Redox reactions

Reduction Gain of H
loss O
of
gain of e
Oxidation Loss
of H
gain of O
loss of e

Decrease in Oxidation state of an element is

called reduction

Increase in oxidation state of an element is

called oxidation

Rules to calculate oxidation state of a compound

covalent bond is present between two

1
If
same elements then no change dispersion
O S 0
occurs i e for each atom

Ez I É I I É I
2
If covalent bond is formed in between two
different atoms
Consider B to be more en than A
GD Er
Ez A B
42 2
A B
43 C3
A B

37 there is coordinate bond between

If
A
a
and A
2 2
A A

47 coordinate bond is present between A

If
and B and B is more than A
electronegative
421 421
a A B

O o

by A B
 If electronegative atom acts as donor and
electropositive atom acts as acceptor then
OS
of both atoms is taken to be zero

ex i it E
ex 8
I Calculate O S of C in 641206 Glucose

Sy Gn t 12 12 0
2 0 Avg O.S of C

É H

H C OH It 0 0 0 0 1
OS
Arg
G
H Q on
O

H E on

H DC on

H C or
H
 I Calculate O S
of each atom in the following

17 03
27 Hasty
42
SE 17 0
oh
no

Y to sit
27
it or I o s E it
by YC 2

Q find O S of every
atom of Na 5202 hyposolution

Sodium Thiosulphate
Sy 2 22 6 0
2n 4
a 2 Avg OS
of S

0
Nat 8115 8 Nat Arg 0.8 42 2
11
0th
 I find OS of underlined atoms

1 42505 Hasty 101 Persulphuric acid

27 HM Oy stio o Pernitric acid

37 425208 Marshall's acid

47 425207 Oleum or Pyrosulphuric acid

Sy D 2 2 10 0
2 8 Y

062
41 6 s f É m

042
It k 8 0
n 17 X
0621

4 8 o Itoh
 2 22 16 0
22 14
2 17 Y

E E
It jet's Yes En
Yes b
2 21 14 0
22 412
2 6

H O 440 jet o y

57 Mayffe a sho Sodium Nitroprusside

NO Not No all forms exist

Complexes of Fe generally have Not
A MD exist as CN
do 2 R 5 1 0

N 2

67 feta no Soa Brown ring complex

N 0 1 2 0
N t

47 Cro Cr tart 3054s

K 10 0
N 10

0
µ yell
Butterfly like
Cr structure
0 46 O
H H
8 11925406 Sodium tetrathionate

2 42 12 0
42 10
2 2.5 Arg O.S of s
 O O

Nat O 451g g g g o Nat

O O

O.S of 5 5 0 0 5
Ang
4
2.5

g fezoy

32 8 0
n t
Arg O.S of fe
Feo t Fy0z
v

42 E3

o 0.8 of fee 2 3 3
Avg
3
107 Pb Oy Red lead

32 8 0
N 8
3
2 Pbo t Pbo

Ex Is
O.S of Pb 2 2 4
Arg
3
8
3

117 Fes Iron pyrite

Fe 2
S s t s of
persulphide peroxide
reaps 5

127 NAI

1 32 0
R L 3
 Types of Redox reactions
r u
Intramolecular Intermolecular

Net is
change per
molecule is zero

Redon is completed
within a molecule

Ez Inhalation o Misterio ago

NHy Cry01 22 6 0
2 4 1 22 14 2 2 3
N 3 22 12
2 6

Met T in 0.5 3 2
6

Net I in 0.5 3 2
6
Intermolecular redox reactions

17 Redon reaction between two molecules in

which one gets oxidised and other gets reduced

27 Two molecules may or

may
not be
of the
same compound

ere I noon Nak t Naito

I
some I molecules get onidized
Other I molecules
get reduced
Such reactions in which different molecules

of same compound undergoes redox is called

disproportionation reactions

Eat Flo t kino Hasty

Fed y Miho t Kasey t 420

This is example of a simple radon reaction

an

Oxidising Agent KMnow reducing agent rest

Enz Nate t Naito Hzsoy
10
Cla t Nasty t H2O

This is an example
of comproportionation
reaction It is the reverse of disproportionation
reaction

end Ftcb t kntioy t nasty

FI y t do Milady Kasey H2o

In multiple redox reactions such as the above

example we will have atleast 3 compounds
on the product side which will have change
in Onidation states
 Balancing of redon reactions

Ens Eso t Kition t Mason

s

filmy t Minson t Kasey t 10

Hasty acts as acidic medium and also
as anion provider to newly formed cations

Rules
for balancing

1 Identify the redox participating compounds

and its elements

2 Balance the redox participating elements

provided that it exists in one
compound otherwise skip this step

2 reso t Kition t Mason

s

filmy t Minson t Kasey t 10

37 find the net t and I in OS
 far above Mxn

net t in O S 1 2
2

net I in O S 5 1
5

Balancing factor
The smallest number to be multiplied
to the net OS change to make the
changes equal is called Balancing factor

Balancing factor for peso 5

Balancing factor for Kanno 2

104Esoyt2KinMoytHasoy

y1 t 25Fej
MY
soy t Kasey t 10
47 Balance the atoms other than HI 0 with
the help of fired coefficients
 K are fixed in reactant side
Lotso 2 Kinton t Mason
s

