CHAPTER 12

Probability of Single Events

SECONDARY 2
MATHEMATICS

MS. ENI JULIANA

12.1 Probability experiment and sample space

We often make statements such as:

 ‘There is a 50:50 chance of our school winning the National Inter-

School Basketball Championship.’

 ‘I cannot predict whether I will obtain a ‘six’ in my next roll of a die.’

 ‘It will probably rain today.’

We make such statements because we are uncertain whether an event

will occur. For an uncertain event, we can discuss about its chance of
occurrence.
12.1 Probability experiment and sample space

P(Event A) = 1

P(Event B) = 0.2
P(Event C) = 0
P(Event D) = 0.5
 Is the collection of all the
possible outcomes of a
probability experiment.
12.1 Probability experiment and sample space
Probability Experiment Possible Outcomes Total Number of Probability of Single Event
Possible Outcome
(Sample Space) (TNPO)
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 1
P(Head)= =
𝑇𝑁𝑃𝑂 2

1
2 P(Tail)=
2

1
P(1)=
6
1
P(2)=
6

1
P(6)=
6
6
3 1
P(prime number)= =
6 2

3 1
Prime number = 2, 3, 5 P(even number) = =
6 2

Even number = 2, 4, 6 0
P( to get ‘0’) = = 0 (𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒)
6
 Is the collection of all the
possible outcomes of a
12.1 Probability experiment and sample space probability experiment.

Probability Experiment Possible Outcomes Total Number Probability of Single Event

(Sample Space) of Possible
Outcome
(TNPO)
1
P(12)=
10

10 P(prime number)=
4
10
2
= = 0.4
5

1
Prime number = 11,13, 17.,19 P(be able to divide by 7)= = 0.1
10

2
P(get black balls)= = 0.4
5
5
3
P(get white balls)= 5 = 0.6
 12.1 Probability experiment and sample space

Sample Space = Red, Orange, Purple, Green, Blue

TNPO = 5

Further question:
1
P (green) = 5
2
P (green or red) = 5
12.1 Probability experiment and sample space
Is the collection of all the
possible outcomes of a
probability experiment.

(a)
Sample Space = Blue 1, Blue 2, Blue 3, Blue 4, Blue 5, Red 1, Red 2, Red 3, Red 4
TNPO = 9

Sample Space =𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , 𝐵4 , 𝐵5 , 𝑅1 , 𝑅2 , 𝑅3 , 𝑅4

TNPO = 9

(b) Sample Space = 𝑁1 , 𝐴1 , 𝑇, 𝐼, 𝑂, 𝑁2 , 𝐴2 , 𝐿

TNPO = 8
Other example that similar to(c)

(c) Sample Space = 357, 358, …, 389 Sample Space = 1357, 1358, …, 2389
TNPO = 389 − 357 + 𝟏 = 33 TNPO = 2389 − 1357 + 𝟏 = 1033
 Perfect cube numbers are

12.2 Probability of single events

1x1x1=1
2x2x2=8
3 x 3 x 3 = 27

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸

𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

Sample Space = 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24
TNPO = 15
or TNPO = 24 − 10 + 1 = 15

1
(i) P (a ‘21’) =
15
7
(ii) P (an odd number) = odd numbers are 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23
15

(iii) P (a prime number) =

5
=
1 Prime numbers are 11, 13, 17, 19, 23
15 3
0
(iv) P (a perfect cube number) = =0
15
 12.2 Probability of single events
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸
𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
Total:
52 Cards
13 Cards
are:

Non - Picture
cards
13 Cards 13 Cards 13 Cards 13 Cards

Picture cards
12.2 Probability of single events
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸
𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

Sample Space: (iii) There is one card of three club.

ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 𝑎𝑐𝑒, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 𝐽, 𝑄, 𝐾 1
P(the three of club) =
52
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝑎𝑐𝑒, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 𝐽, 𝑄, 𝐾
𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑏 = 𝑎𝑐𝑒, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 𝐽, 𝑄, 𝐾 (iv) There are 51 cards which is not the three of clubs.
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 𝑎𝑐𝑒, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10, 𝐽, 𝑄, 𝐾 51
P(which is not the three of club) =
TNPO = 52 52
(i) Red cards = heart + diamond = 13 + 13 = 26 or
1
26
P(red card)= = = 0.5
1 P(which is not the three of club) = 1 −
52
52 2 52 1
= −
52 52
(ii) There are 4 ace cards 51
4 2 1 =
P(an ace) = = = 52
52 26 13
 12.2 Probability of single events
(1)
Sample Space : C, H, I, L, D, R, E, N
TNPO = 8
(i) There is one card of letter D
1
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸 P(a’D’)=
8
𝑃 𝐸 = (ii) Consonant = C, H, L, D, R, N
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 6 3
P(a consonant) = = = 0.75
8 4
(iii) Not a consonant = I, E
2 1
P(not a consonant) = = = 0.25
8 4

(2)
Sample Space:
R1, R2, R3, ….., R9
Y1, Y2, Y3, …..Y6
P1, P2, …, P4
B1, B2, …, B5
TNPO = 9 + 6 + 4 + 5 = 24
(i) There are 4 purple marbles.
Vowel = a,e,i,o,u P(purple’)= =
4 1
24 6
Consonant = (all letters except vowel) (ii) There are 9 red and 5 blue marbles.
9:5 14 7
P(red or blue) = = =
24 24 12
(iii) There is no white marble
0
P(white marble) = = 0 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
24
24
(iv) P(a marble that is not white)= = 1
24
(𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛)
11.3 Probability of Single Events
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐸
𝑃 𝐸 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒

Sample space = red, green, blue

TNPO = 24
1
P(red ball)=
3
1
P(green ball)=
6
1 1 6 2 1 3 1
P(blue ball) = 1 − − = − − = =
3 6 6 6 6 6 2
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
P(blue ball) =
𝑇𝑁𝑃𝑂
𝑥
P(blue ball) =
𝑇𝑁𝑃𝑂
1 𝑥
=
2 24
𝑥 = 12 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑠
THANK YOU