Introductory and Intermediate Algebra

for College Students 5th Edition Blitzer

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Find all values that make the rational expression undefined. If the rational expression is defined for all real numbers, so
state.
x-2
1)
4
A) x = 2 B) x = -2
C) x = 0 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: D

4
2)
r- 4
A) r = 0 B) r = -4
C) r = 4 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: C

6
3)
a+3
A) a = -3 B) a = 0
C) a = 3 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: A

a-3
4)
7-a
A) a = -7 B) a = 7, a = 3
C) a = 7 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: C

6
5)
19x
A) x = -19 B) x = 0
C) x = 6 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: B

x+2
6)
(x + 7)(x - 3)
A) x = -2 B) x = -2, x = -7, x = 3
C) x = -7, x = 3 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: C

6y - 4
7)
y2 - 9
2
A) y = B) y = 3 C) y = 3, y = -3 D) y = 9
3
Answer: C

1
 x2 - 64
8)
x2 + 17x + 70
A) x = 7, x = -10 B) x = -7, x = -10 C) x = 8, x = -8 D) x = 0
Answer: B

x2 - 16
9)
x2 - 11x + 28
A) x = 4, x = -4 B) x = -7, x = -4 C) x = 0 D) x = 7, x = 4
Answer: D

4x2 - 16
10)
6x - 42
A) x = 42 B) x = 2, x = - 2
C) x = 7 D) Defined for all real numbers
Answer: C

x3 + 5x4
11)
x2 + 36
1
A) x = -6 B) x = 0, x = -
5

C) x = -36 D) Defined for all real numbers

Answer: D

Simplify the rational expression. If the rational expression cannot be simplified, so state.
24x3
12)
6x
A) 4x B) 18 C) 4x2 D) 18x2
Answer: C

7x3
13)
14x8
1 1 1 x5
A) B) C) D)
2x11 2 2x5 2

Answer: C

3x - 12
14)
27
x+4 x + 12 x - 12 x-4
A) B) C) D)
9 9 9 9
Answer: D

2
 -14
15)
2x - 10
7 7 7 7
A) - B) - C) - D)
x+5 x-5 x - 10 x-5
Answer: B

5y - 30
16)
y- 6
1
A) B) cannot be simplified
5

C) 5 D) 5y - 6

Answer: C

21x - 15
17)
5 - 7x
1
A) cannot be simplified B) -
3

C) 3 D) -3

Answer: D

27x - 24
18)
8x - 9x2
3 1 3
A) - B) - C) D) -3
x 3x x
Answer: A

6x - 18
19)
15 - 5x
6 6
A) 1 B) - C) -1 D)
5 5
Answer: B

x+2
20)
x-9
2
A) cannot be simplified B) -
9
2
C) D) 1
9
Answer: A

6-x
21)
x-6
A) -m B) -1
C) cannot be simplified D) 1
Answer: B

3
 3x - 5
22)
5 - 3x

A) -1 B) cannot be simplified

3
C) 1 D) -
5
Answer: A

2x - 9
23)
2x - 1

A) 2 B) 9

2
C) cannot be simplified D)
x-1
Answer: C

x + 12
24)
x2 + 5x - 84
1 1
A) B)
x+7 x-7

C) x - 7 D) cannot be simplified

Answer: B

x-5
25)
x2 - 25

A) x + 5 B) cannot be simplified

1 1
C) D)
x-5 x+5
Answer: D

(x - 6)2
26)
x2 - 36
x-6
A) cannot be simplified B)
x+6
x+6
C) D) 1
x-6
Answer: B

4
 x+3
27)
x2 + 9
1 1
A) B)
x+3 3
1
C) D) cannot be simplified
x-3
Answer: D

x2 - 16
28)
4-x
A) -x + 4 B) x - 4
C) -x - 4 D) cannot be simplified
Answer: C

2x + 3
29)
2
10x + 21x + 9
2x + 5 2x
A) B)
5x + 21 5x + 3
1
C) cannot be simplified D)
5x + 3
Answer: D

7x2 - 57x + 8
30)
x-8
1
A) cannot be simplified B)
x-8

C) 7x2 - 58 D) 7x - 1

Answer: D

y2 + 7y + 10
31)
y2 + 10y + 25
7y + 10
A) B) cannot be simplified
10y + 25
7y + 2 y+ 2
C) D)
10y + 5 y+ 5
Answer: D

x2 - 16
32)
x2 + 8x + 16
x-4 x+4 4
A) B) C) - 1 D)
x+4 x+4 8x + 4
Answer: A

5
 x3 - x2 + 3x - 3
33)
x-1
A) x2 + x + 3 B) x + 3 C) x2 - 3 D) x2 + 3
Answer: D

4x - 8
34)
x2 - 5x + 6
4 4
A) B)
x+3 x-3
4(x - 8)
C) D) cannot be simplified
x+3
Answer: B

3x2 + 9x3
35)
2x + 6x2
3 + 9x3
A) B) cannot be simplified
2x + 6
3 3x
C) D)
2 2
Answer: D

x2 - xy + 9x - 9y
36)
x+9
1
A) B) x - y
x+9

C) cannot be simplified D) x - 2y + 1

Answer: B

y3 - 343
37)
y- 7

A) y2 + 7y + 49 B) cannot be simplified

1
C) D) y2 - 49
y-7
Answer: A

x2 + 6x + 4
38)
x2 + 7x + 12

A) cannot be simplified B) x + 2

x+2 x+2
C) D)
x+3 x+4
Answer: A

6
 y2 - 10y + 24
39)
4-y
A) y - 6 B) -y + 6 C) -y - 6 D) y + 6
Answer: B

81 - x2
40)
x2 - 13x + 36
x-9 x+9 x+9 x+9
A) - B) - C) D) -
x-4 x-4 x-4 x+4
Answer: B

x2 + 11xy + 18y2
41)
x2 + 16xy + 63y2
x + 7y
A) cannot be simplified B)
x + 2y
11x + 18y x + 2y
C) D)
16x + 63y x + 7y
Answer: D

x2 - 2x + 6x - 12
42)
2x2 + 9x + 12x + 54
x2 - 8x - 12 x+6 x-2 x-2
A) B) C) D)
2x2 + 21x + 54 2x + 9 x+6 2x + 9

Answer: D

Provide an appropriate response.

43) A formula for the focal length of a lens is
ab
f=
b+a
Calculate f (the focal length) for a = 8 cm and b = 17 cm. Round to the nearest tenth.
A) 2.6 cm B) 4.0 cm C) 8.5 cm D) 5.4 cm
Answer: D

PV pv
44) A gas law in chemistry says that = . If T = 290, t = 380, V = 10, P = 90, and v = 8, find the value of p.
T t
Round to the nearest thousandth.
A) 0.388 B) 147.414 C) 1012.5 D) 14.741
Answer: B

7
 120x
45) The rational expression describes the cost, in millions of dollars, to inoculate x percent of the current
100-x
population of cattle against a particular virus. Choose which of the following statements are true with regard to
this mathematical model.

I. The expression will be undefined when x = 100.

II. The cost of inoculating 80 percent of cattle is 200 million dollars more than the cost of inoculating 70 percent
of cattle.
III. This expression will calculate inoculation costs for any population of cattle, no matter what the size.
A) Only I and III are true. B) All three statements are true.
C) Only II and III are true. D) Only I and II are true.
Answer: D

46) A snowboard company has manufacturing costs given by the equation

Tx + 1000T
C= where T is a different constant for each model, x is the number of snowboards manufactured,
x
and C is the cost to manufacture one snowboard of a particular model. Choose which of the following
statements are true with regard to this mathematical model.

I. The manufacturing cost per snowboard is the same for all models if 8000 of each model is manufactured.
II. The manufacturing cost per snowboard decreases for all models as the number manufactured increases.
III. The manufacturing cost per snowboard decreases for only some models as the number manufactured
increases.
A) All three statements are true. B) Only II is true.
C) Only I and II are true. D) Only I and III are true.
Answer: B

47) A tennis racket company has manufacturing costs given by the equation
30x + 30,000
C= where x is the number of rackets manufactured and C is the cost to manufacture each racket.
x
What number of rackets must be manufactured to bring the cost per racket to $3?
A) No number of rackets manufactured satisfies this goal.
B) 33,000 rackets
C) 30,000 rackets
D) Not enough information is given to answer this question.
Answer: A

Multiply. Simplify if possible.

2x2 21
48) ∙
3 x3
14x2 14 42x2 x
A) B) C) D)
x3 x 3x3 14

Answer: B

8
 3z 3 10
49) ∙
5 z2
6z 2 6 z
A) B) C) D) 6z
z3 z 6

Answer: D

2p - 2 7p2
50) ∙
p 6p - 6
3 7p 12p2 + 24p + 12 14p3 - 14p2
A) B) C) D)
7p 3 7p3 6p2 - 6p

Answer: B

k2 + 6k + 9 k2 + 7k
51) ∙
k2 + 10k + 21 k2 - 5k - 24
k2 + 7k k 1 k
A) B) C) D)
k-8 k-8 k- 8 2
k + 10k + 21
Answer: B

k2 + 12k + 35 k2 + 9k
52) ∙
k2 + 16k + 63 k2 + 9k + 20
k2 + 9k 1 k k
A) B) C) D)
k+4 k+4 k+ 4 2
k + 16k + 63
Answer: C

k2 + 13k + 36 k2 + 4k + 4
53) ∙
k2 + 11k + 18 k2 + 6k + 8
1 k+4 k+ 2
A) B) C) 1 D)
k+ 2 k+2 k+ 2
Answer: C

6y 14y + 7
54) ∙
12y + 6 6
7 7y 7y y
A) B) C) D)
6 36 6 6
Answer: C

9
 x2 - 5x + 6 x2 - 9x + 8
55) ∙
x2 - 11x + 10 x2 - 12x + 27
(x - 2) (x + 2)(x + 8)
A) B)
(x - 9) (x + 10)(x + 9)

(x - 2)(x - 8) (x2 - 5x + 6)(x2 - 9x + 8)

C) D)
(x - 10)(x - 9) (x2 - 11x + 10)(x2 - 12x + 27)
Answer: C

x2 y
56) 5x4 ∙
45x3 y2
x3 x5 1 x6 y
A) B) C) D)
9y 9y 45xy 9x3 y2
Answer: A

x3 + 1 7x
57) ∙
x3 - x2 + x -35x - 35

x3 + 1 1 x+1 x2 + 1
A) - B) - C) D) -
5(x + 1) 5 5(-x - 1) 5
Answer: B

w2 - s2 w
58) ∙
w+s 2
w - ws
1
A) 1 B) -w C) w D) -
w
Answer: A

(y - w)2 y
59) ∙
y+w 2
y - yw
y+w w y- w
A) B) C) D) 1
y-w y+w y+ w
Answer: C

9x4 - 72x x2 + x - 2
60) ∙
3x2 - 12 4x3 + 8x2 +16x
3x(x - 1)(x - 2)2 3x(x + 1) 3(x - 1) 3x(x - 1)
A) B) C) D)
4(x + 2)2 4 4 4

Answer: C

10
Divide. Simplify if possible.
3x2 x3
61) ÷
4 16
48x2 12 12x2 x
A) B) C) D)
4x3 x x3 12

Answer: B

3y - 3 5y - 5
62) ÷
y 8y2
5 15y2 + 30y + 15 24y3 - 24y2 24y
A) B) C) D)
24y 8y3 5y2 - 5y 5

Answer: D

(y - 5)2 3y - 15
63) ÷
3 9
1 (y - 5)3 3(y - 5)2
A) B) C) y - 5 D)
y-5 9 3y - 15
Answer: C

12x - 12 4x - 4
64) ÷
5 35
48(x - 1)2 7(12x - 12) 1
A) 21 B) C) D)
175 4x - 4 21
Answer: A

15x2 - 37xy + 20y2 15x2 - 31xy + 10y2

65) ÷
35x2 - 43xy + 12y2 30x2 + 23xy - 14y2
(7x + 3y) 6x + 7y (3x + 5y)2 (3x - 5y)2
A) B) C) D)
(6x - 7y) 7x - 3y (6x - 7y)(7x + 3y) (6x + 7y)(7x - 3y)
Answer: B

x2 + 16x + 63 x2 + 7x
66) ÷
x2 + 18x + 81 x2 + 2x - 63
x x-7 x-7
A) B) C) x - 7 D)
2
x + 18x + 81 x x2 + 9x
Answer: B

x2 - 10x + 25 6x - 30
67) ÷
3x - 15 18
x2 - 10x + 25 (x - 5)2
A) 18 B) C) 1 D)
(x - 5)2 9