5th y
214M
soy t b Kasey t 40
S are fixed in product side
Lotso 2 Kinton t 842soy 0

5ft's 214M t b Kasey

y soy t 10
57 Balance O and H at last with tho

1041so 2 Kinton t 842soy 0

5ft's y 2 MYsoy t b Kasey t 810

Q Balance the following

17 641206 Hasty Coat So t yo

SE Co 46
6641206 t Hasty

6 6 t stg t 420

Net T 4 6
249
Met I 2 1
21
O
46
16641206 t 12 Hasty

6 Ed 12592 t Hao

Mone we balance 0 and H

O
46
16641206 t 12 Hasty

6 8 t 1259g 18420

27 KIO t Sta s KHSdy t Eat Hasty

37 MHz t 02 NOT H2O
47 42503 t MNO thSoyt Not Bo
57 In NANO s
Narn Oat MHz t tho
NaOH

67 Alt Manson a
Mars Ago
NaOH
21 5

272k 83 15892 420 2knstoyt I 34,56

1101 1

41 5

37 4MHz 582 41 0 640

57 4

31 2

4731483 244 244

0
32 04 120
25 3
 81 x I

57444 1 Nation 7 Noon 4NaÉÉoatIiBt2zo

29 4
81 3
46 CT 431
6 8 Alt 3 Manso 3 NaOH 3 Nags 441203 310
61 4

Balancing of reactions in ionic form

1 follow all rules till Rule

27 Balancing of charges with the helpof

H or or depending on acidic or
basic medium

37 Balance H 0 with the help of water

29 3

21 0 68 84
4
2 10 3 2 t 440
31 2
 Mady t
1St Ht St Mnt tho

s on s
Muay t t
yo Mno t

on
Bra t 105 Br t IO t Bo
21 7

24ha t 742 2 Ht 7 21
1 840
71 2
29 3

2 Minty't 352 440 2 102 3 8 on

31 2
29 1

Ikr I'o 120N 2Ert It'oitizo

Lr X1

in which some molecules

Balancing of reagents
are redon
participating while others are not
 29 5

e akin O tone 5 2katana uzt8zo

t 2
64g

2KMnOyt16HUs5U2t2KUt2Mnclzt8ty
I KI
KzGyOytHI.C're t t
tho
Cdt HMO s Cd Nozlat Moat tho

