ME 223

ME 223
FLUID MECHANICS &

MACHINERY
LECTURE 8
ONE DIMENSIONAL FLUID FLOW
Md. Rakib Hossain

Assistant Professor
Dept. of ME, BUET
Md. Rakib Hossain, Assistant Professor, Dept. of ME, BUET 1/9/2023
2 INTRODUCTION
➢ When the flow characteristics of flowing fluid are functions of only any
one of the three co-ordinate directions and time t, that is, the flow
characteristics are functions of, say, x direction and time t, then it is called
a one –dimensional flow. In such a case, the flow characteristics do not
change in y and z directions. Further, if any of these flow characteristics
does not change with time, it will be steady one-dimensional flow.
➢ Fluid flow is governed by three basic principles: conservation of mass,
conservation of momentum, and conservation of energy
3 INTRODUCTION
➢ We can mathematically formulate these principles of the fluid flow into
corresponding governing equations as continuity equation, momentum
equation, and energy equation, respectively.
➢ The derivation of these conservation equations is based on several
assumptions
➢ We consider a one-dimensional, isentropic, calorifically perfect, inviscid,
non-conducting, compressible flow at low Mach number. Body forces are
ignored in the analysis
4 CONTINUITY EQUATION
➢ In a control volume law of conservation of mass states that the net mass
flow through the volume will equal the mass stored or removed from the
volume. Or, The net mass transfer to or from a control volume during a
time interval Δt is equal to the net change (increase or decrease) in the
total mass within the control volume during Δt. This principle of
conservation of mass can be applied to a flowing fluid. Considering any fixed
region in the flow constituting a control volume,
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔
−
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡
= 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∆𝑡
𝜕
𝑚ሶ 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚ሶ 𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝜌
න 𝑑𝑉 = ෍ 𝑚ሶ − ෍ 𝑚ሶ −−−−−−−− −(1)
𝜕𝑡
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜕 𝜕𝜌
𝑊𝑒 𝐾𝑛𝑜𝑤, න 𝜌𝑑𝑉 ≈ 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
Consider a small control volume, stationary cubical
element shown in fig. below
Infinitesimal Control Volume using Cartesian Coordintes

➢ The rate of mass flow through the surfaces of the element can be
obtained by considering the flow in each of the coordinate directions
separately. To perform this mass balance consider the mass rate of flow
per unit area ρu, ρv, and ρw at the center of the element and then treat
each of these quantities as a single variable. Note that we are really using a
Taylor series expansion of and neglecting higher order terms such as
(δx)2 , (δx)3 and so on.
𝜕 ρu δx
Then on the front face, ρu ⋮x+δxൗ2 = ρu +
𝜕x 2
𝜕 ρu δx
And on the rear face, ρu ⋮x−δxൗ2 = ρu −
𝜕x 2
➢ When the right-hand sides of the above Eqs. are multiplied by the area
δyδz, the rate at which mass is crossing the front and rear sides of the
element are obtained.
➢ Net mass flow rate into the CV
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 δ𝑥 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 δ𝑦
෍ mሶ = ρu − δ𝑦δ𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣 − δ𝑥δ𝑧 + ቆ𝜌𝑤
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
in
𝜕 𝜌𝑤 δ𝑧
− ቇ δ𝑥δ𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2
➢ Net mass flow rate out of CV
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝛿𝑥 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝛿𝑦
෍ 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌𝑢 + 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 + 𝜌𝑣 + 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑧 + ቆ𝜌𝑤
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2
𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝜕 𝜌𝑤 𝛿𝑧
+ ቇ 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦
𝜕𝑧 2
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝛿𝑥
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛= 𝜌𝑢 + 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝛿𝑥 𝜕 𝜌𝑢
− 𝜌𝑢 − 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜌𝑣
Similarly, 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑦
𝜕 𝜌𝑤
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑖𝑛 𝑧 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑧
Thus, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 =
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
+ + 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
➢ Since, we considered
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
➢ So, the equation becomes
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤 𝜕
− + + 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧 = 𝜌𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
➢ Dividing both sides by 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝜌 𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
+ + + = 0 −−−−−− −(2)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
➢ This equation is known as “ Continuity Equation” for compressible fluids
➢ Since density is considered a variable, we differentiate the products and
put the above eqn in the form
𝜕ρ 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤 +𝜌 + + = 0 −−−−− −(3)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
➢ or, in terms of the substantial derivative
𝐷𝜌 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+𝜌 + + = 0 −−−−−−−− −(4)
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
➢ Introducing the gradient operator, called “del,” which, in rectangular
coordinates, is
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= iƸ + yො + k෠
𝜕x 𝜕y 𝜕z
➢ The continuity equation can then be written in the form
Dρ
+ ρ∇. V = 0 −−−−−− −(5)
Dt
෠
➢ Here, V = uiƸ + vොy + wk;
∇. V is called the divergence of the velocity
➢ The continuity equation is one of the fundamental equations of fluid mechanics and is
valid for steady or unsteady flow, and compressible or incompressible fluids.
14 SPECIAL CASES
➢ For steady flow of compressible fluids:
❖ Here, δΤδt = 0
❖ Eqn. (1) becomes, σin mሶ = σout mሶ −−−−−− −(6)
➢ It states that the total rate of mass entering a control volume is equal to
the total rate of mass leaving it.
➢ Eqn. (2) becomes
𝜕 𝜌𝑢 𝜕 𝜌𝑣 𝜕 𝜌𝑤
+ + =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
15 SPECIAL CASES
➢ Many engineering devices such as nozzles, diffusers, turbines,
compressors, and pumps involve a single stream (only one inlet and one
outlet). For these cases, we denote the inlet state by the subscript 1 and
the outlet state by the subscript 2, and drop the summation signs. Then Eq.
(6) reduces, for single-stream steady-flow systems, to
mሶ 1 = mሶ 2
ρ1 V1 A1 = ρ2 V2 A2
16 SPECIAL CASES
➢ For Incompressible Fluids (Both Steady & Unsteady)
The fluid density, 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛿𝜌
ൗ𝛿𝑡 = 𝛿𝜌ൗ𝛿𝑥 = 𝛿𝜌ൗ𝛿𝑦 = 𝛿𝜌ൗ𝛿𝑧 = 0
➢ Eqn. (3) becomes,

