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10.1 (i)
10.4 Ba(OH)2
10.5 (ii)
10.6 (i)
10.2. Maybe. Not every reaction produces an observable change in color, temperature,
light emission, or bubbling.
10.3. The statue has a greenish hue, meaning the original copper coating (shiny and
metallic) must have undergone a chemical reaction to turn green.
10.4. The chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen produces a chemically
different substance, water. This reaction can be represented by a chemical
equation showing hydrogen and oxygen on the left side as reactants that are
separated from the right side where products are shown.
H2 + O2 H2O
10.5. A chemical reaction is the process where the identity of one or more substances is
changed. A chemical equation is the symbolic representation of that process.
10.7. a. N2 + O2 NO2
b. N2O5 N2O4 + O2
c. O3 O2
d. Cl2 + NaI I2 + NaCl
e. Mg + O2 MgO
10.10. a. Potassium reacts with water to form potassium hydroxide and hydrogen.
b. Barium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form barium chloride and
water.
c. Copper reacts with nitric acid to form copper(II) nitrate, nitrogen dioxide, and
water.
d. Aluminum reacts with sulfuric acid to form aluminum sulfate and hydrogen.
e. Hydrogen iodide reacts to form hydrogen and iodine.
10.11. A chemical equation must be balanced because atoms are neither destroyed nor
created during a chemical reaction-----they are merely bonded differently before
and after reaction. The law of conservation of mass must be obeyed.
10.12.
10.17. a. 2C + O2 2CO
b. 2CO + O2 2CO2
c. H2 + Br2 2HBr
d. 2Ca + O2 2CaO
e. O2 + 2Cl2 2OCl2
10.21. (c)
10.22. (d)
10.23. The complete ionic equation shows exactly how all species exist in aqueous
solution, whereas the molecular equation represents all substances in compound
form.
10.24. The net ionic equation shows only those species that are changing during the
reaction.
10.25. If an ionic equation is written and all ions are spectator ions (and are ‘‘crossed
out’’), then this shows there is no reaction occurring.
10.26. In each case, look for the formation of a solid from two aqueous solutions to
indicate a precipitation reaction, the formation of water and an ionic compound to
indicate an acid-base reaction, or a change in oxidation number to indicate a redox
reaction.
a. redox
b. acid-base
c. redox
d. precipitation
10.27. In each case, look for the formation of a solid from two aqueous solutions to
indicate a precipitation reaction, the formation of water and an ionic compound to
indicate an acid-base reaction, or a change in oxidation number to indicate a redox
reaction.
a. redox
b. precipitation
c. redox
d. acid-base
10.28. In each case, look for the formation of a solid from two aqueous solutions to
indicate a precipitation reaction, the formation of water and an ionic compound to
indicate an acid-base reaction, or a change in oxidation number to indicate a redox
reaction.
a. redox
b. acid-base
c. precipitation
d. redox
10.29. In each case, look for the formation of a solid from two aqueous solutions to
indicate a precipitation reaction, the formation of water and an ionic compound to
indicate an acid-base reaction, or a change in oxidation number to indicate a redox
reaction.
a. redox
b. precipitation
c. redox
d. acid-base
10.30. a. combustion
b. double displacement
c. single displacement
d. double displacement
10.32. a. combustion
b. double displacement
c. double displacement
d. single displacement
10.33. a. decomposition
b. double displacement
c. single displacement
d. double displacement
+ ---
10.34. The first beaker should show separate ions of Ag and NO3 in a 1:1 ratio. The
+ ---
second beaker should show Li and Cl ions in a 1:1 ratio. When they are mixed,
the final beaker should show only Li+ and NO3--- ions in a 1:1 ratio. The Ag+ and
Cl--- ions have combined into a precipitate (solid) of AgCl at the bottom of the
beaker.
10.35. The first beaker should show separate ions of H+ and Cl--- in a 1:1 ratio. The second
beaker should show Ca2+ and OH--- ions in a 1:2 ratio. When they are mixed, the
final beaker should show only Ca2+ and Cl--- ions in a 1:2 ratio. The H+ and OH---
ions have combined to form water.