Cus HMO Culmozlat Not St tho

Pbgoy t HA s
Pby t Cft tho
Ln t 41403 Lulnoz t NHyNOzt
10
21 3

1k iIOy 6411 841 281373 2 211 740

61 1
 Id x2
42 449
O 45
ICd t 24NO 241403 1 Cd N0312 21102 240
21 1
31

3651241 3 64No 3almostat 2410 3 440

n

29 3

29 1

II O 24 646 3 14 1 410
21 1
81 X I

429 14710 941403 97min01 I'm no 340

a

21 4
 Balancing of disproportionation and
comproportionation reactions

Ey Py t NaOH NahaPost PHz

121 1

34 11 12NaOH 1124,0 12Nastiest 44

3
49 3

Put 3 NaOH 310 3 NayPoat PHz

KU t Kao t
HSly s
Ust Kasoyt tho

on Br
Bra t Broy
101 1

10K t 2K 03 t 6 Hasty 5 2 1 6Kasey1640

29 5

SKU t KUO 31 04 39243kW 1310

 141 1

78 2 113 1604 14435 243 05

840
21 7

4Br t 804 7135 t

Broy t 4420

Balancing of Multiple Redon reactions

End Pegoyt Kanno t BStly s

fly y t coat MNSOat KzSOyt DO

Sy 104 430 6 kidney 24 Hasty

5712904 20 0 619hsoy 3hrs0 12410

3

KMnoy
s 51 6

region 27 45
61 5
 ASS t HMO s BAsly t BSout Most 40

Crf t Cht Kott kazoyt KIOyt Ratko

ASS t MUCHO
at KW KzASOytKzSOytKzMnOyT
NO Wz

Pesa Ngo th soy Nazfeoyt Nasoy1420

11 28

11 253 284480
241 4 324428799
810
289 1

Asf 41 247 281 1

As s

HMO s
Id X 28
z
 3 til o

2613 2742 62KOH

1 KEIO 6 Kitty 54k 31420

Crf 69 489 549

92 21 27

43 2 421 65
I As 14 Mn Moz 20kW
Sgt t

2KzÉTOy 3K288g t 14 kÉÉnoy 281 2002

As S 4 T t 241 289 1
As s

Mn Moz a 44 t 61 21 14
Mn N
 Iris t 9 Maj 6 Mason 1 Natron 18Maisky16420

Rs s 41 181 1
14,1
re

1119202 21 9

Balancing of organic reactions

EE CHO Ist NaOH Chest Nacho Nait HO

21 4 s

M
icy ot 41 6 Naor

I MMI t 1 Naiyozt 5 NAI t 540

81 1

Congo U ton Ma t GHg Ost U't 10

 CzH6O t Brat OH ChBr Boo Bit tho

64140 t Br KOH MBogt CgHq02ktKBrttyo

21 3

fig go 3 4 on

I that Itchy Oj t 36 310

61 1
Reactant 184 6
Product 84 2 2 0

Net due to 8C 6
21 3

4413
I 13460 t 31382 t 404

1 4Br t 1 430 t 3 Bit 310

69 1

Reactant 2C 4
Product 3C 2 0 2
 Net due to 3C 69
21 4

19 4,0 413 6 rose

14h Br t I'ÉÉHgOzK t 5 KBrt 520

89 1
Reactant 164 12
Product GC 2 6 4

1 Net due to 6C 8

Balancing of intramolecular redox reactions

O
1 NH424207 Nat Cruz t 420
O
27 2 Pb02 2 Pbo t 02
O
37 NHyNO2 Nat 210
4 MH4NO s
Nyo t 240
 n
factor
n
factor is defined as

1 charge unchanged per molecule in ion

exchange reactions
OR
electron exchange molecule in
2
redone reactions
per

Ez HzPOy t NaOH NazPO t tho

3 1 ny 3 t
ng 4 ng

Ens thPou t NaOH NashPoy t tho

4 2
ng I ng 2
nf

Ez HzPOy t NaOH NAH Poy t 10

Ny I ng
1 My 1 ng 1

Ez HzPoy t Calontz CazPoa t

10
3 2 6 Nf 1
7 7 7
Ez Caton t HU Chen at yo
ng 1 My 1 1 1
My 7

EE Katfelchy t feel s
Puffed t ka
4 My 3 12
Nf Ny Ny

I No
13

Significance of n
factor
M
factor is number which when
a
multiplied by the balanced samestoichio
metric coefficients gives the value

X B S.C Same value

Nf
243104 t 36042 Caz POy t 610
Nf 3 Nf 2 ng 6 Nj
B S.C 6
Nfx of any compound
 2nd BPOy reacts with 3mol Caton to
give I will ChzRou and Gund tho
BPO reacts with begu of Caloul to
they of
give 6 egr of Chzkou and beg of 10

Law of equivalents

Leg of a reactant reacts with Leg of

another reactant to each
give Leg of
product
Eni HzPOy t Caton CazRoy t tho

t O 0.4mol D Farol
t n

Sig tyPOytCa n12 ca Roy at Ho

t 0 1.2 ego 1.4cg

ten 0.2 equ 1 2egu 1.2g
t d
O Lunel 0.2not 1 2nd
 Redox reactions and their
Nf

Nf of Oxidising agent Reducing agent

number lost gained per molecule

of e
OR
Conidation state change
per atom
x no ofsuchatoms in a molecule

Ext KatiOy 8 go
Goat Eko t Rom
v u r u

4 3 2 4 4 1 7 X1 7 3 2
6 L 6

Into
ext 85 t no
ratio t'asott or
u v u v

2 1 1
Ny My 3 1 7 33 7 2 1
2 3 2

471 62 42 O

ELI K Muy t Has Hasty Musty t Knsd t St tho

u v u v

5 1 2 1 ng 5 1 2 1
4 4 4
5 2 5 2
ext ksfreknlo.lt ioztrose
u u Katfenyatkfroytzo
txt 3 2
4
u v
Mf
I 6 1 1 3 1
nf 7
I 3

Ene My t Naor Mantids pu

yo
u v u

Nox Nr 1 1 3 1
Mf
not Mr 7 Nf
3
No 4
NR 12
9 1
Nf
o 1 2 62
Ext S NaOH a
Mars t NqS20z t 20
v v v

My 2 2 2 2
Nf 2 1 ng 2 2
1 2 4

Enz É t Naor Nato t Mak t yo

u v v

Ny Cox Nf 5 1 1
2 126
5 3
Nye 1
g I
 A 45 O

ELI KBR t KBroz t 42504 Brat Kasoyt 420

v u v
txt 5 1 10 2 126
Hf
I
4 g
ng
5 3

Eng In t Hito Elmo Miso

tho
u v r

4
2 1 Nf 2 1 ng 4 2
2 8

Balanced win

4 In t 1041103 42mn03 t IND t 510

Equivalents In Equivalents of HMO

of
2 4 10X
4 5
Nf
My

ext Hijo t
n'ie Baat dit yo
u v r v
3 1 2
ng 3 Ny 23 4
2 2
 Balanced ran

SHU 3 Pby t 42T 410

Pbzoyt

Equivalents of Pb 04 Equivalents of HCl

2 1 8X
Nf
1 4
Nf
Exit KIKO HE s Eez t KI It t yo
u r r

ng 3 2 7 3 1 Nf 1 2
6 3 2

Balanced reaction

K2G2Oy t 14 HI 2K It 312 710

2613 t

Equivalents of Kabra07 Equivalents of MI

1 6 147 Nf

My
3 7
 Multiple Redon reactions their n factor

Kittie tf's b t season

Inigo Telson Yo t Kasey 420

KMno 5 1 5
Nf of
of regou 3
My
Igt I
5 1 5
Nf of Musty
Nf of flaky
1 2 2
1 1 1
Nf of Co2
27 Crez t Cla t RAH s
KabOf KIO t RUTtho

