Libro Editado Ingles 5 Nivel 11 de Mayo

CONTENTS
Foreword ............................................................................................ Page VI
UNIT 1 IT’S TIME TO REMEMBER
Page Lesson Language Grammar Vocabulary

Lesson 1A
Regular and
Pages I know what Simple past tense
A cashless world irregular verbs
8-13 you did last There is/ there are
class.
Lesson 1B
Pages Present Perfect Work &
Have you had a Work experience
14-18 Tense employment
job recently?
Pages Lesson 1C Present perfect vs

A message to a new friend Travel activities.
19-23 Experiences Past simple
Lesson 1D
Pages Nelson Mandela’s Time expressions When was the
My life in the
24-28 Biography past simple last time you ..
past
Lesson 1E Collocations
Pages Time expressions
We’ve gotten My blog with make and
29-33 present perfect
along well since do
UNIT 2 IN PROGRESS…
II
Lesson 2A
Present perfect
Pages I have been Modern art
Modern art continuous:
34-40 working so materials
Affirmative form
hard!!
Lesson 2B International student Present Perfect

Pages
Studying Continuous. Studying abroad
41-44 Volunteering
abroad Negative form
Lesson 2C Time Expressions Present Perfect

Pages
All day, all continuous Suffixes
45-47 Routines
night Interrogative
Lesson 2D
Present Perfect vs
Pages An
An extraordinary job present perfect Movie making
48-51 extraordinary
continuous
job
Lesson 2E Present Perfect
Pages What have you
I have been I’ve been learning continuous
52-56 been learning?
learning Interrogative
III
UNIT 3 MAY I GO HOME
Pages Lesson 3A Weather forecast Weather and

May/might
57-63 It might rain reliability climate
Pages Shall
Lesson 3B Shall we dance? Dancing
64-67 Ought to
Shall we dance?
Pages Lesson 3C
Ought to Giving advice
68-74 Giving advice Giving advice
Lesson 3D
Pages
Natural Should vs Ought to Natural disasters
75-79 The Inca Empire
disasters
Lesson 3E
Pages May/might
The Real Biography about Topos de First Aid
80--82 Shall /Ought to
Heroes Tlatelolco
UNIT 4 SPECIAL PEOPLE
IV
Lesson 4A
Pages If a person Zero conditional
Face Reveal Feelings
83-89 maintains eye Affirmative Form
contact
Lesson 4B Zero conditional Multitasking

Pages
What happens Meredith’s day Negative and Baby care
90-94
if…? Interrogative Form Purchases
Zero Conditional
Pages Lesson 4C Use of when
Charlie Chaplin’s Early Life Special People
95-99 Special People Complementary
activities
Lesson 4D
Pages
How do we
100- Unless instead of if Laboratory
discover The water cycle
104
things?
Pages Lesson 4E
Unless instead of if Education
105- Education Study skill tips
109
V
UNIT 5 IF WE TAKE CARE

If you study harder, your
family will have a better
Pages life.
Lesson 5A First Conditional
110- You can see a permanently Life situations
Nature Affirmative Form
114 blue sky if you visit the
man-made beach in
Miyazaki, Japan.
If my mother doesn’t get
some seeds, she won’t
Pages First Conditional
Lesson 5B grow peppermint plants. Words about
115- Negative and
Global Issues I will stay at home if you Global Issues.
119 Interrogative Form
don’t invite me to the
party.
Pages Come here, now
Lesson 5C
120- Don’t write down! Imperative Verbs
Let’s do it
125 Let’s continue our work.
Pages
Lesson 5D First conditional
126- Advice columnist Giving advice
Give advice for advice
127
Lesson 5E
Pages
A valuable First conditional all Lesson for a
128-
lesson for a A happier life structures happier life
130
happier life
References ................................................................................... Pages 131-133
VI
UNIT 1 “IT’S TIME TO REMEMBER”
Students will be able to talk about past experiences
Lesson 1A I know what you did last class

Simple past: regular, irregular, and verb to be
A. WARM-UP
Grammar Rocks’ Song

1. Watch the video and answer: What kind of verbs the man is presented? There is
another category of verbs in the past simple?
Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoItKvG_FAE&ab_channel=grammarrocks%21%21%21
B. LISTENING
2. Listen again to the song then use the verbs the man mentioned and complete the
chart, writing the verb, the past tense of the verb, and then try to create sentences
using those verbs.
Verb Past Tense Sentence

Make Made My son made a sandcastle at the beach yesterday.
Forget Forgot I forgot the meeting with Jhon
Feel Felt I felt at peace with this world and very connected.
Put Put He said the captain put a sword in his mouth.
Go went Carlos went to the shopping mall last Friday.
Fall Fell Some seed fell in stony places and sprang up quickly.
Meet Met we met at a party five or six years ago.
Take Took It took 26 years to build the pyramid of Giza.
Pay Paid I paid all my debts the last week.
Be Was/were They were so tired last night.
Know Knew She never knew the meaninf of these words until now.
Cut
8
Cut An incision is the cut or wound from a surgery.
Get Got I got dressed early today.
C. READING
4. Read carefully the following text
A Cashless world
It’s midnight in Paris and I need money quickly. The
banks are closed, but outside there’s a cash machine. I
put in my bank card, enter my PIN (personal
identification number) and ask for 500 euros. The cash
machine sends a message to my bank in Washington
D.C. My bank replies to the message and says I have the
money in my bank account. After a few short moments,
I receive my cash.
Nowadays, we move money around the world at high
speed. I can get money from a bank anywhere in the
world or I can pay my hotel bill with a credit card. In fact, some people think we don’t need money
at all.
Before money, people bought and sold goods with animals. But you can’t carry animals around
your neck or in a bag so people needed something small. About three thousand years ago, the
Chinese used seashells and later they used metal coins. The Romans also bought and sold objects
with metal coins.
In the thirteenth century, the explorer Marco Polo travelled to China. He saw paper money for the
first time. A century later, countries in Europe used paper money too. One reason was that it was
good for paying large amounts.
Like paper money, cheques were also practical and the Bank of England made the first cheque
book in the nineteenth century. Then, in the early nineteen fifties, the USA introduced credit cards
or ‘plastic money’. This form of payment is still popular today.
For the first time since humans used animals for payment, we can now buy and sell with no coins,
notes or cheques. You can even pay for goods by mobile phone. In Africa, around six million
people already use mobile phones instead of cash. So do we live in a cashless world? Not quite.
Every day, we need some cash for a coffee, a ticket or a newspaper.
Retrieved from: https://www.ngllife.com
5. Read the article and choose the correct option.

6. Read again and find the verbs that are in past simple.
1. Where can I get money from the bank?
Write them down and classified in parentheses (R) for
☐ Only in my country
Regular and (I) for Irregular.
☐ In my country and United States 1._____________________________
CLOSED (____)
R
☐ Anywhere in the world 2._____________________________
PUT (____)
I
3._____________________________
BOUGHT (____)
I
2. Before money. How did people buy and 4._____________________________
SOLD (____)
I
sell goods? NEEDED
5._____________________________ (____)
R
☐ With animals USED
6._____________________________ (____)
R
☐ Seashells 7._____________________________
TRAVELLED (____)
R
☐ All above 8._____________________________
SAW (____)
I
9._____________________________
WAS (____)
I
3. Nowadays, how do people pay for goods 10._____________________________
WERE (____)
I
in Africa? 11._____________________________
MADE (____)
I
☐ Mobile phone
☐ Credit cards
☐ Only cash
9
D.1 GRAMMAR – Simple past verb to be
A) Verb to be
We use the simple past tense of the verb to be for any state to describe a person or
situation in the past.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative

I was I was not Was I?
You were You were not Were You?
He was He was not Was He?
She was She was not Was She?
It was It was not Was It?
We were We were not Were We?
You were You were not Were You?
They were They were not Were They?
Examples: Note: in affirmative form we

Singular nouns can’t use contractions
® I was your partner in primary school. between the subject and the
® He wasn´t a doctor in the war. past form of verb to be. In
® Where were you last night? negative sentences we can
use contractions between
B) There was / There were was or were + not.
§ We use there was or there were when we talk about things that existed in
the past. We use there was in singular and there were in plurals.
Examples:
® There was a movie in the center of Babahoyo.
® There wasn´t a shopping 10 years ago.
® Were there 5 banks in Baba 18 years ago?
PRACTICE
6. Melissa is talking about her family. Write the correct verb forms.
My family and I ______________

were (was/were) all born in South Korea , we______________
weren´t (wasn’t
and weren’t) born in the U.S.. I ______________
was (was/were) born in the city of Incheon, and
my brother ______________
was (was/were) born there, too. My parents ______________
weren´t
(wasn’t/weren’t) born in Incheon. They______________
were (was/were) born in the capital,
Seoul. In South Korea, my father ______________
was (was/were) a businessman and my mother
______________
was (was/were) a teacher.
7. Complete the sentences with was and were.
It ………... a lovely day. was Yesterday

were tired because it ………….
We …………. late at night.……….. hot.
We ……… at the beach. was Some people …………very red.
Tim …………. asleep at ten o'clock yesterday.
was
I …………. Under my Our sunhotel last year …………
umbrella. were small, but itMy…………. very clean.
sister and I ……….. relaxed!
10
I phoned you at the weekend, but you ……………….
were at home.
The children ………..Lastall happy. was
year my best friend ………….
The holiday …………. great!
22 years old.
8. Rewrite the sentences using the negative form.
Paul and Judy were on holiday.

_____________________________________________
Paul and July weren´t on holiday.
The weather was bad.
_____________________________________________
The weather wasn´t bad.
The staff at the airport were very helpful.
_____________________________________________
The staff at the airport weren´t very helpful.
The travel agent was very busy.
_________________________________
The travel agent wasn´t very busy.
They were in a self-catering department.
_____________________________________________
They weren´t in a self-catering department.
The sea was rough.
____________________________________________
The sea wasn´t rough.
9. Use the words to write questions with the past simple of be. Then complete the short
answer.
The children/in the park

________________________________________________
Were the children in the park? Yes, _____________
They were
Carlos/English/studying
________________________________________________
Was Carlos studying English? No, _____________
He wasn´t
He/ television/watching
________________________________________________
Was he watching television? Yes, _____________
It was
It/a rainy day
________________________________________________
Was it a rainy day? No, _____________
It wasn´t
The windows/closed.
________________________________________________
Were the windows closed? Yes, _____________
They were
10. Look at at
Look thethe
picture
image and indicate
and some
indicate onplaces youphones
the cell see that has
thatchanged
you seefrom
that50
years have
until now. Writeina short
changed paragraph
the last using
20 years there
until now.was and athere
Write were.
short paragraph
using there was and there were.
OLIVE TOWN NOW OLIVE TOWN 50 YEARS AGO
… there were calls and text messages. There were these two ways of
@ Before
communicating with other people. There was a cell phone that did not store
much information. Those of today have a large storage capacity for all
kinds of information. We can see how fast technology has influenced
humanity. Thanks to its many benefits, there are features, such as the
ability to communicate quickly and easily through text messages, calls
and video calls with people anywhere in the world.
11
D.2 GRAMMAR – Simple past of other verbs
® The simple past is used for actions that ended in the past, even if they
occurred in the recent past.
STRUCTURE
Time
expressions
Yesterday.
Last night/ week
/ year, etc.
In 2015
Two days/
Example: months ago.
• I had three exams last week.
• John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.
• We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
• Did he come to your party last night?
PRACTICE
11. Complete the conversation with the verbs in the past simple.
A: What did you do (you/do) last weekend?

A:I ________
B: Jack! Over (go) here!
to the shopping center and ____________(buy) a pair of shoes.
B: Olivia! It’s great to see you!
A: Oh really? How interesting! ________ (you/enjoy) it?
A: __________
Did you have a good trip? (you / have)
B: Oh yes. I ________.It was How ______________(be) your weekend?
B: Yes, thanks. __________ fine. (it / be)
A: I_________(go)
Are you hungry? to play football. I ________(be) very happy and guess what. We _______(win)!
B:
B:Congratulations!
No, __________
I had Ilunch
guesson youthe________
train.(score) many goals! You are a great football player.
( I / have)
A:You
A: Really?
are very What __________
kind!
didAsyouthe
have ? (you
wining / have)
team, the losing team ________ (have) to invite us for
B: Some
dinner. sandwiches.pie,
I _________(eat) __________
pizza and the
I bought a tallmat theofstation
glass this
milkshake.
morning.
B: That sounds (I /buy)
delicious! Last night we ________ (be) at grandma’s house and she
A: (I / buy) A Good
_______(cook) the lasagna. idea.It__________
Did you drive to the station? (you
________(be) one of my favorite dishes. She _______(show) me
/drive)
how to do it.
B: No, __________
I got a taxi. (I / get)
A: Sounds great! ____________(she/remember) the time when I _______(break) her window
A: A Did you? What time did __________
you leave home? (you /leave)
with my soccer ball?
B: __________ at 7 o'clock. (taxi / arrive)
I arrived by taxi
B:
A:I That's
___________ (not/ask)
early! Are youher about it but you should come to visit.
tired?
B:Sure!
A: A bit.What I__________ well last night. (I /not sleep)
about tomorrow?
didn´t sleep
A:Perfect.
B: Well, here's my you
I will see car. then.
Let's go home and you can relax.
E. SPEAKING
12. PAIRS. Let’s remember the time before the Covid-19. How was it to study before 2020? In pairs,
create a conversation about your main activities in the university. You can talk about presential vs
online classes, the time you spent at the university (and traveling to), or any other topic you consider
interesting. Then, create audio of 3 minutes with your partner and upload it to Moodle.
St1: Did you miss the presential

classes at the university?
St2: Of course, I missed go to
the university 12
13. Find out the meaning and the translation into Spanish of the words below. Practice
their pronunciation in English.
Conference Center centro de conferencia

_____________________
Library _____________________
biblioteca
Fire Station _____________________
estación de bombero
Police Station _____________________
estación de policía
Recreation Center _____________________
centro de recreación
Bank _____________________
banco
Hospital _____________________
hospital
Shopping Mall _____________________
centro comercial
Radio Station _____________________
estadión de radio
Train Station _____________________
estación de tren
Bus Station _____________________
estación de bus
Airport _____________________
aeropuerto
Museum _____________________
museo
Theater _____________________
teatro
Opera House _____________________
teatro de opera
Concert Hall _____________________
sala de concierto
Art Gallery _____________________
galeria de arte
School _____________________
escuela
College _____________________
colegio
University universidad
_____________________
Pharmacy _____________________
farmacia
Stadium _____________________
estadio
Hotel _____________________
hotel
Restaurant _____________________
restaurante
Café _____________________
cafetería
Bar _____________________
_____________________
F. WRITING
14. Write about the city where you were born, give details about the facilities that people can
find there. Use simple past tense, and “there was,” “there were.” Write on the platform
Moodle, in the forum section.
Minimum 100 words
@ … When I was studying at school there were too many plants and trees.
there was a small parking lot. In the patio behind the grades
there were children's games. There was a grass field in front of
the games.There were also two computer labs and one science lab.
In each course there were bathrooms. There was a large eatery
where both the children and him ate, but he worked at the school.
There was an auditorium room.
13
Lesson 1B Have you had a job recently?
Present Perfect
A. Warm Up – WORK EXPERIENCE

1. Read the text about work experience. Then answer the following questions?
WORK EXPERIENCE
Are those statements True or
False?
1. He has worked in the same
department for 10 years.
☐True ☐False ☐Not in Text
2. He doesn’t like to work with

his manager.
3. They have been working in a

small town for one year.
4. They have just met their new

I have worked for this company for ten years, but I haven’t clients.
always worked in the same department. I have worked in sales, ☐True ☐False ☐Not in Text
marketing and accounts, so I have gained a lot experience. In
fact, I have just been promoted Assistant Manager. I now report 5. The have been applying the
directly to Mr Grey, the managing Director. same strategy to be competitive.
Our new head office is in London. We have been here for one
6. The business have been slow
year. Before that, we were based in a small town. We also have
but they’ve achieved their goals.
a new fleet of cars. We have had these Renaults for five months.
Our main clients are the Ritz and Murdoch business groups. ☐True ☐False ☐Not in Text
They have been our clients for a long time. Over the years we
have worked hard to satisfy our clients, although we haven’t
always succeeded!
We have made many changes in the company in order to remain

competitive. Some people have had difficulties adjusting to the
new procedures because they haven’t had enough training.
Business had been a little slow recently due to the recession, but
we managed to achieve our objectives last year. Hopefully, we
will again this year.
14
B. VOCABULARY – Work & Employment
2. Match the pictures with phrases from the box.
vacancy payroll raise overtime duties boss
1._______________________ Overtime
2. ________________________ 3. __________________________
vacancy
BOSS
4. _________________________
payroll raise
5. _________________________ 6. ___________________________
duties
C. LISTENING – Have you got any plans for the weekend?