Answer: C

11
 x2 - 12x + 27
68) ÷ (x + 9)
3-x
x+9 x-9
A) -1 B) - C) - D) -(x - 9)(x + 9)
x-9 x+9
Answer: C

x2 - 5x + 6
69) (x + 2) ÷
3-x
x-2 x+2
A) -(x - 2)(x + 2) B) - C) - D) -1
x+2 x-2
Answer: C

r2 - y2 r
70) ÷
r+y r2 + ry
1
A) r B) r2 - y2 C) r - y D) -
r
Answer: B

24x4 x6
71) ÷
x2 - 1 (x + 1)2
24x24 24(x + 1) 4(x + 1) 24x2(x + 1)
A) B) C) D)
(x - 1)(x + 1)3 x2 (x - 1) x2(x - 1) (x - 1)

Answer: B

x2 - 2x + xy - 2y x-2
72) ÷
2
9x - 9y 2 12x - 12y

12(x2 - 2x + xy - 2y) 4
A) B)
9(x + y)(x - 2) 3

(x - 2)2
C) D) 1
108(x - y)2
Answer: B

7y + 14 xy - 5y + 2x - 10
73) ÷
5x + 25 x2 - 10x + 25
5(x + 5) 7(x - 5) 7(x + 5) 7(x - 5)
A) B) - C) D)
7(x - 5) 5(x + 5) 5(x - 5) 5(x + 5)
Answer: D

12
Perform the indicated operations. Simplify if possible.
3x2 - 4x - 4 x2 + 3x - 4 3x2 - 5x - 2
74) ∙ ÷
x2 + 2x - 3 12x2 + 11x + 2 8x2 - 2x - 1
3x + 1 (x + 4) (x + 4)(2x - 1)
A) B) C) D) 1
2x - 1 (x + 3) (x + 3)(3x + 1)
Answer: C

9x2 + 50x - 24 x2 - 2x 6x + 36
75) ∙ ÷
8x - 16 2
81x - 16 7x3
7x3 6(x + 6)2 48 7x4
A) B) C) D)
48(9x + 4) 56x2 (9x + 4) 7x4 (9x + 4) 48(9x + 4)

Answer: D

Perform the indicated operation. Simplify if possible.

x 6
76) +
13 13
6x x+6 6x x+6
A) B) C) D)
26 13 13 26
Answer: B

x+5 7
77) +
13 13
12x 12x x + 12 x + 12
A) B) C) D)
26 13 26 13
Answer: D

9 5
78) +
15x 15x
14 14 15x
A) B) C) D) 1
30x 15x 14
Answer: B

3x 8x
79) +
13 13
11x 11x 13x 11x2
A) B) C) D)
13 26 11 13
Answer: A

15x 15x
80) +
4 4
15x 2 15x 15x2
A) B) C) D)
2 15x 4 2
Answer: A

13
 3 4
81) +
x + 13 x + 13
x + 13 7 7
A) B) C) D) 1
7 x + 13 x + 26
Answer: B

26x - 72 144 - 14x

82) +
3x + 18 3x + 18
A) 8 B) 2 C) 4 D) -4
Answer: C

5x + 4 7x - 4
83) +
10 10
6x 12x 6x 35x
A) B) C) - D)
5 5 5 5
Answer: A

2x -6
84) +
x-3 x-3
2 2(x + 3)
A) B) 2 C) D) 0
x-3 x-3
Answer: B

3y2 -3y
85) +
y- 1 y- 1
3y 3y(y + 1)
A) B) 0 C) 3y D)
y- 1 y- 1
Answer: C

x2 - 8x 12
86) +
x-6 x-6
x2 - 8x + 12
A) x - 2 B) x + 2 C) x - 6 D)
x-6
Answer: A

7 x+4
87) +
13 + x 13 + x
11 x + 11 x + 11 11
A) B) C) D)
26 13 + x 26 + x 13
Answer: B

2 x
88) +
x+2 x+2
2x
A) x B) 1 C) D) 2
x+2
Answer: B

14
 4x - 6 8 - 3x
89) +
x2 + 7x + 10 x2 + 7x + 10
1 1 x-2 1
A) B) C) D)
x2 + 7x + 10 x+5 x2 + 7x + 10 x+2

Answer: B

Solve.
90) Express the perimeter of the rectangle as a fully simplified rational expression.

10
inches
x+4

10x + 30
inches
x+4

100x + 300
A) 10 in. B) 10x in. C) 20 in. D) in.
x2 + 8x + 16
Answer: C

91) Express the perimeter of the rectangle as a fully simplified rational expression.

10 - 2x
inches
x+2

12x + 10
inches
x+2
100x + 100
A) 10 in. B) 20 in. C) 10x in. D) in.
x2 + 4x + b2
Answer: B

15
 92) Express the perimeter of the triangle as a fully simplified rational expression.

3x + 15 5x + 18
meters meters
x+3 x+3

6x + 9
meters
x+3
14x + 42 14
A) m B) m C) 14x + 42 m D) 14 m
3x + 9 x+3
Answer: D

9
93) A square shaped pasture has a side of length meters.
x+7

9
meters
x+7

Express the perimeter of the pasture as a rational expression.

9 36 36 36
A) m B) m C) m D) m
x + 28 x + 28 x+7 x + 14
Answer: C

94) Find the perimeter of the trapezoid.

x+4
inches
x+3

2 2
inches inches
x+3 x+3

x+1
inches
x+3
2x + 9 x+9 4x + 9
A) x + 6 in. B) in. C) in. D) in.
x+3 x+3 x+3
Answer: B

Find the missing expression.

13x + 3 ? 1 + 8x
95) - =
x+2 x+2 x+2
A) -5x + 4 B) -5x - 4 C) 5x + 2 D) 5x - 2
Answer: C

13x - 3 ? 22x + 1
96) - =
x-5 5-x x-5
A) 35x + 4 B) 9x + 4 C) 9x - 4 D) -9x - 4
Answer: B

16
Perform the indicated operation(s). Simplify if possible.
17 6
97) -
16x 16x
11 11 16x
A) 11 B) C) D)
32x 16x 11
Answer: C

6 2
98) -
9x2 9x2
4 9 4
A) B) C) D) 4
18x4 4x2 9x2
Answer: C

24 6
99) -
x-8 x-8
18 30 24(x - 8) 18
A) B) C) D)
x x-8 6(x - 8) x-8
Answer: D

4x 24
100) -
x-6 x-6
4x - 24 1
A) B) 4 C) 4x D)
x - 12 4
Answer: B

8y2 8y
101) -
y- 1 y- 1
8y(y + 1) 8y
A) B) 8y C) 0 D)
y-1 y- 1
Answer: B

6x + 7y 6x - 7y
102) -
2 2
A) 6x B) 49y C) 7y D) 0
Answer: C

7x - 16 3x - 9
103) -
x+2 x+2
4x - 25 4x - 7 4x + 25 4x + 7
A) B) C) D)
x+2 x+2 x+2 x+2
Answer: B

17
 x 3
104) -
x2 + 5x - 24 x2 + 5x - 24
1 1
A) B) C) x - 3 D) x + 8
x+8 2(x + 8)
Answer: A

8y2 - 6y - 13 3y2 - 5
105) -
25y2 - 16 25y2 - 16
5y - 4 y- 2 8y + 1 5y + 4
A) B) C) D)
5y + 4 5y - 4 5y + 4 5y - 4
Answer: B

5x 3x - 8 2x
106) + -
x+9 x+9 x+9
10x - 8 10x + 8 6x - 8 6x - 8
A) B) C) D)
x+9 x-9 x+9 3x + 27
Answer: C

2x + 7 3x + 5 9x
107) - -
x+8 x+8 x+8
-10x + 2 -14x + 12 -10x + 2 x+2
A) B) C) D)
3x + 24 x+8 x+8 x + 24
Answer: C

8y2 + 3 2 - 8y 3y2 + 2y
108) - -
6y2 + 7y + 1 6y2 + 7y + 1 6y2 + 7y + 1
5y + 1 5y - 1 y+ 1 5y + 1
A) B) C) D)
y+1 6y + 1 6y + 1 6y + 1
Answer: D

Find the missing expression.

11x + 5 ? 14x + 1
109) + =
x-1 x-1 x-1
A) 3x + 4 B) 25x - 4 C) 3x - 4 D) 25x - 6
Answer: C

Add or subtract as indicated. Simplify the result, if possible.

8 6
110) +
x-9 9-x
2 2 2 14
A) B) - C) D)
9-x x-9 x-9 x-9
Answer: C

18
 5 3
111) -
x-6 6-x
8 2 2 2
A) B) - C) D)
x-6 x-6 x-6 6-x
Answer: A

5 4
112) +
x-7 7-x
1 1 9 1
A) B) - C) D) -
x-7 7-x x-7 x-7
Answer: A

8 3
113) -
x - 10 10 - x
5 11 11 5
A) B) C) - D) -
10 - x x - 10 x - 10 x - 10
Answer: B

8 4
114) -
x+3 -x - 3
12 4 12 4
A) B) C) - D)
x+3 x-3 x+3 x+3
Answer: A

5 - x 2x + 6
115) -
x-6 6-x
x-1 x + 11 x-1 x + 11
A) - B) C) D) -
x-6 x-6 x-6 x-6
Answer: B

6 6
116) +
x-3 3-x
12 12 6
A) - B) 0 C) D)
x-3 x-3 x-3
Answer: B

11 14
117) -
7x - 11 11 - 7x
3 25 3 25
A) B) - C) - D)
7x - 11 7x - 11 7x - 11 7x - 11
Answer: D

19
 2y 2x
118) +
x2 - y2 y2 - x2
2 y- x 2 2
A) - B) C) D)
x+y 2 x-y x+y
x2 - y
Answer: A

-3 13
119) -
x - 25 25 - x2
2
16 10 10 16
A) B) - C) D) -
2
x - 25 2
x - 25 2
x - 25 2
x - 25
Answer: C

x 4
120) -
x - 16 16 - x2
2
1 1 1 1
A) - B) - C) D)
x+4 x-4 x+4 x-4
Answer: D

x2 + 63 7 - 15x
121) +
2
x + 5x - 14 14 - 5x - x2
(x - 7)(x - 8) x+7 x+8 x+8
A) B) C) D)
(x + 7)(x - 2) x-2 2
x + 5x - 14 x-2

Answer: D

Find the least common denominator of the rational expressions.

