Bogue’s Compound  High Sulphate resistance & it is Used in Minimum Specified Strength in N/mm2

Chemical Composition of Raw materials Principal Mineral Compound Formula Symbol Func-
mass concreting work. Type/days 1 day 3days 7 days Type of formwork Minimum period before stricking formwork

Oxide Composition (%) Function tion 6. Super Sulphated Portland cement : 80–85% 28 days (a) Vertical formwork to columns, walls, beams 16-24 h
Tri calcium Silicate (Alite) 3CaO.SiO2 C3S 7-day Granulated slag + 10– 15% calcium sulphate (b) Soffit formwork to slabs (props to be refixed just 3 days
Lime, CaO 60–65 It control strength strength OPC (33 grade) –16.0 22.0 33.0 after removal of formwork)
and soundness. a n d + 5% Portland cement clinker. Portland Pozzolana –16.0 22.0 33.0 (c) Soffit formwork to beams (Props to be refixed just 7days
Silica, SiO2 17–25 Excess of it causes Hardness  It is resistant to chemical attacks Low heat Portland –10.0 16.0 35.0 after removal of formwork)
slow setting Dicalcium silicate (Belite) 2CaO.SiO2 C2S (d) Props to slabs
Alumina, Al2O3 3–8 Responsible for Ultimate particularly to sulphate & highly resistant (i) Spanning up to 4.5m 7 days
strength Test of Cement
quick setting, to sea water (ii) Spanning over 4.5m 14 days
Tricalcium Aluminate (Celite) 3CaO.Al2O3 C3A F la sh–
excess of it lowers  FINENESS TEST  Sieve Method (e) Props to beams and arches
set  It should not be used with any admixture (i) Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
strength Tetra calcium Alumina 4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3 C 4 AF Poorest
Iron oxide Fe2O3 0.5–6 Gives colour and cementing
7. Low heat Portland cement: Low C3S and C3A                                    Air permeability Method (ii) Spaning over 6 m 21 days
helps in fusion of Oxide (Felite) value
and more contents of C2S                                       Sedimentation mehtod
d i f f e r e n t It is use in mass concrete work Concrete classification (Based upon)
ingredients Water Requirement for hydration  CONSISTENCY TEST  Vicat’s Apparatus.
Magnesia, MgO 0.1 –4 Give colour and  Rate of development of strength is low but Cementing Bulk Grade of Perspective Place
Bound water=23% by weight of cement.  SETTING TIME  Vicat’s Apparatus. material density cement specification of casting
hardness ultimate strength is same
Soda and Potash 0.5–1.3 If in excess causes Gel water=15% by weight of cement  SOUNDNESS TEST  Le-chatelier Method
8. Portland Pozzolana cement (IS:1489 Part-I) : Extra light Low In Situ
efflore-scence Total minimum = 38%  Auto clave test Lime 1:4:8 M7.5
concrete
Na2O and K2O & cracking OPC + 10– 30% of fly ash by mass of PPC it is concrete <500 kg/m3 strength 1:3:6 M10
Property Dry Process Wet Process <20 N/mm2
Sulphur trioxide SO3 1–3 M akes cem ent use in marine work.  TENSILE STRENGTH  Briquette test Gypsum Light 500- 1:2:4 M15 Precast
Temperature range 1400-1500ºC 1500-1600ºC concrete
sound  Free lime is removed, hence, resistant to concrete 1800 kg/m3 Medium 1 : 1.5 : 3 M20
Gypsum amount 2-3% 3%  HEAT OF HYDRATION  Calorimeter test strength
Silica Iron oxide Cement Dense weight
Economically (in fuel) Less More chemical attack increases 20-40 1:1:2 M25
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY TEST  Le-chatelier’s Flask. concrete 1800-2500 N/mm2
Loss me h A I M S Note: Puzzolana has no cementing property in kg/m3.
Material Unit weight (kN/m3) Consistency Test: It is the Amount of water used Super heavy High
itself but when it combines with lime, it produces a weight > 2500 strength
Sulphur Trioxide Brick Masonry 19 – 20 to make paste of normal consistency. It is about > 40 N/mm2
Lime Alumina Magnesia stable lime pozzolana compound which has kg/m3
456 Plain and reinforced concrete Plain cement concrete 22–24 30% generally. It is the percentage of water
cementious property. Test on Concrete
Reinforced cement concrete 24–25
269 Specification of OPC 33 grade The addition of pozzolanas to conncrete results in. required for the cement paste, the viscosity of which
Cement mortar 20–21  WORKABILITY  Slump test
8112 Specification of OPC 43 grade (a) Improvement in durability by reducing per- will be such that Vicat’s plunger penetrates upto 5
Steel 78–80 meability                              Compacting factor Test
12269 Specification of OPC 53 grade to 7 mm from bottom (33 to 35 mm from top) of the
Cement 14.4 (b) Reduction in shrinkage.                      Vee-bee consistometer method
8041 Rapid hardening Portland cement Vicat’s mould.  DIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH Cylinder Splitting