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑤
+ + =0 ∇. 𝑉 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑉1ሶ = 𝑉ሶ2 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
➢ Usually this is the case for fluids.
17 SPECIAL CASES
➢ For 2D steady incompressible flow
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
+ =0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
➢ For 1D steady incompressible flow
𝛿𝑢 𝛿 𝜌𝑢𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧
=0 =0
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥
➢ Since, 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝐴; Integrating the above equation
𝜌𝑢𝐴 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
Or, 𝜌1 𝑢1 𝐴1 = 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝐴2
18 SPECIAL CASES
➢ In case of steady, incompressible flow; single stream, 𝜌1 = 𝜌2
➢ So, we will get, 𝑢1 𝐴1 = 𝑢2 𝐴2 = 𝑄 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
➢ Where A represents areas normal to the respective velocity vector.
➢ Steady, incompressible flow,
෍ 𝑉ሶ = ෍ 𝑉ሶ
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑢𝑡
19 PROBLEM 12
The velocity distribution for the flow of an incompressible fluid is given by
𝑣𝑥 = 3 − x, 𝑣𝑦 = 4 + 2y, 𝑣𝑧 = 2 − z. Show that this satisfies the requirements
of the continuity equation.
20 PROBLEM 13
Air flows in a pipe and the velocity at three neighboring points A, B, and C, 4
in. apart, is measured to be 274, 285, and 291 ft/sec, respectively, as shown in
Fig. The temperature and pressure are 50°F and 50 psia, respectively, at point
B. Approximate dρ/dx at that point, assuming steady, uniform flow.
21 PROBLEM 14
A garden hose attached with a nozzle is used
to fill a 10-gal bucket. The inner diameter
of the hose is 2 cm, and it reduces to 0.8 cm
at the nozzle exit as shown in fig. If it takes
50s to fill the bucket with water, determine
(a) the volume and mass flow rates of water
through the hose, and (b) The average
velocity of water at the nozzle exit.
22

ME 223 - Lecture 08 - One Dimensional Fluid Flow

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FLUID MECHANICS &

Md. Rakib Hossain

Infinitesimal Control Volume using Cartesian Coordintes

➢ Eqn. (3) becomes,

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