7 8
122) and
x x-6
A) x B) x(x - 6) C) 56 D) x - 6
Answer: B

4 2
123) and
x - 10 x+1
A) 8(x - 10)(x + 1) B) x + 1 C) (x - 10)(x + 1) D) 8
Answer: C

8 8
124) and
12x 9x2
A) 9x2 B) 36x C) 36x3 D) 36x2
Answer: D

2 5
125) and
25x3 15x7
A) 25x7 B) 75x3 C) 75x7 D) 75x10
Answer: C

20
 8 7
126) and
15(x - 2) x
A) 15x2 - 2 B) 15( x2 - 2) C) 15x - 2 D) 15x( x - 2)
Answer: D

6 3
127) and
6y + 42 2
y + 7y
A) 6y2 + 42 B) 6y + 7 C) 6y(y + 7) D) 6y2 + 7
Answer: C

4 8
128) and
2
x - 36 x -6

A) (x + 6)(x - 6)2 B) (x + 6)( x - 6) C) x( x - 6) D) (x2 + 6)( x2 - 6)

Answer: B

8 10
129) and
x2 - 25 x( x - 5)

A) x( x + 5)( x - 5) B) x( x - 5) C) ( x2 + 5)( x2 - 5) D) x( x + 5)( x - 5)2

Answer: A

1 1
130) and
x2 + 16x + 64 x2 + 8x
A) x(x + 8)2 B) (x + 8)2 C) x(x + 8) D) x(x + 1)(x + 8)
Answer: A

3 9
131) and
x2 + 3x x2 + 9x + 18
A) x(x + 3)2 (x + 6) B) x(x - 3)2 C) x(x - 3)(x + 6) D) x(x + 3)(x + 6)
Answer: D

7 1
132) and
4x2 - 8x + 4 8x2 - 8
A) 4(x - 1)2 (x + 1) B) 8(x - 1)(x + 1) C) 32(x - 1)2 (x + 1) D) 8(x - 1)2(x + 1)
Answer: D

5 8
133) and
2
x - 7x + 6 2
x - 2x - 24
A) (x - 1)(x - 6) B) (x + 1)(x + 6)(x + 4) C) (x - 6)(x + 4) D) (x - 1)(x - 6)(x + 4)
Answer: D

4 6
134) and
x2 + 7x + 6 -3x - 18
A) -3(x + 1)(x - 6) B) -3(x + 1)(x + 6) C) -3(x - 1)(x + 6) D) -3(x - 1)(x - 6)
Answer: B

21
Perform the indicated operation(s). Simplify if possible.
15 32
135) +
5x 4x
11 11 11 220
A) B) C) D)
2x x2 x 20x

Answer: C

1 8
136) +
6x 9x
13 3 19 19
A) B) C) D)
9x 5x 18x 18x2
Answer: C

3 7
137) - -
35 7x
-10 -3x + 35 3x - 35 -3x - 35
A) B) C) D)
35 - 7x 35x 35x 35x
Answer: D

14y 7a
138) +
a 2
14y + 7a 28y + 7a 28y + 7a 2
A) B) C) D) 28y + 7a 2
2a 2a 2a
Answer: C

6 7
139) -
x2 x
6 - 7x 7x - 6 6 + 7x 6x + 7
A) B) C) D)
x2 x x2 x2
Answer: A

1 4
140) - -
7 9x
-13 -9x + 28 -9x - 28 9x - 28
A) B) C) D)
63 - 9x 63x 63x 63x
Answer: C

8 3
141) -
x + 1 9x + 9
-19 5 23 23
A) B) C) D)
9(x + 1) 9(x + 1) 3(x + 1)2 3(x + 1)

Answer: D

22
 14 x
142) +
3x - 15 x2 - 25
15x + 70 17x + 70 17x x + 14
A) B) C) D)
(x + 5)(x - 5) 3(x + 5)(x - 5) (x + 5)(x - 5) 3(x + 5)(x - 5)
Answer: B

5 9
143) +
x x-4
14x - 20 20x - 14 14x - 20 20x - 14
A) B) C) D)
x(4 - x) x(x - 4) x(x - 4) x(4 - x)
Answer: C

2 6
144) -
x+3 x-3
-4 -4x - 24 -4x + 24 -4x + 12
A) B) C) D)
(x + 3)(x - 3) (x + 3)(x - 3) (x + 3)(x - 3) (x + 3)(x - 3)
Answer: B

2 x
145) -
x2 3x + 1
6x3 + 2x2 2 + 6x - x2 2 + 6x - x3 2 + 6x - x2
A) B) C) D)
x2 (3x + 1) x2 (3x + 1) x2 (3x + 1) x(3x + 1)

Answer: C

x 3
146) -
8x - 3 32x - 12
32x - 96 4x - 3 x-3 4x - 3
A) B) C) D)
4(8x - 3) 8x - 3 4(8x - 3) 4(8x - 3)
Answer: D

9
147) -4
x
9x - 4 9 - 4x
A) B) 9x - 4 C) 9 - 4x D)
x x
Answer: D

2
148) - 5x
x3
2 - 5x2 5x4 - 2 2 - 5x 2 - 5x4
A) B) C) D)
x3 x3 x3 x3
Answer: D

23
 3
149) +9
x+8
9x + 69 12 9x + 75 9x + 96
A) B) C) D)
x+8 x+8 x+8 x+8
Answer: C

5x - 8
150) +1
x+1
4x - 7 5x + 7 5x - 7 6x - 7
A) B) C) D)
x+1 x+1 x+1 x+1
Answer: D

3 - x 2x + 1
151) -
x-7 7-x
x+4 x+4 x+2 x+2
A) B) - C) - D)
x-7 x-7 x-7 x-7
Answer: A

-8x - 8 3x - 2
152) +
x 5x
-43x - 42 -37x + 38 -37x - 42 -37x - 42
A) B) C) D)
5x 5x 5x 5x2
Answer: C

6y 6x
153) +
2
x -y 2 y - x2
2
6 6 6 y- x
A) B) C) - D)
x-y x+y x+y 2 - y2
x
Answer: C

x2 + 10 3 - 8x
154) +
2
x + 4x - 21 21 - 4x - x2
(x - 7)(x - 1) x+7 x+1 x+1
A) B) C) D)
(x + 7)(x - 3) x-3 x-3 2
x + 4x - 21
Answer: C

x+2 4x - 5
155) +
2 2
x - 2x - 15 x - 7x + 10
5x2 + 7x - 19 5x2 + 7x - 19
A) B)
(x - 5)(x + 3)(x - 2) (x + 5)(x - 3)(x + 2)

5x - 3
C) 5x - 3 D)
2x2 - 9x - 5
Answer: A

24
 3 7
156) +
y2 - 3y + 2 y2 - 1
10y - 11 10y - 11
A) B)
(y - 1)(y - 2) (y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 2)
11y - 10 42y - 11
C) D)
(y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 2) (y - 1)(y + 1)(y - 2)
Answer: B

x 6
157) -
x2 - 16 x2 + 5x + 4
x2 - 5x + 24 x2 - 5 x2 - 5x + 24 x2 + 5x + 24
A) B) C) D)
(x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1) (x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1) (x - 4)(x + 4) (x - 4)(x + 4)(x + 1)
Answer: A

x-4 4x + 5
158) +
2 2
x + 7x - 8 x + 6x - 7
5x2 + 40x + 12 5x + 1
A) B)
(x + 1)(x - 8)(x - 7) 2x2 + 13x - 15
5x2 + 40x + 12
C) D) 5x + 1
(x - 1)(x + 8)(x + 7)

Answer: C

x-5 5x - 2
159) +
2 2
x + 12x + 32 x + 5x - 24
6x2 + 10x + 7 6x2 + 10x + 7
A) B)
(x + 8)(x + 4)(x - 3) (x - 8)(x - 4)(x + 3)

6x - 7
C) 6x - 7 D)
2
2x + 17x + 8
Answer: A

4 7
160) +
2 2
x - 3x + 2 x - 1
56x - 10 10x - 11 11x - 10 11x - 10
A) B) C) D)
(x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2) (x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2) (x - 1)(x + 1)(x - 2) (x - 1)(x - 2)
Answer: C

x 5 6
161) + -
2
x - 25 x + 5 x

25(x + 6) -25(x - 6) 6x2 - 25x + 150 25(x - 6)

A) B) C) D)
x(x + 5)(x - 5) x(x + 5)(x - 5) x(x + 5)(x - 5) (x + 5)(x - 5)
Answer: B

25
 2xy y 8
162) - +
x2 - y2 x - y 2
4x + 5y 4x + 5y 2xy - y + 4 (x - y)(4x + 5y)
A) B) C) D)
x2 - y2 x+y x+y+1 x2 - y2
Answer: B

10 8 2
163) + +
2
x + 5x x x +5
2 8 16 10
A) B) C) D)
x x x x
Answer: D

4x 5 8
164) + -
x + 1 x - 1 x2 - 1
4x 4x - 3 4x - 3 x+1
A) B) C) D)
x-1 x-1 x+1 x-1
Answer: B

1 6 4
165) - +
4x - 8 5x + 5 3x + 6
23x2 - 35x + 13 23x2 - 35x + 158
A) B)
12x + 19 60(x - 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)
167x2 - 35x + 158 167x2 - 35x + 158
C) D)
12x + 19 60(x - 2)(x + 1)(x + 2)
Answer: B

3x x-1 1
166) - +
2 2 2
x - 5x - 36 x - 16 x - 13x + 36
2x - 1 2x2 - x - 5 2x - 1 2x2 - 21x + 13
A) B) C) D)
(x - 9)(x + 4) (x - 9)(x + 4)(x - 4) (x - 9)(x - 4) (x - 9)(x + 4)(x - 4)
Answer: B

6 8 9
167) - +
3x2 - 5xy - 2y2 6x2 - 13xy + 2y2 18x2 + 3xy - y2
21x - 32y 69x - 32y
A) B)
(3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y) (3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y)
69x - 16y 21x - 16y
C) D)
(3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y) (3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y)
Answer: A

26
 9 4 4
168) + -
3x2 - 5xy - 2y2 18x2 + 3xy - y2 6x2 - 13xy + 2y2
46x - 13y 46x - 21y
A) B)
(3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y) (3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y)
70x - 21y 70x - 13y
C) D)
(3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y) (3x + y)(x - 2y)(6x - y)
Answer: B

Two formulas that approximate the dosage of a drug prescribed for children are:

DA D( A + 1 )
Young's Rule: C = and Cowling's Rule: C = .
A + 12 24

In each formula, A = the child's age in years, D = an adult dosage, and C = the proper child's dosage. The formulas apply
for ages 2 through 13. Use these formulas to solve the problem.
169) Use Young's Rule to find the difference in a child's dosage for a 13-year-old child and an 8-year-old child.
Express the answer as a single rational (or fractional) expression in terms of D.
1 109 1 3
A) D B) D C) D D) D
5 5 4 25
Answer: D

170) Use Cowling's Rule to find the difference in a child's dosage for a 11-year-old child and a 2-year old child.
Express the answer as a single rational (or fractional) expression in terms of D.
11 3 1
A) 9D B) D C) D D) D
24 8 3
Answer: C

171) For a 9-year old child, what is the difference in the dosage given by Young's Rule and Cowling's Rule? Express
the answer as a single rational (or fractional) expression in terms of D.
3 1 1 4
A) D B) D C) - D D) D
56 84 3 21
Answer: B

Solve the problem.

6 2
172) The length of the rectangle is feet, while its width is feet. Find its perimeter.
x-3 x
6
x-3

2
x

16x - 12 8x - 6 16x - 12 8x - 6
A) ft B) ft C) ft D) ft
x(3 - x) x(3 - x) x(x - 3) x(x - 3)
Answer: C

27
 6 2
173) A board of length inches was cut into two pieces. If one piece is inches, express the length of the
x+4 x-4
other board as a rational expression.
4 4x + 32 4x - 16 4x - 32
A) in. B) in. C) in. D) in.
(x + 4)(x - 4) (x + 4)(x - 4) (x + 4)(x - 4) (x + 4)(x - 4)
Answer: D

Simplify the complex fraction.

1 1
+
5 7
174)
1 1
+
2 4
16 35 35 8
A) B) C) D)
35 8 16 35
Answer: A

1 1
-
6 3
175)
1 1
-
5 2
9 5 5 9
A) B) C) - D) -
5 9 9 5
Answer: B

1
+5
8
176)
1
6+
3
5 123 152 16
A) B) C) D)
16 152 123 5
Answer: B

x
5
177)
2
x+3
x+3 2x x(x + 3)
A) B) C) D) 10x(x + 3)
10x 5(x + 3) 10
Answer: C

28
 y
5
178)
6
y+ 7
y+ 7 y(y + 7) 6y
A) B) C) 30y(y + 7) D)
30y 30 5(y + 7)
Answer: B

3
y
179)
8
y+ 9
8y 3(y + 9) y+ 9
A) B) 24y(y + 9) C) D)
3(y + 9) 8y 24y
Answer: C

6
y
180)
4
y+ 2
3(y + 2) 2y y+ 2
A) 24y(y + 2) B) C) D)
2y 3(y + 2) 24y
Answer: B

4
+1
a
181)
4
-1
a

4+a a2
A) 4 B) C) 4 - a 2 D)
4-a 4 - a2
Answer: B

2
4+
x
182)
x 1
+
4 8
16 x
A) 16 B) 1 C) D)
x 16
Answer: C

29
 6
-6
9r - 1
183)
6
+6
9r - 1
2-r 2 - 9r 2 + 9r 9r
A) B) C) D)
r 9r 9r 2 - 9r
Answer: B

Simplify the complex rational expression.

