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 The Measurement of Time and Changed
Working Patterns 180
The Clock 181
Questions for Discussion 183

Chapter 10 Technology and Jobs: More of One

and Less of the Other? 187
The Technological Threat in Historical
Perspective 187
A Case for Optimism 189
How Technology Creates Jobs 191
The Indirect Effects of New Technologies on
Employment 192
The Machines Aren’t Ready to Take Over 193
Technology, Jobs, and the Changing Structure
of the Economy 195
Technology and the Distribution of
Income 198
Technology, Globalization, and Jobs 201
Rebounding from Job Losses 202
Benefits, but Disruption Too 204
Questions for Discussion 205

Chapter 11 Technological Change and Life on the

Job 209
Industrial Production 209
Machine-Paced Labor 211
Is Technology to Blame? 213
Industrial Technology and the Division of
Labor 215
Scientific Management Once Again 217
Industrial Work and Recent Technological
Developments 219
Technological Change and White-Collar
Work 220
Telework 222
The “Gig Economy” 224

8
 Smart Technologies and Dumb Jobs? 225
Questions for Discussion 227

PART FIVE Communication 231

Chapter 12 Printing 233

The Printing Revolution 234
Printing and the Expansion of Knowledge 236
Printing and the Rise of Protestantism 237
Printing, Literacy, and Social Change 238
Psychological Effects of Printing 240
Newspapers 241
Digitizing the News 245
Reading Digitally 247
Questions for Discussion 249

Chapter 13 The Electronic Media: From the

Telegraph to Television 253
The Invention of Radio 253
The Origins of Commercial Radio 255
The Rise of Television 257
The Federal Government Steps In 259
The Television-Viewing Public 261
Violence on Television and Its
Consequences 262
Delivering the News 265
Television and Politics 267
Television and Thought 268
Questions for Discussion 270

Chapter 14 The Internet Age 275

The Birth and Growth of the Internet 275
Social Media and the Network Effect 277
Mobile Communications 279
Social Media and Social Movements 281
The Digital Divide 284

9
 Video Games 285
Intellectual Property 287
Privacy in the Digital Age 290
The Electronic Media in Modern Society 291
Questions for Discussion 292

PART SIX The Tools of Destruction 297

Chapter 15 Weapons and Their

Consequences 299
Military Technology in the Ancient World 299
Military Technology and the Feudal Order 301
New Weapons and the Decline of
Feudalism 302
The Gunpowder Revolution 305
War and the Centralized State 308
Technological Change and Naval Culture in the
Era of the Battleship 309
Weapons and the Making of the Modern
World 310
Questions for Discussion 315

Chapter 16 The Era of Smart Weapons 319

Cruise Missiles 319
Smart Bombs 321
High-Tech Surveillance 322
Drones 323
The Cost of Technological Sophistication 325
Asymmetrical Warfare 326
Cyberterrorism and Cyberattacks 330
Military Technologies in a Changing
World 332
Questions for Discussion 334

Chapter 17 How New Weapons Emerge—And

How They May Be Contained 337

10
 Action and Reaction 337
Social Structure and the Development of
Military Technologies 338
Expanding the Scale and Scope of War 345
Industrial Technology in the Service of
War 347
Controlling Military Technologies 350
The Perils of Proliferation 357
Questions for Discussion 358

PART SEVEN The Shaping and Control of

Technology 361
Chapter 18 Technology and Its Creators: Who’s
in Charge of Whom? 363
Technological Advance and Cultural Lag 363
Technology, Globalization, and Cultural
Convergence 365
Experts, Expertise, and the Shaping of
Technology 369
Engineers and the Control of Technology 373
Questions for Discussion 378

Chapter 19 Organizations and Technological

Change 381
Technology as a Cause of Organizational
Structure 381
Technology as a Consequence of
Organizational Structure 386
Organizational Size and Technological
Innovation 390
Organizations and New Information
Technologies 392
Interorganizational Relations and Technological
Development 395
Entrepreneurs and Organizations 396
Questions for Discussion 398

