • r ~orico\rnrc d,01.isands of years ago, od '
stNctura1· functiona1
Biofogka,f anthropology The major ad,anmg ' ,o make any hypcch· ior , c-. . ill h rio"' and g,.uhcring t ay.
theory ochers arc st uo o
Apo
S41..0n thal explOfes
•I
,s chat it docs not auanp l ·on·hips. Traci11g
Paleoanrhropotogy
how particular soc•a \ cionat\ re. ac, :,;
1
. thro""logy in<oh-cs
cses about cvo u •. se tnsccad, the , proach ,n an r· '
Human bk,logy forms runct1on from . . not ttS: purpo . A balanccu. ,ap · f reaso11s for change ana
and vari.:ition Archaeology C hange O\•er cuue. lS . . d d· lferences
day..to,day in ocder to l .· tlarmes an 1 equa\ cons1uceano0 0
Primatology Ptehistori(" arch-a eology e,,roduc• ,.,. tr>d- foc\lS is on sttu«u~ s1.m . c )'ct we can ~ in
ffistorica f aJChaeology ;uooa\ structu,-e of the observed at one p<>tnt 10 urn .
society.
AppUecf anthropology
Medical anthropoJ
Deveropmentat anrh,:1og
Cuftural anthropology Urban artthropotogy Y
.Kinship and
soaar organi.tation
linguistk
Mate-riaJ life and rec;hnofogy anthropology
Subs.iste-nq, and economies Descriptive Jinguistics
Wotfd v~w Comparative Jinguis(ics
Historkal JinguistiQ BROAD THEORETICAL COVERAGE. The authors bring
Otth Ame,Jca, anth
r
.
roPOlogy IS traditionally divided I
together traditional anthropological perspectives and cutting-
)' th.) otller four <Peclattles. ropotogy. Applied anthropology edge theories that reflect the most recent trends in the discipline.
The result is a comprehensive, holistic approach that sheds new
light on standard topics.
 •
FROM THE PUBLISHER XXI

A CHAPTER ON MEDICAL ANTHROPOLOGY. Chapter 9 gives student s solid grounding in the

fundamental principles of one of the fastest-growing subdisciplines of cultural anthropology. Numerous
examples from the field demonstrate how medical anthropologists can contribute to the resolution of some
of our most pressing global health concerns.

FIGURE 9.9 The Lucky Iron Fish is part of a relatively simple health initia-
tive to supplement iron-deficient diets in Cambodia. What have the creators
of this initiative done to tailor it to the culture whose people they are trying
to help?

FIGURE 9.14 A Toronto resident dons a medical mask to protect himself from
the SARS virus in 2003.

NEW "A CRITICAL LOOK" BOXES. End-of-chapter commentaries written by Roberta Robin Dods
challenge students to think critically about a range of engaging and relevant cultural topics.

Page Page
The Canadian Mosaic 22 Alternative Consciousnesses: What Constitutes
A Sense of Fieldwork in Our Daily Lives 48 Mental Illness? 236
Classifications and Colonial Reality 71 Religion: From the Dark Seeking Our Brighter Selves 261
The Language of Hurt 94 Interpretations of War 289
Malinowski and The Sexual Life of Savages 127 How Do We Decide Who Gets to Shape Our
1
Cultural Approaches to Childhood 160 Nation s Identity? 315
Gendered Work 184 Diaspora and Identity 343
Transitions 209 Going Somewhere? 363
 ••
XXII FROM THE PUBLISHER

"ETHNOPROFILE" BOXES. Brief overviews of relevant geographic, linguistic, demographic, and

organizational information offer students contextual information on various societies discussed in the text.

Page Page

1.1 Dakhleh 9 7.1 Trobriand Islanders 180

2.1 Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku Inuit) 39 8.1 Aymara 189
3.1 Bau le 58 9.1 Grassy Narrows First Nation 224
4.1 Samoans 86 10.1 Azande 253
5.1 Pitjantjatjara (Anangu) 99 11.1 Tamils 277
5.2 Mbuti (Bambuti) 102 12.1 Colonial Oaxaca (1521-1812) 301
6.1 Ashanti 140 13.1 Kayap6 319
6.2 Ju/'hoansi (!Kung) 142 14.1 Saskatoon 353

"IN THEIR OWN WORDS" BOXES. Short commentaries from experts in the field provide students with
alternative perspectives on key issues and also furnish insight into what it means to be an anthropologist.

