STEM GRADE 11 ELECTRON

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

WHAT IS ACADEMIC TEXT?
Academic texts are critical, objective and specialized texts that are
written by professionals or experts in a particular field. They are aimed at the
academic community. Academic texts are formal, based on facts and evidence and
always contain citations.

TYPES OF ACADEMIC TEXT:

 Essays
 Textbooks
 Theses
 Case studies
 Reports
 Research articles

WHAT IS NON- ACADEMIC TEXT?

Non-academic texts are writings that are informal and dedicated to a lay
audience. They are emotional, personal and subjective without any kind of
research involving. Therefore, anyone can write a non-academic text. Newspaper
articles, e-mail messages, text messages, journal writing, and letters are some
examples of non-academic text.

EXAMPLE OF NON- ACDEMIC TEXT:

 Personal journal entries

 Memoirs
 Autobiographical writing
 Letters
 E-mails
 Text messages
 WHAT IS TEXT STRUCTURE?
Text structure is the way in which a writer organizes language and
information (PATTERN IN WRITING) within text to serve a specific purpose.
Depending on the goal of the writer, text can be structured in various ways to best
communicate information to a reader clearly and effectively. The structure of a
text’s beginning, middle, and end is directly influenced by the intention and
purpose of the writer.

TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURE:

Description- features a detailed description of something to give the reader a
mental picture.
Cause & effect- the causal relationship between a specific event, idea, or concept
and the events, ideas, or concept that follow.
Comparison /contrast- examines the similarities and differences between two or
more people, events, concepts, ideas, etc.
Order/ sequence- gives readers a chronological of events or a list of steps in a
procedure.
Chronological- information in a passage is organized by the time in which each
event occurred.
Problem-solution- sets up a problems, explains the solution, and discusses the
effects of the solution.

THEY ARE THREE PART OF ESSAY:

*Introduction
*Body
*Conclusion

MEANING OF IMRAD
*Introduction
*Method
*Result and Discussion

LANGUAGE USED IN ACADEMIC WRITING

Formal- formal vocab, avoids redundancy, choose strong and specific verbs.
Objective- impersonal language.
Technical- must be clear.

FEATURES OF ACADEMIC WRITING

CLEAR CONCISE
FOCUSED STRUCTURED
BASED ON FACTS SIMPLE
OBJECTIVE LOGICAL

TYPES OF ACADEMIC WRITING

DESCRIPTIVE
ANALYTICAL
PERSUASIVE
CRITICAL
NAME: JOHNLLOYD DE MANUEL

STEM GRADE 11 ELECTRON

GENERAL CHEMISTRY 1
WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
chemistry, the science that deals with the properties, composition, and
structure of substances (defined as elements and compounds), the
transformations they undergo, and the energy that is released or absorbed during
these processes. Every substance, whether naturally occurring or artificially
produced, consists of one or more of the hundred-odd species of atoms that have
been identified as elements.
PHASES OF MATTER
The term matter refers to anything that occupies space and has mass in other
words, the “stuff” that the universe is made of. All matter is made up of substances
called elements, which have specific chemical and physical properties and cannot
be broken down into other substances through ordinary chemical reactions.

Solid

In the solid phase the molecules are closely bound to one another by
molecular forces. A solid holds its shape and the volume of a solid is fixed by the
shape of the solid.

Liquid

In the liquid phase the molecular forces are weaker than in a solid. A liquid will
take the shape of its container with a free surface in a gravitational field. In
microgravity, a liquid forms a ball inside a free surface. Regardless of gravity, a
liquid has a fixed volume.

Gas
In the gas phase the molecular forces are very weak. A gas fills its container,
taking both the shape and the volume of the container.

Plasma

A plasma occurs in high temperatures or pressures, such as on the Sun. In such

extreme conditions, electrons are stripped from their shells around the nucleus and they
leave behind a positively charged ion. The mixture of gases is known as a plasma.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

 Matter is made up of tiny particles called atoms and can be represented or

explained as something that takes up space. It must display both the mass
and volume properties.
 Properties are the characteristics that enable us to differentiate one material
from another. A physical property is an attribute of matter that is
independent of its chemical composition.
 Density, colour, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical
conductivity are all examples of physical properties.
 Any characteristic that can be measured, such as an object’s density, colour,
mass, volume, length, malleability, melting point, hardness, odour,
temperature, and more, are considered properties of matter.