10.36. Predict the possible products of each reaction by swapping cations between the
compounds. If a molecule of water or any gas is formed, a reaction takes place. If
this is not the case, look up the new compounds on the solubility chart to see if
any solid (precipitate) is formed-----this would indicate a reaction.
a. NaCl(aq) + LiNO3(aq) NaNO3(aq) + LiCl(aq)
(NO NEW COMPOUND FORMED, SO NO REACTION OCCURS)
b. Ca(ClO4)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2NaClO4(aq)
c. AgC2H3O2(aq) + KCl(aq) AgCl(s) + KC2H3O2(aq)
d. 2(NH4)3PO4(aq) + 3MgCl2(aq) Mg3(PO4)2(s) + 6NH4Cl(aq)
10.37. Predict the possible products of each reaction by swapping cations between the
compounds. If a molecule of water or any gas is formed, a reaction takes place. If
this is not the case, look up the new compounds on the solubility chart to see if
any solid (precipitate) is formed-----this would indicate a reaction.
a. Li2S(aq) + Mg(C2H3O2)2(aq) MgS(s) + 2LiC2H3O2(aq)
b. (NH4)2SO4(aq) + BaBr2(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2NH4Br(aq)
c. LiOH(aq) + NaCl(aq) LiCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
(NO NEW COMPOUND FORMED, SO NO REACTION OCCURS)
d. H3PO4(aq) + 3LiOH(aq) 3H2O(l) + Li3PO4(aq)
10.38. Predict the possible products of each reaction by swapping cations between the
compounds. If a molecule of water or any gas is formed, a reaction takes place. If
this is not the case, look up the new compounds on the solubility chart to see if
any solid (precipitate) is formed-----this would indicate a reaction.
a. HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
b. Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
c. HC2H3O2(aq) + LiOH(aq) LiC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)
d. 3Sr(OH)2(aq) + 2H3PO4(aq) Sr3(PO4)2(s) + 6H2O(l)
10.39. Predict the possible products of each reaction by swapping cations between the
compounds. If a molecule of water or any gas is formed, a reaction takes place. If
this is not the case, look up the new compounds on the solubility chart to see if
any solid (precipitate) is formed-----this would indicate a reaction.
a. K2CO3(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2KNO3(aq)
b. NH4Cl(aq) + LiOH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l) + LiCl(aq)
c. Na2SO3(aq) + 2HBr(aq) H2O(l) + SO2(g) + 2NaBr(aq)
d. 2NaNO3(aq) + K2CO3(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)
(NO NEW COMPOUND FORMED, SO NO REACTION OCCURS)
10.40. The molecular equation represents all substances in the compound form, whereas
the complete ionic equation represents each substance as it exists in solution. The
net ionic equation only shows the substances undergoing change during the
reaction.
a. molecular: CuCl2(aq) + Zn(s) ZnCl2(aq) + Cu(s)
complete ionic: Cu (aq) + 2Cl (aq) + Zn(s) Zn (aq) + 2Cl (aq) + Cu(s)
2+ --- 2+ ---
10.41. The molecular equation represents all substances in the compound form, whereas
the complete ionic equation represents each substance as it exists in solution. The
net ionic equation only shows the substances undergoing change during the
reaction.
10.42. The molecular equation represents all substances in the compound form, which is
what you wrote when answering Problem 10.36. The complete ionic equation
represents each substance as it exists in solution, whereas the net ionic equation
only shows the substances undergoing change during the reaction.
a. NO NEW COMPOUND FORMED, SO NO REACTION OR NET IONIC
EQUATION OCCURS
b. molecular: Ca(ClO4)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CaCO3(s) + 2NaClO4(aq)
complete ionic: Ca (aq) + 2ClO4 (aq) + 2Na (aq) + CO3 (aq) 2Na (aq) +
2+ --- + 2--- +
2ClO4---(aq) + CaCO3(s)
net ionic: Ca (aq) + CO3 (aq) CaCO3(s)
2+ 2---
10.43. The molecular equation represents all substances in the compound form, which is
what you wrote when answering Problem 10.37. The complete ionic equation
represents each substance as it exists in solution, whereas the net ionic equation
only shows the substances undergoing change during the reaction.
10.44. The molecular equation represents all substances in the compound form, which is
what you wrote when answering Problem 10.38. The complete ionic equation
represents each substance as it exists in solution, whereas the net ionic equation
only shows the substances undergoing change during the reaction.
10.45. The molecular equation represents all substance in the compound form, which is
what your wrote when answering Problem 10.39. The complete ionic equation
represents each substance as it exists in solution, whereas the net ionic equation
only shows the substances undergoing change during the reaction.