3. Listen carefully to the audio and work on the following tasks. True or False.
According to the listening answer true (T) or false (false)
a. His first activity is to go rafting with his mates ……………………………(_____) false

b. Dirtboarding is like canyoning in a board without wheels………………..(_____) false
c. She didn’t like the idea to do bungee jumping…………………………….(_____) true
d. She is going to take a boat to see the old parts of Paris…………………(_____)true
e. In the Musée d’Orsay you can find the famous statue “the thinker”….....(_____)
true
f. Round the Louvre you can go shopping or look at the shops…………...(_____)false
g. She will be in Paris only for the weekend with her friend…………………(_____)
false
Retrieved from https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/intermediate-b1-listening/weekend
15
D. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect
Time
• The Present Perfect is used to indicate an occurred action in
expressions
an undetermined time in the past, putting relief in the simple
For
fact of having realized, without specifying when that action
Since
took place.
Just / already /
• The present perfect is composed of the verb to have as an
yet / ever /
auxiliary verb + the passive participle of the main verb.
never/recently
• All regular verbs have the same form in the passive this morning
participle that the past simple: walked, talked, etc. /week /month
• This does not happen with irregular verbs like: see, saw, / year
seen; break, broke, broken. Once / twice /
We use the present perfect: three times
• for something that started in the past and continues in the present: cosa que pasaron
• when we are talking about our experience up to the present:
• for something that happened in the past but is important in the
present:
• We use have/has been when someone has gone to a place
and returned.
Affirmative Negative
• For example:
• She has lived here all her life (Regular)
• They have written three letters already. (Irregular)
• He has finished his homework (Regular)
Question
• Notice that when the simple past is employed, we refer to a past

action without relation to the present, while with the present perfect,
we refer to past activities related to the present.
• Also, the present perfect is used to indicate an action that starts in
the past and continues until the present.
• For example:
• Jerry has worked here since 1999.
16
• My family has lived here for 20 years.
PRACTICE
4. Change the statement to a question using the word(s) in parenthesis.
Example: Google has changed the way people search. (how)

How has Google changed the way people search?
1. I have used several search engines. (which ones)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Which ones have I used several search engines?
2. Larry and Sergey haven’t finished their degrees. (why)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Why haven´t Larry and Sergey finished their degrees?
3. They have made a lot of money. (how much)
_______________________________________________________________________________
How much have they made a lot of money?
4. Sergey has been in the U.S. for many years. (how long)
_______________________________________________________________________________
How long has Sergey been in the U.S for many years.
5. Larry and Sergey have hired many people to work for Google. (how many)
_______________________________________________________________________________
How many have Larry and Sergey hired many people to work for Google.
6. We have used the computer lab several times this semester. (how many times)
_______________________________________________________________________________
How many times have we used the computer lab serveral times this semester.
7. The memory and speed of computers have increased. (why)
_______________________________________________________________________________
why have the memory and speed of computer have increased?
8. Computers have become part of our daily lives. (how)
_______________________________________________________________________________
How have computers become part of out daily lives?
5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the present perfect simple of the verb
in brackets.
have cut
They…………………………….down some trees in the village. (cut)
Mandyhas redecorated
……………………….her bedsit. ( redecorate)
I ………………………………
have seen Nick’s new flat; it’s great! (see)
We …………………………some
have planted new bushes. (plant)
They …………………………….camping)
have gone (go)
6. Choose the correct alternative.
• Film stars have lived in Hollywood for/since it became the movie capital
of America.
• Humans don’t live/ haven’t lived in caves for thousands of years.
• Architects have supported environmentally friendly housing for/since the
last 20 years.
• We have had the option of solar heating since/for the 1980s
• Properties in this area are/ have been expensive since they filmed Notting
Hill here.
17
7. Put the words in the right order using the present perfect form.
A. He / home /gone / has / already

He has already gone home.
_____________________________________________________________
B. Robert / come back / England / just / has /from
_____________________________________________________________
Robert has just come back from England.
C. They / bought / new / a / just / have / house
They have just bought a new house.
_____________________________________________________________
D. The train / the station / already / left / has
_____________________________________________________________
The train has already left the station.
E. We / had / lunch / haven’t / yet
_____________________________________________________________
We haven´t had lunch yet.
E. WRITING
8. Let’s create a bucket list, remember your past experiences, and write a list of things
you have done when you were a child (experiences you have had in the past). Then,
write two paragraphs talking about 1. what you have done, and 2. What you haven't
done until this moment. Providing all the information you need and use present perfect
as main grammar.
@ I have had so many adventures in the past. I remember… I have visited

different waterfalls and I have jumped from some of them.
@ … As a child I traveled a lot to Cuenca with

my family. On this trip we were able to see
the beautifull apas. I got on the parachute,
I felt like I was falling intro an empty more hole,
I was very scared. In the Canopy I liked a lot
I felt the adrenaline.
18
Experiences
Lesson 1C Present Perfect vs Simple Past
A. WARM-UP – What have you done lately?
1. Watch the video two times and write down the housework that the guy has done until now.
Write at least 3. Then discuss in class about the housework that you have done, use the present
perfect tense.
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9GlEYf8_5I
B. VOCABULARY – Travel Experiences
2. Look at the following pictures. Then choose a word that matches with them.
E I J
Travel activities
A Buy souvenirs
B Go on a cruise
C Go sightseeing
B A G D Travel abroad
E Go clubbing
F Go hiking
G Take photos
H Explore a cave
D C I Eat traditional meal
F
J Go horseback riding
19
C. READING – A message to a new friend…
3. Read the message. Then, answer the following questions.
Hi Lucia
How are you? It was so nice to meet you last

week in Sydney at the sales meeting. How was
the rest of your trip? Did you see any
kangaroos? I hope you got home to Mexico
City OK.
Anyway, I have the documents about the new

Berlin offices. We're going to be open in three
months. I moved here from London just last
week. They are very nice offices, and the
location is perfect. There are lots of
restaurants, cafés and banks in the area.
There's also public transport; we are next to
an U-Bahn (that is the name for the metro
here). Maybe you can come and see them one day? I would love to show you Berlin,
especially in the winter. You said you have never seen snow – you will see lots here!
Here's a photo of you and me at the restaurant in Sydney. That was a very fun night!
Remember the singing Englishman? Crazy! Please send me any other photos you have of
that night. Good memories.
Please give me your email address and I will send you the documents.
Bye for now
Mikel
According to the listening answer true (T) or false (false)
a. Mikel and Lucia were friends from school ……………………………(_____)

b. There is a metro next to the offices……………………………………(_____)
c. 1.Mikel
WerehasMikel
neverand
seenLucia
snowfriends from school ?
before…………………………………….(_____)
2. Has Mike never seen snow before?
d. Mikel and Lucia had dinner together…………………………………..(_____)
e. 3.Mikel
Haddoesn’t have
Mike and Lucia’s
Lucia emailtogether?
dinner address…………………………….(_____)
f. Lucia wants to send Mikel some documents…………………….…...(_____)
1. No, They weren't friends from school.

2. He had never seen snow.
3. Yes, They had dinner together
20
D. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect vs Simple Past
Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

Unfinished actions that started in the Finished actions:
past and continue to the present:
I've known Julie for ten years (and I I knew Julie for ten years (but then she
still know her). moved away and we lost touch).
A finished action in someone's life A finished action in someone's life (when
(when the person is still alive: life the person is dead):
experience):
My brother has been to Mexico three My great-grandmother went to Mexico
times. three times.
A finished action with a result in the A finished action with no result in the
present: present:
I've lost my keys! (The result is that I I lost my keys yesterday. It was terrible!
can't get into my house now). (Now there is no result. I got new keys
yesterday).
With an unfinished-time word (this With a finished-time word (last week, last
week, this month, today): month, yesterday):
I've seen John this week. I saw John last week.
Common adverbs in the simple past: Common adverbs in the present perfect:
last night, last year, yesterday, before, already, yet, for, since, recently,
today, ago, first, then, later, when. still, time
Retrieved from: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-or-past-
simple.html
PRACTICE
4. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets. Use past simple or present perfect.
has been (be) there many times.

1. She loves Paris. She .....................
has worked(work) in that company for 3 years. (He still works there)
2. Bill .......................
3. They .......................
have gone (go) to London on holiday last summer.
4. I .......................
have read (read) that book. It´s good.
5. His parents .......................
have been(be) here yesterday.
6. They .......................
went was
(go) to Germany when he ....................... (be) only 4.
Have watched
7. ........... you ......... (watch) a film last night?
8. I .......................
had (have) some toast when I got up.
9. He .......................
lived (live) in Rome since he was a teenager.
painted
10. The house looks different. .......... have
you .............. (paint) it?
didn´t see
11. I ....................... (not see) you in class last Friday.
12. Shakespeare .......................
has write
(write) over one hundred sonnets.
21
5. Find out if the following sentences are right or wrong. Correct them if necessary.
1. I´ve seen that film but I didn´t like it much. _____________________________________________

correct
2. Karla has left college two years ago. Karla_____________________________________________
left college two years ago
3. Susan’s enjoyed herself at the party last night. _____________________________________________
Susan enjoyed herself at the party last night.
4. Has she ever been to Guayaquil? correct
_____________________________________________
5. I´ve had bacon for breakfast at 7:30am. _____________________________________________
I had bacon for breakfast at 7:30 am
6. She have worked here for a year and a half. _____________________________________________
She worked here for a yeaar and a half
7. My parents have lived in Babahoyo for they´ve been children._____________________________
My parents has lived in Babahoyo
for they´ve been children.
6. Complete the sentences with a verb from the box. Use present perfect or past simple.
Be- finish- stopwatch- not smoke- enjoy- win- live
1. She hasn´t............... smoking two months ago.

2. She ............... for two months.
hasn´t
smoked
3. Have
......... youstopwatched
ever ..........
been to Florence?
Have
4. ......... you ........... that TV show last night?
have
5. They still live in that town. They ...............
lived
there for ages.
6. A friend of mine ............... the lottery three years ago.
has won
7. When did ........... you ...........

finish your homework?
have
8. They ............... themselves at the party last summer.
enjoyed
7. Complete the sentences with present perfect or simple past.
a. were
Where _______________________ (be) you yesterday evening?.
b. Raul _______________________ (not /see) the Eiffel tower.
hasn´t seen
c. They ________________(lose)
lost their keys yesterday.
d. He ________ just________(go)
has gone to live in Ecuador.
E. LISTENING – How to improve your memory
8. Listen twice and then choose the four true sentences. Underline the answers.
1. We all use memory in the same way.
2. We learn to use our memory as soon as we are born.
3. There are two different forms of memorization.
4. We are taught how to improve our memory in history lessons.
5. Writing shopping lists can improve your memory.
6. Teaching helps us to memorize.
7. We can train our brains to be more effective.
8. We can only use one image at a time as an aid to memorization.
Retrieved from: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/upper-intermediate-b2-

listening/how-improve-your-memory
22
F. WRITING: My career….
9. Imagine you recently have finished your university career. Then, you need to comment
Why have you decided to study that career? Have someone inspired you to choose that
career? What did you enjoy the most? What did you not like?. Minimum 120 words, you
need to use present perfect and past simple.
@ … I have studied accounting and auditing at the technical

university of babahoyo. I decided to study this degree cause
I have liked numbers. When I was a teenager, my accounting
teacher inspired me a lot to continue studying what I like
without anyone stopping me. What I enjoyed the most was
being able to do an internship in a well-known company
and I met several humble people.
G. SPEAKING – My experiences
10. Answer the following questions and then record explain them in a video of 2 minutes.
Share it on the Moodle platform. You need to use present perfect and simple past.
Have you traveled

around Ecuador?
Which places?
Have you ever dreamed of

If I have traveled to Cuenca, living in a different city of
I got to know the beautiful Ecuador? Where?
spas. I went twice to If I have dreamed of living in Quito, the customs there
Ambato. He also are very different, the people are very friendly. I have
thought that if I live there I have changed to a better life.
visited several beaches
such as Salinas, Have you ever visited
Puerto López, a different city in
Montañita, Villamil and Ecuador? Which one?
Ayangue. Would you like to live
in another country?
Yes, I have visited Cuena, Ambato,
Manabi and Santa Elena
23
Lesson 1D My life in the past…
Time expressions Simple Past
A. Warm Up – Mandela’s Biography

1. Read the text about Mandela’s biography. Then answer the following questions?
NELSON MANDELA’S BIOGRAPHY
Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918, in Mvezo, Transkei, South Africa. Becoming
actively involved in the anti-apartheid movement in his 20’s, Mandela joined the African
National Congress in 1942. For 20 years, he directed a campaign of peaceful, nonviolent
defiance against the South African government and its racist policies.
In 1993, Mandela and South African President F.W. de Klerk were jointly awarded the Nobel
Peace Prize for their efforts to dismantle the country's apartheid system. In 1994, Mandela
was inaugurated as South Africa's first black president. In 2009, Mandela's birthday (July
18) was declared "Mandela Day" to promote global peace and celebrate the South African
leader's legacy. Mandela died at his home in Johannesburg on December 5, 2013, at age 95.
Are those statements True or False?

1. Mandela became an activist when he was. ☐True ☐False
2. He was politically active in the 1940s. ☐True ☐False
3. He fought against racism for two decades. ☐True ☐False
4. He won the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize alone. ☐True ☐False
5. In the 1990s, Mandela became president of South Africa. ☐True ☐False
6. “Mandela Day” was declared after he died. ☐True ☐False
24
B. VOCABULARY – When was the last time you….?
went on a date cleaned your room went shopping has a party

bought a CD got a present
1._______________________
went shopping 2. ________________________
got a present 3. __________________________
bought a CD
4. _________________________
went on a date 5. _________________________
has a party 6. ___________________________
cleaned your room
C. SPEAKING – When was the last time……?

3. Choose three questions from the vocabulary above. First read the questions and then
answer them using full sentences with past time expressions. Don’t forget to give details
about that time.
Look at the example:
When was the last time you went shopping?
I went shopping three months ago. I bought a pair of shoes.
When was the last time you went on a date?
I went on a date last month. I went out with Sandra.
25
D. GRAMMAR – Past Simple Time Expressions
In English, we use the simple past to talk about when things happened. There are
a number of words and phrases that are often used to show when an action or
situation happened in the past. We call them time adverbials.
Here are some of the most common ones:
Ago
We use time reference + ago to show how far back in the past something
happened. For example: The movie ended eight minutes ago.
Last
We use last + time reference to mean the most recent or nearest to the present
day time. For example: I saw a game on TV last night.
Yesterday
We use yesterday or yesterday + morning / afternoon / evening to talk about
the day before today. For example: Karla wore a suit to work yesterday.
In/On/At
We also use the prepositions in, on and at to say when something happened.
§ We use in with years, decades, and centuries. For example:
Nelson Mandela died in 2013.
§ We use on with specific dates. For example:
Martin Luther king was born on January 15
§ We use at with times. For example:
We had breakfast at 9:00 a.m.
26
PRACTICE
3. Change the statement to a simple past using the expression(s) in parenthesis. Add
information if necessary.
Example: I get up late. (On)

I got up late on Sunday morning
1. I have to cook the diner. (yesterday)
_______________________________________________________________________________
I had to cook the dinner yesterday.
2. Halloween is too scary for me (last)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Last halloween is too scared for me.
3. They make a lot of money. (ago)
_______________________________________________________________________________
They made a lot of money two years ago.
4. Susan go out to a concert. (on)
_______________________________________________________________________________
Susan went out on a concert
5. We went for a walk with the dogs. (in)
_______________________________________________________________________________
We went for in a walk with the dogs.
6. They arrive two o’clock in the afternoon. (at)
_______________________________________________________________________________
They arrived at two oćlock in the afternoon.
7. I leave college to work with my father. (ago)
_______________________________________________________________________________
I left college ago to work with my father
8. I take my car to the garage. (yesterday)
_______________________________________________________________________________
I took my car to the garage yesterday.
5. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the simple past of the verb in brackets
and add the right time expression. Ago / last / yesterday
The plane…………………………
landed ago
(land) two hours …………...
Melissa ………………………
left (leave) the hospital ………………...
yesterday afternoon.
……………Christmas
Last I ……………
got (get) a lot of presents.
met last
My girlfriend and I …………………………(meet)……………………. summer.
………………evening
Yesterday called (call) me for help.
Johnny …………….
6. Choose the correct alternative.
• We get up early yesterday morning/We got up early yesterday morning.

• Michael last arrived in Ecuador in January/ Michael arrived in Ecuador last
January.
• My daughter was born at May 19/My daughter was born on May 19.
• I take that photo many years ago/ I took that photo many years ago.
• My parents travel to japan last night/My parents traveled to Japan last
night.
27
7. Choose the correct time expression and complete the sentences in simple past.
YESTERDAY - AGO - LAST - ON - AT
F. My school graduation was ___________________

on April 26, 2019.
G. I played soccer the day before ___________________.
yesterday
H. We talked about the party ____________________
at lunchtime.
I. My sister bought her dog at the pet store two days __________________.
ago
J. _______________
Last night I went to the movies but the cinema was closed.
F. WRITING
8. Answer the following questions using complete sentences in the simple past tense
giving extra information about it. Include past time expressions.
@ When was the last time you watched a soccer match?

______________________________________________________________
I watched a soccer match yesterday.
@ When was the last time you studied until late at night?
______________________________________________________________
I studied until late at night on Monday.
@ When was the last time you talked to an old friend?

______________________________________________________________
I talked to an old friend last week.
@ When was the last time you went to a good restaurant?
______________________________________________________________
I went to a good restaurant two weeks ago with my friends.
@ When was the last time you wrote a letter?

______________________________________________________________
The last time I wrote a letter was some years ago.
@ When was the last time you went swimming?
______________________________________________________________
The last time I went swimming three weeks ago
@ When was the last time you saw an interesting movie?

______________________________________________________________
The last time that I saw an interesting movie was yesterday.
@ When was the last time you played a sport?

______________________________________________________________
The last time that I played in 2019.
28
Lesson 1E We’ve gotten along well since…
Time expressions Present Past
A. Warm Up – My blog…
8. How would you feel if you moved to another country? Read Susan’s Blog. Then,
answer the following questions.
Well, I’ve been here in Seattle for exactly three

months. It’s hard to believe because so much
has happened. I was pretty nervous before we
left the U.K. but it’s been fine since my first
day. I think I’m lucky – I made friends with a
girl at school named Polly. We take a lot of the
same classes and we’ve gotten along really
well since we met. It feels as if I’ve known her
for years! She’s introduced me to other people,
too, and that makes a big difference.
Last week four of us decided to go to the Pike
PlaceMarket – there are lots of cool shops and
stands there.
Then we took a tour on a Duck – it’s a bus and
a boat! It’s great here, but there’s one thing I
really miss. I haven’t heard any football news
for a long time. Can you do me a favor and tell me the standings? OK, I have to stop and
do my science homework. My books have been in my bag since Friday and I’ve done
nothing for my test tomorrow.
1. How long has she been in Seattle?