11
Chapter 20 Governing Technology 401
Government Actions and the Shaping of
Technology 401
Paying for Science and Technology 404
But Is It Really Necessary? 405
Government Institutions for the Guidance of
Technology 407
How Government Policies Shape
Technological Change 409
The Democratic Control of Technology 413
The Challenges of the Future 417
Questions for Discussion 418

Notes

Index 421

12
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Rudi Volti is Emeritus Professor of Sociology at Pitzer College, where he

was a founding member of the program in Science, Technology, and
Society of the Claremont Colleges. His books and articles have covered a
variety of topics on the interaction of technology and society, including
technology transfer to East Asia, the history of the engineering profession,
the origin of frozen foods, commercial air travel, and the history of
automobile engines. His personal encounters with modern technology
center on cars, motorcycles, and model railroading.

13
 PREFACE

When the first edition of Society and Technological Change came out in
1988, Microsoft’s initial public offering had occurred only two years
earlier, tweets were something birds did, and Mark Zuckerberg had not yet
entered kindergarten. Since that time, ongoing technological changes and
new ways of interpreting the interaction of technology and society have
provided new opportunities to revise and expand succeeding editions.
Even so, the animating spirit of the book remains the same. This eighth
edition of Society and Technological Change continues to explore the
many ways in which various technologies have influenced our lives. At the
same time, it shows how these technologies have themselves been shaped
by social, economic, cultural, and political forces, and that the study of
technology is important not just for its own sake, but also for what it tells
us about the kinds of societies we make for ourselves.
This book is oriented to the growing number of courses on technology
and society. It will also be useful in other courses that explore
technology’s role in human affairs. It presents perspectives, theories, and
facts that should help the reader to understand the consequences of
technological changes, as well as the forces that have produced these
changes. Many specific examples of the interaction between technological
change and other changes will be introduced, for general processes are
often best understood through references to particular instances.
The rapid pace of technological change during the opening years of the
twenty-first century may have led to an overuse of the word
“revolutionary,” but it also provides the basis for significant new
discussions of the reciprocal interactions of technology and society. In
particular, this book now devotes a considerable amount of space to issues
that scarcely existed when the book was first published: the internet, social
media, genetic engineering, and challenges to intellectual property and
personal privacy. In similar fashion, the book covers instruments of

14
warfare that have emerged in recent years such as cruise missiles, smart
bombs, drones, and cyberattacks.
One of modern technology’s strongest influences has been on the
development of the cluster of political, cultural, social, and economic
changes that are subsumed in the term “globalization.” New material in
this edition covers offshoring and technology transfer, appropriate
technologies in poor countries, new media and social movements in
authoritarian societies, and the extent to which the world’s cultures are
converging toward a common pattern.
Economic globalization has been blamed for growing inequalities in
the distribution of wealth and income. No less culpable has been
technological change. This book looks into the connection between
technological advance and rising social and economic inequality.
Considered here are technological unemployment, the changing rewards
for particular skills, and the ongoing evolution of twenty-first-century
economies.
Some of the most important issues involving technology and society
center on health, both the health of humans and the health of Earth. In
regard to the latter, the broad issue of sustainability is addressed by
expanded coverage of climate change and the use of sources of energy
other than fossil fuels. As far as human health is concerned, advances in
genetics research are giving rise to new healing technologies. At the same
time, however, technologies that alter an organism’s genetic makeup also
pose many practical and ethical problems discussed in a chapter devoted to
these matters.
The preparation of this edition has also provided an opportunity to
update and extend many pertinent facts and statistics. These include new
data on climate change, the costs of medical care, unemployment, the
distribution of income, sales of recorded music, fracking, alternative
energy sources, the use of various media (including email, mobile phones,
and social media), future employment prospects, and government support
of research and development.
Although this edition has quite a lot of new material, no pretense is
made that it presents an all-encompassing view of technology and society.
Much has been left out because of space limitations, and my own
limitations of time, energy, and expertise. At the same time, the systematic
study of the interactions between technology and society is a relatively
recent endeavor, and many gaps remain to be filled. It can only be hoped
that this book will provide a foundation for thought and future study. If

15
annoyance at the inadequacy of coverage leads the reader to undertake
more extensive explorations of some of the topics presented, then this
book will have served its purpose.