10.46. Any combination of solutions of soluble compounds, where one contains Al3+ and
the other contains PO43---, would work.
Al(ClO4)3(aq) and K3PO4(aq)
10.47. Any combination of solutions of soluble compounds, where one contains Pb2+ and
the other contains SO42---, would work.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) and Na2SO4(aq)
10.48. Use the rules given within the chapter to assign oxidation numbers.
a. +4
b. ---4
c. +4
d. ---3
e. +4
10.49. Use the rules given within the chapter to assign oxidation numbers.
a. +5
b. +7
c. +7
d. +6
e. +5
10.50. Use the rules given within the chapter to assign oxidation numbers.
a. 0
b. +4
c. +3
d. +6
e. +3
10.51. These are examples of combination reactions where you can predict the chemical
formula for the product. The products are all ionic compounds, where the charges
on the ions can be determined from the periodic table.
a. 2K(s) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(s)
b. 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) 2AlCl3(s)
c. Sr(s) + Cl2(g) SrCl2(s)
10.52. These are examples of combination reactions where you can predict the chemical
formula for the product. The products are all ionic compounds, where the charges
on the ions can be determined from the periodic table.
a. 3Mg(s) + N2(g) Mg3N2(s)
b. 6Rb(s) + N2(g) 2Rb3N(s)
c. 6Li(s) + N2(g) 2Li3N(s)
10.53. a. Your sketch should show a solid lump of potassium reacting with gaseous
molecules of Cl2 above. The product should be a solid piece of alternating
potassium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio.
b. Your sketch should show a solid lump of aluminum reacting with gaseous
molecules of Cl2 above. The product should be a solid piece of alternating
aluminum and chloride ions in a 1:3 ratio.
c. Your sketch should show a solid lump of strontium reacting with gaseous
molecules of Cl2 above. The product should be a solid piece of alternating
strontium and chloride ions in a 1:2 ratio.
10.54. a. Your sketch should show a solid lump of magnesium reacting with gaseous
molecules of N2 above. The product should be a solid piece of magnesium and
nitride ions alternating in the correct ratio (3:2).
b. Your sketch should show a solid lump of rubidium reacting with gaseous
molecules of N2 above. The product should be a solid piece of rubidium and
nitride ions alternating in the correct ratio (3:1).
c. Your sketch should show a solid lump of lithium reacting with gaseous
molecules of N2 above. The product should be a solid piece of lithium and nitride
ions alternating in the correct ratio (3:1).
10.55. The products of these decompositions will be the separate elements in their
standard forms.
a. 2Na2O(s) 4Na(s) + O2(g)
b. MgS(s) Mg(s) + S(s)
c. 2K3N(s) 6K(s) + N2(g)
10.56. The products of these decompositions will be the separate elements in their
standard forms.
a. 2KCl(s) 2K(s) + Cl2(g)
b. 2SrO(s) 2Sr(s) + O2(g)
c. Li2S(s) 2Li(s) + S(s)
10.57. a. Your sketch should show a solid piece of sodium oxide represented as
alternating sodium and oxide ions (2:1) prior to reaction. After reaction, a solid
piece of sodium should be shown with gaseous oxygen molecules above.
b. Your sketch should show a solid piece of magnesium sulfide represented as
alternating magnesium and sulfide ions (1:1) prior to reaction. After reaction, a
solid piece of magnesium should be shown with a solid piece of sulfur.
c. Your sketch should show a solid piece of potassium nitride represented as
alternating potassium and nitride ions (3:1) prior to reaction. After reaction, a
solid piece of potassium should be shown with gaseous nitrogen molecules above.
10.58. a. Your sketch should show a solid piece of potassium chloride represented as
alternating potassium and chloride ions (1:1) prior to reaction. After reaction, a
solid piece of potassium should be shown with gaseous chlorine molecules above.
b. Your sketch should show a solid piece of strontium oxide represented as
alternating strontium and oxide ions (1:1) prior to reaction. After reaction, a solid
piece of strontium should be shown with gaseous oxygen molecules above.
c. Your sketch should show a solid piece of lithium sulfide represented as
alternating lithium and sulfide ions (2:1) prior to reaction. After reaction, a solid
piece of lithium should be shown with a solid piece of sulfur.
10.59. The single-displacement reactions here involve the replacement of the metal ion in
the given compound with an aluminum ion. The metals essentially trade places.