1 1
+
6 4
184)
1 1
+
7 2
7 35 54 12
A) B) C) D)
12 54 35 7
Answer: B

185)
1 1
-
3 8
1 1
+
2 6
5 16 36 5
A) B) C) D)
16 5 5 36
Answer: A

1 1
-
8 4
186)
1 1
-
2 7
16 7 7 20
A) - B) - C) - D) -
7 20 16 7
Answer: B

1
+4
2
187)
1
7+
6
7 12 43 27
A) B) C) D)
12 7 27 43
Answer: D

30
188)
6
+6
a
6
-6
a

a2 1+a 6(1 + a)
A) B) 6 - a2 C) D)
6 - a2 1-a 1-a

Answer: C

189)
2
4+
x
x 1
+
4 8
x 16
A) 16 B) C) 1 D)
16 x
Answer: D

190)
2 9
+
x x2
4 81
-
x 2 x

1 1 2x2 + 9 2x + 9
A) B) C) D)
2x - 9 2 - 9x 4 - 81x 4 - 81x
Answer: D

191)
1 5
+
x x2
125
x+
x2
1 x+5 x+5 1
A) B) C) D)
2
x - 5x + 25 3
x + 125 2
x + 125 2
x + 5x + 25
Answer: A

192)
5
+6
x
25
- 36
x2
1 x x 1
A) B) C) D)
5x - 6 5 - 6x 5x - 6 5 - 6x
Answer: B

31
193)
x 1
-
36 x
6
1+
x
36 x+6 x-6 36
A) B) C) D)
x+6 36 36 x-6
Answer: C

7x 7y
+
28 12
194)
7x 28y
-
4 3
3y + 7x 10 3x + 7y 3x - 7y
A) B) - C) D)
21y - 112x 91 21x - 112y 21x + 112y
Answer: C

2 5
-
x y
195)
3 4
+
x y
2y - 5x 2y + 5x 2x - 5y -3(x + y)
A) B) C) D)
3y + 4x 3y - 4x 3x + 4y 7(x - y)
Answer: A

4 5
+
xy6 x6y
196)
6 5
+
6
x y xy6

4x5 + 5y5 4 5 5 5 4x5 + 5y5 4y5 + 5x5

A) B) x + x C) D)
6x5 + 5y5 5 6 5x5 + 6y5 5y5 + 6x5
Answer: C

7 7
-
x+3 x-3
197)
4
2
x -9
21 2x 21
A) - B) C) ( x - 3) D) 0
2 4 2
Answer: A

32
 40
x-3-
x
198)
10
x+7+
x

x-8 3 x2 - 3x - 40 x-3
A) B) - x-3 C) D)
x+2 7 x2 + 7x + 10 x+7

Answer: A

1
x+2
199)
5
x2 - 4
x-2 x+2 5
A) B) C) D) x - 2
5 5 x-2
Answer: A

7
-7
7x - 1
200)
7
+7
7x - 1
7x 2-x 2 - 7x 2 + 7x
A) B) C) D)
2 - 7x x 7x 7x
Answer: C

25t2 - 64u2
tu
201)
5 8
-
u t
tu 8t + 5u
A) B) C) 8t + 5u D) 5t + 8u
5t + 8u tu
Answer: D

Simplify.
x-1 + y-1
202)
x-1 - y-1
y- x y+x y+ x y+ x
A) B) C) D)
y y x y- x
Answer: D

203) (x-1 + y-1 )-1

xy x+y xy xy
A) B) C) D)
x xy x-y x+y
Answer: D

33
 x-2
204)
x - y-2
-2

y y2 y2 - x2 y2
A) B) C) D)
y - x2
2 y - x2
2 y2 y + x2
2

Answer: B

-7x-1 - 5y-1
205)
8x-2 - 8y-2
-7xy2 - 5x2 y 7xy2 + 5x2 y 8x2 - 8y2 8y2 - 8x2
A) B) C) D)
8y2 - 8x2 -8y2 - 8x2 -7x - 5y -7xy2 - 5x2 y
Answer: A

-6x-1 + (5y) -1
206)
x-2
5y x2 -6xy + 5x2 -30xy + x2
A) B) C) D)
-30xy + x2 -6x + 5y y 5y

Answer: D

207)
y
2+
2
2+
2+y

y2 + 6y + 12 y2 + 2y + 8 y2 + 6y + 8 y2 + 2y
A) B) C) D)
2y + 6 4 2y + 4 2y + 6
Answer: A

Solve the problem.

208) The average speed on a round-trip commute having a one-way distance d is given by the complex rational
expression
2d
d d
+
r1 r2

in which r1 and r2 are the speeds on the outgoing and return trips, respectively. Fred and Mischa both drove to
campus averaging 35 miles per hour and each returned home on the same route he used going and averaged 50
miles per hour. Fred's one-way route was 7 miles longer than Mischa's. Simplify the complex rational
expression and answer the question: How does Fred's overall average speed compare with Mischa's?
A) Not enough information is given to answer the question.
B) Fred's average speed is the same as Mischa's.
C) Fred's average speed is higher than Mischa's.
D) Fred's average speed is lower than Mischa's.
Answer: B

34
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.

1 1 1
209) The focal length f of a lens with index of refraction n is = (n - 1) + where R1 and R2 are the radii of
f R 1 R2
curvature of the front and back surfaces of the lens. Express f as a rational expression.
R1 R2
Answer: f =
(n - 1)(R1 + R2 )

210) An electrical circuit contains three resistors connected in parallel. If the resistance of each is R1 , R 2, and R 3
1 1 1 1
ohms, respectively, their combined resistance R is given by the formula = + + . Express R as a
R R1 R2 R 3
rational expression.
R1 R2 R3
Answer: R =
(R2 R3 + R1 R3 + R1 R2 )

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

Solve the rational equation.

x x
211) - = 6
7 9
A) {63} B) {54} C) 189 D) {42}
Answer: C

x 9x x
212) + =
3 5 15
A) {15} B) {0} C) {135} D) {45}
Answer: B

11 1
213) =3-
x x
11 3
A) B) {3} C) D) {4}
3 10
Answer: D

5 1 2
214) - =
x 3 x
2
A) {9} B) C) {-9} D) {-3}
5
Answer: A

2
215) 6 + =4
x
A) {1} B) {-1} C) {-2} D) {2}
Answer: B

35
 5-x 3 7
216) + =
x 4 x
29
A) B) {8} C) {-8} D) {-4}
20
Answer: C

2 3 2 3
217) - = -
3x 5 15x 75
10 5 5 20
A) B) C) D)
7 4 6 21
Answer: D

8 2
218) =
x-7 x+7
35 35 7 7
A) B) - C) - D) -
3 3 3 5
Answer: B

x-3 x+7
219) =
4 3
37 3
A) {2} B) C) - 37 D)
12 4
Answer: C

x 7 x-9
220) - =
12 6 6
A) {2} B) {11} C) {4} D) {-5}
Answer: C

1 37
221) +x=
x x
A) {6} B) {-6} C) ∅ D) {-6, 6}
Answer: D

317 15
222) 8x + =
8 8x
3 8 3 3
A) , -5 B) , -5 C) ,5 D) , -5
64 3 64 8
Answer: A

x2 + 2 18
223) =
x x
A) {-4, 0, 4} B) ∅ C) {-4, 4} D) {-16, 16}
Answer: C

36
 x2 - 5 1
224) =-
3x 3x
A) {2} B) {-2, 2} C) {-2, 0, 2} D) ∅
Answer: B

1 16
225) =
x - 8 x2 - 64
A) {8} B) {-8} C) {0} D) ∅
Answer: D

6 1
226) =1-
2
2x + 6x x +3
A) {1} B) {6} C) {0} D) {-3, 1}
Answer: A

1 x
227) - =0
x 9
A) {0} B) {-3} C) {-3, 3} D) {3}
Answer: C

2 5
228) 7 - =
2x - 11 2x - 11
A) {-6} B) {12} C) {0, 6} D) {6}
Answer: D

x-2 3
229) =
x+3 4
A) {15} B) {1, 17} C) {17} D) {-17}
Answer: C

x+7 2
230) =
x+5 x+5
A) {0, 1} B) {-7, 7} C) ∅ D) {-7, 1}
Answer: C

7 8x
231) 8 - =
x x+7
A) {0, 1} B) {-1, 1} C) {1} D) {-1}
Answer: C

1 30
232) 1 + =
x x2
1 1
A) {6, -5} B) - , C) {-6, 5} D) {6, 5}
6 5
Answer: C

37
 x-4 15
233) =
x x+4
A) {4, 1} B) {16, -1} C) {4, -1} D) {16, 1}
Answer: B

1 1 x+5
234) + =
x x+4 x+4
A) {-4, 1} B) {-4, -1} C) {4, 1} D) {1}
Answer: D

x -2x 2x - 3
235) = +
2x + 2 4x + 4 x+1
12 3
A) {-3} B) - C) {3} D)
5 2
Answer: C

6 1 1
236) - =
5x x + 1 2x2 + 2x
7 7
A) - B) {-7} C) - D) ∅
10 2
Answer: C

-2 5 13
237) - =
y + 5 y - 5 y2 - 25

A) {4} B) {28} C) {-4} D) { 2

Answer: C

x 9
238) -4=
x-9 x-9
A) ∅ B) {-9, 9} C) {9} D) {-9}
Answer: A

2 3 4
239) = -
x - 2 x - 4 x2 - 6x + 8
A) ∅ B) {2, 4} C) {2} D) {4}
Answer: A

7x 28 7x2 + 112
240) - =
x+4 x-4 x2 - 16
A) {4} B) {-4} C) ∅ D) {4, -4}
Answer: C

x+ 8 8 x- 8
241) - =
2 2
x + 2x - 3 x + 6x + 9 2
x + 2x - 3
A) { 7 } B) { -40 } C) { -56 } D) { -7 }
Answer: D

38
Solve or simplify, whichever is appropriate.
x2 + x 1
242) =1+
x2 + 10x + 25 x+5

2x2 + 12x + 30
A) { 6} B) 2x2 + 12x + 30 C) D) - 3
(x + 5)(x + 5)
Answer: D

x2 + x 1
243) -1+
x2 + 15x + 54 x+6
21 -13x - 45
A) - B) C) -13x - 45 D) { 10}
5 (x + 6)(x + 9)
Answer: B

244) 40y-2 + 1 = 13y-1

(y + 8)(y + 5)
A) (y + 8)(y + 5) B) {8, 5} C) {-8, -5} D)
y2
Answer: B

245) 27y-2 + 1 + 12y-1

(y + 3)(y + 9)
A) {3, 9} B) (y + 3)(y + 9) C) {12, -3} D)
y2
Answer: D

2 1 12
246) - =
x + 6 x - 6 x2 - 36
3x - 18
A) B) {1} C) {30} D) 3x - 18
(x + 6)(x - 6)
Answer: C

2 1 4
247) - -
x + 2 2 - x x2 - 4
3x - 6
A) {2, -2} B) C) {1} D) 3x - 6
(x + 2)(x - 2)
Answer: B

Solve.
248) A company that manufactures hospital beds has fixed monthly costs of $240,000. The average cost per bed, C,
for the company to manufacture x beds per month is modeled by the formula
570x + 240,000
C=
x
How many hospital beds can be manufactured per month at an average cost of $810?
A) 1150 beds B) 1000 beds C) 1100 beds D) 875 beds
Answer: B

39
 DA
249) Young's rule, C = , can be used to approximate the dosage of a drug prescribed for children. In this
A + 12
formula, A = child's age in years, D = an adult dosage, and C = the proper child's dosage. When the adult
dosage is 100 milligrams and the child's dosage is 25 milligrams, what is the child's age?
A) 6 B) 5 C) 3 D) 4
Answer: D

250) In baseball, a player's batting average is the total number of hits divided by the total number of times at bat. A
baseball player has 17 hits after 45 times at bat. How many additional consecutive times must the batter hit the
ball to achieve a batting average of .440?
A) 5 B) 15 C) 10 D) 7
Answer: A

Solve the equation for the specified variable.

