QUARTER IV | ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

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Analyzing Arguments in Manifestoes and
Defending Stand on an Issue
Argument
- is a set of ideas put together to prove a point.
It is different from the “real world” meaning
where an argument denotes “fight” or
“conflict”.
Manifesto
and even in your personal growth.
Claim
- an assertion of something as true, real, or
factual.
Claim without evidence is merely an opinion.
In order to defend a stand on a particular
issue or topic, your claim must be embedded
with adequate evidences.

- is defined as a written statement declaring Writers are generally most successful with
publicly the intentions, motives, or views of its their audiences when they can skillfully and
issuer. (Merriam-Webster Dictionary). appropriately balance the three core types of
appeals.
A writer’s argument is a group of statements
or reasons used to persuade the readers that 1. Logical Appeals
what he/she believes is true. It may cause the
Authors using logic to support their
audience to act differently or change mind
claims will include a combination of
completely.
different types of evidence.
Analyzing an argument means breaking it
 established facts
down into its components in order to
 case studies
determine whether or not it is strong or weak,
 statistics
effective or not.
 experiments
As for the audience, it is essential that you  analogies and logical reasoning
could develop the skill to evaluate whether an  citation of recognized experts on the
argument used by the author is good or bad; issue
whether it supports the assertion sensibly or
2. Authoritative Appeals
it is presented in a confusing and illogical
way. Authors using authority to support
their claims can also draw from a
There are three major ways that authors
variety of techniques.
present an argument:
 personal anecdotes
• Reasoning – giving logical explanation of the
 illustration of deep knowledge on
argument.
the issue
• Evidence – presenting statistics, facts, and  citation of recognized experts on the
studies issue
 testimony of those involved first-
• Appeal – stimulate the reader's emotions hand on the issue
Parts of an Argument
3. Emotional Appeals
1. A claim or a statement that summarizes the
idea Authors using emotion to support their
claims again have a deep well of options
2. Reason why that claim is true, and/or to do so.
evidence that supports that claim
 personal anecdotes
Example: If you want to have a better future,  narratives
you should study hard because more  impact studies
knowledge will bring more opportunities for
  testimony of those involved first-
hand on the issue
GRADED RECITATION
Direction: Reach each situation below
thoughtfully and consider all the given
evidences before writing down your answers.
Tips to defend your stand on an Issue  Your classmate asks for your answers
1. Argue the point, not the person. in the module of EAPP. What would you
Discuss why their point is wrong and do?
your point is right.  It is the scheduled day for the
2. Use data and research as much as you submission of your outputs but your
can. Attack the idea with data, parents are at work and you could not
statistics submit it yourself due to age
and research. Your opinion should be restrictions. What would you do?
supported by using data that has been  You are having a hard time
confirmed as valid. understanding the modules in EAPP
3. Don’t put words in your opponent’s and you have barely answered the
mouth. When you are quoting your activities in it. What would you do?
opponent, use the statement as it was  After a semester of being a Senior High
intended to be used. Do not try to School student, you felt that you have
fabricate what the meaning of a chosen the wrong strand to enroll in.
sentence was or add/subtract words to
What would you do?
suit your needs.
 Your mother had fever the other night,
4. Don't go on a tangent. Present
then your brother catch cold the day
organized and on-point arguments.
after. What would you do?
Make sure not to confuse your
audience after reading your post. If you Plan of Action
want to persuade people, stay focused Reason/s
on your topic and continue to make
valid points,
5. Stay positive, polite, and professional.
Everyone who is reading your debate is
judging you and your opponent. The
audience quickly loses interest when
people
rant and go off tangent or attack other
persons. Don’t be rude or mean-
spirited.
They want to follow the professional,
because they are professional.

CHECKPOINT:
Let us say that the President of the Philippines
is asking for your arguments about
this one: HEALTH vs. EDUCATION
Which among the two, should be given priority
by the government?
Is it health or education? What will you say?
Where do you stand?