3 As SgtMn N0312 42003 kzAOytkysoytkamnoytno.co

4 Paso t HNOz Not Blog t 502 t

10

ay Ike t It kon kiddo kitout k 10

 1 2 2
If for U2
CRI 3 1 t 8 3 27
ng for
3 2 6
Nf for Katy07 1
Nf for KU 1 1
Ny for KIOU 8 1 8

3 II's tMÉ ÉÉkt Kalo KZAIoytkfsoytkzriioyTO

t Wa
Ags s 2 2 8 3 28
Ny for
Mn N0312 4 1 t 3 2 2
Nf for
2 1 2
Nf for Rzasoy

k Soy 8 1 8
Nf for
4 1 4
Mf for Kanno

NO 3 1 3
Nf for
4 Itsy anti Thot a P Etat tho

for 1456 2 4 6 6 94
Mf
HMO 1 3
Nf for 3

NO 3 1 3
Nf for
2 2
Ny for B Poy 1

502 6 1 6
Nf for
volume Strength
of 102
volume strength n v of Bo means that
Il of 10 produces all of Oz at STP

102 YO t
029
Il
E and
Yo would have been 2 2 uol.in Il
22.4
 8 M
71.2
Volume 11.2 X M
Strength of 202
Q tho solution is labelled as 11.2 V
Calculate its Molarity
Sy M 11.2
I mall

Q 500m of 10 solution on complete

decomposition produces 2 moles 10
Calculate Volume strength of 10 solution

At 402 BO t
02
I moles of 10 is formed Hyon must
also be 2 moles and it is present in
500Mt solution M 4 mall

Volume
Strength 44.8 V
Q A sample 102 solution labelled as
of
56 V has a density
of 530g l Which
the following are correct
of
A Myo 6 BY f w v 17

C Ngo 0.25 D Myo

1000
72
At
56 V M 56
11.2
5 molle

son Il NB Snot I 530g l

Wtsom Vsom x
f
530g
WB 5 34
170
g
WA 530 170
360
g
 A X
B W V 100
178
IF

CY 5
Nyo 20
5
0.2

D me 10 0
935
12
will
kg
f of 4202

17 In acid base reactions

that Nally Naso t tho

7 2
2 As oxidising
agent

Hgt KI n't BT't Iz

Ing 2
37 As reducing agent

Hoyt Kinney
thou
It ransoy
ng 2

of 10 is always 2
Nf
Exception

BOY 58
No X MR
Ny Noth r
2 2
2 2

Titration

Titration is a procedure for determining the

of solution by allowing a
concentration a

carefully measured volume to react with a

standard solution of another substance
whose concentration is known
 Burette
t Y y gig

Beaker
i K r

Titrant s

A solution whose concentration is known

is called titrant It is also called standard
solution Usually taken in burette

Titrate
A solution of a substance to be
estimated is called titrate It is taken in
the beaker

how of Equivalence

M XV
fax Max V2
X N
Nf

N X V Nz X V2
 Types of titrants

Primary titrant Primary standard

which can be accurately weighed and
Reagents
their solutions are not to be standardized
use
before
Oxalic acid KaCroy Agnos Cutty
Ex
ferrous ammonium sulphate Hypo Ngs03 etc

Secondary titrant Secondary standard

These cannot be accurately weighed and solutions

are to be standardized before use
Ex NaOH KOH HU Hasty Iz
AMMO etc

Indicators

A substance added
for physical
detection completion of titration at
of
equivalence point
They change their colour on completion
of titration At equivalence point Niv Not
 Types of titration
1 Acid Base titration

Acid t Base Salt Water

At equivalence point

Equivalents of acids Equivalents of bases

Q1 HU t NaOH Nad t
tho
M 10m 0.1mmol

Sy No moles
of equivalents x
nf
Mx V x Nf
N XV
wt
Eg wt

LX MX 10 0.1 X 1
M 0.01 mol l

KI HSOut Naoh Nansen 10

GM lone 0.219,10m
Mt
Ix Mx 10 1 0.2 10
M 0.2 wall

Of Hasty NaOH Nate soy t tho

0.1N lone Malone

Hasty t NaOH Naso t tho

C 1M me 0.2M One

QE HzPOy t NaOH Nah Pout 10

0.1M 10m 2 M some

16 HzPOy t Nally Napo t tho

C 2M 20m 2
Malone

A1 HzPoy t NaOH MayPoy tho

C IN lone AM some

Q1 BPOut NaOH
NGHPOytty CO.IM
Come M Tony
SEZ 0.1 10 1 14 10
M O Imoll

Sy 2 0 Lx V 1 0.2 10
10mL

SEE 1 0.1 10 1xMx20

M 0.05 mall

Snf 3 0.2 20 LxMX10

M 1.2 not l

Snf 0.1 10 LxMx20

M 0.05 mall

St8 2 0.1 10 Ix Mx 20
M Ortmoll

Q1 Manson Hasty NaOH Ngsoytzo

C Ind Canoe Cmall
Sng Equivalents of acids Equivalents ofBase

1 0.1 2 0.2 2 1
 N 0.5 moles

910 KHSOytKSOytKOHsKsSOyttz
1M.l one 2 M some naval

A1 1 0.1 104 2X MX 20 9 1
It 40M g
40M 8
M 0.2 not l

Redon Titration

At equivalence
point
Equivalents of 0.1 Equivalents of R A
Q1 Ejoy ratio at Yo t Matt
Genal Gruel
Sy ax 2 1 5
se 2.5 mol
Q2 felt t May at felt y pan't
Carol mall
Sy 1 1 2 5
N 0.2 mol