1 1
251) + = c for b
a b
1 a 1 1
A) b = B) b = C) b = ac - D) b = -a
ac ac - 1 a c
Answer: B

1 1 1
252) + = for c
a b c
a+b ab
A) c = B) c = ab(a + b) C) c = a + b D) c =
ab a+b
Answer: D

A
253) P = for r
1 + rt
P-1 A- P P-A
A) r = P - tA B) r = C) r = D) r =
At Pt 1+t
Answer: C

PV pv
254) The gas law: = for P
T t
tvT pvV pvT pv
A) P = B) P = C) P = D) P =
pV tT tV tTV
Answer: C

1
255) A = h(B + b) for b
2
2A - Bh 2A + Bh A - Bh
A) b = B) b = C) b = D) b = 2A - Bh
h h h
Answer: A

40
 PV pv
256) = for V
T t
pvP tvT pv pvT
A) V = B) V = C) V = D) V =
tT pP tTP tP
Answer: D

A
257) P = for t
1 + rt
P-A A-P P-1
A) t = B) t = P - rA C) t = D) t =
1+r Pr Ar
Answer: C

-GMm
258) F = for G
r2
-Fr2 Fr2 -FMm
A) G = B) G = -Fr2 - Mm C) G = D) G =
Mm Mm r2
Answer: A

Fd
259) P = for t
t
P Fd
A) t = B) t = P - Fd C) t = D) t = Fd - P
Fd P
Answer: C

Solve the problem.

260) A cyclist bikes at a constant speed for 23 miles. He then returns home at the same speed but takes a different
route. His return trip takes one hour longer and is 28 miles. Find his speed.
A) 5 mph B) 7 mph C) 6 mph D) 4 mph
Answer: A

261) A car travels 400 miles on level terrain in the same amount of time it travels 160 miles on mountainous terrain.
If the rate of the car is 30 miles per hour less in the mountains than on level ground, find its rate in the
mountains.
A) 20 mph B) 80 mph C) 40 mph D) 50 mph
Answer: A

262) A boat moves 9 kilometers upstream in the same amount of time it moves 19 kilometers downstream. If the rate
of the current is 5 kilometers per hour, find the rate of the boat in still water.
1 1
A) 4 kilometers per hour B) 17 kilometers per hour
2 10

C) 5 kilometers per hour D) 14 kilometers per hour

Answer: D

41
263) Jim can run 5 miles per hour on level ground on a still day. One windy day, he runs 14 miles with the wind,
and in the same amount of time runs 7 miles against the wind. What is the rate of the wind?
1 2
A) 5 mph B) 3 mph C) 15 mph D) 1 mph
2 3
Answer: D

264) In a race, Car A starts 1 mile behind Car B. Car A is traveling at 65 miles per hour, while Car B is traveling at 50
miles per hour. How long will it take for Car A to overtake Car B?
1 1
A) 3 minutes B) minutes C) 4 minutes D) 20 minutes
3 15
Answer: C

265) Julie and Eric row their boat (at a constant speed) 21 miles downstream for 3 hours, helped by the current.
Rowing at the same rate, the trip back against the current takes 7 hours. Find the rate of the current.
A) 2 mph B) 1.5 mph C) 5 mph D) 3 mph
Answer: A

266) A barge takes 5 hours to move (at a constant rate) downstream for 45 miles, helped by a current of 2 miles per
hour. If the barge's engines are set at the same pace, find the time of its return trip against the current.
A) 90 hours B) 7 hours C) 5 hours D) 9 hours
Answer: D

267) A twin-engined aircraft can fly 798 miles from city A to city B in 3 hours with the wind and make the return
trip in 7 hours against the wind. What is the speed of the wind?
A) 114 mph B) 95 mph C) 76 mph D) 57 mph
Answer: C

268) A painter can finish painting a house in 7 hours. Her assistant takes 9 hours to finish the same job. How long
would it take for them to complete the job if they were working together?
16 15
A) 8 hours B) hour C) 3 hours D) 6 hours
63 16
Answer: C

269) BJ can overhaul a boat's diesel inboard engine in 15 hours. His apprentice takes 30 hours to do the same job.
How long would it take them working together assuming no gain or loss in efficiency?
A) 6 hr B) 10 hr C) 4 hr D) 45 hr
Answer: B

270) Brandon can paint a fence in 12 hours and Elaine can paint the same fence in 11 hours. How long will they take
to paint the fence if they work together?
3 13 1 17
A) 5 hr B) 5 hr C) 11 hr D) 5 hr
4 24 2 23
Answer: D

271) Sue can sew a precut dress in 3 hours. Helen can sew the same dress in 2 hours. If they work together, how long
will it take them to complete sewing that dress? Give your answer rounded to one decimal place, if necessary.
A) 2.5 hr B) 1.2 hr C) 5 hr D) 1.8 hr
Answer: B

42
 272) Mark and Rachel both work for Smith Landscaping Company. Mark can finish a planting job in 3 hours, while
it takes Rachel 5 hours to finish the same job. If Mark and Rachel will work together on the job, and the cost of
labor is $55 per hour, what should the labor estimate be? (Round to the nearest cent, if necessary.)
A) $206.25 B) $103.13 C) $29.33 D) $220.00
Answer: B

273) One pump can drain a pool in 7 minutes. When a second pump is also used, the pool only takes 3 minutes to
drain. How long would it take the second pump to drain the pool if it were the only pump in use?
1 1 4
A) 5 minutes B) 17 minutes C) 2 minutes D) minute
4 10 21
Answer: A

274) One conveyor belt can move 1000 boxes in 10 minutes. Another can move 1000 boxes in 12 minutes. If another
conveyor belt is added and all three are used, the boxes are moved in 3 minutes. How long would it take the
third conveyor belt alone to do the same job?
3 31 2 29
A) minute B) minute C) 6 minutes D) 1 minutes
20 60 3 31
Answer: C

275) A baker can decorate the day's cookie supply four times as fast as his new assistant. If they decorate all the
cookies working together in 28 minutes, how long would it take for each of them to decorate the cookies
working individually?
1
A) baker: 8 minutes B) baker: 140 minutes
4
assistant: 35 minutes
assistant: 33 minutes
C) baker: 140 minutes D) baker: 35 minutes
assistant: 560 minutes assistant: 140 minutes

Answer: D

Use a proportion to solve the problem.

276) It takes Florence 26 minutes to type and spell check 6 pages of a manuscript. Find how long it takes her to type
and spell check 39 pages. Round answers to the nearest whole number if necessary.
A) 26 min B) 1014 min C) 9 min D) 169 min
Answer: D

277) It takes Frank 8 minutes to type and spell check 6 pages. Find how many pages he can type and spell check in
4.5 hours. Round answers to the nearest tenth if necessary.
A) 27 pages B) 337.5 pages C) 360 pages D) 202.5 pages
Answer: D

278) It is recommended that there be at least 10.1 square feet of floor space in a classroom for every student in the
class. Find the minimum floor space that 21 students require. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
A) 212.1 sq ft B) 10.1 sq ft C) 48.1 sq ft D) 207.9 sq ft
Answer: A

279) It is recommended that there be at least 16.8 square feet of ground space in a garden for every newly planted
shrub. A garden is 38.4 feet by 17.5 feet. Find the maximum number of shrubs the garden can accommodate.
A) 2 shrubs B) 13 shrubs C) 192 shrubs D) 40 shrubs
Answer: D

43
 280) It is recommended that there be at least 11 square feet of work space for every person in a conference room. A
certain conference room is 15 feet by 15 feet. Find the maximum number of people the room can accommodate.
A) 30 people B) 21 people C) 20 people D) 40 people
Answer: C

281) A bag of fertilizer covers 1000 square feet of lawn. Find how many bags of fertilizer should be purchased to
cover a rectangular lawn 240 feet by 60 feet.
A) 15 bags B) 1440 bags C) 144 bags D) 14 bags
Answer: A

282) Yearly homeowner property taxes are figured at a rate of $1.45 tax for every $100 of home value. Find the
property taxes on a townhouse valued at $89,000.
A) $1291.95 B) $129.05 C) $891.45 D) $1290.50
Answer: D

Find the missing length in the similar triangles.

283)

10 3 5

8 4
A) x = 3 B) x = 9 C) x = 6 D) x = 4
Answer: C

284)

12 15
4 5
6

A) x = 18 B) x = 20 C) x = 24 D) x = 6
Answer: A

285)

14 21

10 15

20
A) x = 28 B) x = 35 C) x = 26 D) x = 20
Answer: A

44
 286) Find the length of DE.

90

130

110
A) DE = 106.4 B) DE = 76.2 C) DE = 45 D) DE = 38.1
Answer: C

287)

18
30
24

A) 14.4 B) 24.5 C) 40 D) 22.5

Answer: D

Solve the problem.

288) A flagpole casts a shadow of 28 ft. Nearby, a 9-ft tree casts a shadow of 6 ft. What is the height of the flag pole?
A) 1.9 ft B) 18.7 ft C) 42 ft D) 1512 ft
Answer: C

289) A vehicle parked on the street that is 4 feet tall casts a shadow 14 feet long. At the same time, a house nearby
casts a shadow 70 feet long. Find the height of the house.
A) 22 ft B) 24 ft C) 20 ft D) 10 ft
Answer: C

Write an equation to describe the variation. Use k for the constant of proportionality.
290) m varies directly as x
k k
A) m = B) x = C) m = kx D) x = km
x m
Answer: C

If y varies directly as x, find the direct variation equation for the situation.
291) y = 3 when x = 27
1 1
A) y = x B) y = x C) y = 9x D) y = x + 24
3 9
Answer: B

45
Another random document with
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the settlement.[620] But the friends of Cortés were not idle. They
caused representations to be secretly made to the audiencia[621]
that a fratricidal war was about to be opened in the new region,
ruinous to the interests of God and the king, and legal steps were at
once taken by the promotor fiscal.[622] The policy of Cortés in
sending procuradores to Spain, with presents and messages to the
king, had its effect on the audiencia, which considered not only that
his case had passed beyond them, but that he was rendering, and
likely to render, greater service to the royal interest than was his
rival. By no means predisposed in favor of Velazquez, they moreover
sent to Cuba the prudent licentiate Lucas Vazquez de Aillon, a
member of their body, with instructions to prevent the threatened
danger.
Accompanied by Pedro de Ledesma, secretary to the audiencia,
and the alguacil mayor, Aillon met Narvaez at Yagua,[623] preparing
with a portion of the fleet to join the rest at Guaniguanico. Placing the
captain under injunction not to leave Cuba, he proceeded to the
rendezvous and represented to Velazquez the evil which must result
from his project, urging that his duty as governor and loyal subject
demanded him to forego personal vengeance and interest, and
finally forbidding the expedition without express permission from the
king. The governor, who appears to have obtained more definite
news from Spain regarding the wealth and promises of New Spain,
was more determined than ever to carry out his scheme. Relying
upon the grant of the country to himself, he considered that he had
every right to claim his own and to treat Cortés as an interloper. At
first he refused to recognize the jurisdiction of the audiencia in the
matter, but pretended finally to fall in with Aillon’s views.
It was accordingly agreed that, in order to promote the interests
both of king and governor, by rendering available the costly
preparations made, the fleet should proceed to its destination, but
without Indians, and with a less number of settlers than had
volunteered. Narvaez might present the claims of his principal upon
Cortés, but only in a peaceable manner, without landing any forces.
If they were not entertained, he must sail onward in quest of new
discoveries.[624]
In the presence of Aillon instructions were given to Narvaez in
accordance with the agreement, but the former nevertheless
resolved to accompany the expedition and watch over their
observance, for he suspected the sincerity of both parties.[625]
The expedition was the largest which had as yet been fitted out
in the New World, and consisted of eleven large and seven small
vessels, with somewhat over nine hundred soldiers, including eighty
men with fire-arms, one hundred and twenty with cross-bows, and
eighty horsemen. There were also several hundred Indians, a large
force of sailors, and a park of artillery, together with ample stores of
all kinds.[626]
Sail was set early in March, 1520, and after touching at Cozumel
Island to pick up the party which had been left there[627] some time
before, they entered Rio de Tabasco to obtain water and provisions.
The inhabitants fled from the town on seeing so large a force, but
with the aid of an interpreter found there they were reassured, and
brought maize and fowl, together with three women, as presents for
the captain. Four days after leaving the river the fleet was dispersed
by a storm, with the loss of six vessels and a number of soldiers and
sailors.[628] The rest of the vessels arrived at San Juan de Ulua in
the latter part of April.[629]