Acknowledgments
Writing can be a lonely activity. While I was putting this book together,
some of my loneliness was alleviated by being able to call on a number of
colleagues for assistance. I would like to thank the following people for
reading portions of the manuscript and making invaluable suggestions:
Hugh G. J. Aitken, Newton Copp, David Cressy, Stephen Cutcliffe, Paul
Faulstich, Barbara Gutek, Margaret Hamilton, Lamont Hempel, Christine
Ilgen, Sue Mansfield, Meg Mathies, Richard Olsen, Robert Post, Leonard
Reich, Kathryn Rogers, Mark Rose, John Truxal, James C. Williams, and
Andrew W. Zanella.
I would also like to thank those who have reviewed this and previous
editions: Janet Abbate, University of Maryland; Patience Akpan, Arizona
State University; Elazar Barnette, North Carolina A&T University; Wenda
K. Bauchspies, Pennsylvania State University; Donald Beaver, Williams
College; Paul Cesarini, Bowling Green State University; Dave Conz,
Arizona State University; Jennifer Croissant, University of Arizona; Adam
Driscoll, North Carolina State University; Kerry Dugan, Northeastern
University; R. Valentine Dusek, University of New Hampshire; David
Eastwood, University of North Dakota; Anna Erwin, Appalachian
University; Nora Foust, Alamance Community College; Martin Friedman,
SUNY Binghamton; Ted Gaiser, Boston College; Gary Gappert, The
University of Akron; James Gerhardt, Southern Methodist University;
Kenneth Gould, Northwestern University; James P. Hamilton,
Pennsylvania State University; Kurt Helgeson, St. Cloud State University;
Robert Hoffman, North Carolina State University; Charles Jaret, Georgia
State University; Richard Kahoe, University of Central Missouri; Felix
Kaufmann, Eastern Michigan University; Robert Keel, University of
Missouri–St. Louis; Mark Kelso, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University;
David Klein, Metro State University of Denver; Diane N. Long, California
Polytechnic University; Carol MacLennan, Michigan Technological
University; Toy McEvoy, Wayne State College; Marilyn Mertens,
Midwestern State University; Todd Morgan, DePaul University; Karen
Oslund, University of Maryland, College Park; Robert S. Paradowski,
Rochester Institute of Technology; Karin E. Peterson, University of North

16
Carolina–Asheville; Dretha M. Phillips, Roanoke College; John
Renzelman, Wayne State College; Terry Richardson, Northern State
College; Laurel Smith-Doerr, Boston University; Donald Sorsa, DePaul
University; James Steele, James Madison University; David Swift,
University of Hawaii; L. E. Trachtman, Purdue University; Yung-Mei
Tsai, Texas Tech University; Della M. Vanhuss, Tri-County Technical
College; Steve Vergara, Wayne State College; Rollin Williams III, East
Tennessee State University; and Thomas Zeller, University of Maryland,
College Park. Their knowledge and expertise exceed my ability to make
complete use of the help they have given me, and they are not responsible
for any errors of fact or interpretation that may be found in these pages.
I would also like to thank the editorial and production staffs of Worth
Publishers. Sarah Berger has been a terrific source of guidance and
encouragement. I also appreciate the very able assistance of Andrea
Stefanowicz, Blake Logan, Richard Fox, Thomas Finn, Kimberly Morgan-
Smith, Lisa Kinne, and Stacey Alexander. Finally, special thanks go to my
wife, Ann Stromberg, and our daughter, Kate, for their unfailing support.

