In the name of Allah, the most Gracious,

the ever Merciful

Dr Ali Abdullah
Associate Professor

University of Management & Technology

Sialkot Campus
 Physics@UMT-SKT

All science is either physics or stamp collecting (E. Rutherford)

2
 Physics

• Concerned with the fundamental principles of the Universe

• Foundation of other physical sciences
• Has simplicity of fundamental concepts

3
 Laboratories
(BS Physics)
 Mechanics
 Electricity and Magnetism
 Waves and Oscillations
 Modern Physics

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 A synthesis laboratory is being established
 Synthesis Methods
 Wet Chemical + Solid State Reaction
 Equipment
 Tube furnace (1200 0C), Magnetic Hot Plate (300
0C), Water Deionizer, pH meter, Centrifuge,

Glassware , Heating Oven

Research/Advanced Studies
 Nuclear Science
 Software Development
 Nanotechnology
 Instrumentation
 Space & Astronomy
 Medicine Engineering
 Biophysics
 Environmental Science
 Radiology
 Meteorology
 Imaging
 Materials Science
 Energy
 Diagnostics

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Fields Careers
 Education
 Research & Development
 Software Development

Institutions & Organizations

 Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)

 Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL)
 Space and Upper Atmosphere Research
Commission (SUPARCO)
 Pakistan Institute of Engineering and
 Applied Sciences (PIEAS)
 Civil Aviation Authority (CAA)
 National Center for Physics (NCP)
 National Institute of Vacuum Science and
Technology (NINVAST)
 Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and
 Technology (PINSTECH)
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 Features
 Program designed as per Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan
guidelines.
 To meet the national and international standards.
 Flexible curricular program capable of preparing them for advance
studies in Physics.

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 Faculty
 Qualified faculty members having intensive teaching experience
 Theoretical and experimental research interests

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Collaboration

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 Collaborations
• Applied Thermal Physics Laboratory, Department of
Physics, COMSATS University, Islamabad.

• Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.

• Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

• Center for Advanced Studies in Energy, NUST,

Islamabad

• Department of Physics, University of Okara

• National Center for Physics, Islamabad

 Societies for Collaboration

 Pakistan Physical Society

 Khwarizmi Science Society

 Materials Science Society of Pakistan

12
 ‫اس‬
ِ ‫ش ِد ْي ٌد َّو َم َنافِ ُع لِل َّن‬ ٌ ‫ه ب َْا‬
َ ‫س‬ َ ‫َو اَ ْنز َْلنَا ْال‬
ِ ‫ح ِد ْي َد فِ ْي‬

Al-Qura’n, Chapter Al-Hadeed, Verse 25

The world is made of materials, our quest

is to explore it.
(Materials physics ,
Upsala University, Sweden)

There is plenty of room at the bottom.

( R. P. Feynman )
Atom
16
17
 Matter
• Solid , Liquid , Gas , Plsama

• Condensed Matter ; Fluids

• Solids State Physics

23
 States of Matter
Solid Keeps shape Keeps Salt, gold,
volume copper

Liquid Takes shape Keeps Water,

of container volume alcohol, oil

Gas Takes shape Takes volume Air, argon,

of container of container helium,
methane

Plasma – like Takes shape Takes volume Stars, nebula,

a gas of of container of container lightning,
charged plasma
particles. reactors
24 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Matter
• Solution: A uniform mixture of two
substances such that molecules are
separate from each other and move
around randomly. Usually these are liquids.
Solutions are usually transparent.

• Colloids: A mixture of much larger particles

ranging from 20 nm to 100 μm. Milk and
paint are colloids.

• Grains: Some materials are made up of

many small crystals called grains. A grain is
an individual crystal of such a solid. Different
grains may have the crystal lattice oriented
in different directions.
25 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Elements, Atoms and
Molecules
• Atoms: All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

• Molecules: Sometimes two or more atoms are found bound

together to form molecules.

• The atoms can be categorized into about 115 different types

based on the charge of the nucleus.

• Elements are made up of only one type of atom.

• The element carbon takes the form of graphite, diamond and

buckminsterfullerene as well as others.

• It is only possible to change one type of atom into another

through nuclear processes such as take place in a nuclear
power plant, the sun, atomic bombs or particle accelerators.

• The elements do not change in ordinary chemical reactions.

26 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Subatomic Particles
Most of matter is made of three subatomic particles:

Particle Symbol Relative Relative Location

Charge Mass

Electron e- -1 1 Electron
Cloud
Proton p+ +1 1836 Nucleus

Neutron n0 0 1839 Nucleus

FNI 1E Chemistry 27
 Ions
• Usually atoms have the same number of electrons as
protons so the charges cancel each other out.

• Sometimes an atom can have more or fewer electrons

than protons resulting in a net positive or negative
charge. When this happens it is called an ion.

• Example: Na loses an electron to form Na+

• Chlorine can gain an electron to from Cl-

• We can tell what type of charge an ion is expected to

have by looking at where it is in the periodic table.