10.60. The single-displacement reactions here involve the replacement of the metal ion in
the given compound with a barium ion. The metals essentially trade places.
10.61. a. Your sketch should show zinc and nitrate ions floating in solution with a solid
piece of aluminum in the beaker. After reaction, aluminum and nitrate ions should
be floating in solution with a solid piece of zinc metal in the beaker.
b. Your sketch should show iron(III) ions and chloride ions floating in solution
with a solid piece of aluminum in the beaker. After reaction, aluminum and
chloride ions should be floating in solution with a solid piece of iron metal in the
beaker.
c. Your sketch should show lead(II) ions and perchlorate ions floating in solution
with a solid piece of aluminum in the beaker. After reaction, aluminum and
perchlorate ions should be floating in solution with a solid piece of lead metal in
the beaker.
10.62. a. Your sketch should show calcium and cyanide ions floating in solution with a
solid piece of barium in the beaker. After reaction, barium and cyanide ions
should be floating in solution with a solid piece of calcium metal in the beaker.
b. Your sketch should show silver ions and chlorate ions floating in solution with
a solid piece of barium in the beaker. After reaction, barium and chlorate ions
should be floating in solution with a solid piece of silver metal in the beaker.
c. Your sketch should show nickel(II) ions and acetate ions floating in solution
with a solid piece of barium in the beaker. After reaction, barium and acetate ions
should be floating in solution with a solid piece of nickel metal in the beaker.
10.63. In order to determine the substance undergoing reduction, oxidation numbers must
be assigned to the elements before and after reaction. Reduction is the process of
gaining electrons. Only reactants can be oxidized or reduced.
a. K(s) = 0, H in H2O = +1, O in H2O = ---2, K in KOH = +1, O in KOH = ---2, H
in KOH = +1, H2(g) = 0.
10.64. In order to determine the substance undergoing oxidation, oxidation numbers must
be assigned to the elements before and after reaction. Oxidation is the process of
losing electrons. Only reactants can be oxidized or reduced.
a. F2(g) = 0, H in H2O = +1, O in H2O = ---2, H in HF = +1, F in HF = ---1, O2(g)
= 0.
H2O-----the oxygen within water is being oxidized, or loses electrons during
reaction.
Met blijdschap mocht ik, op mijn verzoek, van den heer Aug.
Sassen, den welgeleerden en volijverigen Archivaris van Helmond,
eene lijst ontvangen van namen der Helmondsche burgerij uit de
veertiende en de vijftiende eeuw. Die namen, door den Heer Sassen
met veel zorgvuldigheid uit oude Helmondsche oorkonden en
geschriften, vooral ook uit de Helmondsche Schepenacten bijeen
verzameld, waren mij, in menig opzicht, voor mijne navorschingen
op ’t gebied der namenkunde van groot belang. Zij hebben mij dan
ook aanleiding gegeven tot het opstellen van de volgende
verhandeling.
In het midden der veertiende eeuw, ten jare 1348, het oudste jaar
dat in onze naamlijst voorkomt, waren er te Helmond geene
personen meer die nog op dien alleroudsten en eenvoudigsten trap
der benaming stonden, waar bij de lieden slechts eenen enkelen
naam, en geenen toenaam, in welken vorm dan ook, hadden.
Althans onze lijst vermeldt zulke benamingen niet. Achter alle
doopnamen, daarin vermeld, staat een andere naam als toenaam;
een vadersnaam veelal, of anders een plaatsnaam, of ook ’t eene of
andere algemeene woord, als bijnaam, aan het bedrijf van den man
of van diens vader, of aan de eene of andere bijzondere geestelijke
of lichamelijke eigenschap ontleend.
De oudste vorm der patronymicale benamingen, volledig, met het
woord zoon (in dit geval soen) daar achter, is in onze naamlijst
vertegenwoordigd in de namen van H e n r i c R o e f s s o e n
(1389) 1, G o d a r t L y z e n s o e n (1401), G h e v a r t
L u t e n s o e n (1401), J a n C o l e n s o e n (1419), A n c h e m
G o e s w ij n s s o e n [174](1424), B r u y s t e n Y s e b o u t s s o e n
(1426), G o d a r t V r a n k e n s o e n (1439), enz. Dat is: H e n r i c
s o e n v a n R o e f of H e n d r i k zoon van R o e f (R o d f r e d );
G o d a r t zoon van L y s e (een vrouwennaam? E l i z a b e t h ? );
G h e v a r t of G e v a a r t zoon van L u t e (H l o d o ); J a n zoon van
C o l e n (N i c o l a a s ); A n c h e m (A n s e l m ? ) zoon van
G o e s w ij n (G o s e w ij n , G o d s w i n ); B r u y s t e n zoon van
Y s e b o u t (I s b o l d , I d i s b a l d ); G o d a r t (G o t h a r d ) zoon
van V r a n k e (F r a n c o , F r a n k ) 2.