Rudi Volti

17
 PART ONE

Defining Technology

he ability to create and use a great variety of technologies is one of

T the distinguishing characteristics of humans, but what exactly is

meant by “technology”? The term is a familiar one, but like many
words in current circulation it carries with it a multitude of
meanings. For a start, it encompasses much more than the array of digital
devices that have been integral parts of our lives for only a few decades. It
also goes well beyond the ‘wave of gadgets’ famously recounted by a
student to historian T.S. Ashton as a major impetus for the Industrial
Revolution. So then what is it? Chapter 1 offers a definition of technology
that is meant to be precise yet elastic enough to cover the many
connotations of the word. Although technology is often associated with
particular items of hardware, the ultimate basis of technology is
knowledge, and this chapter delineates the ways of thinking that are
associated with technological advance. This chapter also includes an effort
to disentangle technological advance from an even more slippery concept:
“progress.”
In Chapter 2, the discussion is continued by noting that many
technological changes do not necessarily make things better for everyone,
as is implied in the word “progress.” To the contrary, they may affect
individuals and groups in different ways, leaving some better off while
others are left in a worse position. This aspect of technological change is
often ignored, making it hard to resist the temptation to seek
“technological fixes” for problems that require more than the introduction
of new devices and processes. This chapter describes the kinds of
situations where technological fixes are likely to be successful and others
where they are doomed to failure.

18
 CHAPTER ONE

The Nature of Technology

Today’s technology leaves us both exhilarated and terrified. Recent

technological developments have presented us with such marvels as
spacecraft leaving the solar system, instant access to billions of internet
Web pages, and diseases cured through gene therapy. At the same time,
however, the seemingly inexorable march of technology has produced
global pollution, overpopulation, and the threat of nuclear annihilation. On
many occasions, technological change has also produced social
disruptions, as when automation destroys jobs in a particular industry or a
new weapon upsets the balance of power between nations. And when
technologies fail, some of them do so in a big way, as exemplified by the
loss of the Challenger and Columbia space shuttles, the massive oil spill in
the Gulf of Mexico, the catastrophic failure of the Fukushima nuclear plant
in Japan, and the disastrous breaching of the levees in New Orleans in the
wake of Hurricane Katrina.
Despite all the crises, disruptions, and disasters that have accompanied
it, modern technology is still viewed in a favorable light, according to
public opinion surveys. Although significant minorities of respondents
express their disapproval of certain technologies like nuclear power and
genetically modified foods, the positive achievements of technology as a
whole are seen to substantially outweigh the negative ones.1 But this
support of technology is based more on faith than on understanding. When
confronting technology, most of us are poorly informed spectators,
seemingly incapable of understanding an esoteric realm of lasers,
microprocessors, gene splicing, and nanomaterials.
This inability to understand technology and perceive its effects on our
society and on ourselves is one of the greatest, if most subtle, problems of
an age that has been so heavily influenced by technological change. But
ignorance need not be a permanent condition. Although no one can hope to

19
comprehend the inner workings of even a small number of the most
significant technologies, it is still possible to come to a better
understanding of the major causes and consequences of technological
change. All technologies, be they high-definition televisions or reinforced
concrete bridges, have some basic features in common. It will be the task
of this chapter to show what they are.

20
Defining Technology
Gaining an understanding of the meaning of words is often the beginning
of knowledge. Before plunging into a discussion of the nature of
technology, it is necessary to provide a more precise definition of what is
meant when we use the term. The linguistic roots of the word
“technology” can be traced to the Indo-European stem tekhn-, which
seems to have referred to woodworking. It is the source of the Greek word
tekne, which can be variously translated as “art,” “craft,” or “skill.” It is
also the root of the Latin word texere, “to weave,” which eventually took
on the larger meaning of fabrication or construction. By the early
eighteenth century, the word had come close to its present meaning when
an English dictionary defined it as “a Description of Arts, especially the
Mechanical.” In 1831, Jacob Bigelow published Elements of Technology,
the first book in English with the word “technology” in its title. As he
defined it, technology consisted of “the principles, processes, and
nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which
involve applications of science.”2

