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Jon Witt
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FOR STUDENTS
No surprises.
The Connect Calendar and Reports tools keep you on track with the
work you need to get done and your assignment scores. Life gets busy;
Connect tools help you keep learning through it all.
Top: Jenner Images/Getty Images, Left: Hero Images/Getty Images, Right: Hero Images/Getty Images
McGraw-Hill Connect® is an integrated educational platform that includes assignable and assessable quizzes,
exercises, and interactive activities, all associated with learning objectives for SOC 2020. Videos, interactive
assessments, links to news articles about current issues with accompanying questions (“NewsFlash”), and scenario-
based activities engage students and add real-world perspective to the introductory sociology course. In addition,
printable, exportable reports show how well each student or course section is performing on each course segment.
Here are some of the media-rich activities that will help your students succeed in the introductory sociology course:
Applying the Perspectives. In Applying the Perspectives, students examine a problem—global inequality,
gender stratification, or family and intimate relationships—from three sociological perspectives and apply their
critical thinking skills to align theories with the appropriate perspective.
Put students first with Connect’s intuitive mobile interface, which gives students and instructors flexible,
convenient, anytime-anywhere access to all components of the Connect platform. It provides seamless
integration of learning tools and places the most important priorities up front in a new “to-do” list with a
calendar view across all Connect courses. Enjoy on-the-go access with the new mobile interface designed
for optimal use of tablet functionality.
Also at the higher level of Bloom’s, McGraw-Hill’s Application-Based Activities are highly interactive, automatically
graded, online learn-by-doing exercises that provide students a safe space to apply their knowledge and problem-
solving skills to real-world scenarios. Each scenario addresses key concepts and skills that students must use
to work through and solve course-specific problems, resulting in improved critical thinking and development of
relevant workplace skills. Twenty-one Application-Based Activities are new to this edition of SOC.
x • SOC 2020
Chapter Changes
The following is a list of chapter-by-chapter content changes:
• New Did You Know? feature on the invention of • Updated the SOCthink to focus on smartphone
the steam engine use among young adults
• Updated data from Ethnologue on the number • Updated the Telephones and Cell Phones by
of living, endangered languages, and extinct Country per 100 People graph
languages • Updated data on mobile phone ownership in
• Updated the Going Global feature on the Africa and added the term leapfrogging
region of origin of the world’s living languages • Updated data on the number of jobs held
and contrasted that with the number of between 18 and 50
speakers • Revised the 5 Movies feature on socialization
• Updated examples of new words for 2018 to include the films Eighth Grade, Welcome to
added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Marwen, and Three Identical Strangers
Dictionary • Updated data on U.S. and global life
• Revised the discussion on invented languages expectancy
for the sake of clarity and to emphasize the • New graph on living arrangements by age for
three different eras those 65 and older
• Updated the PopSOC feature on Dothraki • Updated data on Social Security and poverty
and the increasing popularity of the name for those over 65
Khaleesi • Revised the 5 Movies feature on aging to
• Revised the discussion of the Sapir-Whorf include Beginners and Our Souls at Night
hypothesis for greater clarity
• Revised and updated data and graph regarding
Chapter 5: Social Structure and
the values of first-year college students using
data from the annual HERI survey Interaction
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on U.S. culture • Revised the Social Interaction section to
feature to include Sorry to Bother You, If Beale establish the connection of the material in
Street Could Talk, En el Séptimo Día (On the this chapter to the three-step model of world
Seventh Day), and The Rider construction, which is now introduced in
• Revised the discussion of sanctions to clarify Chapter 3 rather than here
the distinction between internal and external • Revised the definition of secondary groups
policing • Revised the discussion of primary and
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on cultures secondary groups for greater clarity
outside the United States to include the • Added a new discussion on college
films Roma and Shoplifters student friendship networks based on Janice
• Revised the discussion of subcultures to McCabe’s research highlighting three types:
include a consideration of divisions between tight-knitters, compartmentalizers, and
Republicans and Democrats in the United samplers
States • Updated the Going Global feature on Internet
• Edited the discussion of ethnocentrism access and social networking use in various
countries around the world
• Revised the discussion of images under
Chapter 4: Socialization
Postmodern Life to increase clarity
• Added a discussion linking this chapter to the • Updated the Going Global feature on U.S.