8042 White Portland cement (c) Increase in workability of concrete. Attahment Use
Types of Cement OF CONCRETE TEST
8043 Hydrophobic Portland cement (d) Deduction in the rate of hardening of con-
1. Plunger, 10 mm dia, 50 mm long Consistency test  BOND B/W CONCRETE & STEEL Pull out Test
1. Portland cement: Classified on the basis of crete.
IS:6452 High alumina cement 2. 1 mm × 1 mm square needle Initial setting time  COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH  Rebound hammer
manufacturing as 33 grade, 43 grade and 53 (e) Reduction in segregation and bleeding of
IS:1489 Part-I Portland Pozzolana cement 3. 5 mm dia Annular collar Final setting time  DYNAMIC MODULUS OF  Resonant Frequency
grade. concrete.
(fly ash based) ELASTICITY
OPC (f) Increased resistance against sulphate attack
IS:1489 Part-II Portland Pozzolana cement Manufacturing of Concrete: Batching  Mixing
(i) OPC-33 (IS : 269-2015) S. Types of test Diameter or sizeShape
(Calcined clay) (reduction in chemical action with
(ii) OPC-43 (IS : 8112-1989) No.  Transporting  Placing  Compacting 
383 Coarse & fine aggregates from natural sulphates). Finishing  Curing
(iii) OPC-53 (IS : 12269-1987)
sources 9. Quick setting cement: Fine grounded OPC with 1. Initial setting time 1mm of square needle
Initial Setting Time (IST) – 30 minute & final Methods of Curing:
516 Strength of concrete tests reduced Gypsum content & small amount of
Setting Time (FST) – 600 minute
650 Specification for standard sand for testing aluminium sulphate. 2. Final setting time 5mm annualar ring (a) Shading
2. Rapid hardening cement (IS:8041): More C3S
2386 Test for Aggregate (1–8 Parts)  IST = 5 minutes & FST = 30 minutes (b) Covering surface with wet hessian cloth or
and less C2S as compared to OPC
2430 Sampling of aggregate for concrete  Not-used in mass concrete & it produce  Used in under water concreting. 3. Consistency 10mm solid circular gunny bags
5816 Splitting tensile strength of concrete Large Shrinkage 10. White and Coloured Portland cement (IS: 8042) (c) Sprinkling
6461 Glossary of terms related to cement  RHC attains same strength in 1 day which : From Pure white chalk, china clay & Iron Soundness Test: To detect change in volume after (d) Ponding
concrete (Part 1–12) an OPC attains in 3 days with same w/c. Oxide should not be more than 1%. setting (e) Steam curing (For precast members)
7320 Specification of concrete slum test  It is suitable for repair of roads, bridges etc.  These are used for making Terrazzo (f) Applying curing compounds
Le  Chatelier method Auto clave test
apparatus 3. Extra Rapid hardening cement: Rapid flooring, ornamental works & casting Measure unsoundness (free lime only) Sensitive to both lime & magnesia Compressive strength test:
10262 Guidelines for concrete mixed design hardening cement + 2% CaCl2 (also called stones. 100 gm of cement + 0.78 P water Internal mould dimension (25 × 25 × 282) mm
875 Design loads (other than earthquakes) for Result is given in "mm" Result is given in %  Size of coarse aggregate upto 38 mm
calcium chloride cement)  Hunter scale is use for checking the  Size of cube – 150 × 150 ×150 mm
building & structures  Especially used in cold weather but also give whiteness of cements Strength determination
Part I : Dead load. Part II: Live load  Size of cylinder – 150 mm dia, 300 mm height
Excessive Shrinkages  5–10% Colouring pigment before grinding Compressive strength Tensile strength
 Cube mould filled in 3 layers, tempered 35 times
Part III : Wind load, Part IV : Snow load 4. High alumina cement (IS:6452): Cube test (size 7.06cm) Briquette test (6.45 cm2 ), 6 no.
11. Air Entraining cement: OPC + Vinsol resin or per layer with tampering rod of 16 mm dia &
Part V : Special loads & load combinations Cement (185 gm) + Ennore T.S = (10 – 15)% of compressive strength
IST – Min. 3 hour 30 minute & FST – Max. 5 vegetable fats of oils or fatty acids. sand (555 gm), ratio of 1 : 3 600 mm length.
1893 Earthquake resistant design for structures Generally used for RHC
hour.  Small amount of (0.1%) by weight of an air Water = P4 + 3 %  Stored at temp of 27 ± 3ºC at 90% humidity for
Note: The new code for all OPC 33, 43 & 53 grade Cement : sand = 1 : 3
is IS 269:2015 It is used for refractory conerete, industries & entraining agent. Temperature 27 ± 2ºC P 24 ± 1/2 hour.
Water = 5 + 2.5 %
used widely in Pre-casting. 12. Water Repellent or Hydrophobic cement: OPC Atleast 3 cube for testing  Then immersed in water for 7 days or 28 days.
Rate of loading:- (1.2 - 2.4)N/mm2/min
 Particularly suitable to sea and under-water work + fractions of olic acid, Stearic acid or Rate of loading:- 140 Kg/cm /min
2