Three soldiers, deserters from the exploring expedition[630] of

Cortés, came on board, and after declaring allegiance to Narvaez,
poured into the ears of their wondering countrymen the story of their
general’s brilliant achievements. They told of the vast extent and
resources of the country, of the wealth accumulated, the unfairness
of Cortés in dividing, and the consequent discontent of the soldiers
and the danger of their position.[631] This tended to render the
conceited Narvaez over-confident, so that his rival was rather
benefited than injured by the story of the deserters. He now told
Aillon that he would land, since Cortés was so far in the interior and
the vessels in a bad condition. He was also determined to form a
settlement, and regardless of the oidor’s protest a town was founded
for a second time upon the site of the present Vera Cruz.[632] The
governor of Cuetlachtlan hastened to send presents of supplies, as
an act of courtesy to a captain whom he supposed to be the friend of
Cortés. He was undeceived, however, and told by the deserters that
Narvaez was the real envoy and captain sent by the king, while
Cortés and his men were fugitive adventurers whom Narvaez would
punish. His king had heard of the outrage on the emperor, and had
sent him to procure his release, to restore order, and thereupon to
return. The governor reported this to Montezuma, who, thinking no
doubt that it would be prudent to secure the friendship of so powerful
a commander, whether he came as liberator or oppressor, sent him a
number of valuable presents, and gave orders to provide his army
with supplies. Narvaez kept the valuables for himself, a course which
did not tend to increase his popularity, and transmitted in return a
few trinkets to the monarch, with assurances of his good-will.[633]
Hearing that Velazquez de Leon was leading a large force not far
off, Narvaez sent a message, appealing to him as a relative and old
friend to join him with his men; but Velazquez, who was still in the
region in and above Chinantla, looking for tribute and gold, deigned
not even to reply, but forwarded the letter to his general and asked
for orders. Meanwhile he and his lieutenant, Rangel, assembled their
men and made them swear allegiance to Cortés, a few suspected of
sympathy with the Cuban governor being placed under surveillance.
[634] The next step of Narvaez was to demand the surrender of Villa
Rica, which the deserters represented as held by less than four
score men. This task was intrusted to the clergyman Juan Ruiz de
Guevara, accompanied by Notary Vergara, Amaya a relative of
Velazquez, and three witnesses,[635] and letters were given them for
distribution among Cortés’ soldiers, with a view to gain their
allegiance.[636]
Sandoval had been advised concerning the fleet, and suspecting
the object he sent to warn Cortés, despatching at the same time two
dark-complexioned soldiers, disguised as Indian fruit vendors, to
learn further particulars. The spies remained in Narvaez’ camp a
whole day, and by mingling with the leaders they picked up valuable
information, escaping during the night with two horses.[637] Sandoval
now sent off the old and infirm soldiers to a town called Papalote, in
the hills, and obtained the promise of the remainder to hold the fort
with him, a gallows being erected in a conspicuous site as a warning
to the faint-hearted. About this time Guevara appeared before the
quarters of Sandoval. No one came to receive him, and he had to
find his way to the commander’s house. The priest had been led to
believe that little or no objection would be made by the adherents of
Cortés to his demands, and confidently he began his harangue,
speaking of the claims of Velazquez and the treason of Cortés. The
word treason fired Sandoval. His party were the better servants of
the king, he said, and were it not for Guevara’s character as a
clergyman he would have him chastised for his impudence. As it
was, he referred him to Cortés as captain-general and justicia mayor
of New Spain. Guevara likewise grew warm,[638] and a war of words
followed, which the commander cut short by ordering some Indians
to bundle the three principals into net hammocks. In these they were
carried to Mexico, under a Spanish guard, to be delivered to the
general.[639]
 When Montezuma first received news from the coast governor of
the arrival of the great fleet, he supposed that these were the
vessels which Cortés had said that he expected, and by which it was
hoped he would depart. Montezuma at once sent for Cortés to impart
the tidings.[640] The Spanish general was not a little surprised at this
second unusual summons, and still more when told that his vessels
had arrived, and that new ones need not be built. While he was yet
puzzling over the words, the emperor produced the painted message
showing a fleet at anchor off Chalchiuhcuecan. “You can now leave
in safety, and all will be well,” continued the monarch, overjoyed at
the thought of release.[641] “Thanks be to God, who provides all
things!” was the fervent utterance of the general, while the soldiers
sent up shouts of joy mingled with discharges of fire-arms. “Surely,”
they said, “Puertocarrero and Montejo have returned in good time.”
Further consideration of the matter, however, convinced Cortés that
these were not the ships of his friends, but that they belonged to his
archenemy of Cuba. His captains thought the same, and talked with
calculated effect to the men of the great wrong to them if the
hirelings of Velazquez were to step in and reap the results of their
hardships.
Anxious to learn something definite, Cortés sent two
messengers by different routes to bring news about the expedition, a
third being instructed to follow Velazquez de Leon with instructions to
await orders before proceeding to Goazacoalco; a fourth messenger
was despatched to Villa Rica.[642] Learning meanwhile from
Sandoval that the expedition was inimical to him, Cortés sent letters
from himself and his regidores to the commander, stating the
progress of conquest on behalf of the Spanish king, and demanding
his object. If he needed no succor, and came not provided with royal
authority, he must at once depart; otherwise Cortés would march
against him, supported by the vast forces of the empire.[643] The
letters were made the subject of jest among the officers of Narvaez,
the veedor Salvatierra declaring that the messages of traitors should
receive no attention. He urged the expediency of marching upon
them without loss of time, and swore that he would broil and eat the
ears of Cortés.
Shortly after the letters had been sent, the approach of Guevara
and his companions was announced. And now for more of that deep
diplomacy in which Cortés was so skilled. Perceiving the importance
of conciliating men of their standing, he despatched an escort with
horses to bring them with all honor into the city, and he himself went
to meet them, expressing regret at the rude treatment they had
received. With smooth tongue and promises he wove his web round
them, and “oiled their hands with gold,” as Bernal Diaz expresses it.
He showed them the greatness and wealth of the country, and
explained to them how it was all in his power; and he sought to
convince them of the injury dissension must occasion to God, to the
king, and to themselves. Ah, rare talent, the talent of tongue!
Guevara, at least, was won over, and went back delighted with his
courtesy and liberality, and in full sympathy with his cause.[644] On
reaching the camp he told of what he had seen, the great extent of
country, its vast population, and the number of well built towns on
every side. Nor did he fail to sing the praises of Cortés, and speak of
his treasures, of which he displayed specimens. Every captain and
soldier under him, he said, could boast of heavy gold ornaments and
well filled purses, of numerous servants and beautiful women; and
they lived on the fat of the land, having the country and all its
inhabitants at their disposal. The general had taken care to exhibit
only the attractive features of his position, which as now detailed by
the priest captivated the hearts of the listeners, who longed to be
with so fortunate and liberal a leader. Even before this many were
disaffected, and despised the arrogant and narrow-minded Narvaez;
others took an impartial view, and recognized the evil of dissension
in a country only half subdued, while yet others were intent only on
securing treasures.
The priest brought a letter to Narvaez, wherein Cortés expressed
delight at finding his old friend commander of the expedition,
although he regretted that hostile measures had been taken against
him, who as a loyal servant held the country for the king. If Narvaez
carried a royal commission, it had only to be presented to be
obeyed; otherwise he was willing to come to a friendly agreement,
since hostilities must be prejudicial not only to them both, but to the
crown.[645] Guevara supported these expressions by recommending
a peaceful arrangement and withdrawal to new territory, for Cortés
was evidently loyal, and had hosts of Indians to aid him in
maintaining his position. Narvaez not only refused to listen to any
overtures, but became indignant with the clergyman and his
companions for advocating them. He knew that the forces of Cortés
were inferior to his own, and of Indians he had no fear.
Cortés had elicited from Guevara a number of facts regarding
the expedition, among them that the arrogance and parsimony of
Narvaez had alienated a large proportion of his followers, and that a
little gold would have a wonderful effect.[646] Indeed, they had come
for gold, and had no desire to raise the sword against their brethren
if it could be avoided. This information was not lost on the astute
conqueror.
Shortly after the departure of the clergyman, Cortés took counsel
with Father Olmedo, that most admirable of friars, whose knowledge
of the world, calm judgment, and clear foresight had more than once
saved Cortés from himself. Olmedo now undertook the conversion of
Narvaez and his men. Laden with instructions and jewels, he
proceeded to their camp and endeavored to win Narvaez to peaceful
measures. Special letters and presents were given Duero, Aillon,
and others, who were supposed to be friendly, with a view of
obtaining their active coöperation. Cortés wished especially that
Narvaez should understand that he was friendly to him. Dissension
would react on both, particularly on Narvaez; unity of action could
alone promote their common aim and preserve the country to the
king. Cortés had fewer soldiers, but was nevertheless stronger, from
possessing interpreters, knowledge of the country, and control of its
forces and resources. Were not the kings already his servants?
But Narvaez was stubborn. Olmedo, however, overcame the
scruples of a number of his counsellors, who advised him to
negotiate with a man so strongly established. Narvaez called them
all traitors, and told Olmedo that he ought to be ashamed of himself
for promulgating such base sentiments; whereat the priest became
indignant, and devoted himself all the more assiduously to the
subordinates, among whom he found the way well prepared by
Guevara. His arguments found willing ears, and his gold confirmed
the arguments. Among his companions from Mexico was one
Usagre, an artillerist, whose brother occupied a similar position
under Narvaez. This man also did Cortés good service. These
doings could not escape notice, and, warned by Salvatierra, the
commander would have arrested the friar had not Duero and others
interfered. They called attention to his diplomatic and religious
character, and the courteous treatment Cortés had given his own
messengers. Narvaez hurried him away, however, with a letter for his
general, wherein he claimed authority to take possession of the
country for Velazquez. If Cortés resisted, it would fare ill with him.
[647]

It was an easy escape for Olmedo, for Narvaez had not scrupled
shortly before to deal with the royal oidor in a most peremptory
manner. Aillon had remonstrated with him about his proceedings,
such as forming a settlement, threatening to enter the country,
spreading harsh reports among the natives against Cortés, and
neglecting to restrain his men from taking property and otherwise
abusing the inhabitants. No attention being paid to this, he formally
called upon Narvaez to make a peaceful demand for the surrender of
the country, and, if refused, to go elsewhere to settle. He intimated
publicly that the measures of Narvaez were actuated by malice,
rather than by loyal wisdom. This the vain and arrogant commander
could not endure. It was to the oidor, he said, that the present
growing disaffection among his men was due. He was becoming
dangerous, and the municipal officers were directed to seize and
carry him on board the same vessel in which he had arrived. His
secretary and alguacil were placed on board another, and a day or
two after sail was set for Cuba, the captains and crews having been
sworn to deliver them to Velazquez.[648] During the voyage,
however, Aillon persuaded his jailers to take him to Española, which
he reached in the last days of August, after a long and dangerous
trip of three months and a half. The consort vessel was separated
from him during a storm shortly after leaving Ulua, and the secretary
and alguacil did not rejoin the oidor till October. A report of the
outrage was promptly forwarded to the king, signed by the whole
audiencia, with a request that severe chastisement be inflicted, in
order to maintain respect for that august tribunal.[649]
Among others falling under the wrath of Narvaez was Gonzalo
de Oblanco, whose advocacy of Cortés and condemnation of Aillon’s
arrest brought imprisonment, which so wrought upon him that he
died within a few days.[650] These harsh and foolish measures
engendered further discontent, and half a dozen of Aillon’s
supporters, including Pedro de Villalobos, deserted to Sandoval, who
received them with open arms. Others sent to signify their
willingness to join Cortés.[651]
After Aillon’s arrest Narvaez had been persuaded to move his
camp to Cempoala, as a healthier place, more suitable for head-
quarters, and better provided with supplies. The cacique was
intimidated to surrender some effects belonging to Cortés and to
accord the new-comers a welcome, which seemed to stamp his
conduct as desertion. “Oh, well!” said Cortés when told of it, “long
live the last victor.”[652] But he could hardly blame the natives for
yielding, when even Sandoval himself, on hearing of this approach,
abandoned Villa Rica and took refuge in the mountains, where he
remained till the general bade him join his forces.[653]

FOOTNOTES
[605] Gomara, Hist. Mex., 136-7; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 85-6. ‘El diablo q̄
muchas vezes le hablaua, le amenazaua.’ Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. vi. ‘Hiço
Monteçuma aperçebir çient mill hombres de pelea.’ Oviedo, iii. 507. Others make
the number less. To this Clavigero objects: ‘Mi persuado che vi sia stata in fatti
qualche truppa allestita, non però per ordine del Re, ma soltanto d’alcuni Nobili.’
Storia Mess., iii. 112.

