WRAP UP – Nucleosynthesis of Elements

Nucleosynthesis

Big Bang Stellar Supernova

Nucleosynthesis Nucleosynthesis Nucleosynthesis

Synthesis/Formation Synthesis/Formation Synthesis/Formation

of light elements of heavy elements of heavier elements
(Hydrogen, Helium,
(Carbon – Iron) than Iron
Beryllium, Lithium)
QUARTER 1- MODULE 2

Concept of Atomic Number

Led to the Synthesis of New
Elements in the Laboratory
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CONCEPT OF ATOM

OBJECTIVE

Explain how the concept

of atomic number led to
the synthesis of new
elements in the
laboratory
Scientists Explained the Structure of the Atom
THE ATOM

● Dalton’s Billiard Ball Model- John Dalton

● Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model- John Joseph Thompson

● Rutherford’s Planetary Model- Ernest Rutherford

● Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom- Niels Bohr

● Schrodinger’s Electron Cloud Model- Erwin Schrodinger

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The Arrangement of the Elements THE ATOM

● Johann Dobereiner made use of Triads.

● John Newlands made use of Octaves.

● Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev arranged elements by

increasing atomic weights.
-is considered as the Father of the Periodic Table.

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 Henry Gwyn Jeffreys
Moseley

THE ATOM
- An English Physicist and a
researcher, figured out that
elements should be
arranged based on the
atomic number instead of
the atomic mass.

Henry Moseley
(1887-1915) 6
Atomic Number THE ATOM

● The atomic number is also known as the

Z number. The Z came from the German
word, “Zahl” which means number.
● The atomic number corresponds to the
number of protons.
● The number of protons gives the identity
of the atom.
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 THE ATOM

Nuclear Transmutation Reactions was Possible

● Knowledge of the atomic number
introduced nuclear reactions

● Transformation of one element or isotope

into another element.

● The reaction includes protons and

neutrons.
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 THE ATOM

Ernest Rutherford did the First Nuclear

Transmutation Reaction using an Alpha Particle

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 THE ATOM

Nuclear Transmutation Reactions

● Alpha particles are positively charged
and the nucleus will repel it.

● Neutrons were then used in lieu of the

alpha particle.

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Particle Accelerators THE ATOM

● To overcome the repulsion between the

nucleus and alpha particles, particle
accelerators were used.
● The alpha particles were made to move in a
very fast way which will overcome repulsive
forces.
● A cyclotron is a particle accelerator that uses
alternating electric field to accelerate particles
that move in a spiral path in the presence of a
magnetic field. 11
 THE ATOM

Particle Accelerators were Used to Synthesize

Elements

Lawrence synthesized
Technetium.

Segre, Mackenzie and

Corson synthesized
Astatine.

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Transuranium Elements THE ATOM

● Uranium was the heaviest known element by

1930. Its atomic number is 92.

● Elements having an atomic number of greater

than 92 are known as transuranium elements.

● Transuranium elements are synthesized using

particle accelerators.
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 The Nuclear
Reactions Involved
in the Synthesis of
New Elements
Nuclear Reactions
● Type of nuclear transmutation which is not
spontaneous and artificially done.

● An outside particle is used to bombard the nucleus.

● May involve the collision of two nuclei.

● May involve the collision of a nucleus and a

subatomic particle such as neutrons, protons or high-
energy electrons.
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Nuclear Decay Reactions
● Type of nuclear transmutation that happens spontaneously.
● It doesn’t use any outside particle.

● It is also known as radioactive decay.

● The nucleus emits radiation and transforms into a new

element.

● The unstable parent nucleus will transform into a more stable

daughter nucleus.

● Transuranium elements are radioactive.

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Types of Nuclear Decay Reactions

● Alpha Decay

● Beta Decay

● Positron Decay

● Spontaneous Fission
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Alpha Decay
● The radioactive substance will lose 2
neutrons and 2 protons to reach stability.

● The neutrons and protons lost will form a

helium nucleus which is also known as an
alpha particle because it is a product of
alpha decay.
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Examples of Alpha Decay

238
0

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Beta Decay
● The substance will have one of its neutrons
transformed into a proton and in the process, will
release a beta particle which is technically just an
electron.

● The atom will increase its atomic number while

maintaining its mass number.

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Examples of Beta Decay

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Spontaneous Fission
● The radioactive substance will be so unstable that
it will split into two smaller atoms to relieve the
stress and have stability.

● This will release energy.

1
0
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Positron Decay
● The substance will have one of its protons transformed
into a neutron. The mass number will be the same but the
atomic number will be decreased.

● The product released will be a positron. This is an electron

with a positive charge.

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24
Transuranium Elements
● These are elements with atomic numbers greater
than 92. These are radioactive and are synthesized
in the laboratory.

● Seaborg and Ghiorso led scientists in synthesizing

most of the transuranium elements.

● Particle accelerators are used for synthesis along

with particles such as neutrons, deuterons, carbon
nuclei, nitrogen nuclei and ions.
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Examples of Synthesis of Transuranium
Elements
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Activity: Complete the following nuclear reactions:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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9/3/20XX 28

PRESENTATION TITLE

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