three-step model of world construction which favorability ratings around the world
was introduced in Chapter 3 • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include The
• Updated the discussion of Dani’s story in the Greatest Showman, District 9, and The Green
Extreme Childhood Isolation section Book
• Revised and streamlined the discussion of • Updated the Pop Quiz feature
Mead’s theory on I, Me, significant other, and
generalized other
• Revised the definition of Mead’s generalized Chapter 6: Deviance
other • Revised and updated the chapter opening
• New J. K. Rowling feature quote on the on mass shootings to include the Marjory
importance of agency Stoneman Douglas high school shooting in
• Added a new subsection on W. I. Thomas in the Parkland, Florida, and the Las Vegas concert
Sociological Approaches to the Self section shooting
• New graph showing average media use time • Updated and revised the Binge Drinking on
per week by age groups Campus graphs
xii • SOC 2020
• Updated data on the correctional population in • Revised the substantive definition of families
the United States including updating the U.S. • Revised the definition of extended families
Incarceration Rates graph • Updated and streamlined the discussion of
• Moved the discussion of marijuana to the Crime family types, marriage types, and kinship
section where it was also discussed patterns under the substantive definition
• Updated data on piracy as a form of deviance of families
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on deviance • Updated the U.S. Households by Family Type
to include The Purge, Liar, Liar, and I Am Not graph
a Witch • Updated data on the number and ratio of stay-
• Updated data on cosmetic surgery by both at-home moms to stay-at-home dads
women and men in the United States • Updated graph showing median age for first
• Revised the discussion of crime for the sake of marriage for women and men from 1890 to
greater clarity and accessibility 2018
• Updated the data on trends in crime including • Updated data on age differences between
the crime clock marital partners
• Updated the FBI Uniform Crime Reports Data • Updated data, table, and graph on interracial
table with latest UCR data on crime rates and marriage
trends along with clearance rates • Revised the definition of homogamy
• Revised the definition of victimization surveys • Revised the discussion of parenting and social
• Updated data and graph on victimization class
survey data showing percentage of crimes • Made concerted cultivation and
reported to police accomplishment of natural growth key terms
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on crime to include • Updated the Living Arrangements of Children
Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, graph on the percentage of children living with
Charm City, and The Shawshank Redemption two parents versus one parent by race and
• Revised the definition of white-collar crime and ethnicity and over time
streamlined the discussion of the topic • Revised and expanded the discussion on
• Revised the discussion of victimless crimes parenting, race, and ethnicity
• Updated the Marijuana Laws by State map • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Instant
• Updated and moved the Marijuana Legislation Family, Leave No Trace, and Mudbound
graph to the victimless crimes discussion • Reorganized and retitled sections for better
• New PopSOC on films dealing with Wall Street flow including Dating, Mating, and Parenting
• Updated Going Global graph on international and Modern Families
incarceration rates • Added a new section covering birth rates
• Updated the Did You Know? feature on drug and average number of children including
arrests in the United States a discussion of the impact education and
• Added broken window hypothesis as a new geographic region have on age prior to the
key term section on parenting
• Added a new featured quote from Dostoevsky • Updated data on international adoption by U.S.