 Rate of loading in compression testing machine

CIVIL ENGINEERING  Widely used in Pre-Casting, Expansion  5 pentachlorophenol. = 14 N/mm 2/ minute.
ROCKET CHART mm  Suitable for basement and making water CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s
FOR QUICK REVISION 5. Portland Slag cement: The mixture of portland Cube strength = 1.25 × Cylinder strength
tight structures. content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST,
BY
cement, granulated blast furnace slag & GET THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart. Defects in Concrete: Cracks,
S.SOROUT: 9255624029 Gypsum Crazing,Efflorescence, Segregation, Bleeding
 Admixtures: Plasticizers, Superplasticizers, Air Comparison between clamp Burning and Kiln constructing 10 cm thick brick partition wall. Comparison of softwood and Hardwood (iv) Torn grain: It is the small depression on the
entrainers, Acceleraters, Retarders Burning 2. Header bond: All the bricks are laid as headers Property Sotwood Hard-wood finished surface due to falling of tool
NDT Test on Hardened Concrete: Maturity test, S. Item Clamp burning Kiln burning on the faces of the wall. Commonly used for 2. Defects due to fungi:
Colour Lighter Darker
Pull-out test, Penetration test, Ultrasonic pulse No. constructing staining of wells, corbels, footing Growth Faster Slower (i) Blue stain: Sap of wood is stained to bluish
velocity test 1. Capacity About 20000 to 100000 bricks Average 25000 can etc. Weight Lighter Heavier
colour
Fineness Modulus: It is an index number which
can be prepared at time be prepared per day.  It is using three-quarter brick bats in each Density Low High
2. Structure Temporary structure. Permanent struct. alternate courses as quoins. Annual rings Distinct Indistinct (ii) Sap Stain: Fungi feeds on cell contents of
is roughly proportional to the average size of the 3. Initial cost Very low as no structures are More as permanent Heart-wood Can not be distinguished Canbe distinguished sap wood, then the sap wood looses its colour
particles in the aggregate. to be built structures are to be 3. English bond: Alternate courses of headers & Strength Strong along grains Strong along & across
constructed. stretchers. grains
(iii) Dry rot: It occurs due to lack of ventilation/
It is the sum of cumulative percentage retained
4. Quality of  English Bond is stronger & costly than Conversion Easy Difficult absence of sunlight (in basements, rooms or
on the sieves of the standare sieves: 150 m, 300 bricks small. more. flemish Bond. Resinous Exist in pores Does not exist in damp situations like kitchen.)
m, 600 m, 1.18 mm, 2.36 mm, 4.75 mm, 10 mm, Material
Defects of bricks  Mostly English bond is used in govern- (iv) White rot: The fungi attacks on lignin of
12.5 mm, 63 m and 80 mm. Examples Chir, Fir, Kali, Pine, Teak, Sal, Shishum,
Higher Fineness modulus aggregate results in ment work Deodar Poplar and Maple wood & wood assumes the appearance of
1. Over burning: Bricks loose their shape. white mass consisting of cellulose com-
harsh concrete mixes and lower Fineness modulus  Adopted for work where strength is of prime
2. Blisters: Formed due to air imprisioned during importance. Heart Wood pounds
results in uneconomical concrete mixes. their moulding.
Outer Bark
(v) Brown rot: Fungi of certain type remove cel-
Order of Aggregates: Strength– Cubical > 3. Bloating: Spongy swollen mass over bricks
H H H H H H Pith lulose compounds from wood & it attains
Crushed> Rounded > flaky, Workability – Rounded surface due to excess of carbonaceous and
> Cubical > Crushed > flaky brown colour.
sulphur matter.
S S S S S (vi) Heart rot: In it, heart wood is exposed to at-
4. Efflorescence: Due to alkalies.
Property 1st class 2nd class 3rd class mosphere & attacked by atmospheric agents.
5. Chuffs: Deformation of shape of the bricks H H H H H H Sap Wood Inner Bark
Compressive  10.5  7.0 3.5 (vii) Wet rot: It is the chemical decompositons of
strength (N/mm2) caused by the rain water falling on hot bricks.
Water Absorption 2 0 % 22% 25% wood due to alternate dry & wet conditions
Uses
6. Under burning:Higher water absorption and 4. Facing bond : Bricks of different thickness are
Pointing & Important RB work & Hidden Unimportant
4. Defects due to Natural forces:
work masonry work temporary stru. less compressive strength. to be used in the facing or backing of the wall. Medullary Rays Cambium Layer
7. Laminations: It is due to entrapped air in the (i) Burls, (ii) Callus, (iii), Dead wood, (iv) Knots
5. Flemish bond: Each course has alternate header (v) Foxiness, (vi) Druxiness, (vii) Rind galls
Voids of day. & stretcher. Sawing of Timber
Poor lime Fat lime Hydraulic lime (viii) Shakes: Longitudinal separations in the
 Flemish Bond give better appearance than  Ordinary Flat/slab sawing: It is very quick &
Impure/lean lime Pure/Rich/White lime Water lime
English Bond. Economical method. wood between the annual rings
Contain more than 30% Impurties are less than Impurties
 Construction with flemish Bond requirs  Tangential Sawing Cutting is tangential to (a) Heart Shake: Occurs in overmatured
of clay 5% (5–30)%
(b) Queen-closer (c) Queen-closer
greater skill in comparison to English Bond the Annual rings & at right angles to the trees. These are wider at centre & diminish
Unsoiling Digging Cleaning Weathering Blending Tempering (a) Bevelled
closer (half) (quarter) & bat bricks are use in it. meduallary rays. outward.
 Minimum width of wall for single flemish bond is  Radial Sawing Sawing is done Parallel to the Cup shakes Ring shake Star shakes
Moulding
1½ brick wall. rays & perpendicular to the rings: It give stron-
Drying gest timber
H S H S H  Quarter/Rift Sawing Quarter sawn wood
Burning
(d) King closer (f) Mitred
wears better & shrink more evenly. Heart
(e) Full Shake
Brick
brick
closer S H S Note: Radial sawing will produce the
H S
Flowchart: Preparation of Brick Earth strongest timber piece as in redial saw- Prevsevation of Timber (IS : 401)
 Moulds are made (8–12)% larger in size. Slenderness ratio of brick masonry:It is the ing medulary rays are not out as the
effective height of the wall divided by effective Types of Preservatives:
 To prevent the moulded bricks from sticking sawing is done parallel to the rays.
to the side of the mould, sand is sprinkled on the thickness or effective length divided by effective (a) Ascu Treatment: It was developed by forest
inner sides of the mould. thickness, whichever is less. Properties of Timber: Research Institute, Dehradun. This
(g) Half bat (h) Three quarter (i) Bevelled
Drying: If green bricks burnt, it can get cracked & bat bat Maximum slenderness ratio for load bearing walls 1. Specific gravity of wood = 1.54 solution is odourless
distorted. S.SOROUT, 9255624029 2. Weight of timber should be noted at 12% Solution is made by 6 parts of posder in 100
No. of storeysUsing Portland cement lime mortar
Types of Drying - (a) Natural drying FOLLOWING BOOKS moisture content parts of water by weight. Preservtive gives
(b) Artificial drying - (i) Hot floor drier, (ii) Tunnel or pozzolana cement
AVAILABLE BY
3. Timber is Anisotropic & Elastic material, protection against white ants.
drier. CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION: Not exceeding 2 27 30
shrinks least along length and maximum along
· In clamp burning process, at 150 angle bricks are 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI exceeding 2 27 12 AS2O 5.2H2O + CuSO4.5.H2O + K2Cr2O7/Na2Cr2O7.2H2O
circuferance
2. CIVIL BOOSTER 1 Part 3 Parts 4 Parts
to be laid. 4. Fibre saturation point is % moisture content at
3. REASONING Ki GOLI