Ht Must

Tinnon neutral Mutt

sugary basic Eloy ft
On
Myst
stronglyalkaline
42 t2 3 47
03 resent fegoytkmnoyht.pe tioatmi
Imd Imai Cemal

In 1 1
4 2 1 21 1 5 1 2

I t 3 52
a 0.8 mol

A1 BGO t KAGO t KOH Ragout 10

Imel Gmt Cemal
Mt 1 2 2 1 2 1
 2 4 mol

QE HELO t Rigby Kitna's Ed an't

comet Cmx may

At 1 2 2 2 2 5
N E 1.2 moles

KU
Of Cta t KI Iz t
mmol excess

Ng't O Nat's b
Int a Nait
C IM 50 me

Sy Equivalents of 12 Equivalents of Masao

Lx 0.1 50
5
meg
Ny of Ia is same in the 1st axn
also that
we can
say 5mg
will be formed in the 1st mxn
IL
 None equivalents of y equivalents of Iz

U x 2 5 meg
N 2.5mmol

QI RIO t RI t
Hasty Cft Kasey tho
mmol
Cla t KI Kat Ia
Excess

Is Nass 03 NAI t Massy06

C 1M loonie
5 3 mmoles

Sy
Ran Equivalents of 124 2 Equivalents of 1195203

Ix 0 1 100
10 meg

Rxn Equivalents of 9217 2 Equivalents of 12144

10mg
Ren Equivalents of Kao Equivalents of 4214 51
 mmoles x 53
Ig
253 May
Manolis KUO z 53 mmoles
of 31

Q1 A mole miniature of Mohr's Salt and

Fe 41 requires 500 me of LM KG 07
for complete onidation in acidic medium
find mole of Moher's salt
Sy Mohr's Salt s
fesoy Hy soy 6420

In radon uxus Mohr's Salt acts as

Reducing agent and itself gets

converted to fest i.e
My
1

Molar mass of Mohr's Salt

392g not
Ray Mohr's Salt t Kyer Oy pet Cost
Cemal 0.5mmol

xx 1 0.5 6
K 3 mol
 moles
To yo by 34
100
751

QQ When 2.5g of a sample of Mohr's Salt

reacts completely with some
of
Krang find purity of Mohr's salt
78.4 TO 37 40

Sy Mohr's Salt t Kinney rest pan

4
Cemal
1
Inf 5

xx I
Tox Foo
x 5mmoles
3
8 int Mohr's Salt 5 10 392
of
1.96g
Thus
100
purity 194
78.4
ME 32g sample of Pesos 710 were
dissolved in dilute and water
tyson
and its volume was made upto Il
25m of this solution required some
0.02M Kannon solution
of for complete
oxidation Calculate mass 1 of Pesta
Hyo in the sample
molar not
mass
of pesos 720 278g
A 34.75 B 69.5
C 89.5 D None of these

At feisty 7420 Kanno I felt t tant

ly Gf
1 5

5 4
MX 25 1 20 0.02 5

M 0.08 not l

moles fest9.710
of
0.08 moles
in original solution
 Thus not 0.08 278
of fesoy 720
22.24
g
i 22.24
Y by mass
32
X 100

69.5

011 Cu t I e
GI t Iz

Iz Nags203 NAI t 14925906

0.12 mol added to encess

of lusty was
KI solution and the liberated iodine
required 120m of hype solution
find the molarity of hypo

A 2M BY 0.2M
C O.IM D IM

Sy Rxn Equivalents of Ily 2 Equivalents of a

O I 2x 1
0.12 ego
Rxn Equivalents ofMgs0z Equivalents of Is ng 2

M X 120 1 0.12
1000
M 1 not l

Iodometric Titration vs Iodimetric titration

Iodometric titration

It is an indirect method of estimation of

iodine In this titration an oxidising
agent is used to liberate iodine from
solution containing I ions eg KI and
the liberated I is treated with a
standard solution of a reducing agent
which is added from burette

These titrations are carried out as s

O A T KI II t Reduced form
excess
of 0 A
Is t NGS 03 NAI t Naas406
Ryno Equivalents of 0 A Equivalents of I

Rina Equivalents of I Equivalents of hypo

Iodimetric titration

In such solutions Iodine solution is used

as an
oxidising agent and is directly
titrated against other Reducing agents
This type
of titration is used
to determine the strength
of Reducing agents
such as sulphide arsenites thiosulphates
a standard
by titrating
solution of
them
against
Iz
Ex Na So t 12 a
Nasty MAI
RA