and prisons parents including overall numbers, top three
• Updated data on death penalty cases, DNA source nations, and median cost of adoptions
exonerations, and race in the United States from China
• Updated map with latest data on executions in • Updated data on the number of children in
the United States foster care and awaiting adoption
• Updated the gender discussion to include • Updated data on dual-income families
changes internationally regarding the loophole • Updated data on attitudes regarding same-sex
in which rapists can avoid prosecution by marriage
marrying their victims • Updated the Approval of Same-Sex Marriage
by Age graphs showing differences by
generations
Chapter 7: Families • Updated data on single-parent families
• Updated the chapter opening on online dating • Updated data on stepfamilies
apps/sites including Jessica Carbino, Bumble’s • Updated data on multigenerational families
in-house sociologist • New graph showing percentage of
• Updated Did You Know? feature on U.S. multigenerational families over time
marriage rate compared to Las Vegas and • Revised the definition of cohabitation to make
Hawaii it more inclusive
xiv • SOC 2020
xvi • SOC 2020
• Updated the 5 Movies on gender and sexuality of issues related to race and ethnicity and also
to include Love, Simon, What Men Want, and made the links to the three perspectives more
Transformer explicit
• Updated the criminal victimization rates on rape • Added a discussion of Roth’s multidimensional
and sexual violence typology to highlight the complexity of race in
• Updated the data on high school girls’ practice
experience of violence and physical coercion • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include Get
Out, The Hate U Give, and Crazy Rich Asians
• Added passing as a key term to highlight the
Chapter 13: Race and Ethnicity multidimensionality of race
• Completed an overhaul of the chapter to place • Added a discussion of transracial adoption to
greater emphasis on the sociological analysis highlight the multidimensionality of race
of race and ethnicity, including more historical • Added a discussion on the function of racial
context regarding the social construction of distinction as a foundation for group solidarity
race and highlighting the consequences of • Revised the definition of contact hypothesis
these constructs • Modified the definition of affirmative action
• Updated the opening vignette addressing • Updated the PopSOC feature on racial and
cases of police killings of African American ethnic representation in films
males • Updated the Median Income by Race, Ethnicity,
• New section highlighting race as a social and Gender graph
construct growing out of particular historical • Revised the definition of institutional
contexts from Linnaeus’s racial categorization, discrimination
through the era of racial pseudoscience, to the • Revised the discussion of racism, including a
post–WWII reconsideration of race as a social new definition, to highlight the fact that racism
construct from both a social and biological involves more than just how people think and
perspective linked it to systemic patterns of inequality
• Revised the definition of race • Updated the Hate Crime Offenses graphic
• Revised the definition of ethnicity • New PopSOC feature on Colin Kaepernick’s
• Updated statistics in the Racial and Ethnic NFL protest regarding racial injustice
Groups in the United States table including • Streamlined and reorganized the discussion on
both numbers and percentage of population patterns of intergroup relations
• New PopSOC feature on the work of Brazilian • Updated the Racial and Ethnic Groups in the
artist Angélica Dass matching Pantone color United States graph
codes to skin tone to highlight the gradational • Streamlined the discussion of various racial and
nature of human variation ethnic groups in the United States to highlight
• Added a discussion of the role the Plessy v. the consequences of difference and updated
Ferguson case to show its significance in the data for all groups on income, education,
maintenance of systemic racial inequality poverty, and so on along with emphasizing
• Added a new PopSOC feature on Denmark’s degrees of difference within each race/ethnicity
“Do It for Denmark” campaign designed to category
increase birthrates in the country • Updated the Poverty by Race and Ethnicity
• Added a discussion of the eugenics movement graph
in the United States • Updated the discussion on African Americans
• Added a Did You Know? feature linking a to highlight distinctions within this community,
Frederick Douglass quote regarding the including more recent immigrants from Africa
biology of race from the 1850s to the civil rights and the Caribbean
movement claims 100 years later • Updated the Age Variation by Race and
• Added a discussion of the UNESCO statement Ethnicity graph
after World War II, led by anthropologist Ashley • Updated the Major Hispanic Groups in the
Montague, advocating the use of ethnicity in United States graph
place of race • Updated data on immigration, including
• Added a discussion on the Most Recent the Legal Immigration to the United States
Common Ancestor research which shows the graph
degree of shared human ancestry • Updated the discussion of immigration policies
• Revised the Sociological Perspectives section • Moved the discussion of privilege to the end of
to include a more fully developed discussion of the chapter
the role theories can play in our understanding • Updated the Pop Quiz
Chapter 14: Population, Health, and • Updated data on health care expenditures,
including the Total Health Care Expenditures
Environment graph
• Updated data for the United States, world, • Updated data on Medicare and Medicaid
and select nations for total fertility rate and recipients
replacement fertility rate • Updated the current state of the Affordable
• Updated the Total Fertility Rates graph showing Care Act
changes in the average number of births per • Updated the U.S. Uninsured Rate, 1997–2018
woman over time for various countries graph
• Updated data for the United States, world, • Updated the Did You Know? feature on bottled
and select nations for crude death rate, infant water consumption in the United States