·The percentage of moisture in wet bricks is 7- 30% Load bearing wall Non load bearing wall which cell walls are saturated and cell cavity
4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
· The wet bricks should be dried in an open Solid wall Veneered Cavity Solid wall Faced Partion Panel wall Free Curtain Faced
contains no water. Mixed in powdered form
5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI
atmosphere 4-5 days with piers wall wall wall wall standing wall wall Defects in timber
6. ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
(Pilasters) wall
(b) Chemical Salts, (c) Oil points,
ROCKET CHART
Types of Kilns Conversion Fungi Insects Natural forces Seasoning (d) Solignum paints:
7. UTTAR PRADESH Ki GOLI Types of trees
8. UTTRAKHAND Ki GOLI 1. Conversion defects (e) Coal tar: Surface is coated with hot coal tar
Intermittent Continuous
(Allahabadi Kiln)
9. PUNJAB Ki GOLI Endogenous tree Exogeneous tree (i) Chip mark: These are the marks or signs with the help of brush. This process is called
10. WEST BENGAL Ki GOLI tarring. It is fire resistant.
11. HINDI ROCKET CHART These grow inward These grow outward placed by chips on finished surface of tim-
Bull’s trench Hoffman’s Tunnel 12. CIVIL CAPSULE Bamboo, Cane, Palm Deodar, Sal, Teak ber. (f) Creosote oil: The application of Creosote
(Semi-continuous) (Continuous) Conifers Deciduous (ii) Wane:It is the presence of original rounded oil on timber is called creosoting. It is
Types of bonds (soft wood) (hard wood) surface on the manufactured timber. highly toxic in nature. It is obtained by
Stages of a Dehydration b Oxidation c Virtification
1. Stretcher bond: All the bricks are laid as Needle shape leaves Broad shape leaves (iii) Diagonal grain: Improper sawing, Indicated distillations of tar. It is one of the best
burning are (400-650ºC) (650-900ºC) (900-1250ºC)
Stretchers on the faces of the wall.Used for Evergreen tree Open tree by diagonal mark or straight grained surface antiseptic. It is black or brown liquid weakly
Pine, Chir, Deodar Oak, Teak, Shishum of timber. affected by water, neither volatile nor
hygroscopic.
 Kmno4, (i+ii) are known as kjeldahl Nitrogen Ni- Slow Sand Filter: 1. Minor Methods. Pipes except the service connections are usually made of cast.
Water Demands: trate and Nitrate by - colour Matching Method. (i) Boiling iron with some type of coating to avoid rusting where as for
(i) Domestic Water Demand: 135 to 225 lpcd. Inlet chamber (ii) Treatment with excess service connections galvanised iron pipes are used.
Chemical: Heat loss of
lime. (i) Dead end or tree system.
(ii) Institutional and commerical water demand. fitter head
 (Mn = 0.05 mg/L) (Iron – 0.3 mg/L), (Fluride – Telescopic (iii) Treatment with ozone (ii) Grid system or reticular system
(a) School & colleges : 45 to 135 lpcd outlet
1.0 –1.2 mg/L) Inlet valve (KMNO4) (iii) Ring or circular system
(b) Offices : 45 lpcd for Raw water
 (Sulphate : 250 mg/L) (Cyanides = 0.2mg/L) (iv) Treatment with silver or (iv) Radial system
(c) Restaurants: 70 lpcd raw water
(d) Cinema & theater : 15 lpcd Electrokatadyne Appurtenances in Plumbing System
Screening: Sand Gravel
(e) Hotels: 180 lpcd Process.
1. Ferrules 2. Goose Neck
(f) Hospitals : When hed < 100 340 lpcd  Velocity | 0.8 to 1m/sec 2. Major Method Chlorination 3. Service Pipe 4. Stop Cock
When bed > 100 450 lpcd  Principle is based on stokes law. Main (Disintection with Cl2) 5. Water Meter
collector 
(iii) Fire Demand: 1 lpcd Q Section at end   Hydraulic design of sewers: Velocity of flow in channel
(a) Kuichling’s Formula, Q = 3182 P 1/min
 Setting velocity VS 
.L Section at center to supply reservoir Cl2 H2OpH 
5
HOCl HCl 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V= R S (manning formula)
P = Population in thousands  n
Design Criteria: Comparision of slow sand and Rapid Gravity Filters.  Oxgen Demand
pH 8
Variation of Demand HOCl   H   OCl
Q Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter dL t
 Over flow rate =  =  KL, L t  L 0  10  k D t
(a) Maximum hourly demand for Peak demand BH Cu = 3—5 Cu = 1.2–1.6
pH  7
dt
= 2.7 × Annual hourly consumption of D10 = (0.2–0.3) mm D10 = (0.35–0.55) mm HOCl   H   OCl –
 500–750 lit/hr/m2 for plain sedimentation, Depth Frequency of cleaning = (1–3) Cleaned through Back washing BODt = L  L  L 1  10  kD t 
the maximum day months & process takes 15 minutes.  0 t 0 
= 03 to 4.5m Width B  10 m Design period = 10 year Base Material is gravel
q Use for smaller plants in village Rate of filtration (3000-6000)
NH 3  HOCl   2 Cl  H 2 O [BOD5 = 0.684L0] , K DT º = KD20 [1.047]T-20
= 2.7   , q = Average Daily Consumption Coagulants: l/m2/hr
 24 
Design on max. daily demand.  NH3 + HOCl is called
1. Use of Alum Rate of filtration (100-200) l/m2/hr Operational Troubles–
combined chlorine.
2
 Maximum Weekly Consumption = 1.48 ×Avg. is very low as compared to (a) Air Binding  BOD = BOD & BOD for municipal sewage is 100– 500 ppm.
5 u
2. Use of copperas: (FeSo4,7H2O) R.S.F., but efficiency is High (b) Mud ball formations 3
weekly 3. Use of chlorinated copperas (Fe2(So4)3+FeCl3), (Bacteria removal is 97–98%) (c) Cracking of filter 1. Treatment with Copper
 Maximum Monthly Consumption = 1.28 × Avg. Depth of sand is 90 – 110 cm Sand layer is 60 – 75 cm deep Order of solutions in increasing order of their BOD values
4. Use sodium Aluminate (Na2Al2O4) Plan area required is 100–2000 m2 Area of tank is 10 – 100 m2/unit
Sulphate (CuSO4.H2O)
monthly.  Added to open reservoir Bottle water < tap water < river water < industrial water
Disposal of Soil Wastes n = 1.22 Q , Q is plant capacity in MLD.
Population Forecasting Mehtod and lakes to kill algae or  Drinking water should have zero BOD.
Untilizes the effluent from plain Particle more than and less than 1µm dia
 Done by various Methods to check the growth.
sedimentation tank only. Filter cannot are efficiently removed. & Removes Disinfection
 Arithmetic Increase Method Pn = Po  nx  Sanitary land filling be used if turbidity suspended, 2. Treatment with KMNO4 Oil and Grease Trap
Bar Grit Biological Unit SST
n
 Burining or incineration is greater than 50 ppm. colloidal matter & microorganisms.
 Acts as oxidizing agent Screen chamber
(Skimming Tank)
 r   Barging it out in to sea Depth of tank is 2.5 to 3.5 m. Depth of water over sand layer =
 Geometric Increases Method Pn = Po  1   1 – 2m. to remove to taste, odour
SST
 100   Pulverization Top 15 cm of sand layer would be finer. Length/width = 1.25 to 1.33. and colour and to kill Sludge
(a) Top layer size – 3 – 6 mm Max. loss of head = 2.5 to 3.0 meters. PST studge
 Incremental Increase Method Pn  Compositing bacteria. Screening Grits
(b) Middle layer – 20 – 40 mm Washing period is 24 – 48 hrs. Oil/Grease Underdrain
Composting– Ex By disgestion, by bacteria (c) Bottom layer – 40 – 65 mm Rate of washing is 15 to 90 cm rise per 3. Aerations Optional Unit water Drying Beds Sludge Digester
n(n  1) largency.
= Po  nx  y minutes  For increasing Di- Wastewater Flow Dried sludge Gases
2 Air & Noise Pollution. For cleaning layer of sand is scraped RSF is highly efficient in colour removal Sludge Flow for sisposal Effluent for
and 1.5 to 3 cm of sand is removed when used with coagulation sedi- oxygen to remove CO2, Gases final disposal
Physical characteristics: Primary pollution. mentation. upto some extent
(a) Sulphur dioxide (So2), (b) Lead (pb), (c) Co, Efficiency wrt bacteria removal is removal of Fe and Mn.
Turbidity: (limit 1-5 NTU) Baylis, Jack- 80–90%. Formation of free chlorine and
(d) Nitrogen oxide No and No2 , (e) Hydrocarbons 4. Fluoridation Presence of chloro-organic