21
Tools and Techniques
Technologies are developed and applied so that we can do things not
otherwise possible, or so that we can do them cheaper, faster, and more
easily. The capacity of human beings to employ technologies sets us apart
from other creatures. To be sure, beavers build dams, otters crack open
shellfish with rocks, and chimpanzees use sticks to extract termites from
their nests. But no other animal comes close to humans in the ability to
create tools and techniques—the first two elements in our definition of
technology—and no other creature is so dependent on them. The
development of technology is in large measure responsible for the survival
and expansion of a species that lacks many of the innate abilities of other
animals. Left with only our innate physical capabilities, we humans cannot
match the speed of a cheetah, the strength of an elephant, or the leaping
ability of a kangaroo. We do not possess the eyesight of an eagle or the
defensive armament of a porcupine, and we are among the 25 percent of
all species that are incapable of flying. All in all, humankind is a
physically puny bunch. But compensating for this physical weakness is an
intelligence that is the ultimate source of technology. Humans stand apart
from all other animals in their ability to gain and transmit knowledge, and
to use this knowledge to develop tools and techniques. Without this
capacity to invent and use a great variety of technologies, the human
species would have never been able to establish itself on virtually every
part of the globe.
Reliance on technology is as old as humanity itself. Whatever evils
have accompanied the use of particular technologies, it is pointless to
indict technology as being somehow “unnatural.” Our past as well as our
future as a species is inextricably linked to our capacity to shape our
existence through the invention and application of implements and
techniques that allow us to transcend our meager physical endowments. It
is certainly true, as Jacob Bronowski observed, that “to quarrel with
technology is to quarrel with the nature of man—just as if we were to
quarrel with his upright gait, his symbolic imagination, his faculty for
speech, or his unusual sexual posture and appetite.”3

22
Organizing Humanity
Tools and techniques have been of unquestioned importance in allowing
the physical survival of the human species. Still, they are not the whole
story. It is necessary to add some elements to our definition of technology
that go beyond the usual identification of technology with pieces of
hardware and ways of manipulating them. The first of these is
organization. This follows from the fact that the development, production,
and employment of particular technologies require a group effort. Even a
relatively simple technology, such as one centering on the use of
earthenware pots, requires a complex network of material suppliers,
potters, toolmakers, marketing agents, and consumers capable of making
good use of the pots. Of course, one person can learn all these skills
adequately if not expertly, but the day is not long enough for him or her to
do them all on a scale that produces a reasonable degree of efficiency. In
the case of a complex technology like a computerized manufacturing
system, there is no possibility of a single individual developing even a tiny
fraction of the requisite skills.
For a technology to be developed and used, the energies and skills of
many individuals have to be combined and coordinated through some
organizational structure. Organization may be likened to the software that
controls and guides a computer; without an operating system and
application programs, a computer is a useless arrangement of capacitors,
transistors, resistors, and other bits of hardware. In similar fashion, an
organizational structure allows the integration of diffuse human and
material inputs for the attainment of particular tasks. From this standpoint,
there is considerable merit in Lewis Mumford’s assertion that the first
“machine” was not a physical object, but the organizational structures that
the Egyptian pharaohs employed to build the pyramids.4

23
 According to one perspective, the workers who labored to build the
pyramids were components of a kind of machine.

When technology is seen as a combination of devices, skills, and

organizational structures, it becomes natural to think of it as a system, the
next element in our definition. For an individual technology to operate
effectively, more is required than the invention of a particular piece of
hardware; it has to be supported by other elements that are systematically
interconnected. When Thomas Edison began to work on electrical
illumination, he realized that this technology would require the
development of such a system. The invention of a practical, long-lasting
lightbulb rested on the development of a serviceable filament and the use
of an improved vacuum pump that evacuated the interior of the bulb,
thereby preventing the combustion of the filament. But by itself, a
lightbulb was useless. An effective electrical generator was needed to
supply the current that produced the incandescence of the filament. A
network of electrical lines had to be strung up between the generator and
individual homes, shops, and factories. And metering devices were
necessary so that users could be accurately billed for the electricity they
used. Edison and his associates worked out all of these problems, and in so
doing brought large-scale electrical illumination to the world.5
The development of all the elements of a technological system can be
an uneven process, for technological advance often entails the resolution
of tensions that are generated when one part of the technological system
changes. This process is exemplified by the development of the modern
airplane. Early biplanes with their drag-inducing wires and struts could not
make effective use of more powerful engines. The availability of these
engines became a strong inducement to the design of aerodynamically