28 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Chemical Bonding
• Covalent bonds
• Ionic bonds
• Metal bonding

29 FNI 1E Chemistry
30
 CMP
• Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals
with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties
of matter. In particular, it is concerned with the “condensed”
phases that appear whenever the number of constituents
in a system is extremely large and the interactions
between the constituents are strong. The most familiar examples
of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which
arise from the electromagnetic forces between atoms.

33
 SSP
• Solid state physics is the physics of that state of
matter in which a large number of atoms (of the
order of 1023 cm-3) are chemically bound to
produce a dense solid aggregate.
• How the structure of a material and the dynamics
of its constituent atoms determine its properties and
behavior.

34
 Nano
Nanoscience
is the study of phenomena and manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those at a larger scale
Nanotechnology
is the design, characterization, production and
application of structures, devices and systems by
controlling shape and size at nanometer scale
Quantum Mechanical Effects
 Quantum Corral

48 iron atoms are assembled into a circular ring.

The ripples inside the ring are electron waves.
 Building a Quantum Corral for Manipulating Electron
Wave Functions

1 2

3 4

Crommie
and Eigler
http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/gallery.html
Kanji character for atom Carbon monoxide man
(lit. original child)
Plasmons of gold nanoparticles in glass
reflect green, transmit red.
 R. P. Feynman

There’s Plenty of room at the bottom: 1959 Dec 29th, American Physical Society
Meeting

“
I will not discuss how we are going to do but only that it is possible in principles----

in other words, what is possible according to the laws of physics. I am not inventing

anti-gravity which is possible someday only if the laws are not what we think. I am
telling

you what could be done if the laws are what we think; we are not doing it simply
because

we haven’t gotten around to it.

“
Nanotechnology : 1974 ; Norio Taniguchi

On the basic concept of nano-Technology!,

International Conference on Production Engineering, Tokyo, Japan

“
In the processing of materials, the smallest bit size of stock removal, accretion or

flow of materials is probably of one atom or one molecule, namely 0.1~0.2 nm in length.

Therefore, the expected limit size of fineness would be of the order of 1 nm. ...........

“Nano-Technology” mainly consists of the processing.....separation, consolidation and

deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.

“
Milestones
Length Scales
When will we be down to atoms ?
Using Moore's Law ...
250 Terabit/inch2
Year 2038
• Spherical iron nanocrystals

• J. Phys. Chem. 1996,

Vol. 100, p. 12142

• Surface to volume ratio

- A 3 nm iron particle
has 50% atoms on the surface
- A 10 nm particle
20% on the surface
- A 30 nm particle
only 5% on the surface
 The melting point of gold particles decreases
dramatically as the particle size gets below 5 nm

Source: Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry, Wiley,

2001
Nanoscale wires defy quantum predictions
Atomic electrical components conduct just like conventional
wires, giving a new lease of life to Moore's law.

Resistivity, a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electrical

current, has previously been shown to increase exponentially as the width of a wire
decreases below 10 nanometres, which would impede the performance of devices
with atomic-scale components.

The width of the wires varied from 1.5 to 11 nanometres, but the researchers found
that the resistivity did not differ substantially. This, they say, shows that the wires
still obey Ohm’s law of classical electronics, which implies that resistivity should
not change with sample size.

Weber, B. et al. Science 335, 64–67 (2012).

Reactivity………………
 Quantum Confinement in Nanostructures

Confined in:

1 Direction: Quantum well (thin film)

Two-dimensional electrons ky
kx

nz

2 Directions: Quantum wire

ny
One-dimensional electrons kx
nz

nz
3 Directions: Quantum dot nx
ny
Zero-dimensional electrons

Each confinement direction converts a continuous k in a discrete quantum number n.

The percentage of surface atoms on a particle as a function of the
total number of atoms
Estimated melting temperature as a function of
particle diameter
Three quantum structures and their electronic properties
 Conduction band

E Band gap

Valence band

• The band gap gets bigger as the

material gets smaller

E
Band gap

E
Band gap
 Spectroscopy
Inputs Outputs

e-
γ A+ e- γ A+

Sample

63 FNI 2A Tools
 Electrons Out

Probe: Auger electrons

Secondary electron
Electrons imaging
Photons out
Backscattered
electron imaging Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy
Transmitted
Electrons In electrons Wavelength
Dispersive
e- e- Electron diffraction Spectroscopy
γ

Sample
64 FNI 2A Tools
 Probe: Photons
Photons Out
Photons In FTIR Electrons Out
Infrared Raman XPS, X-ray
Visible Visible Photoelectron
Ultraviolet Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
X-Rays X-Ray Fluorescence
X-Ray Diffraction

γ γ e-

Sample
65 FNI 2A Tools
 Probe: Ions
Ions Out
SIMS, Secondary
Ion Mass
Spectrometry

ToF SIMS, Time of

Flight SIMS,

Ions In ICP MS, Inductively

A+ Coupled Plasma
Mass Spectrometry
A+

Sample
66 FNI 2A Tools
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 Why nano?
The nanometer scale is where the sciences
come together:
Physics Biology

Chemistry
New properties begin to emerge at the nanoscale.