Chlorine residual (p.p.m)

son, Nephelo-meter 0.5 compounds not destroyed
(f) H2S, H2F, Fluorides  Necessary if F < 1mg/L. II
Rapid Sand Filter:
Colour: Tintometer (limit 5-25 TCU), Secondary air pollutants Add Naf or Na 2 SiF 6 0.4 Destruction of chloramines al
and chloro organic comp idu

Free residual
I re s
Taste & odour: T.O.N = 1 ( | 3) A. Ozone B. Formaldehyde Wash water storage or H 2 SiF 6 to keep 0.3 Formation of chloro-organic bin
ed

C. PAN (peroxy acetyl nitrate) tank compounds and chloramines om

Air fluorine content between C III dc
Temperature: 10ºC desirable ( | 25ºC) Compressor
0.2 Destruction of
ee
an
D. Sulphuric Acid unit 1 to 1.5 mg/L chlorine by d ua
l
Fr
reducing compound d res i
Water level during (1) De-Fluoridation. (if F e
Chemical Characteristics: E. Photochemical smog filtering 0.1 mb
in
D Break
Co
Wash water > 1.5 mg/L) In India, point Combined residual
 Total solids and suspended soils Limited to troughs 0
Treatment is done by

Wash water pipe

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
550ppm Chlorine Added (p.p.m)
Nalgonda Technique
Inlet chamber

Air pipe
PH = – log H+ (6.6 to 8.5) Influent 1 Water (Use Alum for reducing
2 50 2  50  CIVIL ENGINEERING Sand flurides)
 Total Hardness [Ca ]  + [Mg ]    2 5
5. Removal of Radioactive (  S   w )d 2
20  12  ROCKET CHART Gravel
Design Criteria for Grit Chamber: VS 
 Carbonate Hardness = min of total hardness or FOR QUICK REVISION 3 4
Filter rate Lateral 6 Wash water Substnces By coagulation 18
controller drains rate controller
alkalinity BY and filtration.
Data for Sedimentation Tank
6. Desalination
 Chloride Content – Prescribed limit – 120ppm S.SOROUT: 9255624029 Detention Time. 30-60S, Horizontal velocity of flow–15-30
Seal (i) By evaporation and
 Nitrogen Content – Limits: Free ammonia cm/sec. Length to breath ratio of chamber varies from 6 to 15 and
CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s Wash distillation
| 0.15mg/L, Organic Nitrogen | 0.3 mg/l, ni- water Filtered water length to depth ratio varies form 40 to 30, cleaning interval = 1
content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, drain storage tank (ii) Electrodialysis
or 2 weeks, Channel length = detention time × velocity of flow
trite should be zero, nitrate | 45 mg/l GET THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart. (iii) Reverse Osmosis.
Measurement (i) Free Ammonia-by simple boil- Zero Error book with BEST Content
ing of water. (ii) Organic Ammonia – By adding
Description Unit  Courtyard, play ground, unclosed Balcony, cantilever porch Dummy Activity: It is an artificial activity represented by any problems or adverse conditions developed during completetion
of the activity.
Earthwork, Stone/Brick Work, Wood Work/Sunshadem 3 is not included in plinth area. dashed arrows which neither consumes any time nor resources.
(b) Pessimistic Time Estimate (tp) - It is the maximum time
Surface/Shallow Excavation m2  Carpet Area: Useable area/Living area required for an activity if everything goes wrong & abnormal
Pointing, Soling, DPC, Plastering m2  C.A. = Total floor area – (circulation area + Non-useable area) conditions prevail. It does not include possible effects of major
Steel/Iron Work kg / Q u i n te l catastrophes like as earthquakes, flood, fire etc.
Dressing of stone/Half Brick wall/partition wall m2
 C.A. in residential area (50 – 65)% and in commercial area
(c) Most Likely Time Estimate (tm) - It lie in between pessimistic
Painting Work/Distemper/Colour Washing/Jali Workm 2 (60 – 75)%. & optimistic time estimate. It is time required to complete the
Wor k % of Estimate activity if normal conditions prevail.
Degree of Accuracy: Wood Work: 2mm, Weight – 1 kg, length
– 1 cm, Area – 0.01 m2, Volume – 0.01 m3 Departmental charges (centage charge) (10 – 15) Activity G is dummy activity. Dummies maintain the logic of x1  x 2  x 3 ...... x n x
 Purpose of Valuation
Contractor charge 10 network diagram & keeps the numbering system of the network  Mean time  x  : x  =
Labour Charge 25 n n
(a) Taxation– (10–14%) unique.
Electrification 8  Deviation ():   x  x
(b) Rent fixation – (6 –10% of total value) Electric fan 4 Slack: It is associated with an event. It is the difference between
Saniatory and Water Supply Charge 8 the latest allow able occurrence time & earliest expected
2
Outgoing: (a) Repairness – (10 – 15)% of total Income Contigences Charges (3 – 5) occurrence time of the event. It is the excess time by which 2   x  x 
Work Charge Establishment (1.5 – 2) occurence of an event can be delayed without affecting the project  Variance : 2  
(b) Management and collection Charge – (5 – 10)% of total Tools and Plants (1 – 1.5) n n
completion time.
Income. Security money is about 10% of total contract including Earnest Types of Slack - PERT CPM
Scrap Value: It is about 10% of total value. It is the value of Money.
Security money and Earnest Money are refundable after some (a) Positive slack ( S >0 ) - Ts > TE 1.Probabilistic approach 1. Deterministic approach
Dismental Material.
time Without Any Interest. (b) Zero slack ( S = 0 ) - Ts = TE 2.Three time estimate 2. Single time estimate
Salvage Value: It is value at the end of Utility period without
being this dismental.  Types of Contract: Lum sum, unit price, cost plus contract. (c) Negative slack ( S < 0 ) - Ts < TE 3.Event oriented 3. Activity oriented.
S.i.  Types of Trap: P, Q, S (Shape), Intercepting, Gully, Floor (Pur- 4.Cost is proportional to time 4. Cost model is developed
Sinking Fund: Annual Installment (I) =  I C .S pose) (
(1  i) n  1 ( 5.-distribution 5. Normal distribution
(a) Straight line Method: Assume depreciation by same  Chief Engineer is the Administrative Head of Department & 6.Concept of slack 6. Concept of float
Directly responsible to the govt. 7.Critical path by joining 7. Critical path by joining
CS
amount D =  Plastering Work:
n critical events critical activities.
(a) Volume is increased by 30% (if thickness 12 mm ) &
(b) Constant percentage Method: Also called Balancing ( Crashing: The process of reduction of the total project duration
20% (if thickness 20 mm) due to uneven surface. (
along the longest path (time wise) of the network (along the critical
Decline Method. It assume depreciation by same
(b) Above calculated vol. is increased by 25% for dry vol. path to obtain the optimum project cost & optimum duration.)
1/ n
S calculation. Updating : It is the process of reviewing the progress of project,
percentage. D = 1     Flooring Work: execution & redrafting the network according to latest
C
(a) Volume is increased by 10% due to uneven surface. requirements
General Overhead Cost Job Overhead Cost
(b) Above calculated vol. is increased by 50% for dry vol.
Telephone Bill Salary Delay calculation. Activity Name (EST, EFT) Cc  Cn
Travelling charges Establishment of a New Office
 Cement Concrete Work: In C.C. mixture, we divide 1.52 by  (i) t ij  x days (LST, LFT) ( j) Cost slope = t  t
n c
Printing, Post office Co mpen sati on
sum of ratio of material and multiply it with respective
 Float is associated with An activity. Total cost
quantity ratio which will give you respective quantity. 1. Total Float: It is the difference between maximum time
Description Q u a n ti ty  Brick Work: available & actual time required for the completion of the
Work in foundation with Mud Mortar 1.5 m3 (a) Volume is increased by 15% due to frog filling, bonding/ activity. Direct cost
Work in foundation with Lime/Cement Mortar 1.25 m2 jointing, wastage etc. 2. Free Float: It is the amount of time by which an activity
(b) Above calculated vol. is increased by 25% for dry vol. can be delayed without affecting the EST of the succeeding ost