___________________________________
She has been in Seattle for exactly.
2. Has she had trouble to make friends?
___________________________________
She didn´t have trouble to make friends.
3. Which places has she visited?
___________________________________
She has visited the pike place market and she took a tour on a duck.
4. What has she missed the most?
___________________________________
She hasn´t heard any football news.
5. Why has she written the Blog?
___________________________________
She has written the blog because she felt very nervous
before she letf the U.K.
29
B. VOCABULARY – Collocations with make and do
2. Complete the phrases with make or do. Then find some expressions with make or do
in Susan’s blog.
“Make is typically used when we talk about creating something”

“Do is generally used for activities”
1._______________
DO an appointment 10.____________
MAKE a meal
2. ______________
DO your best 11.____________
MAKE a mess
3. ______________
MAKE a cup of coffee 12.____________
DO a mistake
4. ______________
MAKE a decision 13.____________
MAKE a noise
5. ______________
MAKE a difference 14.____________
DO nothing
6. ______________
DO some exercise 15.____________
DO some shopping
7.______________
DO friends (with) 16.____________
DO some work
8._______________
DO your homework 17.____________
DO someone a favor
9._______________
MAKE The house work 18.____________
MAKE money
C. SPEAKING – Talk about you

3. Complete the sentences with your own ideas using present perfect and time expressions.
Then share your answers with the class.
I’ve been a U2 fan since I was a teenager
1.(food) I haven’t eaten ________

fried chickensince_______
YESTERDAY
2.(a favorite possession) I’ve had_________

my cellphone for________
two years
3.(a pop star/band) I’ve been a fan of ________ February

Rome Santosince________
Elizabeth seven years

4.(a friend) I’ve known_________for___________
Yuri 2021
5.(family member) I haven’t seen _______since________
30
D. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect Time Expressions
We use the present perfect to indicate a link between the present and the past
but the time in the past is not specified about when things happened. The present
perfect can be used with non-concrete expressions of time.
We use since to indicate a specific

moment in time. For example:
Since
Steve has lived here since last summer
We use for to indicate the duration or

extension of the action. For example:
For
He has lived for 7 years
Yet We use yet in questions or in negative

phrases. Your position is at the end of
the sentence. For example:
He hasn’t done his homework yet.
Still We use still to talk about an actions

that continues. For example:
She still hasn’t arrive
We use already in affirmative

sentences and in questions with the
Already sole purpose of emphasizing.
For example: He has already finished
his homework
Never means never before now. For

example: I have never visited Berlin
Never
We use ever in questions to know if
Ever something has ever happened. For
example: Have you ever been abroad?
31
PRACTICE
4. Read the situations. Then write two sentences with the present perfect form, using for
and since.
Example:
1 I bought these shoes in November.
It’s February now. (have)
I’ve had these shoes for three months.

I’ve had them since November.
2 The last time he saw John was ten o’clock.

It’s twelve o’clock now. (not see)
____________________________________________________________________________
The last time he has seen Jonh was ten
oćlok. He seen John was ten oćlock.
3 We arrived here two days ago, on Monday. (be) We have been here two days ago, on Monday.
4 They moved to their apartment last summer, about a year ago. (live)
____________________________________________________________________________
they have lived to their apartment last summer, about a years ago.
5 She met Jack at the beginning of December.

It’s the end of May now. (know)
____________________________________________________________________________
She has met Jack at the beginning odf December, it´s the end of May now,
she has known Jack at the beginning of December. It´s the end of May Now.
5. Match the time expressions with the correct sentences. Write the right letter in
parentheses.
a)already 1.He has lived in England(____)2011.

D
b)yet 2.Raul has(____)been

E to Madrid.
c)for 3.They have(____)seen

A the film.
d)since 4.I haven’t done my homework(____).

B
e)still 5.She(____)hasn’t
F read the book.
f)never 6.I have worked here(____)

C 2 years.
6. Choose the correct alternative. For or Since
for a century since last week

since we were children for this morning
for five minutes since ten o’clock
since a month since I met you
32
7. Rewrite the sentences using present perfect and the time expressions in parentheses.
a. He went to live in England in 2011. (since)

He has lived in England since 2011
b. I ate before I left the house. (already)
__________________________________________________
I have already left the house
c. They started to work in the factory last year. (since)
___________________________________________________
They have worked in the factory since last year.
d. We spoke to the teacher yesterday. (already)
___________________________________________________
We already have spoken to the teacher.
e. They didn’t eat suchi. (never)
___________________________________________________
They never have eaten sushi.
G. LISTENING
8. Watch the video and answer the following questions using complete sentences in the
present perfect form.
@ What are they doing in this video?

______________________________________________________________
They are in TV show and playing never ever have I.
@ What has the girl never done?

______________________________________________________________
She has never stolen anything.
@ What events have all of them done? Mention three
______________________________________________________________
They have used someone else´s toothbrush. They have seen a ghost.
They have sexted.
@ Mention four things that ‘Spider man” the actor has done?
______________________________________________________________
He has stolen anything, He has benn to a nude beach, He has had a one
night stand.
Retrieved from https://youtu.be/U8Gv83xiFP8
33
UNIT 2 IN PROGRESS
Use the present perfect continuous to know what people have been doing lately
Lesson 2A I have been working so hard!!

Present Perfect Continuous – Affirmative form
A. WARM-UP - What Have You Been Doing?
1. Watch the following YouTube video, then answer the following questions.
Why What has Robert

has he been doing?
been so
tense?
How long has Paul

Has he been
been calling the
improving?
mechanic?
Name 3
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AKzqRMA_1lo
B. VOCABULARY
2. Do you know these modern art materials? Match the words with the pictures.
a. cardboard - b. concrete - c. ice - d. plastic - e. rubber - f. wood
B F A
D E C
35
C. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect Continuous
Time
The Present Perfect continuous is used for:
expressions
® Recent past activities: To talk about an activity that started in the
FOR + a period
past
of time
has recently finished. The time when it finished is not important
for six years,
but we can see the result in the present.
for a week, for
Example:
a month
§ I’m tired. I have been correcting exams.
SINCE + a
® To talk about an activity that started in the past and is continuing point in time
now. Since this
Example: morning, since
§ I’ve been trying to sleep for half an hour. last week, since
yesterday since
® Repeated continuing events: We use the present perfect I was a child
continuous to
talk about repeated activities that started at a particular time in
the
past and are still continuing up until now.
Example:
§ Aaron has been repairing cars since he was sixteen years old.
been
studying
he, She, it, has
been
Affirmative swimming
we, I, you, they have
been
writing
PRACTICE
3. Select the correct option using the present perfect continuous.
1. He’s waiting for Amy. He arrived 40 minutes ago.
a. He’s been waiting for 40 minutes.
b. He waits for 40 minutes.
c. He’s waited for Amy for 40 minutes.
2. Sophie is planning to buy souvenirs. It’s on her list of things to do.
a. Sophie’s already bought souvenirs.
b. Sophie hasn’t bought souvenirs already.
c. Sophie hasn’t been buying souvenirs yet.
3. Sophie wanted to visit the Burj Al Arab hotel. She went there two days ago.
a. Sophie hasn’t been to the Burj Al Arab hotel yet.
b. Sophie has already been to the Burj Al Arab hotel.
c. Sophie has just been to the Burj Al Arab hotel.
36
4. I don’t know what octopus tastes like!
a. I haven’t been trying octopus.
b. I’ve already tried octopus.
c. I’ve never tried octopus.
5. Ollie took his cake out of the oven a moment ago.
a. Ollie has been making a cake.
b. Ollie has just made a cake.
c. Ollie hasn’t made a cake yet.
4. Read about the situation and re-write the sentences using present perfect continuous.
Also, include for and since.
a. I am working at this university. I was hired 8 years ago.

b. My sister is studying now. She started studying 3 hours ago.
c. My dad smokes. He started smoking when he was 17 years old.
d. My sister works in a bank. She got her bank job last January.
e. We are traveling to Baños. We started our trip 3 hours ago.
___________________________________________________________________________________
I have been working at this universityfor 8 years ago.
___________________________________________________________________________________
My sister has been studying for 3 hours ago.
___________________________________________________________________________________
My dad has been smorking since 17 years old.
___________________________________________________________________________________
My sister has been working since last January.
___________________________________________________________________________________
We have been traveling to Baños for 3 hours..
5. Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect progressive).
A. He (work) has been working in this company since 1985.

B. I (wait) _______________________________
have been waiting for you since two o'clock.
C. Mary (live) _______________________________
has living in Germany since 1992.
D. Why is he so tired? He (play) _______________________________
has been playing tennis for five hours.
E. How long (learn / you) _______________________________
have you been learning English?
6. Make present perfect continuous sentences with the verbs in the box.
1) has / She / been / hard / working / for / here / years / five

___________________________________________________________________
She has been working hard here for five years.
2) I / been / have / English / studying / all day
___________________________________________________________________
I have been studying English all day.
3) eating / You / have / recently /been /a lot
___________________________________________________________________
You recently have been eating a lot.
4) been / We / London / have / living / for/ in / months / six
___________________________________________________________________
We have living in Llondon for six months.
37
E. READING – Modern art…
7. Read the four paragraphs about famous modern artists. Match them with their
work in photos a-d .
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 1
A
D
B C
38
8. Read the text then, answer the questions.
a) How long has Andy Goldsworthy been creating sculptures from
natural materials?
_________________________________________
He has been creating sculptures from natural material since his days as an art student.
b) How long has Rachel Whiteread been making sculptures of
everyday items?
_________________________________________
Rachel has been making sculptures of everday items since the late 1989s.
c) What other materials does Wbiteread use?
_________________________________________
She uses white plastic boxes, cast from 10 different cardboard like plaster, rubber and Styrofoam.
d) What’s Tracey Emin Roman Standard bird made of?
_________________________________________
It made of a bronze sculpture of a bird on topof a four-meter high pole.
e) What’s unusual about Chris Ofili’s work?
Chris_________________________________________
Ofili´s also stands his paontings on elephant.
D. LISTENING –
Comfort Food
9. This is the dialogue between Katie and Gilda. Then, select the correct option.
T
1) Gila's comfort food is spaghetti Bolognese (_____)
TF
2) English breakfast is the healthiest (_____)
3) Lately, Katie has been eating lots of pizza (_____)

T
4) Pizza is not pizza without cheese (_____)
F
5) Her grandmother is from Venezuela (_____)
F
Retrieved from: https://elllo.org/english/1401/1423-KatieWilda-ComfortFood.htm
F. WRITING – Celebrity...
10. Do you know much about your favorite artist? Write an article about
a celebrity. Imagine you have interviewed your favorite celebrity. Use
the present perfect continuous and any other tense you consider
appropriate. Minimum 120 words.
For example:
“The famous actor Jenifer Lopez has been working hard recently. She
has been making a movie for six months, and she’s been rehearsing a new play since last
week”
For the past few years@ Lady
… Gaga has been traveling all over the world. She has
been on various music tours which have been going very well for the past few years.
She has been receiving several awards for being the best singer in Latin America.
She has been helping various foundations for orphaned children who have no family.
She has been visiting these foundations several times to see that everything is going
39
well and to be able to have fun with the children. Her life hasn't been going very
well to think of all that she's still the same.
G. Speaking – Celebrity interview…
11. Create a role play an interview between a reporter and a celebrity. At each stage of the
interview the reporter asks follow up questions using the present perfect continuous and
writes down the celebrity’s answer. Imagine you are the Celebrity.
40
Lesson 2B Studying abroad
Present Perfect Continuous – Negative and Question Form
A. WARM-UP – Study in Korea

1. Listen to Nada’s experience in Korea. Then, mentioned two aspects that call
your attention the most. What do you think about studying abroad? Share with
the class 2 pros and cons.
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8du24-JXXsk
B. VOCABULARY
2. What do you know about being an international student?
Here are some words you can use. Try to match the words with the pictures.
Exchange student – rucksack – living abroad – homesick – new culture – host family
rucksack host family new culture
living abroard exchange student homesick
41
C. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect Continuous
® This is the structure of the negative and interrogative form of the present perfect
continuous:
I haven’t
he, She, it, hasn’t has been working been playing.
Negative I, we, you, not haven´t been swimming They have
they have not been writing been doing
homework.
he, she , been telling her Have you been

Interrogative
has have it, We, you, the lesson? been playing the
Simple
I, they flying to London? whole day?
When, where, (he, she, it) been working?

has have
Wh. Questions how long (I, you, we, they) been playing?
How Long:
® It is used to ask and answer questions about the duration of an activity.
• How long have you been waiting for me?
PRACTICE
3. Find out if the following sentences are right or wrong. Correct them if necessary.
1. Robert have been waited for Carlos since 7h00 am._____________________________________

2. How long you have been driving?_________________________________________________________
correct
1. Have you ever been to Thailand? .......................................................................................................
3. 2.The
I´ve had sausages for lunch at half past one.20
little dogs have been crying for minutes._________________________________________
correct
......................................................................................
3. She´s enjoyed herself at the party last night. She enjoyed herself at the party last night.
......................................................................................
4. Karla is unemployed. She haven’t working correct for 3 months._______________________________
4. I´ve read that book but I didn´t like it much. .........................................................................................
5. 5.How
Tom long
has lefthave
school they beenago.
one year living Tom in this city?_____________________________________________
left school one year ago.
......................................................................................................
6. My cousins have lived in Dublin since they´ve been children. ............................................................
6. My uncle has been talking for hours. I am so tired.______________________________________
My cousins have been lived in Dublin since they´ve childen.
correct
7. We have worked here for a year and a half. .......................................................................................
7. 8.Has
My you been
parents livedwatching
in Britain forTV recently?_____________________________________________________
a couple of years. ................................................................................
correct
James made a cake yesterday.
9. James has made a cake yesterday. ....................................................................................................
8. Delia has been teaching English for 30 years.___________________________________________
10. I´ve washed the car. It looks great now. ............................................................................................
correct
9. It has been raining approximately 2 hours?_____________________________________________
10. The boys haven’t been working well.____________________________________________________
4. Put in the verbs in brackets using question form. Use Present Perfect Continuous.
1. How long has ________________

Mary been waitingfor him? (Mary/to wait)
2. ________________ her book? ( Luisa/ to read)
Has Luisa been reading
3. How long have ________________ this motorcycle? (they /to drive)

they been driving
4. ________________ in Babahoyo since he was a kid? (Junior / to live)

Has Junior been living
5. Has
________________
he been staying in the stadium all day? (he /stay)
6. How long ________________

have they been for a house? (they/ to look)
looking
42
5. Put the words in order. Make sentences using present perfect continuous in negative.
A. I / not / work / feel / have /today / , / I / sick / been

________________________________________________________
I haven´t been working today, I feel sick.
B. fruits / recently / you / been / haven’t / eat

________________________________________________________
You haven´t been eating fruits recently.
C. I / fat / we / have / not / enough /am /, / been /exercise
________________________________________________________
I am fat, we haven´t been exercising enough.
D. for / the / she / test / not / has /study / been
________________________________________________________
She hasn´t been studying for the test
E. here / they / for / time / a long / been / live / have
________________________________________________________
The haven´t been living here for a long time.
6. Write 5 sentences using lesson 2B vocabulary. Use Present Perfect Continuous.
A. He ____________________________________________________.
hasn´t been being a exchange student (not/ exchange student)
B. The students haven´t
_________________________________________.(
been being in a host family host family)
C. She ____________________________________________________.(not/rucksack)
hasn´t been traveling rucksack
D. He _____________________________________________________.
hasn´t been feeling homesick (homesick)
E. I ________________________________________________________.
haven´t been living abroad (Living abroad)
D. READING – WILLIAM BOYS, SCOTLAND

7. Read the following article, then, answer the questions below.
WILLIAN BOYS, SCOTLAND
I’ve been staying in Grenada, an island in the Caribbean, for three weeks and I am having a
brilliant time! There are nine volunteers in our group and everyone’s very kind and helpful.
We’re staying at a campsite by the beach and I share a tent with two other volunteers.
At first, I had a lot of difficulties getting to sleep and I missed the comfort of my own bed, but
I’m sleeping ok now and I love living in such a natural environment. We take turns preparing
meals for the group, which is the worst part of the holiday for me because I hate cooking. We
have one day off a week, Which I spend diving around the coral reefs near here. But of course,
the main reason we’re here is to protect the turtles from other animals and people who want
to steal their eggs.
We also check each turtle‘s health and measure how big they are. Turtles have been living
on our planet for 230 million years-they are even older than the dinosaurs- but now they are
in danger of becoming extinct. You have to be very patient, but it’s incredible to watch a
turtle walk out of the sea and lay her eggs on the beach. That’s definitely been the most
amazing part of the holiday for me. I’m not surprised voluntourism is increasing in
popularity and I’d definitely recommend coming to Grenada. When people ask me if I am
losing my time in volunteering, I tell them, I have not been losing my time at all, this is the
best experience in my life.
Retrieved from: https://ngl.cengage.com/assets/downloads/grcontext_pro0000000013/in_context_2_su.pdf
43
Read again and identify, what has he been doing?. Write 4 sentences using the
present perfect continuous. For example: “He has been staying in Grenada.”
1._________________________________________________________________
He has been checking the health of each turtle.
2._________________________________________________________________
He has been having a lot of difficulties get to sleep.
3._________________________________________________________________
He has been staying at a campsite by tha beach.
4._________________________________________________________________
He has diving around the coral reefs nearby.
E. LISTENING – How is Dubai?

8. Listen to the conversation and choose the right option
1. Where is Daisy`s mom working right 4. How many awards has Daisy`s mom won?
now? A. none B. one C. two
A. Italy B. China C. Dubai 5. What skills has Oliver been learning?
2. What has Daisy`s mom been writing A. drawing B. painting C. Cooking
about there? 6. What is Burj Khalifa ?
A. tourism B. religion C. architecture A. Building B. Port C. City
3. What subject is Amy`s assignment? 7. Has she bought souvenirs for her family?
A. Hotel management A. Yes, she has.
B. Chinese translation B. No, she hasn´t
C. Building designing C. No
Retrieved from: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/intermediate-grammar/present-
perfect-simple-continuous
F. WRITING – Forum time!
9. You have to participate in the forum in Moodle. Imagine you are an exchange student
and you have been living abroad for 2 years. Write a text explaining what have you
been doing in your trip? and try to use Present perfect continuous. (And other tenses
you think are important). Minimum 100 words.
I have been studying in New … I chose this country because I really like its culture,
@ Youk.
the people there are very friendly and it is a beautiful country.
First of all, I have been learning several languages like German,
English and Portuguese. The teachers have been helping me with my studies until I
deepen the language well.I have been meeting very wonderful people who have been helping
me to deepen the language well and have been helping me to get to know the best places in
New York. I have been making several friends who have been super responsible people in their
studies.I have been working on my days off so I can move on and be an independent person.
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8du24-JXXsk
44
Lesson 2C All day, all night
Time expressions for Present Perfect Continuous
A. WARM-UP – The most anticipated movie ever!
1. Read the dialogue below. Where do you think Rose and Jimmy are sitting and waiting
for the Avengers movie?
Sarah Hi Guys, why are you sitting there?

