GENERAL CHEMISTRY

(reviewer)

Charisse Manlongat
STEM301
SY. 2021-2022
States of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties
A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be observed
or measured without changing the identity of the substance. Physical
properties include color, density, hardness, and melting and boiling
points. A chemical property describes the ability of a substance to undergo
a specific chemical change.
All matter has physical and chemical properties. Physical properties are
characteristics that scientists can measure without changing the
composition of the sample under study, such as mass, color, and volume
(the amount of space occupied by a sample). Chemical properties describe
the characteristic ability of a substance to react to form new substances;
they include its flammability and susceptibility to corrosion. All samples of a
pure substance have the same chemical and physical properties. For
example. pure copper is always a reddish-brown solid (a physical property)
and always dissolves in dilute nitric acid to produce a blue solution and a
brown gas (a chemical property).

A physical property is a characteristic of a substance that can be

observed or measured without changing the identity of the
substance. Silver is a shiny metal that conducts electricity very well. It can
be molded into thin sheets, a property called malleability. Salt is dull and
brittle and conducts electricity when it has been dissolved into water, which
it does quite easily. Physical properties of matter include color, hardness,
malleability, solubility, electrical conductivity, density, melting point, and
boiling point.

For the elements, color does not vary much from one element to the next.
The vast majority of elements are colorless, silver, or gray. Some elements
do have distinctive colors: sulfur and chlorine are yellow, copper is (of
course) copper-colored, and elemental bromine is red. However, density
can be a very useful parameter for identifying an element. Of the materials
that exist as solids at room temperature, iodine has a very low density
compared to zinc, chromium, and tin. Gold has a very high density, as does
platinum. Pure water, for example, has a density of 0.998 g/cm 3 at 25°C.
The average densities of some common substances are
in Table 3.5.13.5.1. Notice that corn oil has a lower mass to volume ratio
than water. This means that when added to water, corn oil will “float.”
Extensive & Intensive Properties
Intensive Properties
Intensive properties are bulk properties, which means they do not depend
on the amount of matter that is present. Examples of intensive properties
include:

 Boiling Point
 Density
 State of Matter
 Color
 Melting Point
 Odor
 Temperature
 Refractive Index
 Luster
 Hardness
 Ductility
 Malleability

Extensive Properties
Extensive properties do depend on the amount of matter that is present. An
extensive property is considered additive for subsystems. Examples of
extensive properties include:
  Volume
 Mass
 Size
 Weight
 Length
The ratio between two extensive properties is an intensive property. For
example, mass and volume are extensive properties, but their ratio
(density) is an intensive property of matter.

While extensive properties are great for describing a sample, they aren't
very helpful in identifying it because they can change according to sample
size or conditions.

Way to Tell Intensive and Extensive Properties Apart

One easy way to tell whether a physical property is intensive or extensive is

to take two identical samples of a substance and put them together. If this
doubles the property (e.g., twice the mass, twice as long), it's an extensive
property. If the property is unchanged by altering the sample size, it's an
intensive property.

Key Takeaways: Intensive vs Extensive Properties

 The two types of physical properties of matter are intensive properties

and extensive properties.
 Intensive properties do not depend on the quantity of matter.
Examples include density, state of matter, and temperature.
 Extensive properties do depend on sample size. Examples include
volume, mass, and size.

When heat is applied to the atoms, some electrons can have high energy
levels and fall to the lower levels. Some electrons emit as much energy as
the energy level difference. By measuring the emitted light, we can detect
the atoms.
The metal atoms mainly emit visible light. Metal-containing ionic material
with gunpowder creates a fantastic fireworks display.

Continuous spectrum
Incandescent bulbs emit light in all visible wavelengths by thermo
electrons. The spectrum’s continuous view is not only because a specific
value of energy is emitted but because energy is evenly emitted over the
entire visible range.
The continuous spectrum is well observed in a dense state because the
atom’s electron orbits interfered with each other and thus did not emit their
own light. (E.g., solid or liquid, dense gas).

Line spectrum
When looking at the spectrum of light emitted from a fluorescent lamp,
sodium lamp, neon sign, or flame test, only distinct wavelengths of light
appear. The observed spectrum looks like a bar code.
Line spectra are well observed in lean conditions because the atoms
must emit their own light without interfering with each other.
(E.g., gas or plasma state)