24
cleaner aircraft. The faster aircraft that resulted from the marriage of
streamlined airframes and powerful engines produced a new problem:
dangerously high landing speeds. This, in turn, stimulated the invention of
wing flaps and slots. By the 1940s, it had become apparent that improved
airframes could achieve still higher speeds if provided with more powerful
engines; this possibility gave a strong stimulus to the development of the
turbojet.6
For an example of the interplay of devices, skills, and organizational
patterns, we can take note of Lewis Mumford’s analysis of the technology
of handwriting.7 Two hundred years ago, the standard writing instrument
was a goose-quill pen. Based on an organic product and sharpened by the
user, it represented the handicraft technologies typical of its time. Cheap
and crude, it called for a fair degree of skill if it was to be used effectively.
In contrast, the steel-nib pen of the nineteenth century was a typical
artifact of the industrial age, the product of a complex manufacturing
process. Less adaptable than the quill, it was mass-produced in many
different forms in order to meet specialized needs. Although Mumford’s
ideas were formulated before the invention of the ballpoint pen in the
1940s, his analysis fits this implement perfectly. Made from a variety of
artificial materials and manufactured to close tolerances, the ballpoint pen
could only be produced through sophisticated industrial processes. It is
completely divorced from the organic world and requires very little skill
from its user. Indeed, the technological artistry embodied in the pen itself
stands in sharp contrast to the poor quality of the writing that so often
comes from the hand that wields it.
A technological system does not emerge all at once with every one of
its components neatly fitting together. In addition to changes in tools,
techniques, and organizational structures, many social, psychological,
economic, and political adjustments may be required for the support of a
technological system. Technological change is not always a smooth
process, and many of the necessary changes may entail considerable pain
and disruption. Seeing technology as a system should help us to
understand that technological change is closely connected with a variety of
associated changes, and that the creation of a technological system may be
fraught with tension and discomfort.
Much of what has just been said can be incorporated into a schematic
definition of technology: a system created by humans that uses
knowledge and organization to produce objects and techniques for the
attainment of specific goals.

25
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
45.
You sigh for a cipher, but I sigh for thee;
Oh, sigh for no cipher, but, oh, sigh for me;
And O, let my sigh for no cipher go,
But give sigh for sigh, for I sigh for you so!
Back to puzzle