Page Page
Regna Darnell, "Invisible Genealogies" 15 Hugo De Burgos, "Indigenous Medicine and Identity
Vesna V. Godina, "Anthropological Fieldwork at the in Nicaragua" 215
Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: Crisis and Peter Gose, "House Re-thatching in an Andean
Location of Knowledge" 34 Annual Cycle" 242
Roberto da Matta, "Some Biased Remarks on Roger Keesing, "Custom and Confrontation" 258
lnterpretism" 37 Gary M. Feinman, "Political Hierarchies and
Benjamin R. Barber, "Jihad vs McWorld" 42 Organizational Strategies in the Puebloan Southwest" 272
Annette Weiner, "The Anthropological Voice" 61 John Wagner, "Water as Commodity in the Okanagan
Marc Epprecht, '"Bisexuality' and the Politics of Normal Valley of British Columbia" 273
in African Ethnography" 69 Joyce Green, "Canaries in the Mines of Citizenship" 286
Christine Schreyer, "Community Consensus and Susan J. Rasmussen, "The Slave Narrative in Life History
Social Identity in Alphabet Development: and Myth" 299
The Relationship between Kala and Jabem" 91 John S. Matthiasson, "The Emergence of a New Political
Ilana Gershon, "Neoliberal Concept of Agency" 113 Paradigm" 304
David A.B. Murray, "Digisex: Cellphones, Barbadian Carolyn Nordstrom, "Global Fractures" 323
Queens, and Circuits of Desire in the Gay Sally Engle Merry, "The Female Inheritance Movement
Caribbean" 119 in Hong Kong" 331
Michael G. Kenny, "A Place for Memory" 125 Assembly of First Nations, "Open Letter to All
Naomi McPherson, "Myth Primogeniture and Political Parties" 334
Long-Distance Trade-Friends in Northwest John Omohundro, "What Can You Learn from an
New Britain, Papua New Guinea" 152 Anthropology Major?" 352
Daisy Sewid-Smith, "The Continuing Reshaping George Marcus, "Into the Warp and Woof of
of Our Ritual World by Academic Adjuncts" 172 Multicultural Worlds" 361
Wendy Wickwire, "The Grizzly Gave Them the Song" 201 The Globe and Mail, "Homes for the Smallpox Virus" 362
 • ••
FROM THE PUBLISHER XXIII

4
Language Laoguage and Geoder
j\:le FlexibllitY of Language
CHAPTER oUT\.INE componeots of Laoguage
Communicat10n 1.anguage and cnange VIBRANT FOUR-COLOUR DESIGN. A wide array
e and Culture Non-verbal . d t,11eaoing
Languag n 1.anguage es: Negotiate
Design featu resofHuma pidgin Langua9
Linguistic 1nequalltY a
nd Qppression of photos, illustrations, maps, tables, and graphs helps
1.anguage and Context
Linguistic Relativity bring anthropology alive!
. flexibility of language,
GOBJECTIVES • appreciate me
\.EARN IN
4
ill be able to
\:le concept of l·,nguisllc
" and \ guage can change
nd of Chapter •you w • understand t
BY thee.. . • consider now an
\ ntnropolog1sts re\ativitY ·nequa\ity plays in
la1n whY cultura a overtime,
• exp d 1n language, • recognize the ro1e ,
are lntereste . features and . g language use,
s\:lap1n
outl1ne me design
• nents of language, 180
compo l nguage must be
• describe why a
examined \n conteXt