Cost
Work in Superstructure with Lime/Cement Mortar1 m3
activity ire ct c
Work in Superstructure mud Mortar 1.25 m3 calculation. Ind t
Event: It is an instant of time at which some specific milestone 3. Independent Float: It is the excess of minimum available e cos
Distemper (1 coat) 35 m2 t a g
has been achieved. It denotes the start or completion of an activity, time over the required activity duration. Ou
White Washing/Colour Washing (3 Coat) 70 m2
& it is represented by nodes of different shapes like rectangular, 4. Interfering Float: It is the difference of total float & free Overheads
White Washing/Colour Washing (1 Coat) 200 m2 circular, square or oval. An event does not consumes any time or float of an activity. It is also equal to the slack of head event of
RCC Work 3m 3 resource. an activity. Crash Optimum Normal
Half Brick wall/Partition Wall 5 m2 Types of float - time time time
Lime concrete in Roof 6 m3 (a) Negative total float (FT < 0 ) - If maximum available time for an
Lime Concrete in foundation/Floring 8.5 m3 activity is less than the activity time, then total float will be a Resource Smoothing: ·In this, the total project duration is not
negative value. Such activities are called super-critical changed but the activities having float are rescheduled in such a
12 mm Plastering with cement/Lime Mortar 8 m2
activities.They need extra deployment of resources. way that a uniform demand for the resources is achieved. In it, the
Degree of Accuracy (descreasing order)
(b) Total float zero (FT = 0 ) - If maximum available time for an resources are considered to be limited & the critical path of the
Detailed > Cube rate > Plinth area > Rough estimate
activity is equal to the activity time, then total float will be project remains unchanged.
Area
zero. Such activities are called critical activities.In them, no
Floor area freedom of delay is allowed. Resource Levelling: In it, the activities are so rescheduled in such
Plinth area
(c) Positive total float (FT > 0 ) - If maximum available time for an a way that maximum or peak demand of the resource does not
Circulation area Carpet area activity is more than the activity time, then total float will be exceed the availability of resources. In it, the resource are
a positive value. Such activities are called sub-critical unlimited & the critical path may get changed (so project
Vertical circulation area activities.They demand normal attention but allowing them duration may also get changed). Uniform demand of resources
Horizontal circulation area CIVIL ENGINEERING some freedom of action. is achieved.
(Staircase, Lift) (Varandaha, Passes) PERT absorbs uncertainties into the time estimates for activity
4-5% of P.A. 10-15% of P.A. ROCKET CHART & project duration. Following are 3 time estimate - CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s content &
FOR QUICK REVISION Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, GET THE BEST ) . Available
 F.A. = Plinth area – area occupied by walls/Intermediate sup- BY
(a) Optimistic Time Estimate (to) - It is the minimum time
ports required for an activity if everything occurs perfectly right without on amazon flipkart. Zero Error book with BEST Content
S.SOROUT: 9255624029
Some specific fluid properties Note : Horizontal Plane Vertical Plane Inclined Plane 4. Laminar and Turbulent Flow: In Laminar Convective Temporal
1. Wetting property is due to surface tension. Surface Surface Surface flow, the particles moves in layers sliding Type of flow
mass Acceleration Acceleration
1. Density = (measured in kg/m3). 2. Higher temperature, more chances of smoothly over the adjacent layers while
volume x
 Steady & uniform 0 0
2. Density of liquid & gas is directly proportional cavitation. x
xp
xp
x in turbulent flow particles have the
3. At 100ºC, vapour pressure of water = Area A
C.G.
C.G. random and erratic movement, Steady & non-uniform Exists 0
to pressure and inversely to temperature C.G.
C.P.
C.P
3. Specific gravity/relative density Atmospheric pressure. intermixing in the adjacent layers. Which Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists
4. Air cavitation is less damaging than vapour F= Ax F= Ax F= Ax causes continuous momentum transfer. Unsteady & non-uniform Exists Exists
Density of liquid cavitation. Flow of blood in veins and arteries occurs
= Density of water at 4ºC Ig I g sin 2  as a viscous flow. Hence, Laminar flow. Measurement of fluid pressure
5. Ideal fluids  No-viscosity  no “No slip”
xp = x xp = x A water supply pipe carries water at high
4. If R.D < 1, then fluid is lighter than water. condition Ax Ax Manometer Mechanical gauges
6. No slip condition is due to fluid viscosity. speed leading to rapid mixing which Based on principle of balancing Mechanical pressure measuring
Weight of substance x & x p for same horizontal plane surface from causes highly turbulent conditions.
5. Specific weight = , ( = a column of fluid by the same instruments with a deflecting
Volume of substance 4 5. Rotational and Irrotational Flow: When or other column needle (used in filling air in tyres)
liquid surface
g in N/m )3
 Pressure Inside The Liquid Drop: Pld  fluid particles rotate about their mass
d Rotational Stability: When a small angular
6. Some Important Relation centre during movement. Flow is said to Simple Differential
2 displacement sets up a restoring couple, then
1 milibar = 10–3 bar =100 N/m2 be rotational otherwise irrotational. manometer manometer
1 mm of Hg = 10–3 m of Hg = 10–3 ×  Pressure Inside The Liquid Jet: Plj  stability is known as rotational stability.
Rotational Flow  Forced Vortex, Flow To measure pressure at a point To measure the pressure difference
d
13.6 m of water = 10–3 × 13.6 × 9810 U-Tube manometer Inverted differential
inside boundary layer.
8 Single column manometer manometer
N/m2 = 133.42 N/m2  Pressure Inside the Soap Bubble: Psb  FB = Buoyant Force Irrotational Flow  Free Vortex, Flow Piezometer
d Micro manometer
1 N/mm2 = 106 N/m2 Couple (Restoring) outside boundary layer.
B No. Type of Manometer Fluid Types Pressure measurement
9.81 N 4 cos  In a straight tube of uniform diameter and
1 Kgf/cm2 = = 98.1 × 103 N/  Expression For Capillary Rise: h  uniform roughness, the flow properties
104 m 2 wd G 1. Piezometer Liquid Positive
 < 90º Cohesion < Adhesion Wetting of surface Concave top surface Rise in does not vary across the length of the pipe. (Gauge pressure)
m2 capillary tube
 > 90º Adhesion < cohesion Does not wets the Convex top surface Drop Hence, Uniform flow.
N KN 2. U-tube Manometer Both liquid & Both positive &
7. water = 9810 3
 9.81 3 Patm
in capillary tube
Submerged body Floating body Flow above the drain having a wash basin gases Negative Pressure
m m Stable equilibrium G below B M above G is a free vortex motion (Irrotational flow).
8. mercury = 13.6 w 3. Inclined Tube Gases Both (+ve & -ve)
Pvaccum BM > BG 6. Compressible and Incompressible Flow: Manometer ( for very low pressure) (mostly +ve)
1 P local GM = MB – BG = +Ve
In compressible flow density of fluid
9. Specific volume = P =P – P
absolute atm vaccum
Unstable equilibrium G above B M below G 4. Differential &
Density P =P + P
absolute atm gauge
changes from time to time while in Inverted Differential Both liquid & Pressure difference
BM < MG
gases Between 2 points
 Pabs GM = MB – BG = –Ve Incompressible flow it remains constant.
 d du Neutral equilibrium G and B coincide GM = 0  Stream Line: There are a set of concentric 5. Bourdon Pressure Both liquid & It measures pressure
 Viscosity: d 
dt dy Metacentre (M) is the point of intersection of gauge gases at a point
dt Absolute circle with origin at centre.
vaccum lines of action of buoyant force before and after  Stream lines neither touch nor cross each Acceleration on a stream line
 Note : rotation. other. Line tangent to it give direction of
 Kinematic Visocity: V   m2/sec. • Buoyant force is independent of distance of body Instantaneous velocity.
 Continuity Equation: A1V1  A 2 V2 Trangential Acceleration Vn (s,n,t) Vs (s,n,t) Normal Acceleration
from free surface of liquid and also the density  Tracing of motion of different fluid particle. It is due to change in It is due to the
du of solid body.  Hydrostatic Force magnitude of velocity. If change in the