46. Because they axed him whether he would or no. (Horrid!)

Back to puzzle

47. He was out at midnight, on a bust.

Back to puzzle

48. 999⁄9.
Back to puzzle

49. The season is backward for potatoes.

Back to puzzle

50. One “wouldn’t do:” one “would do.”

Back to puzzle

51. When he owed (Oh’d) “for a lodge in some vast wilderness.”

Back to puzzle

52. The reindeer (The rain, dear!)

Back to puzzle
 53. Red Wing. M. A. R.
Back to puzzle

54. Insert a semicolon after “peacock,” after “comet,” after

“cloud,” &c.; finally, after “sun.”
Back to puzzle

55. Semicolon after “talked.”

Back to puzzle

56. Absence of body!

Back to puzzle

57. The year before was 1870; the year following was 1870, too.
Back to puzzle

58. Because they’d fall out, if they didn’t.

Back to puzzle

59. Io died (iodide) of potassium.

Back to puzzle

60. He named it Robinson for Robinson crew so!

Back to puzzle

61. They’ve been to sea.

Back to puzzle
 62. By the Sound.
Back to puzzle

63. He wears his collar and pants.

Back to puzzle

64. Veil; vile or evil; Levi, live.

Back to puzzle

65. A pair of spurs.

Back to puzzle

66. The letter A.

Back to puzzle

67. Translate the fourth and fifth “suis,” follow. “Suis” comes from
suivre, as well as from être.
Back to puzzle

68. A mouse ran, full but,

Against my big to.
Back to puzzle

69. Mind your I!

Back to puzzle

70. Campbell’s Poems.

Back to puzzle
 71. Thou tea-chest!
Back to puzzle

72. J’aime en silence (six lances.)

Back to puzzle

73. Who raw for (the) read, white, and blew!

Back to puzzle

74. G a. (G, grand; a, petit.)

Back to puzzle

75. Toad (to ad.)

Back to puzzle

76. Noon.
Back to puzzle

77. Insatiate (in sat I ate.)

Back to puzzle

78. Follow the English pronunciation of the syllables, allowing for

the cockneyish displacement of the letter h.
Thus: TONY’S ADDRESS TO MARY.

O Mary! Heave a sigh for me,

For me, your Tony true;
I am become as a man dumb,—
 Oh, let Hymen prompt you! etc.

The eighth line is “Or eat a bit of pie.”

Back to puzzle

79.

Back to puzzle

80.

Back to puzzle

81. XIII. (X, VIII.)

Back to puzzle

82. For convenience let us call the eight-gallon measure, a; the

five-gallon, b; and the three-gallon, c.
From a fill c, and empty into b. Fill c again; and, from it, fill b.
Then empty b into a, and c, (which has in it one gallon,) into b. Fill c
again, and empty into b, which now contains four gallons; while a,
also, contains four.
Back to puzzle

83. One bushel and one-ninth.

Back to puzzle

84. Nescio. Ik weet niet. Je ne sais pas. No sà. Non so. Ich weiss
nicht. Ninis cume. I dinna ken. I DON’T KNOW!
Professor Robinson in his Algebra attempts it, but not
satisfactorily, so long as letters may be made to represent any
number, or any other number, at discretion. Let us call it in this
particular phase—(unfortunately it has others),—the Matrimonial
Equation: “For, these two are one.”
Back to puzzle

85. The stranger had eaten eight-thirds of a loaf: seven-thirds

belonging to one of the Arabs, and only one-third to the other.
Back to puzzle

86. He lost four dollars and the actual cost of the boots.
Back to puzzle

87.
5 herring @ 2d. = 10d.
1 “ @½ =½
6 “ @ ¼ = 1½
— ——
12 “ 12d.
Back to puzzle
 88. Endless.
Back to puzzle

89. Cares: caress.

Back to puzzle

90. Onion.
Back to puzzle

91. Advice.
Back to puzzle

92. When he has grounds for complaint.

Back to puzzle

93. For divers reasons.

Back to puzzle

94. For sundry purposes.

Back to puzzle

95. “The quality of Mercy (Mersey) is not strained.” H. B.

S.
Back to puzzle

96. “If the grate be empty, put coal on. If the grate be full, stop
putting coal on.” So said one, but another replied “How can I put coal
on, when there is such a high fender?”
Back to puzzle

97. Because he is no better.

Back to puzzle

98. When it becomes a lady.

Back to puzzle

99. The letters of the alphabet.

Back to puzzle

100. One was going to St. Ives’: he met the others.

Back to puzzle

101. A little too long to wait! (A little 2, long 2, 8.) E. S.

D.
Back to puzzle

102. The Image that Michal put in David’s bed. I Samuel, ch. xix.
Douay version, xix ch. I Kings.
Back to puzzle

103. His sister. The blind beggar was a woman.

Back to puzzle

104. The man who thanked Heaven was the lady’s father.
Back to puzzle
105. “That man” was the rhymer’s son.
Back to puzzle

106. Hirsute.
Back to puzzle

107. The letter s.

Back to puzzle

108. Because it is always Snowdon.

Back to puzzle

109. They should go to Fall River and Salem.

Back to puzzle

110. Novice.
Back to puzzle

111. Burns. Hearth and Home.

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112. Crabbe. “ “ “
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113. Bryant. “ “ “
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114. Gray. “ “ “
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115. Beecher. “ “ “
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116. Homer.
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117. Hood.
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118. Southey.
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119. Coleridge.
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120. Goldsmith.
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121. Humboldt.
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122. Mulock.
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123. Lowell.
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124. Virgil.
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125. Akenside.
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126. Wordsworth.
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127. Steele.
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128. Shakespeare.
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129. Cowper.
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130. WILLis.
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131. Barry Cornwall.