mortality rate, and life expectancy • Updated the Did You Know? feature on the
• Updated the Life Expectancy graph showing amount of Brazilian rain forest lost each year
changes in average number of years a • Updated the Public Perception of
newborn is expected to live over time for Environmental Issues graph
various countries • Updated data on air pollution deaths
• Updated the Global Migration, 1950–2015 map • Updated the 5 Movies on the Environment
• Updated the U.S. Foreign-Born Population feature to include Anthropocene and Rodents
graph of Unusual Size
• Updated data on source country and state • Updated data on access to safe drinking water
residence of foreign-born population in the and modern sanitation facilities
United States • Updated the Global Temperature graph
• Updated data on immigration categories showing the recorded history of average global
including lawful permanent resident, temperature per year
naturalization, refugee/asylum, and apprehension. • Updated the CO2 Emissions per Capita graph
• Updated World Population Growth graph with with data for select nations
new projections • Updated the Threatened and Endangered
• Updated the Afghanistan and United States Species graph
Population Pyramid graphic • Updated the environmental issues survey
• Updated data on availability of skilled health results for whether or not they should be a top
care professionals per 10,000 people in the priority for Congress
United States versus select nations • Updated the Perceptions of Global Climate
• Updated data for the Infant Mortality Rates in Change among select nations graph
Selected Countries graph • Updated U.S. policy regarding the Paris
• Updated the 5 Movies feature on health and Agreement regarding climate change
medicine to include The Big Sick, Unrest, and
Head Full of Honey
Chapter 15: Social Change
• Updated data on prevalence and incidence of
HIV and AIDS in the United States • Made substantial revisions to the structure and
• Updated the HIV Prevalence and Mortality content throughout
graph on cases around the world • New opening vignette on student social
• Updated the Percentage of People without movements and standing up for change
Health Insurance graph for people in the United • Moved the discussion of social movements to
States for both income and race/ethnicity the beginning of the chapter and revised how it
• Updated the Infant Mortality Rates in the United gets presented
States graph showing rates by race/ethnicity • Revised the definition of social movements
• Updated life expectancy by race and gender • Added a discussion of crowd theory that
• Updated the Smoking Rates by Gender graph emphasizes emotions and the roles of leaders
showing smoking percentages for men and • Revised the definition of resource mobilization
women over time along with the discussion of the theory
• Updated data on prevalence of Alzheimer’s including a consideration of the importance
disease of mobilizing media resources and using
• Updated the Health Insurance Rates by Age technology to do so
graph • New discussion of the role emotions play
• Updated the Availability of Physicians by State in people’s participation based on recent
graph sociology of emotions theories
xviii • SOC 2020
• New feature quote from Anna Lappe • New section on social networks and social change
• Revised the structure of the discussion of social with an emphasis on the importance of diversity
change based on three parts: material, social, • New section on cultural resources and social
and cultural resources change with an emphasis on the importance of
• Updated the Social Change in the USA table to expanding knowledge
include recent data • Updated the 5 Movies feature to include
• Streamlined the discussion on technology to fit BlacKkKlansman and An Inconvenient Sequel:
it into the context of social change Truth to Power
• Updated the Internet Use and Penetration by • New Personal Sociology feature on living in the
World Region graph past, present, and future
• Updated the cloning milestones to include • Revised and updated the Pop Quiz to match
monkeys the new structure and content
Table of Contents
1 > The Sociological
Imagination 1
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 2
The Sociological Imagination 2
The Significance of Place 4
A Hamburger Is a Miracle 5
Defining Sociology 6
SOCIOLOGY’S ROOTS 8
A Science of Society 8
Theory and Research 9
SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 24
Sociology and Common Sense 24
Sociology and the Scientific Method 26
James Kirkikis/Shutterstock
xx
3 > Culture 46
THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY 47
CONSTRUCTING CULTURE 48
Cultural Universals 49
Innovation 50
Diffusion 51
MODERN
FAMILIES 160
Dual-Income
Families 161
Same-Sex
Marriage 161
Single-Parent Yu Chun Christopher Wong/
S3studio/Getty Images
Families 162
Stepfamilies 163
Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images
Multigenerational Families 164
Cohabitation 164
6 > Deviance 124 Remaining Single 165
Remaining Child-Free 165
SOCIAL CONTROL 125
Conformity and Obedience 125 DIVORCE 166
Informal and Formal Social Control 127 Statistical Trends in Divorce 166
Law and Society 128 Factors Associated with Divorce 166
Impact of Divorce on Children 167
DEVIANCE 129
What Behavior Is Deviant? 129
Deviance and Social Stigma 130 8 > Education and Religion 171
CRIME 131 EDUCATION IN SOCIETY 172
Official Crime Reports 131 Education and Opportunity 172
White-Collar Crime 133 Educational Attainment 172
Victimless Crimes 134 Community Colleges 174
Organized Crime 135 Teaching as a Profession 174
International Crime 135 Home Schooling 175
Table of Contents • xxiii
Table of Contents • xxv
Le 12. — Depuis cinq jours je n’ai pas écrit ici ; dans ce temps il
est venu des feuilles, des fleurs, des roses. En voilà une sous mon
front, qui m’embaume, la première du printemps. J’aime à marquer
le jour de cette belle venue. Qui sait les printemps que je retrouve
ainsi dans des livres, sur une feuille de rose où je date le jour et
l’an ? Une de ces feuilles s’en fut à l’île de France, où elle fit bien
plaisir à ce pauvre Philibert. Hélas ! elle aura disparu comme lui !