Rose We are waiting to buy the tickets for the premiere of avengers.
Jimmy You know! That movie of marvel superheroes
Sarah How long have you been waiting?
Rose We have been waiting for 2 hours.
Jimmy Mmm I think more. We have been here since 9h00 am.
Let me see the time. It is 3h00!
Sarah
Wow!! You have been waiting for 6 hours.
But we haven’t been sitting here at all.
Rose
We have been taking turns.
Jimmy Also, we have been talking about the movie with other fans.
Sarah Is that movie really worth all these troubles?
Jimmy Have you ever seen a Marvel movie?
Sarah No, I haven’t. I don’t like them. I think they are so far---fetched.
Rose Well, I really like them. I think they are so gripping.
Jimmy And that`s the reason we have been looking for those tickets
for ages.
Rose Oh look! They are opening the box office.
Retrieved from: https://es.scribd.com/document/464488938/4D-editado
B. VOCABULARY- Suffixes for adjectives and nouns.
2. We sometimes make adjectives from nouns, and nouns from adjectives, by adding ( -
ness, -ous, etc.). Look at the word in the reading in Lesson b, and complete the table
using the given suffixes.
ADJECTIVE NOUN SUFFIX

Kind kindness -ness
Popular popularity -ity
Important importance -ce
NOUN ADJECTIVE SUFFIX

Danger dangerous -ous
Comfort confortable -able
Nature natural -al
Difficult difficulty -y
45
C. LISTENING – The Effects of Stress
3. Listen to the essay and then choose the correct option. True (T) or false (F).
1. Stress is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life.(____)
T
2. The heart is the only physical effect caused by stress. (_____)

F
3. People with stress may feel tired all the time. (_____)
T
4. Long term stress can lead to. Variety serious mental illnesses. (_____)
T
5. Alcoholism and other addictions don’t develop due to stress. (_____)

F
Retrieved from: https://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/courses/elc/studyzone/490/reading/stress3-reading.htm
D. GRAMMAR – Time Expressions for Present Perfect Continuous

® We can use time expression like:
• All day, all night, all morning, all day long:

Example: Vera need a break because she has been solving math exercises
all morning
• All week
Example: They have been running the whole park all week
• For / Since
Example: We have been working together for a long time.
• How Long (for questions)
PRACTICE.
4. Which of the following statements are correct. Right ( r ) Wrong ( w )
since We bought this house. R

for 1998. W
for Last week. W
since A long time W
since Early morning. R
for Twenty---four hours. R
since We were at school. R
46
5. Answer the following questions with your own ideas.
1. Where have you been working all day?__________________________________________
I have been working at the school.
2. Why have you been doing exercise?_____________________________________________
Because I haven´t been living a live unhealthy.
3. What have you been eating these days?_________________________________________
I have been eating vegetables.
I have beeen talking all day with my som.
4. Who have you been talking all day?_____________________________________________
5. How long have you been cooking?_______________________________________________
I have been cooking for 2 hours.
6. Transform the following sentences into questions. Add questions words.

a. She has been reading for the last 2 hours.
_________________________________________________________________?
Has she been reading for the last 2 hours
b. He has been sitting under the desk since the last hour.
_________________________________________________________________?
Has been sitting under the desk since the last hour
c. He has been talking on the phone since he got here.
_________________________________________________________________?
Has he been talking on the phone since he got here
d. They have been taking the wrong medication for years.
_________________________________________________________________?
How long have you taken the correct medication
e. Joe has been working here since 1987.
_________________________________________________________________?
how long have you been working
7. Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences.

a. Carlos have been working in that company for he was twenty.________________________________
Carlos has been working in that company for he was
twenty.
b. They’ve been played tennis since the morning._________________________________________________
They´ve been playing tennis since the morning
c. She’ve been studying French for five years.______________________________________________________
She´s been studying French for five years.
d. Jazmin has been met Ruth for six months._______________________________________________________
Jazmin has been metting Ruth for six months.
E. SPEAKING – I have been planning on…. since….
8. Pairs. Think about a something you have been planning since you were a child. Then,
explain this situation to your partner in a video of 3 minutes. In the video, you must
inform what have you been planning? How long have you been planning? What have
you been doing to achieve your plan?
F. WRITING – My routines
9. Write about the main routines you have been repeating during all of your life.
(Include the use of Present perfect, present perfect continuous, and the time
expressions that applied). Upload it to Moodle. Explain minimum of 10 routines.
I have been waking up early @ in…the morning. I have made my bed before getting up.
I have cleaned my room with my sister before going to work. I have been eating breakfast at
work ever since I've been there. I have worked since I was a child. I have played soccer every
Monday night. I have studied a lot for the English exams. I have been singing in all the
university festivals since 2019. I have been late for dance classes. I have been playing
47
the piano.
Lesson 2D An extraordinary job!
Present Perfect vs Perfect Continuous
C. WARM-UP – Actors and their stunt doubles

1. Watch the video until minute 3:15. Then discuss with the class: Have you ever wanted
to be in a movie or on TV? One way is to become an “extra” What do you think life is like
as an extra?
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S80goXH-P0I

D. VOCABULARY
2. What do you know about movie making?
Here are some words you can use. Try to match the words with the correct meaning.
Write the correct letter in each meaning.
a.Commercial b.Agency c.Double d.Feature film e.On location f.On screen g.On set h.Take
H Section of a movie that is recorded without stopping

F In a movie or on TV
C Act in the lace of another actor in a movie
B Business that helps people find work
E Where a movie is shot, often in a studio
A Advertisement on film
G Where a movie is shot, but not in a studio
D Full length movie
48
D. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect vs Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

Unfinished actions that started in the Unfinished actions that started in the past
past and continue to the present: and are still true in the present:
I've known Julie for ten years (and I She has been living here for ten 10 years
still know her).
The present perfect simple is generally The present perfect continuous can be
neutral: used to emphasize the length of time
They've waited for hours. (This that has passed:
doesn't emphasize the length of They've been waiting for hours! (This
time). emphasizes the length of time)
The present perfect simple is often This isn't possible with the present perfect
used when we're talking about continuous:
how much or how many: (NOT: She’s been drinking three cups of
She's drunk three cups of coffee this coffee this morning)
morning.
the present perfect simple focuses on The present perfect continuous often
the fact that the action is focuses on the action itself:
completed: I've been reading the book you
I've read the book you recommended. recommended. (I'm enjoying it, but I'm
(I've finished it, so we can talk not finished).
about it).
Common adverbs in the present Common adverbs in the present perfect
perfect: before, already, yet, for, continuous: for, since, all day, all night,
since, recently, still, time all morning, all week, how long.
Retrieved from: https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-perfect-simple-or-
present-perfect-continuous.html
PRACTICE
3. Complete the following reading. Use the present perfect or present perfect continuous
tense of the verbs in parenthesis.
have been
making
Erick Willer a 34 years old ex teacher _____________(make) a successful career
has appeared
as an extra and_______ (appear) in more than 30 feature films andbeTV shows.
have been working have never
“I_______(work) as an extra for over five years now, and I_______(never be) bored.
have been doing
For the last two days, I_________(do) a commercial for a bank that finishes tomorrow.
just have changed
After that, I don’t know something will turn up. I_______(just change) my agency, and
has been working have showed
the new agency____________(work) really hard to find me jobs. They ________(show)
have having
my picture to lots of directions and, as a result, I__________(have) plenty of offers.
So you can see that I haven´t
_________(not
sat
sit) around at home watching daytime TV even
if I am in some of the programs!”
49
4. Read again exercise 3 and answer true (T) or false (F) the following statements.
a. Erick Willer wanted to be a extra (_______)

T
b. He has been working as a teacher for 5 years (_______)

F
c. He has never been bored as a teacher (_______)

T
d. He has finished the commercial for a bank (_______)

F
e. He has just changed of agency to find new jobs (_______)

T
5. Ask questions beginning with How long...? with the present perfect continuous and
answer them using both for and since.
1. J.K. Rowling wrote her first story in 1971 at the age of six.
_________________________________________________________________?
How long has J.K Rowling been wrinting
2. George Clooney started acting in 1979.
_________________________________________________________________?
How long has George Cloonev been acting
3. Jennifer Lopez started singing in 1975when she was five.
_________________________________________________________________?
How long has Jennifer Lopez been singing
4. Ronaldinho started playing professional soccer at the age of 18 in 1998.
_________________________________________________________________?
How long has Ronaldinho has been playing professional soccer for 24 years since 1998
6. Answer the question from exercise 5 using perfect continuous with both for and since.
A. J.K. Rowling has been writing for 51 years since 1971.

B. __________________________________________________________________
George Clooney has been acting for 43 years since 1971.
C. __________________________________________________________________
Jennifer Lopez has been singing for 47 years since 1975.
D. __________________________________________________________________
Ronaldinho has been playing professional soccer for 24 years since 1998.
E. __________________________________________________________________
-----
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D. READING – An extraordinary job!

7. Read the following article, then, answer the questions below.
50
1. When do extras usually begin work?
_________________________________________________________________
They begin work a few days a month or even a year.
2. What has Anastasia been doing every morning?
_________________________________________________________________
Anastasia has been calling the agency first thing every morning
3. Who hasn’t had a job yet this year?
_________________________________________________________________
Jon hasn´t had a job this year.
4. Which was Den’s first job last year?
_________________________________________________________________
Den´s was playing in a soccer movie.
5. How much are extras paid?
_________________________________________________________________
Extras paid are $150
E. SPEAKING – I’ve always wanted…..

8. Make a list of three things you’ve always wanted to do and have done this year, and three
things you’ve been looking forward to do but haven’t done yet. Think about:
movies to see
places to visit
activities to do
food to try
things to get
people to meet
F. WRITING – Forum time!
9. You have to participate in the forum in Moodle. Write a text talking about skills that
you always wanted to learn and things that you are looking forward to do better to use
Present perfect and Present perfect continuous. Minimum 100 words.
I’ve always wanted to ……
I’ve been loking forward to……..
I have always wanted to travel around the world to learn about the different cultures
that each country has. I wanted to degree and be a great professional. I have been
waiting to be a great dancer to go out to competitions in different countries and obtain
several triumphs.
I have longed to be a movie actress and be well recognized.
I have been looking forward to being one of the best doctors in the world so
that I can save the lives of people who are in failing health.
51
Lesson 2E I have been learning….
Time expressions recently & lately
A. Warm Up – I have been learning…

1. Read about what has Laura been learning?. Then, answer the following questions.
My English is really getting better. I have been trying to learn the language since 2010,
but only recently have I been able to make some real progress. By the time I started high
school in 2013, I had studied the language for almost three years; however, I was only
able to introduce myself and utter a few memorized sentences. For a couple more years,
I struggled through grammar and vocabulary lessons, which made absolutely no
difference. Nothing worked, so I decided to study abroad.
I found an exchange program in England that sounded like the perfect answer. I stayed
with a host family for one month. It was a huge disappointment! I sat there the whole
time staring at the host mother and father hoping that there would be some
breakthrough. Nothing.
When I returned, I mentioned to a friend that I had been having problems with the
language for years. He recommended that I spend a year in an English speaking country.
I decided to go abroad again. I researched exchange programs for a couple of weeks and
finally decided on a school in the United States.
Well, it worked. I have been living and studying in the U.S. for more than two years. I am
staying here for at least another year before I return home. By then, I should be
completely fluent.
1. How long has she been trying to learn the language?

____________________________________
she has been trying to learn the language almost three years.
2. What was the most difficult to learn?
____________________________________
The most difficult to learn were grammar and vocabulary
3. Why was she disappointed about the exchange
program?
____________________________________
Because she was whole time staring at the host mother and father hoping that there would be some breakhrough
4. Where has she been living and how long?

____________________________________
She has been living in U.S for moire than two years.
5. Why has she been staying in U.S?
____________________________________
because shehas been improving her English.
52
B. VOCABULARY – What have you been learning ….?
to dance a new language to cook to play the guitar

to drive a car to paint a wall
1._______________________
to paint a wall 2. ________________________
to play the guitar 3. __________________________
to cook
4. _________________________
a new language 5. _________________________
to dance 6. ___________________________
to drive a car
C. SPEAKING – What have you been learning?

3. Record an audio talking about what have you been learning? You can use the phrases
from vocabulary. 2 minutes length. Upload it to moodle platform.
I’ve been learning to cook since I got a recipe book for my birthday last year.
53
D. GRAMMAR – Present Perfect Continuous Time Expressions
We use the present perfect continuous to show that something started in the past
and has continued up until now. For five minutes, for two weeks, and since
Tuesday are all durations which can be used with the present perfect continuous.
You can also use the present perfect continuous WITHOUT a duration such as for
two weeks. Without the duration, the tense has a more general meaning of lately.
We often use the words lately or recently to emphasize this meaning.
We use since to indicate a specific

moment in time. For example:
Since
Since Tuesday
We use for to indicate the duration or

extension of the action. For example:
For
For 7 years
Lately We use lately without a period of time.

For example:
Recently
Have you been exercising lately?
Recently, I have been feeling really
tired.
54
PRACTICE
4. Read the situation and complete the sentences. Use the verbs in brackets.
Example:
1 Tom started reading a book two hours ago. He is still reading it and now he is on page
53.
He has been reading for two hours. (read)
He has read 53 pages so far. (read)
2 Rachel is from Australia. She is travelling round Europe at the moment. She began her
trip three months ago
._______________________________________________for
She has been traveling three months. (travel)
._______________________________________________six
She has been visting countries so far. (visit)
3 Patrick is a tennis player. He began playing tennis when he was ten years old. This
year he won the national championship again – for the fourth time.
.____________________________________________
He has been winning the national championship four times. (win)
.____________________________________________
He has been playing since he was ten.(play)
4 When they left college, Lisa and Sue started making films together. They still make
films.
.____________________________________________
They have been making films since they left college. (make)
.____________________________________________ five films since they left college. (make)
They have been making
5. For each situation, ask a question using the words in brackets.
1 You have a friend who is learning Arabic. You ask:

(how long / learn / Arabic?) How long have you been learning Arabic?
2 You have just arrived to meet a friend. She is waiting for you. You ask:
You been wainting long
(wait / long?) Have__________________________________________________________?
3 You see somebody fi shing by the river. You ask:
(catch / any fish?)___________________________________________________________?
Have you been catching any fish
4 Some friends of yours are having a party next week. You ask:
(how many people / invite?)_______________________________________________?
How many people have you been invinting
5 A friend of yours is a teacher. You ask:
How long have you been teaching
(how long / teach?)_________________________________________________________?
6. Write the words in the correct order use present perfect continuous.
1.studying / hours / we / been / for/ five / have

________________________________________________________
We have been studying for five hours
2.long / you / have / how / living / been / here/ ?
________________________________________________________
How long have you been living here
3.lately / TV / have / been / much / they / too / watching
Lately, they have been watching TV to much.
_________________________________________________________________
55
7. Write the correct time expression use for or since.
1. Sarah has lived in Paris _______________1995.

since
2. Paul has lived in Brazil ____________ten
for years.
for
3. I’m tired of waiting. We’ve been sitting here ____________an hour.
4. Kevin has been looking for a job______________ he left school.
since
5. I haven’t been to a party_______________
for ages.
H. LISTENING
8. Watch the video and answer the following questions using complete sentences in the
present perfect form.
@ When was the last time that she saw him?

______________________________________________________________
The last time that she saw him was four years ago.
@ What has she been doing recently?

She has been working and trying to save money for a new car.
______________________________________________________________
@ What has he been doing these days?

______________________________________________________________
He has been doing well, he got a new job and he got engaged.
@ Why was she surprised about his engagement?

______________________________________________________________
Because she knew Rosa, she was with them in the high school.
Retrieved from https://soundgrammar.com/learn/L5-CEFR-B2/L5-09-pres-perfect-cont.htm
56
UNIT 3 MAY I GO HOME?
Students will be able to use the modals verbs in order to ask for permission /
requests and giving suggestions on certain topics related to daily life.
A. WARM-UP - Weather Forecast Reliability
1. Based on the reading, decide whether the following statements are True(T) or False(F).
T
a. A sailor didn´t invent a way to predict rainy weather. …………….
T
b. Weather forecasting was never scientifically proven. …………….
F
c. Weather forecasting is usually correct when predicting. …………….
d. Some people use their naked eyes to predict the weather. …………….
T
F
e. Never rely on everything forecasters say. …………….
2.- Answer the following question in your own words.
Do you always trust forecasters or do you trust your gut better? Why?
Today it is so normal that we take out our cell phone and see the weather
forecast. It tells us about the weather for the next few days. The meteorologists
are not so reliable because the predictions can change from one time to
another, so we must not trust the weather that tells us that we must
be forewarned.
58
B. VOCABULARY- Weather and Climate
3. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
blizzard - breeze – chilly - clear - climate – flooded - foggy - forecast –

freezing – frost – lightning – mild – rainfall - storm – sunshine - tornado
1. There was a beautiful storm last weekend. The feeling of the

sun felt so nice after such a cold winter.
2. The road was so foggy that transit police had to close down the road
because of the lack of visibility.
3. Sometimes, it may get a little chilly in the evening, so you can bring a jacket
with you.
4. The tornado hit a populated area causing a lot of damage.
5. There was a cool breeze that came from the sea.
6. When I woke up this morning, I saw that the ground was covered with
frost .
7. During the thunderstorm lightning hit the tree and it caught fire.
freezing
8. Winters in Britain can be very cold, and temperatures can drop below_____level.
9. I heard from the weather forecast that a cold front with
occasional showers will reach us by the afternoon.
10. The sky was clear and there was no wind. It was absolutely
perfect for a balloon trip.
11. Some alpine regions do not get much rainfall because they are
situated between mountains.
12. The climate in Rome is very mild. During the winter it rains a lot but
it can be really dry in the summertime.
13. It rained so heavily that the south part of the city was flooded .
14.We had a rather mild winter this year. Even January was warmer than
normal.
15.After the last few rainy days, it was great to get some sunshine for a
change.
16.A blizzard swept through the north-eastern part of the country with
extremely low temperatures and huge amounts of snow.
59
C. GRAMMAR – MAY- MIGHT (POSSIBILITY)
 We use may or might to say that something is possible happening in the

future.
 Both may and might are usually used in sentences.
Examples:
 It may be true or It might be true (=perhaps it is true)
 He may know or he might know.
 It might rain later
 We make the negative form by adding the word NOT
Full form = may not/ might not short form mightn’t
Structure
be (true) in his office.
may be (doing, working, having,
I/you/he/she/it/we/they (not)
might studying)
know, want, work, etc.
Examples: She may be working at home.