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132. Landon.
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133. Landor.
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134. Leigh Hunt.

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135. Walpole.
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136. Palmerston.
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137. Russell.
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138. Lytton.
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139. Carlyle.
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140. Seward.
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141. W(h)ittier.
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142. Chatter(t)on.
 Back to puzzle

143. Because he has tenants.

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144. It is a step fa(r)ther.

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145. A draft.
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146. A pack of cards.

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147. A cord of wood.

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148. Taking leave of things as they go.

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149. His reaper.

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150. It was Hamlet’s Uncle, who “did murder most foul.”

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 151. The Human Body.—1 The chest; 2 the eye-lids; 3 the knee-
caps; 4 the ear-drums; 5 the nails; 6 the soles of the feet; 7 the
muscles; 8 the palms of the hands; 9 the limbs; 10 two lips; 11 the
hips; 12 the calves; 13 hairs; 14 the heart; 15 the eye-lashes; 16 the
temples; 17 arms; 18 veins; 19 insteps; 20 eyes and nose; 21 pupils; 22
tendons.
a The palate; b the roof (of the mouth;) c the bridge (of the nose;)
d the shoulder-blades; e the iris (of each eye;) f the skull; g the spinal

column; h the tongue; i the eye-balls, &c., jjj the stirrup, anvil and
hammer (bones of the ear,) k locks (of hair).
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152. Truant.
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153. Scarecrow.
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154. Intimate.
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155. Codicil.
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156. The hair.

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157. Sixteen (those who were blind of both eyes, were also blind
of one eye, &c.)
 Back to puzzle

158. Because we have a W(h)ittier.

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159. Because that was his name!

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160. Because the other forty are Lent.

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161. Now here, nowhere.

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162. Ah no! (Arno.)

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163. Unquestionably.
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164. The road.

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165. Columbus.
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166. Met-a-physician.
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167. Sackcloth.
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168. The one who attends “patients on a monument.”

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169. Rather he killed the gorilla.

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170. She is a musing, b coming, d lighting, n chanting.

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171. She is Sad you see.

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172. She is Fair I see.

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173. “The judicious Hooker.”

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174. Yesterday.
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175. Sunday; all the rest are week days.

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176. Campbell. W. M. Praed.
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177. Seldom, (cell-dumb.)

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178. His equal.

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179. Just ice.

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180. The King’s Highway.

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181. Postage.
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182. Baking—a king, b king, a kin.

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183. Strawberry.
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184. A Mushroom.
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185. Fault.
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186. A ditch.
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187. When they chatter.

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188. Short.
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189. A pillow.
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190. Advice.
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191. Heat; you can catch cold.

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192. Sausage. Rural New Yorker.

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193. Hemlock.
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194. Heroine; hero; her; he.

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195. A blush.
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196. He took his cup and saucer.

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197. The cat’ll eat it.

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198. B natural.
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199. B sharp.
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200. If the stairs were a way, I would go down stairs.

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201. Nameless.
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202. He “cut it too little”; that is, he did not cut it enough.
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203. TOBACCO.
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 204. Because of the sandwiches (sand which is) there.
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205. How did the sandwiches get there? Ans. There Ham dwelt,
and there his descendants were bred and mustered (bread and
mustard.)

206. Was there any butter on the sandwiches? Ans. No; Ham
took only his wife; he took none of his family BUT her.

207. His was made of Gophir wood, and they are made to go for
wood.
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208. “Noah went forth.”

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209. (M) a jest (y).

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210. “Dreaming often;” dreaming of ten.

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211. Yes; “perhaps” is most like maybe, or a bee in May.

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212. The third gave it her ring, which Puss couldn’t eat.
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213. On the other side.