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ABSTRACT
Data is presented for the erosion resistance and pulsed laser damage threshold of anti-reflecting (AR)
microstructures built in the surface of the infrared light transmitting window materials sapphire, ALON, and diamond.
It was found that the erosion resistance of AR microstructures (ARMs) in sapphire is comparable to the resistance of
sapphire with no AR treatment. Such environmental durability, combined with the enhanced light transmission of
windows incorporating ARMs, provides system designers with an effective solution for applications requiring high
transmission over long mission times operating in abrasive environments. In addition, the optical power handling
capacity of sapphire and ALON windows was investigated through pulsed laser damage threshold measurements with a
laser source operating in the near infrared at a wavelength of 1573nm. As with prior results reported for ARMs in fused
silica and borosilicate glass, the measured damage threshold of 19 J/cm2 for ARMs treated sapphire windows is
comparable to the damage level measured for untreated sapphire windows, and this level is at least two times higher
than that found with the most durable thin-film AR coatings designed for fused silica. The damage thresholds measured
for untreated and ARMs treated ALON windows was also comparable, but at a level more than four times less than the
sapphire windows. Lastly, the long-wave infrared light transmission of high performance ARMs fabricated in clear
diamond windows is presented. The Air Force Research Laboratoy’s Laser Hardened Materials Evaluation Laboratory
at WPAFB tested the damage threshold of the ARMs treated diamond windows along with untreated diamond windows
using their pulsed CO2 laser setup operating at 9.56 m. Although the results of the tests using two different laser
settings were quite variable and inconsistent due to the nature of the diamond material, the damage thresholds measured
were in the 50 to 100 J/cm2 range, a level much higher than can be achieved with thin-film AR coatings.
Keywords: Antireflection, AR, Motheye, Microstructures, Mechanical Durability, Laser Damage Threshold, Infrared
1. INTRODUCTION
In many commercial and military optical systems that must operate within harsh environments, the transmission losses
due to light reflections from mechanically durable window materials such as sapphire, spinel, ALON, and diamond,
cannot be tolerated. For these applications some form of anti-reflection (AR) treatment is required. The conventional
AR treatment today relies on the deposition of one or more thin-film material layers over a window or optic surface.
Such AR coatings cannot be made to resist erosion from rain and sand particle impacts when operating in an abrasive
environment to a level equivalent to that of an untreated window.
An effective AR treatment is also critical in high power laser systems where back reflections can easily damage the
laser source or sensor system. Here again, the practical problems associated with thin-film interference AR coatings
often limit the lifetime and the amount of laser power that can be transmitted. A more durable AR treatment is needed
when both high energy laser transmission and erosion resistance are specified.
*
Correspondence: DSHobbs@telaztec.com, Voice: 781-229-9905, Fax: 781-229-2195 www.telaztec.com
Window and Dome Technologies and Materials XI, edited by Randal W. Tustison,
Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7302, 73020J · © 2009 SPIE · CCC code: 0277-786X/09/$18 · doi: 10.1117/12.818335
27um 2.071
200pm I0000X'
Figure 1: SEM images of cone-like (top) and binary profile (bottom) ARMs fabricated in the surface of diamond windows.
82
Measured LWIR Transmission, %
Predicted SWS AR
50% Diamond, 1.35 m Deep
80
78
Diffraction
Loss
D1B2
(Hybrid)
D12
76 (SWS)
74
72
70
CLEAR DIAMOND, Untreated
68
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wavelength, m
Figure 2: Measured LWIR transmission of untreated and ARMs treated clear diamond windows.
An improved fabrication process has been developed for producing ARMs in sapphire and ALON windows for mid-
wave infrared (MWIR) applications. Figure 3 shows SEM images of Hybrid-type ARMs built in ALON windows
acquired from Surmet Corporation. Figure 4 shows the measured MWIR transmission of the ARMs treated window
(solid black curve) compared to an untreated ALON window (dashed black curve). With further process optimization
to increase the texture fill factor and cone height, the measured transmission is expected to reach the theoretical single
surface maximum of 92% indicated in the figure.
92
Measured MWIR Transmission, %
90
ARMs in ALON
A125-HYBRID
=800nm
2mm Thick
88
ALON
86 UNTREATED
2mm Thick
84
1) UDRI’s Sand rig produces consistent exposure conditions day-to-day and run-to-run allowing the data
collected as part of the current trial to be compared with data collected in an earlier trial as if all parts were
exposed to the same conditions at the same time.