INTENSIVE AND EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Both the physical and chemical properties of matter are either extensive or
intensive. Extensive properties including mass and volume are proportional to the
amount of matter being weighed. Density and colour, for example, are not affected
by the amount of matter present.

Intensive properties of matter – An intensive property is a bulk property,

which means it is a system’s local physical property that is independent of
the system’s size or volume of material. Intensive properties are those that
are independent of the amount of matter present. Pressure and
temperature, for example, are intensive properties.

Extensive property of matter – A property that is dependent on the

amount of matter in a sample is known as an extensive property. Extensive
 properties include mass and volume. The scale of the system or the volume
of matter in it determines the extensive property of the system. Extensive
properties are those in which the value of a system’s property is equal to the
sum of the values for the parts of the system.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Chemical properties are characteristics that can only be measured or

observed as matter transforms into a particular type of matter. Reactivity,
flammability, and the ability to rust are among them. The tendency of matter to
react chemically with other substances is known as reactivity. Flammability,
toxicity, acidity, the reactivity of various types, and heat of combustion are
examples of chemical properties.

TYPES OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Reactivity – The tendency of matter to combine chemically with other

substances is known as reactivity. Certain materials are highly reactive,
whereas others are extremely inactive. Potassium, for example, is extremely
reactive, even in the presence of water. A pea-sized piece of potassium reacts
explosively when combined with a small volume of water.

Flammability – The tendency of matter to burn is referred to as

flammability. As matter burns, it reacts with oxygen and transforms into
various substances. A flammable matter is anything like wood.

Toxicity – Toxicity refers to the extent to which a chemical element or a

combination of chemicals may harm an organism.

Acidity – A substance’s ability to react with an acid is a chemical property.

Some metals form compounds when they react with different acids. Acids
react with bases to create water, which neutralizes the acid.
WHAT IS PLASMA?

Plasma, in physics, an electrically conducting medium in which there are

roughly equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles, produced
when the atoms in a gas become ionized. It is sometimes referred to as the fourth
state of matter, distinct from the solid, liquid, and gaseous states.

WHAT IS DENSER?

The meaning of denser is a measure of how compact matter is. In simple

terms, how much "stuff" is squeezed into a space. The more "stuff," or
matter, is squeezed into a space, thedenser it will be. What density means in
science is a comparison of the mass of an object to its volume.

WHAT IS DUCTALITY?

Ductility is a crucial property that describes the ability of a material to be

stretched, pulled, or drawn into a thin wire or thread without breaking. It is a
property associated mainly with metals and determined by the number of electrons
and how they are arranged within the atom.

EXAMPLE OF DUCTALITY:

Most metals are good examples of ductile materials, including gold, silver,
copper, erbium, terbium, and samarium. Examples of metals that are not very
ductile include tungsten and high-carbon steel. Nonmetals are not generally ductile.

MASS AND WEIGHT

 Mass and weight may seem like the same thing, but in fact these two
measurements are very different. Mass is the total amount of matter, or
"stuff," in an object. Weight is the force of gravity on an object. Mass
always stays the same, but weight can change depending on how much
gravity is acting upon an object.

STEM GRADE 11 ELECTRON

PRE- CALCULUS
WHAT IS CONIC SECTION?
Conic sections are generated by the intersection of a plane with a cone. If
the plane is parallel to the axis of revolution (the y-axis), then the conic section is a
hyperbola. If the plane is parallel to the generating line, the conic section is a
parabola.

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CONIC SECTIONS?

A conic is the intersection of a plane and a right circular cone. The four
basic types of conics are parabola, ellipse, circle, and hyperbola.
WHAT IS PARABOLAS?
A parabola is the set of all points (x,y) in a plane that are the same
distance from a fixed line. called the directrix, and a fixed point (the focus) not on
the directrix. The standard form of a parabola with vertex (0,0) and the x-axis as its
axis of symmetry can be used to graph the parabola.
 The general equation of a parabola is y = a(x-
h)2 + k or x = a(y-k)2 +h, where (h,k) denotes the
vertex. The standard equation of a regular parabola
is y2 = 4ax. Some of the important terms below are
helpful to understand the features and parts of a
parabola y2.