Quoique je le regrette, ce n’est pas cela, mais je ne sais quoi qui
m’attriste, me tient dans la langueur aujourd’hui. Pauvre âme,
pauvre âme, qu’as-tu donc ? que te faut-il ? Où est ton remède ?
Tout verdit, tout fleurit, tout chante, tout l’air est embaumé comme s’il
sortait d’une fleur. Oh ! c’est si beau ! allons dehors. Non, je serais
seule et la belle solitude ne vaut rien. Ève le fit voir dans Éden. Que
faire donc ? Lire, écrire, prier, prendre une corbeille de sable sur la
tête comme ce solitaire et marcher. Oui, le travail, le travail ! occuper
le corps qui nuit à l’âme. Je suis demeurée trop tranquille
aujourd’hui, ce qui fait mal, ce qui donne le temps de croupir à un
certain ennui qui est en moi.
Pourquoi est-ce que je m’ennuie ? Est-ce que je n’ai pas tout ce
qu’il me faut, tout ce que j’aime, hormis toi ? Quelquefois je pense
que c’est la pensée du couvent qui fait cela, qui m’attire et m’attriste.
J’envie le bonheur d’une sainte Thérèse, de sainte Paule à
Bethléem. Si je pouvais me trouver dans quelque sainte solitude !…
Le monde n’est pas mon endroit ; mon avenir serait fait alors, et je
ne sais ce qu’il sera. Quelle belle-sœur aurons-nous ? J’ai deux de
mes amies qui, après la mort de leur père, ont reçu leur congé de la
maison, et je trouve cela si amer ! Ensuite le ciel qu’on s’assure bien
mieux dans la retraite. Ce sont mes raisons, pas les tiennes :
quittons-nous. Je ne veux plus te rien dire que je ne sois plus
tranquille, je ne te dirais rien de bon. Adieu jusqu’à…
Me voici ce soir avec trois lettres, d’Euphrasie, de Marie, de
Lucie, jeunes filles bien peu ressemblantes, chacune avec son
charme. Les femmes, nous sommes variées comme les fleurs et
nous n’en sommes pas fâchées.
Le 24. — Un mot ce soir que j’ai le temps, que je suis seule, que
je pense à toi, que c’est l’Ascension, un beau jour, un jour saint où
l’âme monte, monte au ciel. Mais non, je suis bien ici, il semble
qu’on ne se détache point d’écrire. On m’appelle.
Le 26. — Deux jours entre ces lignes sans t’écrire, et depuis sont
venues des lettres, des nids d’oiseau, des roses sur la terrasse, sur
ma table, partout. Il est venu cent choses de Gaillac ; de plus loin, la
mort du prince de Talleyrand : c’était de quoi écrire ou jamais ; mais
nous faisons des pèlerines avec Éliza, et le monde passerait sous
notre aiguille qu’on ne la quitterait pas. Que peu de chose nous
suffit ! cela m’étonne. Je n’ai pas le temps de dire pourquoi.