Basic Environmental Engineering and Pollution Abatement

Air pollution control 1

DR. PRASENJIT MONDAL

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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 Air pollution control equipment
Contents
• Typical air pollutants
• Typical composition of different gases causing air pollution
• Processes and equipment for removal of unwanted elements from gas
• Removal of specific gas components like SO2 , NOx and CO2
• Ambient air cleaner, air filter

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➢ Typical air pollutants
•Particulate matter (PM10 and PM2. ... Source of Pb
•Ozone (O3) some aircraft fuel,
•Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) metal processing plants,
•Carbon monoxide (CO) waste processes such as incineration
and battery acid production
•Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
•Lead Source of O3
•CO2 chemical reactions between multiple
•Methane different oxides found in the air,
•Chlorofluorocarbon (refrigerants in air
Methane comes from livestock,
conditioners ) swamps and human activities
•VOC
Source of VOCs
Vaporization of petroleum fuels, personal care products such as perfume and hair spray, cleaning
agents, dry cleaning fluid, paints, lacquers, varnishes, hobby supplies and from copying and printing
machines.
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➢ Typical composition of different gases causing air pollution
Process Typical Gas composition Elements to be removed
Combustion CO2 , H2O, NOx, SOX, PM, N2 NOx, SOX, PM, CO2

Gasification CO, H2, CO2, H2S, COS, PM, CH4 CO2, H2S, COS, PM

Pyrolysis of biomass Hydrocarbons, CO, CO2, H2, CO2

and wastes
Pyrolysis of waste Hydrocarbons, CO, CO2, H2, HCl CO2, HCl, dioxins
plastics dioxins
Anaerobic digestion CH4, CO2, H2S, H2O CO2, H2S, H2O

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➢ Processes and equipment for removal of unwanted elements from gas

Particulates Gas molecules

▪ Wet process : Absorption
• Gravity settlers
▪ Dry process: Adsorption
• ESP
Particulates and gas molecules
• Filters / Fabric filters
▪ Wet Scrubbers
• Cyclones

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Gravity settlers Horizontal flow settling chamber
Settling Chamber

Gas in Gas out

L/v= H/vt
v H

vR
vt = 4 gdp( p − g )
L
vt
Dust collectors 3CDg
CD = 24 / Re p For Rep<1
▪ To settle large abrasive particles (> 50 micron)
▪ Low maintenance and low efficiency
▪ Pre cleaner
▪ Most simple
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➢ Gravity settlers contd.. Force balance on particle and
Fd Fd : drag force = FR = kinetic force terminal settling velocity
Particle

Fb Fb : buoyancy force
Fg : force of gravity
𝑚
Fg Resultant force = Fg - Fb - Fd(FR ) 𝑚𝑎 ∈= 𝑚𝑔 − 𝜌 𝑔 − 𝐹𝑅
𝜌𝑠 𝑓
𝜌𝑓
At steady velocity 𝑚𝑔 1 − = 𝐹𝑅 ρf = density of fluid in this case fluid is gas = ρg
𝜌𝑠
𝜋𝑑𝑝 3 𝜌𝑓
If particle is assumed to be spherical, then 𝜌 𝑠𝑔 1 − = 𝐹𝑅
𝐹𝑅 = 𝐴𝐾𝐶𝐷 Where C is drag coefficient 6 𝜌 𝑠
D
𝜋𝑑𝑝2 1 2 A = Characteristic area of the system
𝐴= 4 𝐾 = 𝑣𝑡 𝜌 𝑔
2
K = Characteristic kinetic energy per unit volume
4𝑔𝑑𝑝(𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔) vt= relative velocity between the particle & fluid
𝑣𝑡 =
3𝐶𝐷𝜌𝑔 (terminal settling velocity)
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➢ Gravity settlers contd..
Collection efficiency
Collection efficiency (%)

σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚iη𝑖
η𝑇 = 𝑀
per cent

Particle diameter(um)
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 "i" 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑
η𝑇 = 100 × η𝑖 = × 100
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑖

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➢ Gravity settlers contd..
Dust size Weight per 100 g 0f Fractional efficiency
dust ᶯi(%)
<5 2 1
5-10 2 7 The following table
shows the size
10-15 4 16
distribution of a
15-20 7 44 dust sample and
20-25 10 67 the fraction
25-30 8 81 efficiency of
30-35 7 88
removal in a gas
cleaning equipment
35-40 10 92
calculate the overall
40-50 15 93 collector efficiency.
50-60 20 95
60-70 10 98
>70 5 100 9
➢ Gravity settlers contd..
𝑛
σ𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚iη𝑖 = ෍ 𝜔𝑖 η𝑖
η𝑇 = per cent
𝑀 𝑖=1

Where ωi is the weight fraction in each size range.