2) UDRI’s Rain rig, although less consistent than the Sand rig at re-producing similar exposure conditions from
day-to-day, is consistent enough to allow for comparisons of data collected in an earlier trial with the new
cycle data as if all parts were exposed at the same time.
3) The transmission degradation of windows damaged by rain drop and sand impacts is sufficiently linear to
allow for a reduced number of exposure levels for a given rain field or sand condition. Just two exposure
levels along with the unexposed condition, yields an adequate linear fit. An exposure level can be
accumulated on a single window, or multiple windows exposed to a single level can form a data set.
Further details are given below beginning with the sand erosion testing;
) Sapphire
LARGE SAND CONDITION A SMALL SAND CONDITION B
Figure 5: Sapphire and ZnSe windows after sand exposure in the UDRI particle erosion rig.
Figures 6 and 7 show scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the damage sites in the surface of the ARMs
treated sapphire windows. The left hand images in each figure show the damage sites caused by the large sand particles
of Condition A, and the right hand images show damage caused by the small sand particles of Condition B. Figure 6
shows overhead views of the damaged surfaces magnified 200 and 1000 times. As might be expected, the crater sites
resulting from the 30mg/cm2 Condition A exposure appear to be larger and more numerous than the crater sites found
with the 12mg/cm2 Condition B exposure. The top half of Figure 7 shows overhead views of the damaged surfaces
magnified 5000 times where the microstructures appear to be both crushed into the surface and sheared at the base. The
bottom half of Figure 7 details the crush damage with elevation views magnified 5000 times.
o.
o
o
VVViL'
'V.
-? I
ith V 5QOQOOX
,
LAF GE SAND CONDITION A
4r; Opmi 50
SMALL SAND CONDITION B
I1.TI
"I, 2
5O00)
Figure 7: High magnification overhead (top) and elevation (bot) views of sand impact damage on ARMs treated sapphire.
89 Diffraction
Loss
30mg/cm2 SAPPHIRE
88 S35-SWS SWS, =800nm
87
2
86 No Exposure 10mg/cm
S42UT,S43UT S42UT
85
30mg/cm2 SAPPHIRE
84 InGaAs Spectrometer S43UT Untreated
88
SAPPHIRE
4mg/cm2 SWS, =800nm
S23-SWS
87
86 No Exposure
12mg/cm2 4mg/cm2
S44UT,S45UT
S44UT S45UT
85
SAPPHIRE
84 Untreated
InGaAs Spectrometer
Figure 9: Measured NIR transmission of untreated and ARMs treated sapphire windows exposed to small sand condition B.
The whirling arm rain erosion rig at UDRI can be configured to produce a curtain of
calibrated size water droplets through which a sample is moved at high speeds by
rotation of a non-lifting propeller. A user must select the water droplet size, rate of
droplet production (rain rate), speed of droplet impact, and angle of impact. The
impact of rain drops is of primary concern to missiles and aircraft traveling at high
speed and moderate altitudes, a condition which guides the choice of parameters.
Much of the work found in the literature refers to the testing of optics at a speed of 470MPH with 2mm diameter rain
drops falling at a rate of 25mm each hour. This configuration was chosen for the ARMs exposures with an impact angle
normal to the sample surface. At these settings, the industry expectation[14] is that a window should survive with little
damage for a duration of 20 minutes. With the UDRI equipment just two 25mm diameter windows, loaded at opposite
ends of the arm as shown in the picture on the left above, can be exposed during each machine cycle. One untreated
window and one ARMs treated sapphire window were exposed during two cycles with durations of 10 and 20 minutes.
A third machine cycle was run for 20 minutes at a higher speed of 550 MPH and a higher rain rate of 50mm/hr.
Figure 10 shows untreated ZnSe and sapphire windows along with ARMs treated sapphire windows after exposure in
the UDRI rain rig for varying durations where any internal damage is observed using white light transmitted through the
parts by a light table. Light reflecting from the exposed window surfaces remains smooth and specular, and
microscopic inspections of the surface reveals little to no surface damage. As evident in the figure, extensive,
catastrophic internal damage is found for the softer ZnSe windows, but no internal or surface damage is observed with
either of the ARMs treated or untreated sapphire windows. (Again the ARMs treated sapphire windows appear gray
due to diffraction of visible light from the microstructure array designed for enhance NIR transmission).
0-
RAIN CONDITION A: 470MPH, 2mm, 25mm/hr, 00
5 15
ZnSe
RAIN B:
550MPH
Untreated 5Omm!hr
Sapphire
ARMs
Sapphire
Duration 0 10 20 20B
Figure 10: Untreated ZnSe, sapphire, and ARMs treated sapphire windows after rain exposure in the whirling arm rig.