79 FNI 1B
 HP Molecular Memory

40 nm line width, 40 Gbit/inch2

Nanoscale wires defy quantum predictions
Atomic electrical components conduct just like conventional
wires, giving a new lease of life to Moore's law.
Resistivity, a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electrical
current, has previously been shown to increase exponentially as the width of a wire
decreases below 10 nanometres, which would impede the performance of devices
with atomic-scale components.
The width of the wires varied from 1.5 to 11 nanometres, but the researchers found
that the resistivity did not differ substantially. This, they say, shows that the wires
still obey Ohm’s law of classical electronics, which implies that resistivity should
not change with sample size.

Weber, B. et al. Science 335, 64–67 (2012).

 The Good
• The ability to manipulate matter at the atomic scale
could:
o Eliminate disease, hunger and aging.
o Clean the environment and remove CO2 from the atmosphere
o Protect us from asteroid collisions, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis
o Build a space elevator

82 FNI 1B
 The Bad
• If replicating assemblers were able to
replicate uncontrollably they could turn
everything into grey goo.
• An enemy may create super viruses or other
devastating nano weapons.
• “Nano Bugs” could spy on everything we
do.
• Nano assassins

83 FNI 1B
 Nanoscience Timeline 13.7 BYA – 10 TYA
13.7 billion years ago: The first 65 million years ago:
atoms of hydrogen and helium Mass extinction which
are formed a few seconds after kills the dinosaurs.
the big bang. 4.5 billion years ago: Our solar
790 thousand years ago:
system forms including the
First use of fire by humans.
Earth. Life emerges shortly
afterwards.

100 mya

100 tya
10 mya

1 mya
1 bya
10 bya

10 tya
~11 billion years ago: Stars form, 2-4 million 14 thousand
producing heavier elements years ago: years ago:
through nuclear fusion. 245 million years ago: Frequent ice End of the last
Largest mass extinction ages begin. ice age.
in Earth history.
75%-96% of all species
die.

84 FNI 1B
 Nanoscience Timeline 8000 BC - 1900
1895 Wilhelm
7000 BC:
1661 Anton van Roentgen
Earliest record of
Leeuwenhoek develops discovers x-rays.
fermented beverages.
460 BC: the optical microscope.
1300 Gold 1808 John Dalton
Empedocles develops
nanoparticles used develops his atomic
the concept of elements.
to stain glass red. theory.
1000 BC

1000

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900
0

3000 BC:
Significant 250 AD:
progress in Maya blue developed.
1697 Isaac
chemistry in Newton’s theory of 1869 Mendeleev
Egypt and 430 BC: gravity. introduces his periodic
China. Democritus develops table.
the concept of the atom.

85 FNI 1B
 Nanoscience Timeline 20th Century
1900 Max Planck 1948 Bardeen, Brattain 1981 Binnig & Rohrer invent 1991 Sumio Iijima
Quantum Theory. & Schockley develop the scanning tunneling discovers the
transistor. microscope. carbon nanotube.
Carbon black used
in tires. 1906 Rutherford 1955 First images 1989 Don Eigler spells
proposes atomic of atoms obtained IBM with his STM.
nucleus.
1900

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

1991
1905 Einstein’s 1987 K. Eric Drexler
1953 Crick & Watson
theory of relativity. propose double helix publishes “Engines of
Creation.” 1989 Smalley, Curl
structure for DNA.
1959 Richard Feynman gives & Kroto discover
1931 Ernst Ruska fullerenes.
invents the electron “There’s Plenty of Room at the
microscope. Bottom” speech.

86 FNI 1B
 Review of Chemistry
• States of Matter
• Atoms, Molecules and Ions
• Subatomic particles
• Periodic Table
• Covalent and ionic bonding
• Chemical reactions
• Inter-molecular forces

87 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Grain Structure in Steel

88 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Elements, Atoms and
Molecules
• Atoms: All matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
• Molecules: Sometimes two or more atoms are found bound
together to form molecules.
• The atoms can be categorized into about 115 different types
based on the charge of the nucleus.
• Elements are made up of only one type of atom.
• The element carbon takes the form of graphite, diamond and
buckminsterfullerene as well as others.
• It is only possible to change one type of atom into another
through nuclear processes such as take place in a nuclear power
plant, the sun, atomic bombs or particle accelerators.
• The elements do not change in ordinary chemical reactions.

89 FNI 1E Chemistry
 Structure of Materials

Grains Crystals Crystal

Atom Electron orbitals

Unit Cell
90 FNI 1E Chemistry
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 THANKS

“Blessed are those who are not afraid to admit that they don’t know something”
(The Zahir, Paulo Coelho)

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