(0.02 x 1) + (0.02 x 7) + (0.04 x 16)

𝑛 + (0.07 x 44) + (0.1 x 67) + (0.08 x 81)
η𝑇 = ෍ 𝜔𝑖 η𝑖 =
+(0.07 x 88) + (0.1 x 92) + (0.15 x 93)
𝑖=1
+(0.2 x 95) + (0.1 x 98) + (0.05 x 100)
ηT = 80.17 %

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➢ Gravity settlers contd..
Howard settling chamber

Gas outlet Gas inlet

ΔH
Chamber width = W H
V

Tray

Inserting several trays , the collection efficiency of the device is improved since the gas flow
velocity in the chamber remains substantially the same and yet each particle has a much
shorter distance to fall before reaching the bottom of the passage between trays.

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➢ Gravity settlers contd.. Design concept
For a settling chamber having dimension L*W*H and n number of trays including the
bottom surface. The hydraulic diameter for flow passage between the trays is:
2𝑊Δ𝐻 𝑄
𝑣𝐷ℎ𝜌𝑔 Where, v is velocity in the 𝑣=
𝐷ℎ = and 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑛𝑊Δ𝐻
𝑤 + Δ𝐻 𝜇𝑔 chamber and Q is the volumetric
flow arte of the gas stream.
2𝑄𝜌𝑔
Substituting for v and Dh, 𝑅𝑒 = The spacing between the trays ,∆H, is given by
𝑛𝜇𝑔(𝑊 + 𝐻)
𝐻
Δ𝐻 =
Assuming there is no dust initially on tray , substituting for ΔH 𝑛
If a layer of dust Hd is initially present, then
𝐻 2𝑄𝜌𝑔
Δ𝐻 = − 𝐻𝑑 𝑅𝑒 =
𝑛 𝜇𝑔(𝑛𝑊 + 𝐻)
With this modification, 2𝑄𝜌
𝑔
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜇𝑔(𝑛𝑊 + 𝐻 − 𝑛𝐻𝑑)
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➢ Gravity settlers contd..
For laminar flow conditions (Re < 2300 ) within the trays ,particles of size dp of a particular
material will settle a distance y with a terminal velocity νt in time t. During this time the
particles are transported a distance L with the velocity of the gas stream.
𝑦 𝐿
Equating these two , we have =
𝑣 𝑡
𝑣

The value of y can be found from a knowledge of the particle settling velocity. If the particles
are uniformly distributed over the incoming stream , the efficiency of collection η = y/ ∆H
or
𝐿𝑣𝑡 𝑛𝑊𝐿𝑣𝑡
η= =
𝑣Δ𝐻 𝑄
When y ≥ ∆H , all particles of that size (or larger ) will be collected in the settling chamber
Force balances on a falling particle
4𝑔𝑑𝑝(𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔)
𝜋 1 𝜋 Or 𝑣𝑡 =
F= 𝐶𝐷 4 𝑑𝑝2 𝜌 𝑣2 = 𝑑3 𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔 𝑔 3𝐶𝐷𝜌𝑔
2 𝑔 𝑡 6 𝑝

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➢ Gravity settlers contd..
dp ρg vt
Where CD is the drag coefficient which is related to the particle reynolds number 𝑅𝑒 =
μg
The general drag coefficient curve for spherical particle may be presented by three
relationship. In the stokes law region CD = 24/Rep <1
In the turbulent region (Rep>1000) the drag coefficient CD become almost constant with a
value of 0.45, CD= 0.45 For Rep>1000

For the transition region several empirical equation have been suggested for this region such
as the Given by Schiller and Naumann:
24 .
CD= 𝑅𝑒 (1 + 0.15𝑅𝑒𝑝0 687)
𝑝

𝑔𝑑𝑝2(𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔)
For stock’s law region 𝑣𝑡 = 18𝑄𝜇𝑔
18𝜇𝑔 𝑑𝑝, 𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
and minimum particle diameter can be separated 𝑛𝑊𝐿𝑔(𝜌𝑝 − 𝜌𝑔)

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➢ Gravity settlers contd..
Although the efficiency relationship is based on laminar flow conditions within the unit, it is
practically impossible to achieve laminar conditions without a very large particle size or an
inordinately large number of trays combined with an awkward shape of the chamber.
Hence, the flow in the settling chamber will probably be turbulent rather than laminar.
Turbulent flow

Gas flow is totally mixed

in y direction and no
mixing in x direction.

Gravity settling in a horizontal duct : turbulent flow

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➢ Gravity settlers contd..

cAν = (c + dc) Aν + cνt Wdx A = W∆H

Thus,

Where, c is mass concentration of particles and

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐿
Rearranging and 𝑑𝑐 𝑣𝑡 𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑡𝑊𝐿
න =− න 𝑑𝑥 Or 𝑙𝑛 =−
integrating 𝑐 𝐴𝑣 𝑐𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑣
𝐶𝑖𝑛 0

𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑛𝑊𝐿𝑣𝑡
The efficiency η= 1 − Or η = 1 − exp −
𝑐𝑖𝑛 𝑄

Thus η𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 = 1 − 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −η𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟

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Thanks

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