They might know the answer to your question.
Dalia may not be in her office.
 We make questions by putting the subject after may/might:
May I …? Might I …?
PRACTICE
4. Match the meanings with the example sentences.
60
1.- I see your car and I think it MAY BE broken.
a guess about the past
2.- I don't know where your gloves are. They MIGHT BE in the kitchen.
a guess about the present
3.- We're late. The play MAY HAVE STARTED already.

no permission: formal, emphatic
4.- I'm afraid you MIGHT HAVE BROKEN your arm.You need an X-ray.
a guess about the present
5.- MAY I HAVE your attention, please? giving permission: formal
6.- MIGHT I HAVE a word in private? asking for permission: formal
7.- You MAY MAKE one telephone call. a guess about the pass
8.- Boys and girls at this school MAY NOT WEAR jewelry. asking for permission: formal
5. Can you remember the sentences from the last activity? Write the correct expressions
with 'may' or 'might'. There are two or three words in each gap.
may be
1. I see your car and I think ................................................................ broken.
might be
2. I don't know where your gloves are. They................................ in the kitchen.
may have started
3. We're late. The play ..................................... already.
might have broken
4. I'm afraid you ...................................... your arm. You need an X-ray.
5.your attention, please? May I have
6.a word in private? Might I have
may make
7. You ................................................... one telephone call.
may not wear
8. Boys and girls at this school ......................................... jewellery.
6.- Complete each sentence with a verb in the correct form.
be having
1.- ‘Where’s Ben?’ ‘I’m not sure. He might ................................. lunch.’
2.- A: What are those people doing by the side of the road?
be taking
B: I don’t know. I suppose they might................................. for a bus.
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7. Read the situation and make sentences from the words in brackets. Use might.
1.- I can’t find Jeff anywhere. I wonder where he is.

he might be playing tennis
b (he / cook / dinner) …………………….
2.- I’m looking for Sophie. Do you know where she is?
a (she / study / library) …………………….
she might be watching
8. Write these sentences in a different way using might.
…………………….
1 Perhaps Helen is doing some shopping. she might be doing some
shopping.
2 Perhaps Helen is sick. she might be sick.
…………………….
…………………….
3 Perhaps she is travelling now. she might be travelling now.
…………………….
4 Perhaps she is looking for a new home. she might be looking for a new
home.
D. LISTENING – A weather forecast

https://youtu.be/sHZLdIU7wKM
9. Listen to a weather forecast and answer.

Are the sentences true or false?
F
1.- It will clear up at lunchtime today in the east coast ……
F
2.- The weather in the south will be worse than in the north-west……
T
3.- Tonight, here will not be thunder in Leeds …………..
4.- Most of England will be humid most of the week………
T
5.- Wet weather will move from the south to the north at the weekend…………..
T
T
6.- It will stay cool when the rain comes………………
62
E. WRITING AND SPEAKING
10.- Let’s become weather forecasters!
Rain, Sun, Snow!

STEP 1
• Get into groups. Brainstorm some ideas on how you can make some weather predictions
by using just your naked eyes and write some notes on the lines below:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Watch the smoke from a campfire. Air pressure determines wich direction
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
the smoke will go. At high pressure, smoke will go directy up intro yhe air.
if the pressure is low, it will spiral down around the campfire. if we see that the
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
smoke falls down, it could most might rain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
When the sun rises too early in the morning it is because the weather is
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
going to be too hot.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
That if the wind is too strong and the clouds are black, there will be a chance
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
of rain.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
STEP 2
• Come to an agreement with each other on the best way to predict the weather by
using your naked eye. You can rely on elderly people's advice.
STEP 3
• Prepare a 5-minute oral presentation with pictures, to explain the way you predict
the weather.
• Don’t forget to use all the new vocabulary you have learned so far, especially the
words related to the weather, and the modals May and Might.
63
Lesson 3B
A. WARM-UP – What’s up?

1. Watch the YouTube video. Have you ever watched this movie?
From what you saw in the short video, What is the movie about?
Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/UGtS3CL-zpo
B. VOCABULARY – Dancing
2. Read the definitions and match with the best answer
J
1.- Audience ……… A.- genre of African-American music of the 1980s and 1990s in
which rhyming lyrics are chanted to a musical accompaniment;
2.- Dance I
……… several forms of rap have emerged
H B.- a dance for two people

3.- Waltz ………
C.- a folk dance in duple time that originated in Cuba with
4.- Tango G
……… Spanish and African elements; features complex footwork and
violent movement.
F
5.- Soundtrack ……… D.- genre of American music that developed in the 20th century
E E.- a lively ballroom dance from Brazil.
6.- Samba ………
F.- sound recording on a narrow strip of a motion picture film.
7.- Jazz D
……… G.- a ballroom dance of Latin-American origin.
B H.- music composed in triple time.

8.- Pas de deux ………
I.- taking a series of rhythmical steps in time to music.
9.- Rumba C
……… J.- a gathering of spectators or listeners at a performance.
10.- Hip-Hop A
………
64
C. READING - Shall We Dance?
3. Read and answer the questions.
1.- Why do you think the author

said that “Dance is an expression of
emotion”?
Because through dance we
can express our feelings
2.- Why can dance be so

powerful?
Because we can transmit messages
effectively and powerfully.
3.- How has the meaning of dance

evolved?
There is something about the
beauty of seeing a highly trained
and skilled body moving with ease
and grace through choreography
that causes us to watch and take
note.
4.- What unusual field could
dance be used in?
Instead of political adverts
on tv during election time, a short
dance piece was shown to portray
a party’s policies
5.- From your point of view, what

other fields could dance be used as
a tool?
We can use it in the
educational field to create a
totally different dynamic.
Retrieved from:
https://www.eslprintables.com/reading_worksheets/reading_comprehension/the_importance_of_dance_413927/
65
D. GRAMMAR – Shall
 Shall is not used very much nowadays and mostly in formal speech and some legal
documents. Originally Shall was used instead of Will in first person (with I and
We) when talking about the future. Now almost everyone uses Will with all
subjects.
 Nowadays, the most common use of shall in everyday English (although not in
American English) is in questions that serve as offers or suggestions: "Shall I ...?"
or "Shall we ...?"
 The Negative of Shall

The negative of shall is shall not (= will not). The contraction of shall not is shan't
(= won't). It is very rare to hear this used nowadays though you may find it
written in older texts.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_3z0-Bj9Xk
PRACTICE
4. Look at the pictures, and make a suggestion. SHALL I ............?
Shall I turn on the lights?
Shall I watch TV?
Shall I work in the computer?
Shall I give an idea?
Shall I have a dark room?
66
5.- Read the answers, and write the questions for them using shall.
Shall you like the pizza?

1.- ..................................................................................... A.- Yes, please. I love ice cream.
Shall you draw some

2.- ..................................................................................... B.- No, paint it blue.
Shall you buy this dog?

3.- ..................................................................................... C.- Yes, It’s big enough.
Shall you wash ypu car?

4.- ..................................................................................... D.- No, thanks. I’m full.
6.- Match
1 3
2 5
3 1
4 2
5 4
7.- Choose "True" or "False" based on how the Questions with Shall are correctly used
A.- We use "shall" in the first-person singular and plural to

make requests in a more polite way True / False
B.- We cannot use shall to ask for instructions True / False
8.- Drag the words into the correct boxes to form a sentence with "shall"
Shall are we vote for political

........................................................................................................................................ ?
67
What Shall I party these vegetarias
My guests………………………………………………………………………………………………prepare for dinner ?
E. LISTENING – Dance Monkey

9. Listen to the following video and complete the song. https://youtu.be/q0hyYWKXF0Q
They say: Oh my………….., god I see the way you ……………..

shine
Take your…hands
........ , my dear, and place them both in mine
You know you stopped
............. me dead while I was passing by
dance
And now I beg to see you .............. just one more time
Ooh, I see you, see you, see you every time
And oh my, I, I, I, I like your …………..

style
You, you make me, make me, make me wanna ………… cry
And now I beg to see you dance just one more time
So they …….
say
Dance for me, dance for me, dance for me, oh, oh, oh
I've never seen anybody

…… do the things you do before
They say
move
……….for me, move for me, move for me, ay-ay-ay
And when you’re done I'll ...........
make you do it all again
I said: Oh my God, I see you ……by
walking
Take my hands, my dear, and .................

look me in my eyes
Just like amonkey
.............. , I've been dancing my whole life
And you just beg to ……… see me dance just one more ……… time
Ooh, I see you, see you, see you every time
your
And I, I, I, I like ............... style
You, you make me, make me, make me ........... wannacry
And now I beg …… to see you dance .............
just one more time
So .............
they say
me
Dance for ............. , dance for me, dance for me, oh, oh, oh
68
Lesson 3C
A. WARM-UP – What’s up?

1. Read the following situations for advice, Then Discuss with your classmates.
I have invited 20 people over for a

big dinner party, they are arriving
in 20 minutes. I was going to cook
a big roast turkey but I put the
oven temperature too high and it
burned! The dinner is ruined!
A.- Have you ever been in this situation?

B.- What did you do?
C.- What was the worst meal you ever cooked?
My best friend is always flirting with

my girlfriend. He always pays her
lots of compliments like “Wow! You
look fantastic tonight!” Also when we
go to parties he often asks her to
dance. It’s making me really angry.
A.- Have you or any of your friends ever been in this

situation?
B.- Are you a jealous person?
69
B. READING - Homework Advice
2. Read the text about each of the people talking about doing homework and then choose
the correct answer to the questions.
Toby, 13
I don't mind doing my homework, especially if I can listen to jazz rather than pop music on my
phone. When I do, I'm able to think more clearly about what I'm doing. I really enjoy doing my
homework, especially math, and I am very good at it. Or when one of my classmates comes to
my house to study with me. It's best to let my parents and sister know I will be busy, so they don't
come into my room and spend the entire evening talking to me.
Dylan, 14
I usually finish most of my homework before going to bed. And then I do a little more when I
wake up. I'll probably spend five minutes before breakfast reviewing my Spanish vocabulary. I've
always found it easy to do that. If you want to do your homework well, make sure your room is
nice and bright, as you'll fall asleep if you don't!
Sam, 14
It wasn't a big success when I started doing my homework in my room every evening. I was
always looking for something more exciting to do! But I don't have the same problem these days.
I simply go to my room in the evening, turn on the light, and settle down at my desk to work. I
enjoy music, but I find myself thinking about the song rather than my homework when I listen to
it! So I don't listen to music while I study. Before I begin, I turn my phone off or put it away
because it can distract me too.
1. Which person says that he couldn’t study while listening to music?

A Toby B Dylan C Sam
2. Which person needs to put away his phone to concentrate?
3. Which person doesn’t want his family to interrupt when he’s studying?
4. Which person says that an untidy and dark room can lead you to not finish homework?
5. Which person thinks that listening to music is ok when doing his homework?
6. Which person does some homework in the morning?
7. Which person says it's easier to do homework now than it was before?
70
C. GRAMMAR – Ought to
Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and some
ways like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but
like modal verbs, it does not change form for a person:
I ought to phone my parents.
It ought to be easy now.
Affirmative
Ought to comes first in the verb phrase (after the subject and before another verb):
We ought to do more exercise.
Ought to cannot be used with another modal verb:
Medicine ought to be free.
Negative
The negative is formed by adding ‘not’ after ought (ought not to). It can be
contracted to oughtn’t to. We don’t use don’t, doesn’t, didn’t with ought to:
We oughtn’t to have ordered so much food.

You oughtn’t to have said that about his mother.
Not: You didn’t ought to have said that about his mother.
The negative of ought to is not common. We usually use shouldn’t or should not
instead:
You shouldn’t speak to your father like that. (preferred to You oughtn’t to speak …)
Questions
The subject and ought to change position to form questions. We don’t use do, does,
did:
Ought she to call the police?
Not: Does she ought to call the police?
Ought we to be more worried about the environment?
Not: Do we ought to be more worried about the environment
D.- PRACTICE
4. Finish the sentences with OUGHT TO. Look at the example
Example: drink more water You ought to drink more water
You ought to eat breakfast everyday
Teenages ought to get 8 hours of sleep
Everyone ought to do lots exercises
You ought to wash your hands often
Dad oughtnto eat less fat

71
5.- Jim has a cold. Write 5 pieces of advice with ought to use this word bank
Jim ought to drink liquids
Jim ought to have soup
Jim ought to take aspirin
Jim ought to stay in bed
Jim ought to keep warm
E. LISTENING – Giving Advice

6. Listen to the following video about two friends, then answer the following questions.
https://youtu.be/dEMXThjVxRg
72
1.- What does Mindy ask Tony for?
She asks him for some advice.
2.- What is Mindy thinking about buying?
She is thinking about buying a new car
3.- What does Tony ask Mindy when thinking about a car?
She thinks in something reasonable and nothing too crazy
4.- Why does she want to buy a new car?
Her car is very old and it often breaks down.
5.- Does she drive very often?

She drives to work everyday and she goes shopping at the mall on the weekend.
6.- What are some of the places she usually goes to?
She goes three times a week.
7.- What kind of car does Tony recommend?
He recommends to buy a small compact car.
8.- Has Mindy ever heard of the car that Tony recommends?
No, she has never heard of them.
9.- What kind of car does Tony recommend?
He recommends to buy a small compact car .
10.- Is Mindy satisfied with Tony recommendation?
No, she has never heard of them.
F. SPEAKING – Giving Advice

7.- Discuss with your classmates.
Do you ever ask for advice? Who do you ask for advice?
What topics are important to ask for advice on?
Mention one great advice that you have received.
73
Hi there Mayra
I’m fine, how about you? These days the college
everything is good, yes you can ask me something, I know that I am so
good at languages in specially in English. So, I had read that you are
interested in learn Spanish, trust me is very easy, you ought to learn in
special the personal pronouns, verbs and grammar, all these things are
the key to the successfully. You ought to listen in Spanish music and to
buy a Spanish dictionary. Because you could read the meanings of the
words. You ought to read the newspaper in Spanish and to configurated
your smartphone in Spanish. Because you shall feel familiarized with this
language. Well, I hope that I has helped you.
74
Lesson 3D
A. WARM-UP – 1.- Label the pictures.
FLOOD EARTHQUAKE AVALANCHE
VOLCANIC ERUPTION FOREST FIRE HURRICANE
TSUNAMI TORNADO
B. LISTENING – Have you been in a natural disaster? NO AUDIO

2.- Six people share their experiences with dealing with bad weather and disasters.
1) Tom hid .
4) Pernais says she .
a) in a phone booth
b) under a car a) saved a man
b) was rescued
2) Jess said she .
5) Mike says he saw a .
a) just missed the bombing
b) was in an earthquake a) landslide
b) earthquake
3) During the hurricane, George .
6) Doron says his friends .
a) hid with his parents
b) asked to play outside a) started to panic
b) knew what to do
75
C.- READING – The Inca Empire
3.- Read, choose true or false and answer the questions.
In some cultures, natural Many years ago, during the Inca Empire, the emperor thought that
disasters and weather natural disasters - like earthquakes and floods - were messages
are related to a belief from the earth, angry messages because of all the destruction they
or a superstition, which caused.
can mean something The Emperor wasn’t calm, he was extremely scared. People had a
positive or negative in a plan to face these disasters. The emperor and the priest offered
community’s life. Many ceremonies.
years ago, our ancestors In those ceremonies, they killed little children and animals as a gift
strongly believed that a to relieve the earth's anger to avoid natural disasters. They didn’t
natural disaster was use to choose young women. Children and animals were
a sign of punishment considered “pure.”
because people had done People strongly believed that this ceremony helped them with their
something bad. crops, and Mother Earth blessed them during the year. This is one
of the main reasons why Mother Earth was one of the deities for
Incas and the Andean region in general. Every season they had
religious ceremonies with sacrifices.
Choose if the sentences are True(T) or False(F).
a. Natural disasters were disciplining messages.

T
b. People had some sort of plans for earthquakes.

T
c. They offered children as sacrifices.

T
d. Sacrifices were an anger demonstration toward Earth.

F
e. The ceremonies were led by young women.

F
Answer the questions with your own words:
a.- Why didn’t the Emperor sacrifice young women instead of children?
b. What were the two main natural disasters Incas had to face?
c. Why was Earth one of the deities for Incas?
d. How often did they have religious ceremonies to offer sacrifices?
e. What do you think about these ceremonies?
76
D. GRAMMAR – Ought to Vs. Should
Should and ought are modal verbs which are used to indicate duty, obligation, and advice.
The modal verb ought is always used followed by the preposition to. Although should and ought
to seem to be basically the same since they are used interchangeably by many speakersand
writers, there are subtle differences between them. However, the main difference between
should and ought to is their usage; should is the most commonly used modal verb of the two.
At the same time, ought to is more used in written language than in spoken language.
Difference Between Should and Ought To

Usage
Should is more commonly used than ought to.
Ought to is less commonly used.
Spoken and Written Language
Should is used in both spoken and written language.
Ought to is more used in written language.
Subjective vs Objective
Should expresses a subjective opinion.
Ought to expresses an objective view.
Public vs Personal
Should expresses the personal view of the speaker.
Ought to expresses the accepted view in the society.
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-should-and-ought-to/
PRACTICE:
4.- Substitute the phrase underlined for the should / shouldn't or ought to / oughtn't to structure
(both modals are possible in all answers even though there may be small differences in meaning).
You can use the contracted (I'm) form or the complete (I am) form of the verb.
Example:
It looks fairly certain that it'll be sunny next week.
Answer:
It should be sunny next week.
or, It ought to be sunny next week.
77
1) I'm quite sure it'll be a lovely day tomorrow.
It .............................................................
ought to be a lovely day tomorrow.
2) We're certain you'll learn a lot of English on that course.
ought to learn
You....................................................... a lot of English on that course.
3) I feel quite confident that it'll be a very good conference.
It ....................................................
ought to be a very good conference.
4) I'm certain it won't make any difference.
oughtn’t to make
It ............................................................................ any difference.
5) We feel fairly sure you'll enjoy the holiday.
ought to enjoy
You................................................................ the holiday.
5.- Complete the short dialogues with the words in the box. Use each word only once.
ought to should shouldn’t
Rick: Hi, Matt! What’s wrong?