PARABOLA WITH THE HORIZONTAL AXIS

●(y−b)2=4p(x−a), p≠0. Vertex is (a,b) Focus is (a+p,b). Directrix is the line

x=a−p. Axis is the line y=b.

WHAT IS ELLIPSES?

An ellipse is an important conic section and is formed by intersecting a

cone with a plane. that does not go through the vertex of a cone. The ellipse is
defined by two points, each called a focus. From any point on the ellipse, the sum
of the distances to the focus points is constant.

Parts of an Ellipse

Focus: The ellipse has two foci and their

coordinates are F(c, o), and F'(-c, 0). The distance
between the foci is thus equal to 2c.
Center: The midpoint of the line joining the two foci is called the center of
the ellipse. It is denoted by (h, k).

Major Axis: Major axis is the longest diameter of an ellipse. The length of
the major axis of the ellipse is 2a units, and the end vertices of this major
axis is (a, 0), (-a, 0) respectively.

Minor Axis: Minor axis is the shortest diameter of an ellipse. The length of
the minor axis of the ellipse is 2b units and the end vertices of the minor axis
is (0, b), and (0, -b) respectively.

ELLIPSE WITH THE HORIZONTAL MAJOR AXIS

●(x−a)2/h2+(y−b)2/k2=1

Center is (a, b)

Length of the major axis is 2h.

Length of the minor axis is 2k.

Distance between the centre and either focus is c withc2=h2−k2, h>k>0

WHAT IS CIRCLES?

A circle is formed when a plane cuts the cone at right angles to

its axis. The definition of a circle is the set of all points in a plane such that
each point in the. set is equidistant from a fixed point called. the center.
 When working with circle conic sections, we can
derive the equation of a circle by using coordinates
and the distance formula. The equation of a circle
is (x - h) ^2 + (y - k)^2 = r^2 where r is equal to
the radius, and the coordinates (x,y) are equal to the
circle center.

CIRCLE

●(x−a)2+(y−b)2=r^2. Center is (a,b). Radius is r.

WHAT IS HYPERBOLAS?

In analytic geometry, a hyperbola is a conic section formed by intersecting a

right circular cone with a plane at an angle such that both halves of the cone are
intersected. This intersection produces two separate unbounded curves that are
mirror images of each other.

HYPERBOLA WITH THE HORIZONTAL

TRANSVERSE AXIS

●(x−a)2/h2−(y−b)2/k2=1. Center is (a,b). Distance

between the vertices is 2h. Distance between the foci
is 2k. c2=h2 + k2

HYPERBOLA WITH THE VERTICAL

TRANSVERSE AXIS

●(x−a)2/k2−(y−b)2/h2=1. Center is (a,b). Distance between the vertices is 2h.

Distance between the foci is 2k. c2= h2 + k2
Conic Section Formulas
Center is (a,b)
Circle (x−a)2+(y−b)2=r2
Radius is r
Center is (a, b)
Length of the major axis is 2h.
Ellipse with the 2 2
(x−a) /h + Length of the minor axis is 2k.
horizontal major 2 2
(y−b) /k =1 Distance between the centre and either
axis
focus is c with
c2=h2−k2, h>k>0
Center is (a, b)
Length of the major axis is 2h.
2 2
Ellipse with the (x−a) /k + Length of the minor axis is 2k.
2 2
vertical major axis (y−b) /h =1 Distance between the centre and either
focus is c with
c2=h2−k2, h>k>0
Center is (a,b)
Hyperbola with the 2 2
(x−a) /h − Distance between the vertices is 2h
horizontal 2 2
(y−b) /k =1 Distance between the foci is 2k.
transverse axis
c2=h2 + k2
Center is (a,b)
Hyperbola with the 2 2
(x−a) /k − Distance between the vertices is 2h
vertical transverse 2 2
(y−b) /h =1 Distance between the foci is 2k.
axis
c2= h2 + k2
Vertex is (a,b)
Focus is (a+p,b)
Parabola with the (y−b)2=4p(x−a), p≠
Directrix is the line
horizontal axis 0
x=a−p
Axis is the line y=b