Diffraction
89 Loss SAPPHIRE
20min SWS, =800nm
88 S28
87
20min
RainB S46UT S41UT
86 20min
85
10min No Exposure SAPPHIRE
84 S40UT InGaAs Spectrometer S40UT,S41UT,S46UT Untreated
Figure 11: Measured NIR Transmission of untreated and ARMs treated sapphire windows after Rain exposure.
Figure 11 shows the NIR transmission of the sapphire windows before and after the rain exposures. Each curve
represents the average of multiple scans at multiple locations over the window surface. Within the measurement system
accuracy, no change in the measured transmission is found for the 5 samples tested after the rain exposures, a result that
is consistent with the visual appearance of the windows. Further characterization of the window transmission over the 2
to 5 micron wavelength range using an FTIR spectrometer, also show no change in transmission due to rain exposure.
Figures 12 and 13 show the transmission of each of the test windows over the NIR spectral range of 1350 to 1700nm.
The measurements were made with the InGaAs spectrometer system described above. Overhead and elevation views of
the ARMs treated windows taken by SEM are inset in the figures. In each plot the dashed black curves give the
untreated window transmission, the solid gray curves give the transmission of SWS ARMs treated windows (mesas),
and the solid black curves give the transmission of the Motheye ARMs treated windows (cones). The vertical gray bar
in each plot marks the laser wavelength for the damage tests. All of the transmission curves represent an average of
multiple scans taken at multiple locations over the sample surface. The three sapphire windows are 25mm round by
6mm thick supplied by Crystal Systems of Salem, Massachusetts. ALON samples were acquired from Surmet
Corporation where the ARMs treated ALON windows are 25mm round by 2mm thick, and the untreated ALON
window is 10mm square by 2mm thick.
Because surface preparation is critical for attaining adequate laser damage thresholds for materials in high power laser
systems, all of the untreated and ARMs treated sapphire and ALON windows were cleaned prior to the damage testing
with a standard acid (H2SO4:H2O2) immersion and solvent rinse followed by a nitrogen blow dry to remove any
surface contaminants introduced during the fabrication or characterization processes. All parts were then shipped to Big
SAPPHIRE
91 S54(CONES) S48(SWS)
0000
Measured Transmission, %
90 Diffraction
Loss
89
88
I ' _v_ Vlr_V v- 'y'
87 LiDT1573
SWS vs. CONES
= 800nm
86 6mm Thick
SM CONES 100pm 20000X
85
SAPPHIRE - Untreated InGaAs Spectrometer
6mm Thick (Ocean Optics NIR512)
84
1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700
Wavelength, nm
Figure 12: Measured NIR transmission of ARMs treated sapphire windows intended for LiDT tests at 1573nm.
1573
92
ARMs in Max Transmission Estimate ~92%
91
ALON
Measured Transmission, %
90
A115(CONES) A110(SWS)
Diffraction
Loss
89
88
LiDT1573
xc
87 SWS vs. CONES
= 800nm w
6mm Thick
86 AII5CONES 0000x OIlY SMS OOOO1OO X
85
ALON - Untreated InGaAs Spectrometer
2mm Thick (Ocean Optics NIR512)
84
1350 1400 1450 1500 1550 1600 1650 1700
Wavelength, nm
Figure 13: Measured NIR transmission of ARMs treated ALON windows intended for LiDT tests at 1573nm.
The results, plotted in Figure 14, show the percentage of sites damaged (the damage frequency) as a function of the
applied laser fluence (the laser intensity on the sample surface is also given on the top axis). Each data point is a
compilation of the data from 10 sites over the sample surface, and are marked as triangles for the cone ARMs treated
samples, squares for the SWS ARMs treated samples, and diamonds for the untreated samples. The lines are a linear fit
to the data with solid black lines representing the cone ARMs treated windows, solid gray lines indicating the SWS
ARMs treated windows, and the dashed black lines the untreated windows. Damage thresholds for the SWS and
Motheye ARMs treated sapphire windows are 18.8 and 19.5 J/cm2 respectively, and 26.3 J/cm2 for the untreated
sapphire window. These thresholds compare favorably to the 33 J/cm2 values found for untreated and ARMs treated
fused silica windows[7], and are a factor of 2 greater than catalog data found for thin-film AR coatings advertised as high
damage threshold coatings. Surprisingly, the damage thresholds found for all three ALON window variants follows the
same trend as the sapphire window variants, but is more than four times less than that found with the sapphire windows.
This indicates some fundamental difference between the two material’s properties as opposed to a sample preparation or
ARMs fabrication issue.