Het kwam wel voor, dat twee personen niet slechts den zelfden
doopnaam hadden, maar ook den zelfden vadersnaam voerden,
omdat toevalliger wijze ook hunne vaders beiden den zelfden naam
hadden gedragen. Dan was nog eene andere toevoeging achter hun
patronymicum noodig, om die twee personen van elkanderen te
kunnen onderscheiden. Of ook, bij bijzondere, belangrijke
aangelegenheden, zoo als die, welke het opstellen van oorkonden
(uiterste wilsbeschikkingen, koopbrieven, of andere
overeenkomsten) ten gevolge hadden, was eene zeer nauwkeurige
aanduiding der verschillende personen noodig, en voegde men
daarom nog eene nadere onderscheiding achter het patronymicum.
Daar toe was de naam van de plaats (stad of dorp, berg, bosch of
heide) waar deze of gene persoon woonde, of anderszins
herkomstig was, bijzonder dienstig. Zulke namen komen op de
naamlijst voor als: D y r c C n o o p s o e n v a n Z o e m e r e n
(1389); J a n C l a e u s s o e n v a n L a n c h e z e (1401);
L a m b r e c h t S t e v e n s s o e n v a n M i l h e z e (1401);
D i d d e r i c J a n s s o e n v a n d e n B r o e k e (1402); A y e n
H e r m a n s s o e n v a n E y n d h o u t s (1407); R o e f
A l a r t s s o e n u t e n V e h u s e , dat is R o e f of R o d f r e d , de
zoon van A l a r t of A d e l h a r t uit den veehuize, uit het veehuis
(dus de man die in een huis woont, waar in het bijzonder vee
gehouden of gestald wordt?). [175]Verder L o d e w i c h
L o d e w i c h s s o e n v a n L o e f f e n (1418). Deze zelfde man
komt in eene vroegere oorkonde van den jare 1410 eenvoudig voor,
met ingekorten doopnaam, als L o d e k e n v a n L o f e n ;
waarschijnlijk moet deze plaatsnaam L o e f f e n of L o f e n wel den
naam der stad Leuven voorstellen. Eindelijk nog V r i e n t k e n
V r i e n t s v a n D o e r n e n (Deurne) (1423); J a n
Y w a e n s s o e n v a n d e n B e r g h e (1423); R y m b o u t
H e n r i x s o e n v a n d e n B e r g e (1444), enz.
Het bleek echter op nieuw dat deze korte benamingen niet in alle
gevallen voldoende waren. Indien het toch geviel dat daar in ééne
plaats twee personen waren die beiden niet enkel den zelfden
doopnaam maar ook den zelfden vadersnaam droegen, dan was
men wel genoodzaakt, zoo men die twee lieden nauwkeurig [179]van
elkanderen onderscheiden wilde, weêr de toevlucht te nemen tot
allerlei toe- en bijnamen. De cirkelgang der benamingen, die weêr
moest uitloopen op eene opéénhooping van allerlei naamsvormen,
was hier mede weêr een nieuw tijdperk ingetreden. Die toe- en
bijnamen werden weêr op allerlei verschillende wijzen gezocht en
gevonden. Bij voorbeeld in de maagschapsbetrekkingen der
menschen: H e n n e k e n R o e s e l m a n s M e l y s b r u e d e r
(1439); J a n v a n d e n L o e ( d e s s e l f s ) A r t s o e m , de
oom van A r t v a n d e n L o e H e n r i c M e t t e n s o e n s
s o e n , op bladzijde 175 reeds vermeld. Misschien behooren hier
ook toe J a n N e v e (1348) en J a n L o d e n N e e f s s o e n
(1424), J a n zoon van L o d e ( L o d e w ij k ) N e e f (of van
N e e f - L o d e ?).