NazAso t 12 NazAsoy t Nai

CRA

N925203 t Is NaSuo t NAI

CRA
 Back Titration

EI A sample
of chalk weighing 1.5g was dissolved
in 200me of 0.1M die HU The solution
required 50m of 0.2N Naoh to neutralize
excess acid what is the by wt of
Calo in the sample

Ay CAN t 2 Ha Calf t YO t wa
HU t NaOH Mace t
yo
30mL 0.2N

i HU was 50 0.2
left 1

10 mmoles

Now total HI taken was 200 0.1

20 armoles

i HU used in It Mxn 10m moles

Caco reacted must be 5 murdles

 3
5 10 100
0.5g
net of Caco x 100
by 9
33.33

I 10g sample of
is dissolved in
Balon
10 me of 0.5N HA The excess of HU was
titrated with 0.2N NaOH The volume of
NaOH used was some Calculate
of
Bacon in the sample Ba 137g not

Sy Bacon t 2 HU Back 210

HU t Naoh s Nacht yo
any limey
4mmoles

Total HI
5mg 5mmoles

HU used in tht man 1mmol

Bacon must be 0.5mmol
3
0.5 171
mass
of Balon 10
0 0855
 0.0 55
of Bacon 100

0.8551
Q 1.5g of
a
sample of My soy was
boiled with excess
of Naoh
solution
Evolved NH was
passed through
IN 100m thsoy The
neutralized acid
partially
required 160Mt Nz
Naoh neutralization
for
Calculate
complete
purity of Musson solution
Sy NHy 2504 2 NaOH Ngsoyt2MHz 240
10mmol Lommel 20mmol
2MHz t Hasty s
Nhu 504
20mmol 100mg 50mmol

tysoy t I NaOH Nasty 220

40mmol 80mg 80mmol
2
net of NHul soy 10 132
1.32g
purity 133 100 881
 Calculation of available chlorine from
a sample
of Bleaching powder
Bleaching powder Chock

cast on u
u v

hypochlorite chloride

The weight of available chlorine as from

the given sample of bleaching powder on
reaction with dit acids or coz is called
Available chlorine

Ex Calla Hasty Casey t Bot Is

My 2 t HA s
Call t yo t 42
I t Cycoor
about thot Ck
charge exchanged t coz Caco t as
molecule 2
per
Now the liberated Cla is a
very good
oxidizing agent
Order of oxidizing power s
f 927 Br Is
 To estimate the oxidizing we
agent
need iodometric titration

92 t KI Ia t ka
Excess

Ia T NGS 03 Matt Nasu06

I 3.55g sample of bleaching powder

suspended in water was treated with
enough acetic acid and KI solution
Iodine thus liberated required some
of 0.2M hypo solution for titration
Calculate 1 of available chlorine

A 8 B 161 c 247 D 321

Sy Caoch t
Agnon Cuzco lat yo t 92

Ch t KI 12 t ka
Excess
Emma
 Is t NGS 03 Mart Ng5406
soul 0.2M
16mmol

from reaction no

Meg of Ia meg of Ngs03

16 1
16

mmol of 12 8mmol

from reaction no

meg of Cy meg of Iz
8 2
16 meg

mmol 8 mmoles
of Cla
From reaction no

3
net of 4 8 10 71
0.568g
 amount I in bleaching powder
of
0.568g
A 0.568
of X 100
3 55
16

Cl Calculate the percentageof available chlorine in

a sample
of 3.55g of bleaching powder which
was dissolved in 100me of water 25Mt of this
solution reacting with KI and
on excess

dilute acid required 20mL of 0.125N

Ng520 solution
A 101 By 201 c D
301 401
And Cady dit acid Cz
C 25mmoles
Cla t KI s
Iz
excess
25mmol G 5mg 26.5mg

Iz t 14925203 NAI T 14925406

2.5meg 2.5mg
1.25 mmoles of Us is obtained from 25 ml solution
males 42 obtained
of
100 ml solution 5mmoles
from
mass
of A 5 10 3 71
0.355g
Y of available chlorine 035,55 100

10

hardness of water
Degree of
Hardness of water

V V
Permanent Temporary
hardness hardness

due to Ct and soy due to Haj of

of Cat and angst cast and Mg

hardness is defined as the no of

Degree of
parts of Caco on its equivalents to various
 Deg
parts of Caco Au ils que various
cast and My salts present in million parts
water
of
Hardness wt Caco 106
of X
Lin ppm hot
of water

Ex Hardness of a
sample having 180mg
water is
Mysoy in Il

1.5mmoles 3
See 180mg
my neg of Mgsoy
120g
3mg of Caco
1 5mmoles Caco
of
mass Caco 1.5 10 3 100
of g
0.15g
of water
mass 1000 1
1000g
8 Hardness 0.15 106
1000
150 ppm
 0.00012
I Mgsoy and 0.0001111
lack is present in water What is
the hardness of water Cin ppm