Matt: I’m being bullied at school. What (1) ..........................
should I do?
should
Rick: You (2) ............................. go and tell a teacher.
Matt: But what if the boy finds out?
Rick: You (3) .................................
shouldn´t worry about that. You need to say something or he might
not stop.
6.- Choose the correct option.
A: I think that the grade my teacher gave me on my test is wrong.

B: Really? You to her after class today.
1.- ought to talk
2.- should to talk
3.- ought talk
7.-
----------
-----------
-------------
-----------
---------------
78
D. WRITING – Recommendations
8. Write recommendations for a blog. How do think people usually react when there
is a natural disaster? What should we actually do? Use Should, and ought to.
 …
We must remain calm and locate ourselves in a safe place,
we must not be alarmed.
We should go with our family to very high and safe areas. We
should not cross unclean areas because the strong currents
drag all kinds of dangerous materials that can cause us
damage.
We should have a radio to keep us informed of the news
We should have an emergency kit ready in our suitcases so
that you only go out when an emergency occurs and you are
not looking for everything at the last minute.
We should stay away from places that cause us dangers for
our protection.
E. SPEAKING: What do you know about earthquakes

9. Speak in the online class answering these questions.
a. What’s the worst part of a flood?

b. What advice can you give people who face a massive flood?
79
Lesson 3E
Complementary Activities
A. WARM-UP – 1.- Match.

Match the pictures and the sentences in this activity. Write the letters next to the pictures.
2.- Discuss. Do you know who are the Topos de Tlatelolco?
Complete the sentences. Choose one word from the box.
non-profit rescue program volunteers
rescue
a. Topos de Tlatelolco is a....................................... team.
non-profit
b. This is a Mexican ........................................... organization.
Volunteers
c. ………………………………………..and dogs are part of the team.
d. This rescue group has a training .......................................

program for
new volunteers.
80
B.- Reading – Topos de Tlatelolco.
3.- Read this biography about Topos de Tlatelolco.
The rescue team Topos de Tlatelolco is a Mexican group of people

who help people in case of natural disasters in Mexico or any part
of the world. They work for free, so they are a non-profit organization
created in Mexico. The organization started when the most terrible
earthquake happened in the capital of Mexico on September 19,
1985.
Nowadays, there are about two hundred volunteers - including
rescue
dogs- and every year it’s a bigger group.
They say it’s easier to help in an emergency with a big group than
with a small one. Each year, they train volunteers to be part of this
team. They are all professional and willing to help. Some volunteers
say they feel satisfied when they collaborate in a rescue mission.
They look for people under destroyed buildings, give survivors
emotional support, and provide food.
This non-profit organization can travel from one place to another
faster than before because they have some help from the Mexican
government.
Answer these questions with your own words.
a. When did this organization start?

The organization started when the most terrible
earthquake happened in the capital of
Mexico on September 19, 1985
b. Do they admit more people in this group? How can you

tell?
Yes,
c. How can a non-profit organization move from one place

to another?
This non-profit organization can travel from one place
to another faster than before because they have some
help from the Mexican government.
d. Do you know about other rescue teams?
No, I don’t know about other rescue team.
81
C. WRITING – Giving Advice on “your carbon footprint”
4. Write a paragraph about how to reduce our carbon footprint on a daily basis.
Your paragraph is expected to include the following information:
• What is a carbon footprint?
• What should we, as citizens, do to reduce it?Use Should, Ought to or Shall.
 …
Ought
Keep one garbage can each with the corresponding
name so as not to mix the garbage in our house
or outside the house.
We should keep a bag in the hallway so that you
can pick up any trash and put it in the recycling bin.
The materials that I would recycle would be all kinds
of paper and cardboard. we should recycle the books
or notebooks that we no longer use. We should not vote for plastic bottles since
these are also very useful for recycling. We should save the newspapers that
we read daily. We should also recycle the toilet paper tubes since we can use
these for some important work.
D. SPEAKING:
5. Prepare a five-minute presentation about your paragraph. During your presentation, you
may ask some questions to make sure everyone is paying attention.
82
UNIT 4 Special People
Students will be able to use the zero conditional to describe facts or logical conclusions
Lesson 4A If a person maintains eye contact …

Zero conditional – Affirmative Form
A. WARM-UP – Zero conditional
1. Watch the YouTube video, Then, upload a video in Moodle, creating 5 new
statements using zero conditional. (Remember to practice speaking properly in
the video)
Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/WlStOWpZlyY
B. VOCABULARY- Feelings
2. Match the words to the faces
Relaxed C
………… Unhappy …………
A
Tired …………
E Happy B
…………
H D
Surprised ………… Worried …………
Angry G
………… F
Frightened ……….
84
A. READING – What does your face reveal about you?
3. Read the article and answer these questions about the text you read.
or to faces and why is that? People show a smile
They look at us in the eye and show interest
Because them can’t keep eye contact
I am totally agreeing
In some cases, I can maintain eye contact
Retrieved from: https://es.liveworksheets.com/nt1248323ps
85
D. GRAMMAR – Zero conditional
 It is also called “The Logical Conditional”
 This is sometimes also called the present conditional. We use this conditional
to talk about a fact or convey a logical conclusion.
Examples:
 If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
 If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius, it boils.
 If you fall off your motorcycle, it hurts.
 The structure looks like this:

If + present tense clause + present tense clause
 It is often used to describe scientific rules which are, by definition,

unchanging...so the results always happen the same.
Examples:
 If you take the ice out of the fridge in summer, it melts.
 A stone sinks if you throw it in a lake.
 We can also use the zero conditional to say what we do as a rule in certain
situations. Here, we are not talking about what we do in a particular, specific
situation (e.g. tonight, tomorrow) but what we always do in these conditions.
Examples:
 If I get a headache, I go and lie down.
 If I miss the train, my sister always gives me a lift to work.
GRAMMAR PRACTICE
4. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the zero conditional.
don´t feel
1 I …………………. don´t do (not do) some exercise every day.
(not feel) better if I................
2 If Dave ………………….
was (be) tired, he always .........................
takes (take) a nap.
don´t do
3 I …………………. (not do) my homework if I.........................watch (watch) TV instead.
doesn´t train
4 My cousin …………………. (not run) well if he.................... (not train) every day.
doesn´t run
5 If she ………………….
takes (take) some cooking lessons, she .............
cans (can)
Improve the quality of dinners.
are
6 …………………. your mom …………………. gets (get) angry if you …………………. don´t tidy
(not tidy) your room?
turn on
7 If you …………………. (turn on) the air conditioner, you ..........
use (use)
More electricity.
don´t use
8 If you ...................... (not use) your mobile to surf the Net, the battery
doesn´t run out(not run out) quite quickly.
………………….
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5.Complete the facts. Use the verbs below and the zero conditional.
Are hungry get wet melt freeze
wet
freeze
are hungry
you get
It melts
6. Write zero conditional sentences using the prompts
1 you / say ‘sit’ / my dog / sit down

If you say ‘sit’, my dog sits down.
2 you / record / a programme on the hard dish recorder / you / can / watch it later
If you record a programmed on the hard disk recorder, you can watch it later
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3 It / not matter / you / be / late
If you don’t matter, you are late
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4 He / get / bad-tempered / he / not have / enough sleep
If he gets bad-tempered, he doesn’t have enough sleep
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5 I / always / feel / happy / I / listen to / reggae music
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
If I always feel happy, I listen to reggae music
6 I / be worried / about something / I / talk / about it / with my friends

If I am worried about something, I talk about it with my friends
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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7. Match the two parts of the sentences. They are all in zero conditional.
1.- You get burned (5) a you need vitamins

2.- If you make a cake, (4) .b She buys everything.
3.- People can die (3) c if they don’t use
seatbelts.
4.- If my sister has money,
(1) d if you don’t wear
5.- If you want to be fit, sunblock.
(2)e you need some flour.
A. LISTENING – Zero Conditional

8. Listen to the audio, then answer the following questions.
Retrieved from:
https://es.liveworksheets.com/worksheets/en/English_as_a_Second_Language_(ESL)/Zero_Conditional/Listenin
g_A1%5E_Zero_conditional_pm1252868oo
1) What happens in winter?
a) She busy.
b) She is not busy.
2) What do they discuss?
a) When and where to ski.

b) What to wear and how to ski.
3) What does she teach on Sunday?
a) Private class
b) Make-up classes
4) When does she get tips?
a) When it is busy.
b) When there is a big order.
88
B. WRITING – What if?
9. Answer the following questions using zero conditional:
1. What if you don’t sleep for 24 hours?
If I don’t study for a test, I have a zero

 …………………………………………………………………....
2. What happens if you eat something very cold?
 …………………………………………………………………….
If I am late for class, I can’t get into to class
3. What happens if you put a spicy pepper in your mouth?
 …………………………………………………………………….
4. What happens if you never exercise?
 …………………………………………………………………….
5. What happens if a baby gets hungry?
 …………………………………………………………………….
6. What happens if a dog senses danger?
 …………………………………………………………………….
7. What happens if a person touches a hot stove?
 …………………………………………………………………….
8. What happens if you study hard?
 …………………………………………………………………….
9. What happens if the police catch you speeding?
 ……………………………………………………………………..
10. What happens if you don’t recharge your phone?
 ……………………………………………………………………..
89
Lesson 4B What happens if…?
Zero conditional – Negative and Interrogative Form
A. VOCABULARY – Multitasking Mom
1. Look at the pictures about current a multitasking super mom. Then, match the words in the
box with the activities in the pictures, giving the corresponding number to the activity.
1. Iron the clothes

2. Hang the clothes
3. Do the laundry
4. Vacuum the floor
1 4 6
5. Put on makeup
6. Wash the car
7. Go out
8. Go shopping
3 7 8
2 5
B. GRAMMAR – Zero Conditional
Negative Form
If + present tense negative clause + present tense clause

or
If + present tense clause + present tense negative clause
 Negative Zero conditional sentences have a particularity, one of the clauses

considers what doesn’t occur when the other clause is accomplished.
 In the negative zero conditional hen, it indicates what would not happen if
something else occurs.
Example:
 If children always speak during the teacher´s explanation, they
can’t progress at school.
 Plants die if they don´t have access to water and nutrients.
 You have to stay at home if you don´t want to catch a cold
90
Interrogative Form
Yes/No Questions Structure:

Do/ does + present tense clause + If + present tense clause?
or
If + present tense clause + do/ does + present tense clause?
Yes/No Question Shor Answer – Shor Answer –

Affirmative Negative
Do you cry if you Yes, I do No, I don’t
are sad?
If your father Yes, he does No, he doesn’t
comes, does he hug
you?
Wh-Questions Structure:
Wh- word + do/does + present tense clause + If + present tense clause?
or
If + present tense clause + Wh-word + do/ does + present tense clause?
Wh-Questions
What do you do if you have If you have a problem, what
a problem? do you do?
Where does she go if she If she get sick, where does
gets sick? she go?
PRACTICE
2. Complete the sentences with what you do when you feel a certain way.
1.- If I feel disgust,……………………………………………………………………………………….

I don't eat because I vomit..
I sleep for two hours.

2.- If I am stressed,………………………………………………………………………………………..
3.- If I am hot,……………………………………………………………………………………..
I take a shower
4.- If I feel joy,……………………………………………………………………………………….
5.- If I feel fear,……………………………………………………………………………………….
6.- If I am excited,……………………………………………………………………………………….
I win at the university festival
7.- If I am in peace,……………………………………………………………………………………….
8.- If I feel relief,……………………………………………………………………………………….

I get a good grade on the exam
9.- If I feel heartbroken,……………………………………………………………………………….

I do not come during the whole day
10.- If I am disappointed………………………………………………………………………………….
11.- If I am worried,……………………………………………………………………………………….
91
Discuss with a partner:
Student A: What do you do if you feel panicked?
Student B: If I feel panicked, I call someone I can trust immediately
Student A: What about you?
3. Complete the gaps to make negative zero conditional sentences
grows
1.- If you water the plants, it ……………………………..(grow).
2.- I………………….
don´t go (not/go) to the cinema if I don’t like the movie.
doesn´t use
3.- If Paul …………………….(not/use) a sweater, he gets cold.
4.- Rebecca …………………..(go

goes out out) with friends if she doesn’t work on Saturday.
5.- If they ………………………(invite)

invite me to the party, I go.
4. Complete both gaps to make zero conditional sentences.
1.- If you……………..
practice (practice) everyday, you can…………….
improve (improve) your English.
2.- Your teeth…………….

get (get) dirty if you…………… (not/brush) them properly.
don´t brush
boil
3.- Water…………..
evaporate(evaporate) if you…………………… (boil) it at 100º C.
4.- My friends ………………………(come)

come to see me if I…………….
get (get) sick.
5.- We…………………………
go (go) to the park if school…………………
finish (finish) early.
5. Complete the gaps to make zero conditional sentences.
1.- If I wake up late, I ………………………(be)

is late for classes.
2.- My husband……………………..(burn)
burn the food if he cooks it.
3.- I get stressed if my mother-in-law………………………

visites (visit) for longer than a day.
4.- If you ………………….(mix)

mix red and blue, you ..............................
get (get) purple.
5.- The students ………………………..(not

don´t care care) if the lesson ……………………..(be)
is boring.
C. READING – Mobile devices
92
6. Read the text and complete the sentences with the information from the story.
Meredith’s Day
If Kelly has a day off
Meredith makes the coffee
Meredith does this first .
Bill gives Meredith a list of tasks for the day
Meredith makes the oatmeal .
She still gets up
She still gets up
Retrieved from: https://es.liveworksheets.com/yz1138062ni

93
D. WRITING – Learning activity using the zero conditional.
7. Think about 5 different situations related to health. They may be neutral, positive or
negative situations.
Example: If you eat too much sugar, your glucose level gets high.
 1.- if you go out when it rains you will get the flu.
 2.-
 3.-
 4.-
 5.-
Student 2: How to get the Malecon, from the Supermarket AKI.
94
Lesson 4C Special People
Complementary activities
A. WARM-UP – Special Woman

1. Do you know who Kamala Harris is? Listen and learn a little bit about her.
Pre-Listening Vocabulary. Read the definitions and write the correct number.
1.- a person who practices law

2.- a job or occupation
3.- to vote someone into public office
4.- an effort to gain political support
5.- a person who competes with another person to reach the same goal
6.- a person who is nominated to run for public office
5 rival
……..
1 attorney
……..
6 candidate
……..
……..
2 position
3
…….. elect
……..
4 campaign
2.- Comprehension questions. Choose the correct answer.
1.- Kamala Harris was the attorney general for California, and
a.- She held that position for six years

b.- She held that position for ten years
c.- She held that position for four years
2. Harris dropped out her campaign for the presidency
a.- Because she was not prepared

b.- Because she preferred to be Biden running mate
c.- Because she didn’t have enough support
3. Before they were running mates, Biden and Harris were
a.- friends
b.- colleagues
c.- rivals
95
C. GRAMMAR – Zero conditional
 The word “if” can be substituted with the word “when” in many sentences and it
will mean the same. We keep the same structure explained before.
For Example:
 When you heat oil, it starts to smoke.
 When you read books, you learn things
 Occasionally we use the past simple in both the if-clause and the main clause as
shown in the following examples:
For example:
 If Peter was at home, he didn’t answer the phone.
(When we make assumptions)
 If ever I was bored, I hung around with my mates.
(When we talk about the way things used to be in the past)
Retrieved from:
http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/stonebrink/ESL040/ConditionalIfstatements
oftheEnglishlanguage.pdf
PRACTICE
3. Based on what you’ve learned about the zero conditional, try your hand at completing the
following sentences to assess your understanding.
Example Question – [I / to eat] , I´m hungry.
Example Answer – I eat if I’m hungry.
1.- [I / to wash] it is dirty.
2.- You can’t rest [you / to play video games] .
3.- [My son / to get sick] , I take care of him.
4.- My friends and I play ball [we / to be stressed out] .
5.- [The volleyball team / always to win the game] they train hard enough.
6.- We can pick you up [you / not to have] a car.
7.- [The students / not to understand] , they ask the teacher for help.
8.- I get excited [I / to watch an action film] .
9.- [You / to do well at the finals] , you pass the class.
10.- The customers are rude [they / to be put on hold] .
96
4. Order the Zero Conditional sentences
If I’m busy, I get not bored
If you are happy, I’m happy
If you don’t eat healthily and not exercise, you get fat.
You feel good when you look good
If your water boils it evaporates.
You feel good when you look good
5. Write zero conditional clauses to the given situations.

Example: Enter the entrance code, and the door opens.
If you enter the entrance code, the door opens.
1. Don´t go to bed late, and don´t be tired the next day.