Reg·
ion Oceania
Nation Pa
,• Pua NewG ..·
...,nguage Kilivt "'flea Pofitica1 o,ga .
Louisiades 1, , a, Part of the Kil,· ·1 a d n,.ration Ti
•nguage f. v, a. n others of r . raditiona/1 .
Popular· ami/y of a - d ank'" mar,·c1 y, chiefs
•on 40,00o 12 .. ,o em · ' ans·, tod ay, Part
F0 rmore · nat,on-state
fnvironmenr Tro . 009 estimate) . lnfortnati
•slan<1s ofK· . . P•ca/ rainforest 8ron,slaw 190. on Malinow·k·
.
/(•tava mw,n.:. K . on m.,.· W. . ""[19221 ' ,,
~ a1/euna II k •in
. , a Uta, and Pr este)n 1Pacific (Long G. Argor,.,tJts orthe
Liveliho<x1 s b . ess ; Weiner rove. IL. lol( I
(yam u s,stence ho . rrobnand, ' Annette. 1988
Hot . ers orPap11a N. ·. e
"1
ave and
s as main crop) rticu/tura/;sts
r, Rinehar~ •nd ,.,. ew Gumea (New Y.o k
'"llStonJ. r:

dies. Surv·,v,ng . rel, .

phorica}Jy speak; rives must "buy bac •
that the d ng, ,ti/ the "'m k, mer,.
eceased , .. s or o,h
Iiis or he /·1, . person gave er goods
link bet"'t , er,me. Each P•~me to Others during
een the d , nr m-.,ks
the Size of the eceased a,,d the , · . . • SOcia}
of their ·/. . P•ymenr marks ,. CCtpie11r, and
re a.tronsh· tne un
made in wo , tp. II.II the pa porr,ince
Thed. lllenswe•lth. Ylllenrs musr be
ead perso •
her or his Fam . ns starus, as ,veU
of the p•y tly. depends on the . oS the si-:1t11s of
' " mencs d size >11d
' be p- ~ "'•e .,,d h "~ be
.u c.1n num1. . . ' ' e people h '
make vcr tnro th J1 w o musr
womenS . e undred
trado goods wealth rhemsel~e , ds. l\7olllen
roobra · . s •n e I
wh<n so •n •r &o.,, ti ><: ia,,ge
meone jn h . o 1er wom b
collect it e t Ctr mat11·1· en, ur
rro,n th . •neage d·
>ll sva/ue i's
me,s
err husb;in·' · l d
d. b us. n eed .
•es. they
Wea/th h ure y the . . • woo,.
Trobrfande er husb d ·•mounr 0 f
· .,, Provid ., womens
tion.,J/ rs :ire matrilin I es. r urrher
y prep;tre ea , ;u,d m 1'f more
· • man d~ .. '
Afro, the h Y•m g,lfdens ~ e11 <rad;. ·~ v-., nor wo kh
, 'lfVesr ror the· . wire in a . r a.rd enou h
d,stribur ' Y•ms Ii-om " s,srers. lier b · ccumulating we:,Jth ~ S fur his
W. . ed by • wom , these g,rdens
etners resea ·h >ll s brother ro '- ' •re . rorher ,v;J/ nor . ror her, then
re ner nusb· m the )'a m<re,se h . I
too k to be th SU<>&
. ooesrs th,r Wh .,, d. • Ill g.irden IS •bo
kin to he I, er,-,1,.,,ril,111;,,,, of y • t Malinowsk; Y•ms and ,~ · · · · The produ . ut
ev.,J Ollleo:, Wealth . . <tion in
• r«ipn:,c;f usband, couJd be berc"'ns, li-olll • wifes llated and Ca/ I is always be.
Th e.~c6,11,g,- of • <r understood . and enc::r cu :rred fo tern ing
e P• rries c Y•ms for wo ' ·IS . . gy expended on L. h lS ofelforr
he, b h enrra/ to this e ' mens wealth d ucr,on .,., UOt s·d r
ro, « •nd h Xoiange • e · . •ne value of h ' es o pro.
person thro' . h <r husband. Th t • woman, •. wom.,, ·s kin as the v·' • usb·•nd •s· read by
ug who e wo,n-u, . ·'- "ve SU "'ue ofh ·
own kin to h m )':tms • re as ' IS me . Pporr
fur h,s w·fc " '" in securing IS produc-
through w• er husb•nd: she is Pl sed Ii-om her
,. nom wo , • so the , e. , weine, 1980· 2 ns· wealth
wollle
ncr husband t h mens wealth is person \\'h . · 82)
Tran··-- . o · "'own kin· Passed Ii-om e•ne, >rgues th
. . .., tions mvo/ving · wo . . kinship • rr.,,ge,;'t womens we.,lth u ho
w hen so
meo,,e in h lllcns we,tlrh balancq enrs of 1rob . P Ids the
t e worn:1n$ ki h. Occur 1· our excha rt>nd SOcie
ns 'P group •ne.,ges linked b ' . nge relarionshi . ty. Ir
oral role f > marriage; it re · fc ps between
o women; >lld it ~ orces the piv.
pub/ic/y proC•ttms
I·
'