[606] Solis sees in this determination only a proof of his supposition that the offer
of vassalage and tribute was but a bribe to satiate the Spaniards, since he now
bids them go. Hist. Mex., ii. 35-6.

[607] ‘Yo os daré para vos dos cargas de oro, é una para cada chripstiano.’
Oviedo, iii. 507; Gomara, Hist. Mex., 138. Herrera increases this to four loads for
Cortés and two loads for each horseman. dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. vi. And Duran heard
that a ship-load of treasures was offered; but the pious Cortés was too intent on
converting souls to accept the bribe. Pizarro y Orellana, Varones Ilvstres, 91;
Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 86. Montezuma had become attached to many of the
Spaniards, including the courteous general, and really wished them well.

[608] ‘Dixo a vn Español de los doze, q̄ fuesse a auisar a los compañeros q̄ se

aparejassen por quanto se trataua cõ el de sus vidas.’ Gomara, Hist. Mex., 137-8.
This author and others state that Cortés gives thanks for the warning, and offers to
go whenever he is bidden. Montezuma, equally polite, tells him to select his own
time. When ready to leave he will give a load of gold to each man, and two for
himself. Cortés thereupon brings up the question of vessels.

[609] ‘Cortes le dixo ... q̄ por fuerça auia de ir el Mõteçuma con nosotros, para que
le vea nuestro gran Emperador.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 86. It is not probable
that this was said on the present occasion, however, and it would only have
irritated the emperor.

[610] ‘Yd con essos indios, é córtese la madera, y entretanto Dios nos proveerá
de gente é socorro: por tanto, poned tal dilaçion que parezca que haçeys algo.’
Oviedo, iii. 507-8; Gomara, Hist. Mex., 138. Bernal Diaz considers this wrong. He
knows not what Cortés told Lopez, ‘mas muy secretamente me dixo el Martin
Lopez, que de hecho, y apriessa los labrava.’ Montezuma had demanded that ‘no
huviesse mas palabras, sino obras.’ Hist. Verdad., 86. Perhaps Lopez did hurry,
from personal fear of remaining in the country; or he may have been instructed by
Cortés to say so to the soldiers, in order to calm them.

[611] ‘Comenzó á faltar todo lo necessario para comer y beber.’ To remedy this,
strict orders had to be issued to purveyors, and the Tlascaltecs were sent on
foraging expeditions, which led to much abuse. Sahagun, Hist. Conq., 25 (ed.
1840), 90.

[612] Gomara, Hist. Mex., 138. In speaking of this, Bernal Diaz says that he
became so used to sleeping in his clothes, and enduring hardships generally, that
he almost discarded the bed during his later encomendero life, and could take only
short naps. ‘Esto he dicho, por que sepã de que arte andamos los verdaderos
Conquistadores, y como estavamos tan acostũbrados a las armas, y a velar.’ Hist.
Verdad., 86.

[613] This was dated Saragossa, November 13, 1518, within a week of Cortés’
usurpation of the fleet, as Las Casas observes, and conceded to Velazquez the
position of adelantado not only over Yucatan, Cozumel, and ‘other islands’
discovered by his expeditions, but over any further lands that he might find. In
connection with this title was granted, to him and one heir, one fifteenth of the
revenue accruing to the king from these lands; and after their conquest and
settlement one twentieth of the same revenue, in perpetuity for himself and heirs,
from any one island that he might select—the discoveries were supposed to be all
islands. All supplies of food, clothes, and arms, introduced by him during his life,
were to be free of duty. In support of his expenses a royal plantation near Habana
was transferred to him, and an annual salary conferred of 300,000 maravedís. A
number of other provisions were made for the promotion of economic, politic, and
spiritual welfare in the new region. A synopsis of the commission is given in Las
Casas, Hist. Ind., v. 2-5. Prescott misunderstands the Carta de Velazquez of
October 12, 1519, in supposing that the governor had not received notice of his
appointment by that time, and is therefore wrong in taking Gomara to task for
saying: ‘Estando pues en aqueste pensamiẽto [to thwart Cortés], auino que llego a
Santiago ... cartas del Emperador, y el titulo de Adelantado, y cedula de la
gouernacion ... de Yucatã.’ Hist. Mex., 140.
[614] Carta de Velazquez, October 12,1519, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc.,
xii. 246-51. Solis assumes that the preparations of Velazquez were influenced by
the news of the reception accorded in Spain to the procuradores of Cortés. Hist.
Mex., ii. 42-4. But this supposition, based partly on a vague expression of Herrera,
dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii., is wrong, for the procuradores reached Spain only in
October, and were detained for some time before they saw the emperor.

[615] ‘Conociendo que la gẽte, de vna manera o de otra, se auia de yr, acordò de
recogerla.’ Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii.

[616] Letter to Figueroa, Nov. 17, 1519, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 400.

[617] It appears that Velazquez’ suspicious nature had led him to cast reflections
upon Porcallo, who resented them by throwing up the appointment. Herrera tells
the story, which is not very interesting. dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii.

[618] Bernal Diaz says also ‘Ualladolid, ó de Tudela de Duero.’ Hist. Verdad., 246,
38.

[619] ‘A este Narvaez hizo Diego Velazquez su Capitan principal, siempre

honrándolo, de manera que despues dél tuvo en aquella isla el primer lugar.’ Las
Casas, Hist. Ind., iv. 4-6; Oviedo, i. 496. ‘Dezian que era muy escaco.’ Bernal
Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 247.

[620] In a letter to Judge Figueroa, of the Española audiencia, dated November

17, 1519, he gives notice of this appointment, and states that the object of the
expedition is to prevent injury to the royal interest and outrages upon the natives.
That very day he was leaving for Trinidad and other parts to aid Narvaez in the
preparations. Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 399-403. Narvaez’ appointment is
mentioned already in the letter of October 12th, addressed to a Spanish dignitary,
wherein he is spoken of as contador for the new countries. Pacheco and
Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xii. 250.

[621] ‘Auiso y relacion dellos les embió desde Cuba el licenciado Zuaço, que auia
venido ... a tomar residencia.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 87. But we are safe in
saying that Duero gave the impulse.

[622] This official, Juan Carrillo, laid the case before the audiencia, December
24th, representing that Cortés had without superior permission made war on the
natives of the new lands and conquered them. He had also appropriated
Velazquez’ fleet and captured men from Garay’s party, greatly to the injury of both.
Velazquez was now preparing an expedition against him. The two parties would
meet and fight, giving the natives the opportunity to rise and recover the country.
Both Cortés and Velazquez being guilty in undertaking such expeditions without
authority, the fiscal prays that they be punished in person and estate. An oidor or
his proxy should at once be sent to investigate the case and prevent such war.
During the following weeks Carrillo presented letters and witnesses in support of
his petition. Proceso por Real Audiencia de la Española, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc.,
i. 404-10.

[623] Fourteen leagues west of Trinidad.

[624] ‘Todo lo qual se asentó desta manera, y lo dió por instruccion en mi

presencia al dicho Pánfilo de Narvaez.’ Ayllon, in Carta de Audiencia, in Pacheco
and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 337. For fuller text of this agreement see Ayllon,
Parecer, in Col. Doc. Inéd., i. 476-9. By the time the discovery voyage was
concluded the king would have decided the case.

[625] This creeps out in his report, to which he adds: ‘Parecióme que, pues yo
principalmente habia ido á estorbar que no oviesen debates y escándalos, que
debia seguir mi camino hasta los dexar pacíficos.’ Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col.
Doc., xiii. 337. The account of his efforts in Cuba is also given in a special letter to
the king, written by him at Guaniguanico March 4th, on the eve of departure for
New Spain. This letter was detained in Cuba till August. Pacheco and Cárdenas,
Col. Doc., xi. 439-42; Col. Doc. Inéd., i. 481-6. Herrera, who is not aware of the
agreement with Aillon, assumes that Velazquez and Narvaez answer his protests
by mere assurances that they intend no harm, but will take care of the king’s
interest, Narvaez ending the discussion by saying: ‘de qualquiera manera se
pensaua embarcar dentro de dos horas.’ dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii. Bernal Diaz also
states that Velazquez relied so much on the favor of the bishop that he totally
ignored the protests of Aillon. ‘Soldados dixeron, que venia con intencion de
ayudarnos, y si no lo pudiesse hazer, tomar la tierra en si por su Magestad, como
Oidor.’ Hist. Verdad., 87. Solis supposes that Aillon hoped to prevail on Narvaez
when once out of Velazquez’ reach. Hist. Mex., ii. 47; Cortés, Cartas, 117;
Gomara, Hist. Mex., 140. The governor evidently feared to oppose Aillon’s
distasteful resolution to embark, lest he should induce the audiencia to adopt a
more forcible interference; and perhaps he thought that his protests could be more
safely disregarded the farther he was removed from the centre of government.

[626] At the review in Cempoala, New Spain, were found 80 musketeers, 120
archers, 600 infantry, and 80 horsemen. Gomara, Hist. Mex., 146. Cortés was told
by Guevara that there were 800 infantry, including 80 archers and 120
musketeers. Cartas, 116. Oviedo has only 800 men, but with 200 horses, iii. 508,
while Bernal Diaz raises the totals to 19 vessels, with 1300 to 1400 soldiers,
including 80 horsemen, 90 archers, and 70 musketeers, but not counting the
sailors. The artillery of guns was in charge of Captain Rodrigo Martin. Hist.
Verdad., 86-7. Clavigero adopts 18 vessels, 800 infantry, 85 cavalry, over 500
sailors, and 12 guns. Storia Mess., iii. 113. Aillon vaguely mentions ‘over 600
Spaniards in sixteen vessels.’ ‘Sin que yo lo supiese, llevaron hasta mil indios.’
Carta, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 337; and Tapia says 1000 and
odd men. Rel., in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 587. The figures from the review in
New Spain must be increased by the number lost with six of the vessels off that
coast, and this may be what Bernal Diaz attempts to do, although he evidently
makes the estimate too high. Agustin Bermudez was alguacil mayor, and Cortés’
old friend, Duero, managed to join as contador. Herrera, dec. ii. lib. x. cap. i.

[627] Eighty Spaniards had been landed, and a number of Indians, but most of the
latter, together with a large proportion of the natives, had died of small-pox
introduced by the Cubans. To judge from Aillon’s report he appears to have
allowed a number of Spaniards to remain, with a view to make there a calling-
place for ships, and which might serve as a base for operations tending to the
conquest of Yucatan. He refers to the latter country as an island adjoining Ulua,
which he believes is a continent, lying near the land discovered by Solís and
Yañez. Carta de Audiencia, Aug. 30, 1520, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc.,
xiii. 338.

[628] ‘Se ahogaron cinqüenta ombres é los demas escapamos con harto riesgo.’
Carta de Audiencia, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 338-9. Montezuma
informed Cortés of this shipwreck, ‘é le mostró en una manta pintados diez y ocho
navíos, é los cinco dellos á la costa quebrados é trastornados en el arena.’ Tapia,
Rel., in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 586. ‘Tuuo vn viento de Norte ... y de noche se le
perdio vn nauio de poco porte, que dio al traues; Capitan ... Christoval de Morante
... y se ahogó cierta gente.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 87.

[629] Aillon was among the first to arrive, Narvaez and the other captains coming
in during the following two days. Carta de Audiencia, in Pacheco and Cárdenas,
Col. Doc., xiii. 339. Hence Prescott’s date of April 23d is somewhat too accurate.
Brasseur de Bourbourg assumes that a landing is effected on April 20th. Hist. Nat.
Civ., iv. 276. Cortés states that the news reached him in the beginning of May.
Cartas, 113. Taking four days to travel to Mexico, the fleet arrived eight days after
the ship-building party had left the capital. Gomara, Hist. Mex., 138; Alaman,
Disert., i. 109. Narvaez’ agent in Spain states that the fleet numbered eleven
vessels on arrival. Demanda de Ceballos, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 437.