If you go to bed late you get tired the next day
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Study hard and go to the university.
If you study hard you go to university.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Sleep well, and don’t be cranky in the morning.
If you sleep well you are not in the mood tomorrow
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Go to the movies, and get your popcorn.
if you go to the movies, You get the popcorn
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. I arrive late to class, and my students get angry.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
If I'm late for class my students get angry
6.- Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Make Zero Conditional.
1.- If Kelly……………………badly
sleeps feels
at night, she .................... drowsy the next day. (sleep / feel)
2. If the weather …………………..rainy,

is I… ........................
put on my raincoat. (be / put on)
3. If Kevin ……………………breakfast,
doesn’t have feels
he ....................... less energetic. (not have / feel)
4. If I……………………….for
walk hurts
a long time, my feet ............................... (walk / hurt)
97
D. READING- Charlie Chaplin’s Early Life
7. Read the text about Charles Chaplin, then, answer True or False.
Charlie Chaplin's Early Life
He was believed to have been born on April 16, 1889. There is some doubt
whether April 16 is actually his birthday, and it is possible he was not born
in 1889. There is also uncertainty about his birthplace: London or
Fontainebleau, France. There is no doubt, however, as to his parentage: he
was born to Charles Chaplin, Sr. and Hannah Harriette Hill (aka Lily Harley
on stage), both Music Hall entertainers. His parents separated soon after
his birth, leaving him in the care of his increasingly unstable mother.
In 1896, Chaplin's mother was unable to find work; Charlie and his older half-brother Sydney
Chaplin had to be left in the workhouse at Lambeth, moving after several weeks to Hanwell
School for Orphans and Destitute Children. His father died an alcoholic when Charlie was 12, and
his mother suffered a mental breakdown, and was eventually admitted temporarily to the Cane
Hill Asylum at Coulsdon (near Croydon). She died in 1928 in the United States, two years after
coming to the States to live with Chaplin, by then a commercial success.
Charlie first took to the stage when, aged five, he performed in Music Hall in 1894, standing in for
his mother. As a child, he was confined to a bed for weeks due to a serious illness, and, at night,
his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. In 1900, aged 11, his
brother helped get him the role of a comic cat in the pantomime Cinderella at the London
Hippodrome. In 1903 he appeared in 'Jim, A Romance of Cockayne', followed by his first regular
job, as the newspaper boy Billy in Sherlock Holmes, a part he played into 1906. This was followed
by Casey's 'Court Circus' variety show, and, the following year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's
'Fun Factory' slapstick comedy company.
According to immigration records, he arrived in the United States with the Karno troupe on
October 2, 1912. In the Karno Company was Arthur Stanley Jefferson, who would later become
known as Stan Laurel. Chaplin and Laurel shared a room in a boarding house. Stan Laurel
returned to England but Chaplin remained in the United States. Chaplin's act was seen by film
producer Mack Sennett, who hired him for his studio, the Keystone Film Company.
1.- Chaplin might have been born somewhere else other than London. T/F
2.- His parents separated before he was born. T/F
3.- His mother died alone. T/F
4.- Chaplin got very sick when he was a child. T/F
5.- His first regular job was as a newspaper boy in a play. T/F
6.- He arrived to the United States in 1912 . T/F
98
E. SPEAKING – Iconic Personalities
8. Discuss with your classmates: Kamala Harris has
received much more media attention than most vice
presidents have in the past. Why is her election so
significant?
F. WRITING – Do you know these women? These have been famous leaders throughout
the years. Write about their characteristics and mention how a good leader should be.
Use all the tenses. you have reviewed until now. Upload it to Moodle.
Write at least 120 words.
 …
work group
99
Lesson 4D
How do we discover things?
Complementary activities
A. Choose the correct option.
Heat Boil Cool Freeze Measure the temperature
cool heat Measure the freeze boil

temperature
2.- Comprehension questions. Choose yes or not.
Retrieved from: https://es.liveworksheets.com/pf663407ht

100
C. GRAMMAR – Zero conditional
 UNLESS means the same as IF NOT.
3. Zero conditional with Unless
Complete the sentences using zero conditional..
1. Unless you ............................... (to wake) up early, you are late for everything afterwards.
2. Unless the children eat well, they ..................................................... (to be) healthy.
3. David ..................................... (not / to create) any art unless he is really inspired.
4. They.............................................(not / understand) the class unless they pay close attention.
5. Leandra .................................................... (not / to spend) money in her unless she pays the bills first.
4. Complete the sentences.
1.- We don’t ask our neighbors to water our plants unless we………(to go) On holiday
2.- My sister always helps me unless she .............................................. (to be) out of town.
3.- You ........................................ (not / to enter) this grotto unless you know the three magic words.
4.- Unless you ................................... (to get) a red card, you can’t play in the rest of the game.
5.- Unless I ............................................ (to watch) the screen for too long, I don’t get a headache.
101
5. Write 5 zero conditional sentences about yourself using unless
1.-
2.-
3.-
4.-
5.-
6. Complete the sentences with If or Unless.
1.-We cannot go sailing .................................. the rain stops.
2.- ………… we don’t take necessary measures now; we may have serious problems.
3 Jason is always cheerful…………. Something really bad happens.
4.- You’re not allowed into the casino…………… you’re under 21 years old.
5.- I should be there by 11 o’clock……….. I don’t catch any traffic .
102
D. READING- The water cycle
7. Read the information about the water cycle and answer true or false.
103
E. SPEAKING – Water
8.- What is happening in picture A? is water pollution a problem near your home?
Describe picture B? Have you ever been to a water park?
 …
104
Lesson 4E Education
Review – Zero Conditional
A. WARM-UP QUESTION
1. Are you trying to learn anything these days? Is there something you want to study?
2. Read and choose the correct answer a, b, c or d.
Retrieved from: https://es.liveworksheets.com/az2637544ap
105
B. LISTENING – TAKING EXAMS
3. You will hear a conversation between a girl, Jodie and a boy, Harry, about exams. Listen, read the
sentences and check Yes or Not.
Retrieved from: https://es.liveworksheets.com/ps2338277zx
4. READING – Study skills tips

3. Read the study skills tips to practice and improve your reading skills. You'll learn some great
study tips at the same time!
Many studies about language learning ask the question: What makes a good language learner?
There are some things that good language learners do and some things they don't do. Here are
some of the most useful suggestions from studies.
 Don't be afraid of making mistakes. People often get things wrong. Good language
learners notice their mistakes and learn from them.
 Do group activities. People use language to communicate with other people. A good
language learner always looks for opportunities to talk with other students.
 Make notes during every class. Notes help you to remember new language. Look at your
notes when you do your homework.
 Use a dictionary. Good language learners often use dictionaries to check the meaning of
words they don't know. They also make their own vocabulary lists.
 Think in the language you're learning outside the classroom. When you're shopping or
walking down the street, remember useful words and phrases. Sometimes, when you're
at home, say new words to practice your pronunciation.
 Do extra practice. Test and improve your language, reading and listening skills with self-
study material. You can find a lot of this online.
 Imagine yourself speaking in the language. Many good language learners can see and
hear themselves speaking in the language. This helps their motivation.
 Enjoy the process. Good language learners have fun with the language. Watch a TV series
or film, listen to songs, play video games or read a book. It's never too late to become a
1
good language learner.
06
According to the text, are the sentences true or false?
1. Good language learners make mistakes. True / False

2. It's not a good idea to talk with other students. True / False
3. Taking notes helps you to remember. True / False
4. Good language learners write down the words and expressions they learn. True / False
5. Think of language you know when you are outside the classroom. True / False
6. Don't take tests outside of class – it's very stressful. True / False
D. GRAMMAR – Zero Conditional Review
107
PRACTICE
5. Put the verbs in brackets into the gaps. Make Zero Conditional.
1.- If you ………….happy, you............................. to share your happiness with the whole world. (be / want)
2.-If I……………..a toothache, I…..................... to see a dentist. (have / go)
3.- .If the sun……………….brightly, all plants and flowers .................. fast. (shine / grow)
4.- If my fridge………..empty, I… .............................. at the nearest supermarket. (be / shop)
5.- If you………………..ghosts, there............. nothing scary for you in that old house. (not believe in / be)
6. Complete the exercise with If or Unless.
1.- You are not allowed into the casino ................................ you are under 21 years
old.
2.- I should be there by 11 o'clock .............................. I don't catch any traffic.
3.- I should be there by 11 o'clock ............................ I catch a lot of traffic.
4.- ................................. they behave, those children are not welcome here.
7. Complete the exercise with If or When.
1 I am late this evening, don’t wait for me.
2 I don’t see you tomorrow, I phone you.
3 Do you mind ............................ I close the window?
4 I get up in the morning I usually drink a cup of coffee.
5. John is still at school .......................he leaves, he wants to go to

university.
6. Be careful! ............................. you aren’t careful, you’ll fail.
108
E. SPEAKING – Importance of Education
8. Watch the video:
https://youtu.be/uaXYjCzPpzs
Discuss with your classmates:
A.- Does Ecuador have a good education
system? What are its strengths and
weaknesses?
2.- What characteristics should a good
teacher have?
3.- Have you ever considered becoming a
teacher? Why or why not?
130
109
UNIT 5 Making plans…
Students will talk about what they normally do in real - life situations.
Lesson 5A
A. WARM-UP – MAKING PLANS
1. Do you find it easy to make plans for the weekend? What do your plans depend on?
In this lesson, Anne talks about her plans for the weekend.
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWmCHoxH_YE
B. LISTENING – MAKING PLANS
2. Go to Moodle and complete the two tasks presented after watching this video:
Retrieved from: https://esol.excellencegateway.org.uk/content/learners/grammar-and-

vocabulary/grammar-lessons/making-plans-first-conditional
111
C. READING – Strange Holiday Resorts
3. Read the descriptions below and then answer the true or false.
1) Panda lovers of the world now have another place to call home (for a few nights, at
least). In 2013, the Panda Inn, a panda-themed hotel in China's Sichuan province,
opened its doors to guests. The 32-room hotel is decorated with panda art, panda
furniture and panda-shaped stuffed animals. Even staff members dress in panda
suits. [Panda Inn, Sichuan, China]
2) Welcome to Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland. Here you can live with the Inuit and
incredible wildlife that surrounds Igloo Village. Dog sledding, traveling to frozen
fjords, visiting deserted villages, and sleeping in an icy cave are just a few of the
things you can do at this cold weather destination. Hopefully the local bears won’t
realize you’re a tourist and eat you out of spite. [Igloo Village]
3) Some people are skipping their cruise to the Caribbean and opting to sail to a Texas-
sized patch of floating trash in the Pacific Ocean instead. For about $10,000per
person, you can head to the Great Pacific Garbage Patch — famous for its high
concentrations of plastic waste, chemical sludge, and debris trapped by the
currents of the North Pacific Gyre (a swirling pattern of oceanic currents).
Vacationers help operate a trawl that collects microscopic plastic particles that
threaten local wildlife and haul bigger heaps of junk offshore. [Great Pacific Garbage
Patch]
4) Rio Tinto, or Red River as it translates, is a river in Andalucía famed for its colored
water. The unusual river is one of the places on Earth that most closely resembles
the surface of Mars. The site along the river is full of copper, silver, gold, iron and
has been heavily mined since ancient times. The river's water is dense due to the
metals it carries and it has low oxygen content. [Rio Tinto, Spain]
5) Alnwick is home to about 100 killer plants like Atropa belladonna (deadly
nightshade), Strychnos nux-vomica (strychnine), and Conium maculatum
(hemlock). The garden has a license to grow things like cannabis, which is kept
behind bars in a giant cage. Another attraction Alnwick is popular for is the castle
on the same grounds that was a stand-in for Hogwarts in several of the Harry Potter
films. [Alnwick Poison Garden]
6) The world’s only indoor beach was located in Miyazaki, Japan. It shut down in 2007,
but during its 14-year run the Ocean Dome saw up to 1.25 million visitors per year.
The Dome featured a fake volcano, fake sand, fake fish and fauna, a steady86 degrees
Fahrenheit, and water park rides. The vast man-made beach measuredaround 984
feet long and had a retractable roof that sported a permanent blue sky. [Seagaia
Ocean Dome]
1. The Panda Inn, it’s a panda-themed hotel in China's Sichuan province, T/F
2. Ittoqqortoormiit, it’s a place on Earth that most closely resembles the
surface of Mars.. T/F
3. For about $10,000 , you can see river in Andalucía famed for its coloredwater T/F
4. Alnwick is home to about 100 killer plants. T/F
5. If you want to visit something cheap you will go to Garbage Patch. T/F
6. In Alnwick saw up to 1.25 million visitors. T/F
112
GRAMMAR – First Conditional Expressions
When
Unless
 We use the First Conditional when we talk about future situations, we As long as
believe are real or possible. The structure in affirmative sentences is As soon as
usually: In case
If clause (condition) Result clause

If + subject + simple present subject + will + verb
Example:
 If you go to Rio Tinto in Spain, you will get gold and cooper
 If Janet works hard, her family will have a better life.
 You can use be going to in the result clause instead of will to express a future possible
result.
Example:
 If I have enough money, I am going to buy a new car next year.
PRACTICE
4. Put the verb into the correct first conditional form
1. If I __________________
go (go) out tonight, I __________________
will goes (go) to the cinema.
2. If you __________________ (get) back late, I __________________ (be) angry.
3. If we __________________ (not/see) each other tomorrow, we _____________ (see) each other next week.
4. If he __________________ (come), I __________________ (be) surprised.
5. If we __________________ (wait) here, we __________________ (be) late.
6. If we __________________ (go) on holiday this summer, we __________________ (go) to Spain.
7. If the weather __________________ (not / improve), we __________________ (not / have) a picnic.
8. If I __________________ (not / go) to bed early, I __________________ (be) tired tomorrow.
9. If we __________________ (eat) all this cake, we __________________ (feel) sick.
10.If you __________________ (not / want) to go out, I __________________ (cook) dinner at home.
11) If you ______ (hurry), you _______ (catch) the bus.
12) I _______ (make) dinner if you ______ (be) tired.
13) If my girlfriend _____ (come) late, I ______ (wait) for her.
14) If she ______ (keep) driving like that, I’m sure she ______ (have) an accident.
15) Next time, ______ (tell) him to pay the invoice as soon as it ______ (come)
16) Jack ______ (succeed) in the class if he ______ (study) harder.
17) If you ______ (visit) Panda Inn in China, you ______ (appreciate) its particular decoration.
18) My daughter ______ (buy) a dress for the party if her father ______ (get) some money.
19) You _______ (sleep) on an icy cave if you ______ (go) to Igloo Village.
20) If people _______ (take care) of nature, they ______ (have) a save planet to live.
5. Complete these sentences, creating your own ideas. Remember to use First
conditional.
If it rains, _________________________________________________________________
I won't leave the house today.
If you don't pay me, ______________________________________________________

I won't lend you money another day.
If I get up early, __________________________________________________________

I will eat breakfast quietly.
I will get drunk

If you drink lots of beer, _________________________________________________
If you don’t brush your teeth, ____________________________________________
you will catch bad breath in your mouth
I’ll be at the next class, ___________________________________________________

I will be at the next level.
have to study hard for the next level

After I finish this course, I ______________________________________________
I don´t have a place to park my car.
I’ll park here every night, ______________________________________________
6. Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
1. You will be late 3 a) they will not come to your party

2. If we drive to the city center, 6 b) I will feel disappointed
3. If it rains a lot tomorrow, c) we won't go on a trip to the forest
4
4. If you don't invite them, 1 d) If you apologies to her
5. She will pardon you 7 e) If she doesn't revise her lessons well
6. If Susan refuses my marriage proposal, 2 f) It will be difficult to find a parking lot.
7. Helen will fail the exam 3 g) If you don't hurry up.
E. SPEAKING – Resorts
8. Record a video (three minutes long)
where you explain which place of Ecuador
would you like to visit. Give 4 reasons.
(Upload it to the Moodle)
F. WRITING – Places of Ecuador

9. Write a short composition (a paragraph) where you recommend to the people visit
one of your favorite’s places in Ecuador. Explain the reasons for your
recommendation. Write at least 120 words
One of the best places in Ecuador is Baños since it has beautiful waters where you can bathe, you can
relax listening to the waterfalls, you can do various outdoor sports. The people is so kind. The food is
114
very good.
Another place is Quito since from the Panecillo you can see the whole city. you can go to know the
Middle of the World. Their customs are different because they perform folk dances and the people are
very friendly.
Lesson 5B Global Issues
First conditional – Negative and Question Form
A. WARM-UP – First Conditional

1. Listen to the song in this video.
Recognize the first conditional structure. Then,
change the affirmative sentences to negative.
Retrieved from: https://youtu.be/h9O5_Q-oLrs
B. VOCABULARY – GLOBAL ISSUES

2. Match the words in the box with the pictures.
Anti--hunger Chemicals Crops Fertilizer Harvest Poverty Profit Seeds
poverty seeds harvest fertilizer
crops anti-hunger profit chemicals
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C. GRAMMAR – First Conditional
NEGATIVE FORM
 We use the First Conditional in negative sentences when we talk about future
situations, we believe are not real or possible to happen.
The structure in negative sentences is usually:
If + do/does not + present simple, will + verb (in infinitive)
Example:
 If it doesn’t rain, we’ll travel to the beach.
 I won’t go to the party unless my friends call me.
 Jack won’t be fat if he doesn’t eat too much.
QUESTION FORM
 When we work with questions, this is never in the If –clause. Use the regular question
word order.
Example:
 If you are sick tomorrow, will someone else be able to do your work?
 If you can’t drive to work, how will you get there?
PRACTICE
3. Complete the sentences using the correct form
doesn't won't
1) If Henry work
________ (not/work) harder, he pay
_______
off (not/pay off) his debts soon.
2) Life ______ (not/be) easy for me if we ______ (not/be) together.