 Newton’s Law Of Viscosity:    dy

spacing b/w stream line direction of fluid
Horizontal F  WAx h  x
dx dy dz changes tangensial acceleration moving on a curved
• Mechanical gauges are used for measuring high  = Equation of stream line exists
n
path

s
pressure values which does not requires high u v w
n Ig  Streak Line: It is line traced by series of
 du  precision. Vertical F  WAx h  x   Acceleration Of A Fluid Particle
 Non- Newtonian Fluid:   A    B Ax fluid particles passing through a fixed
 dy  • Air cavitation is less damaging than vapour cavi-
Ig point. It is formed by continous uu vu wu u
pi
c
pas
te tation. sin 2  ax    
tro la s
tic Inclined F  WAx h  x  introduction of dye or smoke from a point x 
y z  t

0

xo umstic
i P ps Ax 
1, B

Th am Gy pla g
0
B Bin
gh tic do nin
pec Pseu r thi
Facts about pressure in the flow. Temporal
n<

Convective
1, eo ea
Note: We generally follow Eulerian concept, as its acceleration
n= B 0 Rh
1,
n>
Sh 1. Longer runway’s needed at higher altitude due  Path Lines: It is actual path traced by a fluid acceleration
difficult to keep the track of a single fluid particle.
Newtonian particle over a period of time. It is based on
1

to reduced drag and lift.

<

v s v vn v
n

1
Types of fluid : lagrangian concept. Two path lines can
0,

 =
a s  Vs + s a n  Vs + s
B=

=0
,n Dilatant 2. Nose bleeding starts at higher altitude due to
B >1 (Shear Thickening)
1. Steady and Unsteady Flow: At any given location, intersect each other. s t s t
0, n difference in body’s blood pressure &
B= Ideal Fluid
the flow and fluid properties do not change with Continuity Equation: It is based on principle convective local tangential convective local
atmosphere pressure. tan gential acceleration n o r ma l n o r ma l
du/dy
time, then its steady flow otherwise unsteady. of conservation of mass. Fluid mass can neither
 Ex. 3. Motor capacity reduces at higher altitude. be created nor can be destroyed hence mass of
acceleration acceleration
4. Cooking takes longer time at higher altitudes. v p f acceleration
(a) Thixotropic Ink, Ketchup, Enamels etc. = 0,  0,  0  Steady flow fluid entering a fixed region should be equal to
(b) Bingham plastic Sewage, Sludge, Drilling  Buoyancy And Floatation t t t mass of fluid leaving that fixed region in a
mud, Gel, Toothpaste, Cream Buoyant force = Net upward force = weight of liquid 2. Uniform and Non-Uniform Flow: A flow is said
displaced to be uniform flow in which velocity & flow both particular time.
(c) Rheopectic Gypsum in water & Ben-
tonite slurry.  Point of application of buoyant force is the C.G. of in magnitude and direction do not change along (a) Steady Flow in 1-D,  AV = Constant No Acceleration Tangential Convective
Acceleration
(d) Pseudo Plastic Paint, Paper, Pulp, Blood, the displaced liquid & it is called centre of buoyancy. the direction of flow for given instant of time.  1 A1 V 1 =  2 A2 V 2
Syrup, Polymer, Lipstick, Nailpaint  Buoyant force is independent of distance of 3. One, two or three Dimensional Flow: If flow (b) Steady Incompressible in 1-D,
(e) Dilatant Quick sand, Sugar in body from free surface of liquid and also the parameters varies in one dimension wrt space A1V1 = A2V2
water, Butter density of solid body. only then its one dimensional otherwise its 2 Total Acceleration = Convective accelera-
CIVIL ENGINEERING CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s or 3 dimension respectively. tion with respect to space + local acceleration
Both Normal and
ROCKET CHART content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, V = V(x, t)  one dimensional with respect to time. Tangential Convective
Normal Convective Accelation
GET THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart. V = V(x, y, t)  two dimensional Acceleration
FOR QUICK REVISION
V = V(x, y, z, t)  three dimensional
 current meter is used to measure velocity in open Hydraulic Jump Eq.
 Rotational Component  U max R 2 Q
  P  4 S.SOROUT, 9255624029
channel. Q  D
1  w v  2   x  2q 2
(y 2  y1 )3 FOLLOWING BOOKS

wx      Hot Wire Anemometer: Used for measurement 1.  y1 y 2 (y1  y 2 ) 2. Energy LossEL = AVAILABLE BY
2  dy dz  , of Instantaneous velocity and temperature at a 16 8 g 4y1 y 2 CIVIL Ki GOLI
 Friction Factor: F  4f f  R f  2
1  v u  1  u w  point in flow. u PUBLICATION:
y2 1
wz     , wy   
2  x y 

2  z x   Theoretical Discharge:  Trapezoidal Notch:
e
3. 
y1 2
 1  8F12  1  3
4. yc 
y1 y2 (y1  y2 )
2
1. CIVIL Ki GOLI
2. CIVIL BOOSTER
Note : A1A 2 2gh qA ct h  hL 2 8  5/ 2 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
Q th  Cd   3/ 2
Q = Cd1 2gLH  Cd2 2g tan H
1. Velocity potential exists only for ideal and A12  A 2 2 q th h Open-channel Flow 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
3 15 2
irrotational flow. unsteady 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki
 Percentage Error In Discharge: Cipolletti-Weir:It is a trapezoidal weir whose slopes Steady
GOLI
2. Velocity of flow is in direction of decreasing Uniform Gradually Rapidly Spatially Gradually Rapidly Spatially
are adjusted in such a way that: 6. ELECTRICAL &
potential function. Q  Q act Canal Flow Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied Varied
% error  th  100 • Reduction in discharge due to end contraction (GVF) (RVF) (SVF) (GVUF) (RVUF) (SVUF) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
3. Equipotential line is the line joining points Q th ROCKET CHART
in rectangular weir = Increase in discharge due Flow in river Flow D/S of an Flow River Flow in A surge Surface runoff
having same potential function. U/S of a weir overflow over alluvial reach moving due to 7. UTTAR PRADESH Ki GOLI
to triangular portion. during winter spillway. side weir during rising flood upstream rainfall
 Velocity Potential Function (): 8. UTTRAKHAND Ki GOLI
 Entrance length in a pipe is the length where 9. PUNJAB Ki GOLI
% error  (1  C d )  100
  boundary layer increases and flow is fully devel- 10. WEST BENGAL Ki GOLI
 u  v oped. Type of flow Depth of Velocity of Froude Comments 11. HINDI ROCKET CHART
x y NOTE. flow flow No 12. CIVIL CAPSULE
For Laminar Flow L = 0.07 Re D
 When Pressure Difference Measured by Manom- Subcritical y > yc v < vc Fr < 1 Also called as streaming or transquil
 For Turbulent Flow Le = 50 D flow
 Stream Function (v): u   y v  eter
 Major Losses Head/Loses Critical y = yc v = vc Fr = 1
x When heavier fluid in manometer & lighter fluid Super Critical y < yc v > vc Fr > 1 Shooting flow, rapid flow, torrential flow