[630] Three of the men left in Chinantla, ‘que se dezian Ceruantes el chocarrero, y
Escalana, y ... Alonso Hernandez Carretero.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 87;
Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xviii. Porras gives several and different names. Cortés,
Residencia, ii. 500. Cortés appears to say that they were the men sent by him to
bring news of Narvaez and who deserted. Cartas, 115. Aillon speaks of one man
who came on board of his vessel. Finding that Cortés had instructed the Indians to
regard any foreign arrivals as inimical, this man was sent to reassure them. Carta
de Audiencia, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 339. It appears probable,
however, that Cortés’ expectation of messengers from his king was known to the
Indians.

[631] ‘Alçauan las manos a Dios, que los librò del poder de Cortés, y de salir de ...
Mexico, donde cada dia esperauan la muerte ... y aũ dezia el Cervantes, ... O
Narvaez, Narvaez, que bien avẽturado que eres ... que tiene esse traidor de
Cortes allegados mas de seteciẽtos mil pesos de oro, y todos los soldados estan
mui mal con el.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 87.

[632] This was speedily abandoned for a camp at Cempoala. Aillon wanted merely
a camp to be formed near a well supplied town. The municipal officers were:
‘Alcaldes hordinarios á Francisco Verdugo, cuñado del dicho Diego Velazquez,
casado con una hermana suya, é un Juan Yuste, su cuñado é mayordomo, é
regidores á Diego Velazquez é Pero Velazquez, sus sobrinos, é á Gonzalo Martin
de Salvatierra é Juan de Gamarra.’ Carta de Audiencia, in Pacheco and
Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 342.

[633] ‘Conocian en el Narvaez ser la pura miseria, y el oro, y ropa ... todo se lo
guardaua.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 89, 87. According to Oviedo’s version
Montezuma held a council, wherein some members favored the plan of attacking
and killing the Spaniards then in Mexico, so as to prevent a junction of forces. This
might frighten the rest into departing. Others, who were more confident, urged that
the new arrivals should be allowed to come to Mexico, so as to swell the list of
victims for the sacrifices, and this proposition was carried, iii. 509. Oviedo’s
informant evidently ignores the declared object of Narvaez; or, like Solis, Hist.
Mex., ii. 64-6, he does not believe that any communication could have taken
place, for want of an interpreter. But Solis forgets the three deserters, and Indian
mediums, perhaps. Prescott takes the peculiar ground that for Montezuma to
‘have entered into a secret communication, hostile to the general’s interests, is too
repugnant to the whole tenor of his conduct.’ Mex., ii. 236. Cortés states that
Father Olmedo had evidence of communication and interchange of presents
between Montezuma and Narvaez. Cartas, 120-1. Others confirm this, as: Tapia,
Rel., in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 587; Gomara, Hist. Mex., 141-2; Carta del
Ejército de Cortés, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 428-30. The position of the emperor
as prisoner, and the speedy succession of events, did not permit the relationship
between the two to develop.

[634] Francisco de Lugo being actually secured with shackles. Tirado, in Cortés,
Residencia, ii. 6; Cortés, Cartas, 118; Carta de Audiencia, in Pacheco and
Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii. 342. Oviedo reviews Velazquez’ conduct in this instance,
and concludes that, since Cortés gave him the men and appointed him captain, he
was bound to obey this his immediate principal, unless royal orders to the contrary
had been exhibited. ‘Si aquel capitan, Johan Velazquez de Leon, no estoviera mal
con su pariente Diego Velazquez, é se passara con los çiento é çinqüenta
hombres, que avia llevado à Guaçacalco, á la parte de Pámphilo de Narvaez, su
cuñado, acabado oviera Cortés su offiçio.’ iii. 316-17.

[635] ‘Alonso de Vergara, escribano, é con Antonio de Maya.’ Demanda de

Ceballos, in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 439; Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 88, writes
Amaya; Cortés, Residencia, ii. 168, 412.

[636] ‘Me trajeron mas de cien cartas,’ wherein the soldiers were told to give credit
to the statements of Guevara and his companions, and to rest assured that they
would be rewarded on joining. Cortés, Cartas, 116.

[637] While selling cherries to Captain Salvatierra they heard him refer to the
treasures of Cortés as a magnificent prize. The designs of Cortés against
Montezuma and his subjects were painted in dark colors. One of the stolen horses
belonged to this captain, whose raving against the spies afforded great
amusement to the camp. Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 92; Tapia, Rel., in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 587.

[638] He ordered Vergara to read the provisions. Sandoval declared that none but
a royal notary should do so, and threatened him with 100 lashes unless he
desisted. Guevara interfered, and was told that he lied, and was a low clergyman.
Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 88.

[639] Alguacil Pedro de Solis was in charge. Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 88,
describes how they wondered at the succession of great cities, etc. The guard
consisted of twenty men. Cortés, Cartas, 115.

[640] Gomara describes somewhat minutely the apprehension created among the
soldiers by this summons, in face of the threatening aspect of affairs. Hist. Mex.,
138-9. Bernal Diaz states that Montezuma kept the news back for three days,
while he communicated with Narvaez. He might have delayed longer, but feared
that Cortés would suspect something. Hist. Verdad., 87.

[641] While still talking, they received another message, saying that troops,
horses, and guns had been landed. In his joy Montezuma embraced Cortés,
exclaiming that he loved him more than ever, and saying that he would dine with
him. While at table both were in good humor, the emperor thinking of the
departure, the general of renewed conquests. After this Montezuma gave daily
feasts, in the belief that the task of entertaining would soon be over. Gomara, Hist.
Mex., 139. It is more likely that apprehensions prevailed on both sides. Brasseur
de Bourbourg calls attention to the fact that no stranger had till then been so far
honored as to sit at the same table with the monarch. Hist. Nat. Civ., iv. 277.

[642] Monjaras gives their names. ‘Fuesen ... tiznados como los yndios,’ et seq.
Cortés, Residencia, i. 442-3; ii. 47-49, 134-5. Andrés de Tapia, who had just
returned from Cholula, after settling a boundary dispute with Tlascala, was the
fourth messenger. He followed by-paths, walking by day and being carried by
Indians at night, so that he reached his destination in three days and a half.
Finding that Sandoval had already sent messages, he remained with him. Rel., in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 586-7. Cortés writes that after being informed by
Montezuma he received a letter, by a Cuban Indian, from a Spaniard who had
been stationed on the coast to watch for vessels. This announced that a vessel
had anchored at San Juan de Ulua, which was supposed to be that of the
returning procuradores. The general now despatched his four messengers. Fifteen
days passed without further news—this is probably a misprint—after which native
paintings were received showing the number of men landed, and with them the
report that the messengers from Mexico were detained by the new arrivals.
Cartas, 114-15. A man named Pinedo, who fled from the capital, was overtaken by
Aztecs, at Cortés’ order, and brought back dead. Demanda de Ceballos, in
Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., i. 440.

[643] Cortés intimates that a friar carried this message, and that one of the
questions was the nationality of the expedition. Cartas, 115. The friar appears to
have carried a later message. Gomara assumes that Cortés already knew who the
commander was, and offered his friendship. Hist. Mex., 142.

[644] ‘A cabo de dos dias ... donde venian muy bravosos leones, bolvieron muy
mansos, y se le ofrecieron por servidores.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 88; Cortés,
Residencia, ii. 168, 465, 500.

[645] Cortés said that he could not leave Mexico, where his presence was
necessary for the preservation of peace and treasures. Cartas, 117-18. ‘Y q̄ se
viessen solos.’ Gomara, Hist. Mex., 142. According to Bernal Diaz a letter of
similar tenor had been sent on before, by a swift messenger, to clear the way for
Guevara’s recommendations, and Cortés therein intimated that the hostile
utterances attributed to Narvaez must be due to the interpreters, for he was sure
that so wise and brave a captain would not utter anything to the prejudice of king
and comrades. Hist. Verdad., 89.

[646] ‘Porq̄ dadivas quebrantan peñas.’ Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 89.

[647] According to Bernal Diaz, Duero persuaded Narvaez, at the instigation of the
friar, to invite the latter, and to seek by friendly efforts to win him over. Pretending
to yield to his persuasions, Olmedo told him that if the proper persons were sent to
confer with Cortés, he could no doubt be brought to terms. It was then agreed that
Duero and others should arrange a private interview between the two generals.
Hist. Verdad., 93; Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xxi.

[648] The reason for this separation of oidor and officers was to prevent the former
from issuing authoritative orders. This seizure had been effected just as Guevara
returned from Mexico. Cortés, Cartas, 118. Hence, Cortés’ letter failed to reach
him; yet Bernal Diaz assumes that he received it, and coöperated accordingly.
Hist. Verdad., 89.

[649] This report, embodying Aillon’s, is dated August 30, 1520. A formal
statement of the case, prepared on the arrival of the secretary, was forwarded on
November 10th. Carta de Audiencia, in Pacheco and Cárdenas, Col. Doc., xiii.
332-48; Ayllon, Relacion, in Id., xii. 251-2; Carta al Rey de los Oidores, in Col.
Doc. Inéd., i. 495-511. The report proved a heavy argument against Velazquez’
case, although Bishop Fonseca at first sought to keep it back. Bernal Diaz, Hist.
Verdad., 90; Peter Martyr, dec. v. cap. v.

[650] Two soldiers were also imprisoned for speaking favorably of Cortés. One of
them was Sancho de Barahona who settled in Guatemala. Bernal Diaz, Hist.
Verdad., 89, 100. To Bernardino de Santa Clara, who had aided Aillon in the
formal demands upon Narvaez, nothing was done, owing to his many friends in
the camp. Herrera, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xx.-xxi. This man was not actuated by
friendship for Cortés, however. He had been treasurer of Española, where his
prodigality nearly made him a defaulter. Cortés, Residencia, ii. 166-8.

[651] ‘Villalobos, y vn Portugues, y otros seys o siete se passaron a Cortes. Y

otros le escriuieron, a lo que algunos dizen ofreciendosele, si venia para ellos y
que Cortes leyo las cartas, callando la firma ... y que publicaua tener en
Zempoallã dozientos Españoles.’ Gomara, Hist. Mex., 143. Bernal Diaz says five
deserters, relatives and friends of Aillon. Hist. Verdad., 90, 92.

[652] Herrera assumes that he was deceived by Narvaez, dec. ii. lib. ix. cap. xix.,
but intimidation was no doubt the leading motive, for he could not possibly relish
the prospect of Montezuma’s release by the new-comers, nor the licentiousness
and greed of the soldiers. ‘This conduct of the men drove the inhabitants to flight,’
says Cortés, Cartas, 119, 125. When the jewels and other effects belonging to
Cortés’ party were seized, together with the Indian wives of the conquerors, the
cacique became seriously alarmed, exclaiming that he would surely be killed for
permitting the outrage. This excited only derision, Salvatierra remarking: ‘Aueys
visto que miedo que tienen todos estos Caciques desta nonada de Cortesillo.’
Bernal Diaz, Hist. Verdad., 90.
[653] Tapia, Rel., in Icazbalceta, Col. Doc., ii. 587. ‘Ellos dejaban la villa sola por
no pelear con ellos.’ Cortés, Cartas, 119.
 CHAPTER XXI.
THE COUP DE MAÎTRE OF CORTÉS.

May, 1520.

Dismal Prospects—Empire to Hold, Invasion to Repel—The Army Divides

—Alvarado Guards Montezuma, while Cortés Looks after Narvaez—
The March Seaward—The Rendezvous—The Chinantecs and their Pikes
—Cortés Sows Alluring Words in the Camp of the Enemy—Proposals
of Peace—Defiance—Night Attack—Cortés Captures Narvaez and his
Army.

It now behooved Cortés to look well to himself. He might win a

score of Marathons, but one Paros would ruin all. When embarking
in this enterprise, he was to all appearance little above the common
adventurer. But rare talents were constantly appearing as required
by occasion. Though sometimes carried away by excess of zeal, he
had proved himself an adept in diplomacy. And for one hitherto so
sportive and pleasure-loving, his temper was now grave, particularly
in times of peril, when his calm self-mastery increased with
increasing danger. The rhythm of battle was the sweetest harmony
that could stir his soul, and yet he never fought but for a purpose. On
gaining an advantage he indulged in no holiday of retrospect or
repose; so long as anything remained to be done no time was
wasted in self-gratulations. He never turned from danger, but
hastened to seek it out, perceiving it even in the darkness, intuitively,
and always looking it full in the face. It was while preparing to strike