3) If it ______ (rain) tomorrow, we ______ not/ fly) to London.
4) Lorena _____ (be) sick if she ______ (not/take care)
5) If you _____ (not/dedicate) time to your family, you ______ (lose) them.
6) If the child _____ (not/eat) salad, he _____ (not/have) dessert.
won´t
7) English _______ (not/be) important for you unless you ______
like (like) it.
be
8) If you ______ (not/take) an aspirin, your headache ______ (not/disappear).
9) The teachers ______ (not/feel) disappointed if the students ______ (do) their tasks.
10) My boss ______ (get) angry if I ______ (not/arrive) on time.
don´t
11) I ______
want (not/want) to stay in Spain unless I _____ (get) a well-paid job.
get
12) have
If the student ____________ have) difficulties with the internet, they
won´t watch
______ (not/watch) the video.
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4. Complete the phrases with the verbs in brackets, use first conditional in negative form.
a) If you walk (walk) slowly, you won´t catch (not/catch) the bus.
b) If Michael doesn´t come (not/ come ) with me, He______________(no/go) out tonight
won´t go
c) If the weather __________________
doesn´t improve (not / improve), we __________________
won´t have (not /have) a picnic.
d) He __________________
won´t get (not / get) a better job if he __________________
doesn´t pass (not / pass) that exam
e) I __________________ (not / go) if you __________________ (not / come) with me.
f) If I __________________ (not / go) to bed early, I __________________ (be) tired
g) I_________________(not/ buy) a new dress if I ____________ (not/have) enough money
h) We __________________ (be) late if we __________________ (not / hurry).
i) If we __________________ (eat) all this cake, we __________________ (not/ bel) well.
j) We_______________________(not / play tennis tomorrow if it________________________ rain
5. Underline the proper form of the verb.
1) If we won’t start/ don’t start now, we won’t finish/don’t finish before 7

2) If we won’t protect/don’t protect the whales, they will be/ are extinguished.
3) If you won’t go/ don’t go to bed now, you will be /are tired tomorrow.
4) You won’t get /don’t get a good job if you don’t pass/passed the exam.
5) The lesson won’t begin/doesn’t begin if you won’t be /aren’t ready.
6) You will arrive/do arrive on time for lunch if there isn’t/ won’t be traffic.
6, Underline mistakes and correct them.
1) Sarah doesn't come to the party if you don't invite her. _______________
2) If we'll order the new TV set tomorrow, we'll get it on Friday. _______________
3) Nobody will like you if you won't change your behavior. _______________
4) You won't be able to use grammar correctly unless you don't understand it. _______________
5) As long as you won't make a mess in my bedroom, you can share it with me. _______________
6) You'll get a discount providing you'll have their loyalty card. _______________
7) Suppose they will win the match; will they be in the finals? _______________
8) I get rid of my old car if you don't need it. _______________
9) We'll take some sandwiches with us in case we'll be hungry. _______________
10) He'll speak to us on condition that we won't mention his name in the article. _______________
D. LISTENING AND READING
7. Listen to the presentation about Integrated farming and fill in the eight spaces with the words
you listen to.
Farming Techniques That Will Feed a Family

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that poor countries will spend up to
one hundred seventy billion dollars this year to import food. This is an increase of forty percent
from last year. The United Nations agency says the rising price of food over the past year is a
serious problem because most hungry people also live in (1) poverty .
A humanitarian organization based in Washington D.C. has a new (2) anti-hunger
project. Women for Women International is teaching poor women in Sudan and Rwanda a new
food production system called commercial integrated farming. The women are trained to grow
crops that not only feed their families, but also earn them a (3) profit .
Pat Morris is program director at Women for Women International. The group launched its
commercial integrated farming program in Rwanda. Female farmers receive information about
what kind of seeds (4) to use, how to farm without (5) chemical and
when to (6) harvest . The program also provides business skills training. Mizz
Morris says women being trained in Rwanda could more than triple the amount of money they
earn from farming.
With integrated farming, the women raise animals and different (7) crops on one
piece of land. Animal waste provides (8) fertilizer . Some of the crops can be used as
animal feed. In Rwanda, the women have been able to grow traditional crops like bananas and
sorghum grain along-side higher-value crops, such as pineapples. A hectare of farmland in
Rwanda used to earn about four hundred twenty dollars a year. But a family using integrated
farming techniques on the same piece of land can earn as much as three thousand five hundred
dollars a year.
Women for Women International works with local community partners to design and carry out
its integrated farming program. Grace Fisiy is an agricultural business expert working in
Rwanda and Sudan. She says the local media in both countries have helped educate people
about integrated farming. Women for Women International plans to train at least three
thousand women in Sudan and Rwanda. Mizz Fisiy hopes the program will expand to other
countries as well.
Retrieved from: http://www.saberingles.com.ar/listening/117.html
8, Read the text about integrated farming techniques and answer the following questions.
What does FAO mean?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Food and Agriculture Organization
How much will poor countries spend up to import food?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
poor countries will spend up to one hundred seventy billion this year to import food.
What does The United Nations agency say?
The United Nations agency says the increase in food prices over the past year is a serious problem because most people who suffer from hunger
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Who has a new anti-hunger project
________________________________________________________________________________________________
A humanitarian organization based in Washington D.C. has a new (2) anti-hunger project.
Who is program director at Women for Women International?
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Pat Morris is program director at Women for Women International.
E. SPEAKING – CLIMATE CHANGE
9. Think about climate change. What

causes Climate change? Why is climate
change a problem? What can we do to
prevent it? Are you taking any preventive
measure? Look out for it on the web. Find
a partner to pair up and takes a turn to
explain to your partner about climate
change and what to do to prevent it. Use
the first conditional and other tenses you
need. Upload a video or audio with a
minimum of 4 minutes.
F. WRITING – Climate Change

6. Watch the following video and write at least 4 things that you could do to prevent
climate change. What would happen if you apply those changes? Use first conditional.
Retrieved from: ht t p s:/ /w ww .yo u tu be.com /w at ch ?v=S cX 29 WB JI3w
 …
Lesson 5C
A. WARM-UP - HEY JUDE

1. Listen to the song and answer: What do you feel
when you listen to it?
Retrieved from:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_MjCqQoLLA
B. READING - HEY JUDE

2. Read the lyrics and write down all the imperative that you can find.
.
Hey Jude don’t make it bad. Take a sad song and make it better remember to
let her into your heart, then you can start to make it better. Hey Jude, don’t
be afraid, you were made to go out and get her.
The minute you let her under your skin, then you begin to make it better.
And anytime you feel the pain, hey Jude, refrain,
Don’t carry the world upon your shoulders.
For well you know that it’s a fool who plays it cool
by making his world a little colder.
Na na na na na, na na na.
Hey Jude, don’t let me down. You have found her,
now go and get her.
The minute, you let her into your heart, then you can start to make it better.
So let it out and let it in, hey Jude, begin,
You’re waiting for someone to perform with.
And don’t you know that it’s just you, hey Jude, you’ll do,
the moment you need is on your shoulder.
Na na na na na, na na na.
Hey Jude 1don’t make it bad. take a sad song and make it better.
Remember to let her under your skin, then you’ll begin to make it better,
better, better, better, better.
Na na na na na, na na na, na na na na na, na na na, hey Jude.
 …
120
C. GRAMMAR – Imperative
Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands, warnings, or

instructions, and if you use “please” to make a request.
e.g. Give me that tape, please.
To make the imperative, use the infinitive of the verb without "to"
e.g. Come here! Sit down!
To make a negative imperative, put "do not" or "don't" before the verb:
e.g. Don't go! Do not walk on the grass.
You can also use "let's" before the verb if you are
including yourself in the imperative. The negative of
"let's" is "let's not".
e.g. Let's stop now. Let's have some lunch. Let's not argue. Let's not tell her
about it.
Orders
Adults do not usually give each other orders, unless they are in a position
of authority. However, adults can give orders to children and to animals.
The intonation of an order is important: each word is stressed, and the
tone falls at the end of the sentence:
e.g. Sit down now! "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed, and the tone falls on "now".
Warnings
You can use the imperative to warn someone of danger. All
the words in the warning are stressed, but the last word has
a higher tone than the first word:
e.g. Sit down now! "Sit", "down" and "now" are all stressed,
and the one falls on "now". Watch out! Look out!
Don't cross!
Advice
When you give advice using the imperative, the words are stressed normally.
e.g Don't tell him you're resigning now! Wait until Monday when he's in a better
mood. Don't drink alcohol Don't eat heavy meals
Requests
You can also use the imperative to make a request, but
you should use a polite word before the verb:
e.g Please take a seat. Please wait here. Please hold the line. Please don't
smoke here.
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PRACTICE
3. Complete the following conversations with these verbs: go, take, turn and cross.
You can use them more than once
Conversation A
-Excuse me. How can I get to the bank?
-Go straight on, _________ the second turning on the left, then _________
at the pedestrian crossing, ________ past the post office and the bank
is just next to it.
Conversation B
-Good morning, can you tell me how I can go to the bus station?
_________ up this road, ________ right at the corner, ________ along to the
end of the street and you’ll find it there.
4. Rewrite these sentences in imperative. Maintain the same meaning.
Example: A. You can’t stop at the pedestrian crossing.

Don’t stop at the pedestrian crossing.
B. We must visit our grandparents.

Let’s visit our grandparents.
1) They may not go out tonight. ________________________

2) They must clean the carpet. ________________________
3) You can’t park in this street. ________________________
4) You must do the homework. ________________________
5) We must take a shower. ________________________
6) You must hurry up. ________________________
7) You can’t drop this liquid. ________________________
8) You mustn’t stand here. ________________________
5. Match the two columns to make instructions.
a. Let’s your homework

b. Tidy the bird
c. Don’t leave the door open
d. Let’s have a drink
e. Feed put on your jacket; it’s hot
f. Wash your bedroom
g. Don’t go to class; it’s eight o’clock
h. Do the dishes
122
6. Choose the correct sentences and write them next to the phrase.
Let’s sit on that bench - Let’s dance- Let’s eat a sandwich - Let’s look at the calendar -
Let’s telephone her - Let’s take an umbrella - Let´s close the window - Let’s drink
some water - Let’s clean his car - Let’s buy a cake - Let’s go to the cinema - Let’s buy one
ticket for you and one for me - Let’s watch TV - Let’s do some exercises.
1) I want to see the film “Avatar” cimena

2) What is the date today? calendar
3) Dad’ car is very dirty. It’s mum’s birthday today. ____________________________________________
4) It’s raining. umbrell
5) We are going to Oxford by bus
6) I like this music a lot and I feel so happy
7) I am tired of walking around the park.
8) It’s very cold here.
9) It’s very hot. I am thirsty
10) I haven’t visited Granny this week.
11) It’s raining. We can’t play outside. ___________________________________________
12) I want to be healthy and fit
13) I am so hungry
7. Construct the negative form of the imperative.
1. (sit) on the floor.

2. (play) in class.
3. (close) the window.
4. (wear) a hat inside the bank.
5. (drink) beer.
8. Match with the correct word.
1. Take a it will rain. a) window

2. Close the . if you are cold b) money
3. Watch out the cars when you the street. c) house
4. Give me_________ to buy the ticket. d) umbrella
5. Come to my ____________ dinner is almost ready. e) cross
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D. WRITING – THE MAGIC KINGDOM
1. Imagine you work in Walt Disney world at the Magic Kingdom Park.
Give directions to the guests, how to get to Fantasy land from Main
Street U.S.A., and explain what they have to do as a preventive
measure for covid 19 within the facilities. Write at least 100 words.
 …
we must wash our hands to prevent what kind of bacteria.
keep a distance from the people around us.
When we leave the house we must wear masks and carry
alcohol to disinfect our hands when we touch something.
Avoid greeting with a kiss or shake hands.
124
E. LISTENING– GIVING DIRECTIONS
2. Watch the video about giving directions. Then complete the spaces
with the words from the box and reorder the sentences in the order
he said them. Use numbers 1-6.
Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2URpexwq928
Next to left blocks Around across Next to
a. “ the bookstore is a pharmacy.”
b. “Go to the corner and turn .”
c. “ the pharmacy is the Red Café.”
d. “ the corner is the train station.”
e “Go two and turn right.”
f. “Go through the station and the street to the bookstore.”
3. Check each statemen True or False.
1. The Red Café is next to the bookstore.

2. The Red Café is next to the pharmacy.
3. Mr. Evans says, “Don’t take the train.”
4. The Red Café is in the train station.
5.
Lesson 5D
The first conditional is used to talk about something that will probably
happen or is likely to happen in the future. It can also be used to give
advice.The structure is made up of two clauses:
• A clause starting with 'if' in the present simple tense.
• A clause with a future meaning using 'will', 'be going to', a modal to talk about the future such as
'might' or'should', or other words that indicate a future time.
Either clause can be first in the sentence. If the 'if' clause is first, a comma separates the clauses.
Examples:
• If you work harder, you will have enough money to go to Tokyo.
• You will have enough money to go to Tokyo if you work harder.
1. Complete the sentences with the verb in brackets. Use the First Conditional.
1 If my aunt comes to visit, she .......................... (give) us a present.

2 If it doesn’t rain, we .......................... (go) to the beach.
3 If it .......................... (snow) tonight, we will make a snowman tomorrow.
4 If you don’t try, you .......................... (not succeed).
5 If you .......................... (bring) the sandwiches for the picnic, I will bring the drinks.
6 If he talks too long, his parents .......................... (not let) him use the phone.
7 He will turn on the heater if it .......................... (get) too cold.
8 You won’t understand the questions unless you .......................... (read) the book.
2, Circle the correct words
1 Andrew will water the garden if he 4 I will take / take an umbrella if it rains.
comes / will come home. 5 If it is / will be a nice day tomorrow,
2 We will buy our tickets if we we will go for a bike ride.
will have / have enough money. 6 He won’t cross the road unless
3 We will be late for the show unless you he will see / sees the green light.
hurry / will hurry.
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3. Rose is an advice columnist. People write to her about their problems, and she gives them advice.
Read the following email to Rose. Underline the 'if' clauses and double underline the clauses with
a future meaning.
Dear Rose,
My friends told me that if I tell you my problem, you'll give me advice. Please help me. My problem
is that two men want me to marry them, and I can't choose. Will I be happyif I choose the first man?
Or if I choose the second man, will I be happier?
The first man is very good looking, and he tells me that I am beautiful. He said that he'll always want
to be with me if I stay beautiful even when I'm older. If we have children together, I'm sure that our
children will also be good-looking. We have different religions,but if we never talk about religion, we
shouldn't have any problems concerning it.
The second man is average looking, but he is very rich. He also tells me that I am beautiful. He will buy
me anything if I tell him that I like it. If his business goes well, he might become even richer. I will be
very rich too if I marry him. If I'm rich, I won't have any problems.
We don't have a lot in common, but if we're rich, we'll be able to buy anything we want.What should
I do? Confused in Cardiff
4. Now, take on the role of the advice columnist. Write a response to 'Confused in Cardiff',giving
advice using the first conditional.
.............................................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................................
5. Now, read your reply to a partner. Do they agree with your advice?
Lesson 5E
1. Warm up:
What will you do if you don’t have any friends?
Will you be happier if you live in another country?
Will you be happier if you have more money, cars, houses?
2. Let’s watch a video
Retrived from: https://youtu.be/SqGRnlXplx0
3. Choose the correct answer according to the video
128
4. Watch the video again and complete the missing words
(Students talking. Bell rings.) (Professor) Good afternoon, everyone.

(Students) Good afternoon.
(Professor) We all have this one life to live. A fleeting shadow amongst all that exists in
this vast universe.
We have the ability to accomplish anything, truly anything, if we wisely.
(Professor) Is this jar full?
(Students) Yes.
(Professor) Is it full now?
(Students) Yes.
(Professor) How about now? Is the jar full now?
(students) Yes.
(Professor chuckles to himself. Classroom laughter. More classroom laugher.)
(Professor) Now I want you to recognize that this jar represents . The are ,
your family, your friends, your health and your passions. The are the other important things, your
car, your job, your home. The is everything else, the small stuff.
Now, if the sand in the jar first, you room for the pebbles or the golf balls. The same is
true in life. If all your energy and your time on the small stuff, you time for all the really
important things that matter to you.
Pay attention to the things that are critical to your happiness. of the golf balls first, the really
Important things. Set your , because everything else is just sand.
(Student) Professor, what does represent? (Students laugh)

(Professor) I'm you asked. It goes to show that no how full your life may seem , there
is always room for a couple of beers with a friend.
(Students laugh)
129
5. WRITING
Write a composition about “the golf balls “in your life. Who are the most important people in your life?
What are the most important things in your life? What are your passions? The composition must be done
In 120 words.
............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................................
REFERENCES
 Brian Abbs, Chris Barker, Ingrid Freebairn&JJ Wilson. Second Edition, Person Longman.
ISBN-10-0-13-244291-4
 H.Q. Mitchell&Marileni Malkogianni, 2013. The English Hub.MM Publications. ISBN 978-
960-509-170-5
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University
Press. Lima, Peru. ISBN 978-0-521-75786-7
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Cambridge.
Fourth edition (English edition). ISBN: 978-0-521-18939.
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Raymond
Murphy. (English edition). ISBN: 978-0-521-675420.
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edition.
Cambridge. ISBN: 978-1-316-63152-2
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Vol 1, ISBN 10: 0230033121.
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University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0194519311
 Intermediate, Oxford
University Press, 2nd Edition, ISBN-13: 978-0194519311
 Complete first ,2014. Students book, Cambridge University, second edition, ISBN 978-1-
107-65617-8
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131
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Listening
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ESL Lounge, retrieved from http://www.esl-lounge.com
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British Council ESOL Nexus,
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CONTENTS

Foreword ............................................................................................ Page VI

UNIT 1 IT’S TIME TO REMEMBER

Page Lesson Language Grammar Vocabulary

Pages Lesson 1C Present perfect vs

Lesson 2B International student Present Perfect

Lesson 2C Time Expressions Present Perfect

Page Lesson Language Grammar Vocabulary

Pages Lesson 3A Weather forecast Weather and

UNIT 4 SPECIAL PEOPLE

Lesson 4B Zero conditional Multitasking

Page Lesson Language Grammar Vocabulary

References ................................................................................... Pages 131-133

Lesson 1A I know what you did last class

Grammar Rocks’ Song

Verb Past Tense Sentence

4. Read carefully the following text

Retrieved from: https://www.ngllife.com

5. Read the article and choose the correct option.

Affirmative Negative Interrogative

Examples: Note: in affirmative form we

My family and I ______________

7. Complete the sentences with was and were.

It ………... a lovely day. was Yesterday

Paul and Judy were on holiday.

The children/in the park

A: What did you do (you/do) last weekend?

St1: Did you miss the presential

Conference Center centro de conferencia

A. Warm Up – WORK EXPERIENCE

2. He doesn’t like to work with

3. They have been working in a

4. They have just met their new

We have made many changes in the company in order to remain

vacancy payroll raise overtime duties boss

C. LISTENING – Have you got any plans for the weekend?

According to the listening answer true (T) or false (false)

a. His first activity is to go rafting with his mates ……………………………(_____) false

Retrieved from https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/intermediate-b1-listening/weekend

• Notice that when the simple past is employed, we refer to a past

Example: Google has changed the way people search. (how)

6. Choose the correct alternative.

A. He / home /gone / has / already

@ I have had so many adventures in the past. I remember… I have visited

@ … As a child I traveled a lot to Cuenca with

A. WARM-UP – What have you done lately?

Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i9GlEYf8_5I

B. VOCABULARY – Travel Experiences

How are you? It was so nice to meet you last

Anyway, I have the documents about the new

Bye for now

According to the listening answer true (T) or false (false)

a. Mikel and Lucia were friends from school ……………………………(_____)

1. No, They weren't friends from school.

Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

has been (be) there many times.

1. I´ve seen that film but I didn´t like it much. _____________________________________________

1. She hasn´t............... smoking two months ago.

7. When did ........... you ...........

7. Complete the sentences with present perfect or simple past.

E. LISTENING – How to improve your memory

Retrieved from: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/upper-intermediate-b2-

@ … I have studied accounting and auditing at the technical