Sen 0.00012g Mgso 0.000111g Calls

u v

0.00012 10 moles 10 moles

0.009111
120

v v

6
2 10 equ
2 10 bequ
6
equ of Caco 4 10 ego

moles Cold 2 10 6 moles

of
mass Caco 2 10 4
of g
Hardness 2 10 4 106
100
2 ppm
 Significance of Equivalent weight

An equivalent is defined
of a substance
as the amount
of it which combines
with
1
Igof hydrogen on
27 8g of oxygen or
37 35.5 of chlorine
g
2 The weight of 1 equivalent of a substance
is called equivalent
weight

ErE
HB Eg.net of Br
80g

Bo
O
Eq wt if 8g
MHz
Eg nut of N 13 g
Q find leg we Al in ALO z
of
Sy 48g 0 54g Al
8g 0 9gal
 g g
37 An element can have more than
1 equivalent weights

Ez Feo Eg wt of
Re 526 28g

Fy0z Eg.at of re 53g

Short trick

A Eg cut of any element At net

in a covalent compound O S

ionic net
of ion
4 net
Eg
charge

Ext felt 526

28g
felt 58 g
soy 962
98g
 5 One equivalent an element combines
of
with 1 equivalent another element
of
Ez MHz
combines with
keg N 3g H
combines with
143
g
n
Ign
Leg N combines with Legu H

67 Eg net of acids bases and salts

a Acids
Not net
Basicity

by Bases
pool net
Acidity

I find acidity of the following bases s

NHyOH NAOH Bacon

Anse
C Salts Electrolytes
Mol wt
total ve ve charge

8
1002
Cacoz 50g
1202
Mysoy 60g

Af y 3426 57g
7 142 2
Nasty 72g
Eg net of Nasty 46 96
2
46 926
2 t

g wt ofMatt Eg.net ofsat

D Onides
thot wt
moles
of element valency
End 91203
 27 2 16 3
Eg.net of Abo
6
273
I
Eg out of Al t g net of O
12g of an element with combines
IL 32g
is the
of oxygen What equivalentweight
is
of the element if equet of onygen 8g

Sy 32g O 12g E
0
8g
is the eg.net of element E
3g
Q2 What are the equivalent wt s
of ha 024N

Sy th s H O o 02 Ng
m3

Eg net 2 Is
2 6
4

Ig 8g Yg
Q2 How
many
molecules are present in
1 equivalent each
of th Na 02

Se Wt of L equivalent of any substance is

called leg net

th Na molecules
1g
My gg NA molecules

02 8
g INA molecules

Ca and
Q1 1.6g of 2.6g of Lu when
treated with an acid in excess
separately same amount of hydrogen
is produced Lu 32.6g
If
find eq.net of Ca
eq.net of

Sy Cat acid s
same
List acid H

are to equivalents
equivalents of th same
 Ca must be equal lie equivalents of Ln
of
16 2.6
Eg net 32 6

Eg net 20.06g
OI 0.324g of Cu in HN03
was dissolved
and the Cudi037 so produced was
burnt till all Cucnoz converted to
0.406 of copper oxide
g
Calculate
net
eq of copper

Se Eg of a Eg of
0

0.324 0 406 0.324

Eg net of
a 8

0.324 8
Eg net of a
0.082

31.6g

Of Eg of metal is 12
wt What is the
eg net of its oxide
Sy Eq net of oxide Eg.net of Metalt Eg wt of oxygen

12 8
20

QI 0.2g of oxygen and 3.17g of halogen

combines separately with same amount

of metal What is the eg.net

of halogen

Se Ego of oxygen Eq of halogen

0 3.17
Eq net

3 17 8
Eg wt 0.2

126 8
g
af A certain amount metal whose equivalent weight
of
is 28 displaces 0.71 of hydrogen at STP
from acid calculate weight of metal
99 Arsenic forms two onides one of which contains
65.2 and the other 75.7 of the element
 Determine equivalent weights of As in both cases

911 a metal onide is formed combustion

9.44g of by
a metal Calculate equivalent
of 5g of weight
of metal

911 The chloride of metal M contains 97.33 of

metal I of this metal displaced from a
g
compound 0.88g of another metal N find
M and N
equivalent weight of

Sys Eg of metal Egr of hydrogen

0.7
2g X Z
22.4

a 7 2 28 7
224 32 164

1.75g
Metal t Ht Salt t Ha
Sng As zone ASzOy
V V

65.2g 34.8g 75.7g 24.3g

Egr NO gu of As Eq go
Equifax
65.2 I
348 75.7 243

Eg.int g 8
qq.my
65.2 8 wt 75.7 8
Eg.net
34.8
9 24 3
15 25

SID M2On
i
Ig aag
Ego of M Eg of O

5 9.94
Eg not g
wt 40
Eq 4.44 9g
Snl Max

4753952.67g

Equof M Egr of a

97.33 52.67
wt 35.5
Eg
47 33 35.5
Eg.net
52.67

31.77g
N
egu.IM gu of
I 0 88
31.77 Eq wt

31.77 0.88
Eq not

27.96g
 labelling of oleum

425207 t 420 H soy

Mason so new

old

labelling of oleum is given by Cooney

which means that on adding a water to
g
Loog oleum then 100 g total Hasty is formed
2