50
40
LDT@1573nm
30 CONES 20Hz, 14ns, 0.31mm
TEM00, 100 sites
20 200 shots/site
Certificate
10 14160,1-6
18MARCH09
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fluence, J/cm2
Figure 14: Measurement of the LiDT for untreated and ARMs treated sapphire and ALON windows at 1573nm.
Figure 15 shows overhead views of typical damage sites in both the ARMs treated ALON (left hand images) and
sapphire (right hand images) windows resulting from the pulsed laser exposures. As might be expected from the
damage threshold results, the nature of the surface damage is quite different with the two materials. At an exposure
energy just one quarter the level of the sapphire exposures, the extent of damage is much larger for the ALON windows
possibly due to failure at the polycrystalline grain boundaries (compare the top row images at 100X magnification). At
a magnification of 1000X (bottom row images), jagged edges and smooth underlying surfaces are found with the ALON
damage, whereas the sapphire surface damage has a fused or melted appearance.
J!t1
I-----
ioox ALON
(A115)
SAPPHIRE4
si.o;..; .b;.i?.'4. -
';t_. -''I
tJ2Opm
.
'i- II
iOG)tJ
2
..j
fr-
..
2.r..
!::*
:1:
:.'
Figure 15: SEM images of the surface damage caused by the high energy laser exposures.
80 sp3-D12
(SWS)
78
LMD5
(SWS)
76
Diffraction
Loss
LMD9
(Hybrid)
74
72
sp3-D14
70 (Untreated)
68
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Wavelength, m
Figure 15: Measured LWIR transmission of ARMs treated diamond windows intended for LiDT tests at 9.56 m.
Under the direction of Dr. Shekhar Guha, AFRL’s Laser Hardened Materials Evaluation Laboratory located at Wright
Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio, operates a pulsed carbon dioxide laser system for testing the damage threshold of
optical materials. All of the diamond window samples were cleaned by an acid bath immersion followed by solvent
rinsing and an oxygen plasma cleaning cycle prior to shipment. Leonel Gonzalez configured and calibrated the test
setup for a 9.56 m wavelength, 100ns pulse width, 4Hz repetition rate, and a beam spot diameter that was varied
between 49 and 94 m. Typically the test involves exposing up to 100 locations on each sample to as many as 10
fluence levels to determine an accurate damage threshold. Because of the small area of the diamond samples (each was
less than 10x10mm), the number of fluence levels applied and the number of locations exposed needed to be reduced.
In addition, it proved to be quite difficult to damage the diamond materials at the fluence levels attainable with the usual
system configuration (spot size), a problem that required several calibration cycles that used a portion of the sample
area. As a result, the number of exposed locations on each sample was limited to less than 20, with only three locations
exposed to the same fluence. Two test cycles were required since the untreated diamond samples used for calibration
could not be damaged at the highest fluence level using the initial spot size. The final results, given as a range of
threshold values in Table 1, show a great amount of variation due to these limitations. However, the minimum values
listed in the table are very high relative to other materials like silicon tested in a similar manner, and demonstrate the
potential for ARMs textures in diamond to provide a highly durable window or optic.
Table 1: Pulsed Laser Damage Threshold Data for ARMs in Clear Diamond.
DIAMOND@9.56 m Spot Size Untreated - D14 SWS AR - D12 SWS AR - LMD5 HYBRID AR - LMD9
LiDT (J/cm2) 94 m 50-75 50-75 70-140 50-75
LiDT (J/cm2) 49 m 300-400 170-220 110-170 80-110
Window Source: sp3 sp3-BAE Lockheed Martin Lockheed Martin
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Charles Blair of UDRI for his helpful advice and careful maintenance and operation of
both the particle erosion and whirling arm rain rigs. Jerry Zimmer of sp3 Diamond Technologies, Mike Evans of BAE
Systems, and Kelly Choban of Lockheed Martin all provided clear diamond window fragments for the laser damage
testing. AFRL’s LHMEL facility at WPAFB, managed by Leo Gonzalez and Dr. Shekhar Guha, provided the laser
damage testing of the ARMs treated diamond windows at 9.56 m. Derek Upchurch and Jacob Barnes calibrated the
laser exposure system and collected the data. Jeff Runkel of Quantel / Big Sky Laser, Inc. provided the certified, NIST
traceable, pulsed LiDT testing at 1573nm. Several dozen microstructure prototypes were fabricated with hard work
from Ernest Sabatino, III. SEM analysis was performed as a service by John Knowles at MicroVision Laboratories,
Inc., (978-250-9909).
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