ENGAGING LEARNING TOOLS. Learning objectives, marginal definitions of key terms, critical thinking
questions, annotated suggestions for further reading, lists of related websites, and a new end-of-book
glossary encourage students to actively engage with what they are reading and explore resources beyond
the text to enhance their learning experience.
 •
XXIV FROM THE PUBLISHER

EXTENSIVE ANCILLARY PACKAGE. The third Canadian edition of Cultural Anthropology is supported
by an array of supplementary resources for the student and the instructor, all designed to enhance and
complete the learning experience. The companion websites for Cultural Anthropology are found at:

+
J,._. .

-
..;; ,: www.oupcanada.com/Schultz3Ce

FOR THE STU DENT

Student Study Guide. An updated and expanded package of review material-including a list of relevant
films, self-testing quizzes of multiple choice and true-or-false questions, essay topics and discussion
questions, kinship diagrams, new video links, and weblinks to resources such as online ethnographies-is
designed to reinforce student understanding of each chapter and provide direction for further research.

FOR THE INSTRUCTOR

The following instructors' resources are available on line to qualifying adopters. Please contact your OUP
Canada sales representative for more information.

• Instructor's Manual. This comprehensive package features chapter summaries, suggestions for
discussion and debate, suggested lecture topics and teaching resources, and a sample syllabus and
grading rubric.
• PowerPoint Slides. These dynamic lecture slides summarize key points from each chapter and
incorporate figures and tables from the text.
• Image Bank. This expansive resource contains a wealth of full-colour figures, photographs, and tables
that will make classroom lectures more engaging and relevant for students.
• Test Generator. This comprehensive bank of test questions provides hundreds of multiple choice,
true-or-false, short answer, and mini essay questions along with suggested answers and page
references guiding students to related in-text discussions.

About tl1e Book

Instructor Resources
Cultural Anthropology: A Perspectjve on the
Human Condition, Third Canadian Edition, A You need a password to access these resources.
Perspective on the Human Condition introduces Please contact your local Sales and Editorial
students to the history, methods, and
CULTUR theoretical approaches of the discipline.
Representative for more information .
Anthropology
. • 11... •• II! • Drawing on experiences from their own
---•. -- 1- I • • L.#1 •• '• e,
Student Resources
.r- (r
. -
f', ·~> fieldwork and the work of other top researchers,
the authors explore how cultural creativity,
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yam stick, 148
yam tjuringa, 280 et seq., 337, 347
Yantowannta Tribe, xiv, 4, 50, 82, 83, 92, 114, 121, 155, 169,
205, 207, 213, 237
Yarrakinna, ochre mine near Parachilna, 316
“yarralyi,” beetles supposed to possess ecbolic principles, 64
Yauroworka Tribe, xiv, 4, 103
“yeapatja,” or caterpillar tjuringa, 352, 353
yelka, 148, 149;
ceremonial drawing of, 327
“yerumba,” a honey ant, 147
Yirrerri, neck of emu in the sky, 334
Yunta rock carvings, 306-308

Z
Zamia, cicatrices in imitation of, 238;
in Australia, 58
zygomatic arch, 30
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