Cotdtnew

EI 118 oleum sample

It means that on
adding 18g water to
oleum sample will
get 118g tyson
we
Loog

425207 tho Hasty

18g
tyson 503

completely with 18g 420,80g

To react so
is needed In oleum sample
so and tyson old 20g
80g
Now I not
10 reacts completely with Ind
so to Ina tyson new
give
new
tyson 98g
Total ISO y old new

118g
so Amount of 503
free x too
amount of oleum

x 100
go
801
Maximum oleum possible
labelling of

Let 100g oleum contain 100g so so that in

this case maximum amount of tho can react
Now
40 required to completely react with
so is
100g
 So t 10 thSoy
Loog

108 x 18 22.5g
can be added to 100g oleum
22.5g thoso as to achieve maximum
sample
possible labelling i e 122.51

Q find 1 free soy in 1091 oleum sample

See 425207 t H2O 42504

Hasoyt 503
v o smol
ormal 4093503
y free so 9,8 100 90

I 12.5g of fuming Hasty oleum labelled as 112

is mined with 1001 water Ht

A M B 2 M
Zoo 350

4 350 M D Zoom
Sy 100g oleum 112g Hasty
12.5g oleum
s

12.5 112
14
100 8 g
moles moles
of Hasoy 1g
moles of H moles
3
Int Too M
Q How much water would be required in
above question Also find free 5oz
Sy Total Hafey oleum water
water
14g 12.5g 1.5g
Mtd2 oleum 12g yo
100g
12.5g oleum
12.5 12
1008 1.5g
moles 503 moles of 10
of
 065 moles

so
Eg
mass
of

so 80 100 82
Y free 3 12 12.5

160
3
53.33

An oleum sample is labelled as 118

Calculate

1 mass
of water required for 100g oleum
2 maximum mass
of Hoy that can be obtained
30g sample is taken
if
3 Composition of the mixture 40g water
is added to oleum if
30g
 SE 18g water

100g oleum 118g 1504

oleum
30g

30,8118g Ison

35.4g tyson

90 5.4
KO left
34.6g
tyson obtained 35.4g
E 0.5g of fuming Hasek is diluted with water
The solution requires 26.7 ml of 0.4N
Naoh neutralization find the
for so in the oleum
complete
of free sample

Sy Hasty t NaOH Nasty t

yo

Mey of thsoy 26.7 0.4

10.68 Meg
mmoles
of tyson 5.36 mmoles

mass
of thsoy 5.34 10 3 98

0.523g
oleum
0.5g 0.523g tyson
water used
0.023g
moles 5oz moles 10
of 0 023
of
18
mass
of so 0.933 80 0.1029503

free so
97 100

20.4
 Double titration

It is used to find the 1 composition

an alkali mixture
of
NaOH Ngos NAHWz

Order basic strength NaOH Naw Narco

of
Reactions involved when phenolphthalein
changes
its colour

Phenolphthalein is an indicator which changes

its colour when Marcos is left in
only
the alkali mixture

ÉÉ Ha
phenolphthalein
8 10
colorless
pH pink
want Marwat Man

NaOH t HA s Nale t Ho
NayWz t HU Nan Wat Nach
1
7
At Phenolphthalein end point
All used Eq of Noon Eq ofNasa 7 1
Eq of

Reactions involved when Methyl orange

changes its colour

Methyl orange changes its colour when only

Blog is left in alkali mixture

pH range of Methyl orange

3 to 5

pH 3 Red g pH 5 yellow

NaOH t HA s
Nant tho
NAW t 2 HU HaCozt IN all
Mf 2

Nate wz t Ha s
tycozt Mace
 At Methyl orange end point

Equ of HU used Equ of Noon Egu of 149,9172

Eq of Nan wz

OI A Solution contains Marco and NAHWz some

of this solution required 4m of IN all for
titration with Phenolphthalein The titration
was repeated with the same volume solution
of
with methyl orange 10.5 me
of IN HCl
was

required this time Calculate the amount

Masao and Matt wz in g
of
Sy for phenolphthalein end point

Equ of HU
E 1
Egr of Nazcoz ng

X 1 4 1
If 1000
2 106 4
1000
0.424
g
 for methyl orange end point

Egu of HU Egu of MazWz ng 2 t guof Nan wz

10
x 2 Yy Xt
K t

0.0105
0.818 Ya
0.0025 84
Y
0.21g
OI A solution contains ratio and Natty
loudof this mixture requires 2.5mL ofO.IMHasty
neutralization using HPh indicator
for
MeOH indicator is
further added when a
further 2.5 ml of 0.2M Hasty was needed
Calculate strength in
g e of Nasu 4 Narcos
See At Mph end point

Ego of Hasty Eq of Nagloz ng 1

 0.1 2.5 2 MIX 10 1

M 0.05 wall

i 0.05 106 l
strength of Magoo g
l
5.3g
At Meon end point

Ego of tyson Eq of Nascoz 7 2 t EgrofManco

2.5 0.1 24 2.5 0.2 2 2

Mix10 2 t Max70 1

0.5 I L t 10Mz

t Mz 0.05 not l

d Strength of NanWz 0.05 84

l
4.2g