(i)Newton’s equation of motion in pipe. fLQ h  fLv Chart for Most Economical Sections
       hL  f
Fg  FP  FV  Ft  Fc  F  ma 12D5 2gD  Gedmetrical  Rectangular  Triangular  Trapezoidal
g  Parameters
h  x  h  1 Numbe r Equation Use s
(ii) Reynold’s equation of motion g
 l  1V:MH
my my

    

Fi VL
Reynolds No. F   Aeroplanes,
 Diagram y
1
y IV:mH

Fg  FP  FV  Ft  ma gh  Specific gravity of heavier liquid- v

B B

submarines, pipe flow

(iii) Navier-stock equation of motion gl  Specific gravity of lighter liquid  Condition  y
B
m = 1, q = 45ºFrom Horizontal
Fi V 2
    x  Reading Manometer 
Fg  FP  FV  ma Eulers No. Fp p Cavitation problem
h  Reading Piezometer. for most  = 45º  From vertical  B
2y
m
1   60º Hor.
 3 3   30º vert.
(iv) Euler’s equation of motion  Orificemeter: Economical
Fi V
   Mach No.  Aerodynamic
Fg  FP  ma Cd 0 A1A 0 2gh A Fe C  Area A = B.y = 2y.y  A  my2  A  (B  my)  y
 CC  C C  C  C testing, rocket, missile
2 2
Note : A  A2 A0 d c v
 2y 1 
1
Fi V  A  2y2  A  y2  A   3  3 y y 
 
 3 y 2

• Energy equation can be used to find the pressure Froude No.  OCF, spillway, weir
Where Fg gL (in most economical) (in most economical)
at a point in a pipeline using Bernoulli’s eq. Cc  Coefficient of Contraction.  = 2y m=1
Fi v
• Continuity eq. is used to find out the flow at two Cd  Coefficient of Discharge Weber No.  Veins, arteries,  Perimeter P  4y p  2 2y  P  2 3y
F  / L
sections of tapering pipes. CV  Coefficient of Velocity. rising bubble y2 y
 Pitot Tube –Velocity Of Flow: R
• Euler equation based on momentum conserva-  Hydraullic  R  y/2  2 2y  R
2
tion while Bernoulli is based on energy conser- P1 V12 Water hammer Pressure: Rapid/Sudden closure Radius
vation.   Constant of valve in a pipe carying flowing liquid destroys (R = A/P)
w 2g 4y
• Impulse momentum principle is used to find out the momentum of flowing liquid and sets up a high  Top width (T)  T  2y  T  2y  T
3
the force on a moving vane. vd pressure wave. This pressure wave travels with the
• Concept of moment of momentum (Angular mo-  Reynold’s Number: R e   speed of sound and causes hammering action in Dy D  y/2
3
D y
 Hydraullic   
4
mentum principle is used in lawn sprinkler prob- pipe called Knocking water hammer.
Nature of flow according to Reynold's number (Re)
lems)  Surge tanks are used to absorb the Increase in  A
Depth  D  T 
Laminar Transition Turbulent  
2 Flow in pipe Re < 2000 2000 < Re < 4000 Re > 4000 the pressure due to water hammer phenomenon.
P V
 + 2g + Z = Constant Flow between Re < 1000 1000 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000
Chezy’s Formula: V  C RS , Note: Circular section (a) For maximum discharge 2 = 302º22, d 
parallel plate 0.95 D, (b) For maximum velocity 2 = 257º27, d = 0.81 D
Static pressure Open channel flow Re < 500 500 < Re < 2000 Re > 2000 1 2 / 3 1/ 2
head Dynamic Hydrostatic pressure Flow through soil Re < 1 1 < Re < 2 Re > 2 Manning equation V  R S0
pressure head head  Laminar Flow Through Circular Pipe: n Types of Jump Fr EL/E1 Water surface
Dimension of C = L1/2 T–1, n = L–1/3 T1, f = Dimen- Undular 1-1.7 0 Undulating
r  dp  sionless We a k 1.7-2.5 5–18% Small rollers form
Stagnation pressure head   
2  dx  Os ci lla ti ng 2.5-4.5 18–45% Water oscillates in random manner
Piezometric pressure head
  Steady 4.5-9 45–70% Roller and jump action
 Velocity Distribution:  S S  strong  9  70% Very rough and choppy
dp dy  o 2f 
 Euler’s Equation: p  gd z  vdv  0 1  p  2  r2  Dynamic eq. for G.V.F.: = q  N P N Q
U max   R U  U  1  dx  1  3  NS = (for Turbine), NS = (for Pump)
  max 2  gy (H)5/4 (H m )3/ 4
4  x   R   
P v2
 Bernoullies Equation: z = constant.  D i s c h a r g e :
w 2g
 Rotameter is used to measure discharge while
Roman Roads  Tresaguct Construction  Metcalf Crossing conflicts are major conflicts while merging & diverg- • Running time excludes stop delayed while total Journey time
(0.75V) 2 V2
Construction  Telford Construction  Macadam Construction • Super Elevation Design: e   ing conflicts are minor conflicts. includes the stop delays.
127R 225R
Nagpur Plan Bombay Plan Lucknow Plan
• Ruling minimum radius of Horizontal curve: P P Conflicts in a traffic signal  e  P 
 1943–1963 1961–1981 1981–2001  8 Right turn-Through 280w 1  1  
 Road density Road density Road density V2 P 8 Pedestrain
 w  3 
R rulling  Capacity of Rotary 
16 km/100 km 2 32 km/100 km2 82 km/100 km2 P P  w
 Recommended  Construction of Rectangular & 127(e  f ) , 4 Right turn
1  
 4 Through traffic  l 
star & grid 1600 km of block pattern • Extra Widening of Pavement: P 4 Merging
pattern Expressway P 4 Diverging
At intersection
nl 2 V Minor Road
We  Wm  WPS   Total = 32 Conflicts Unidirectional
Important year’s of highway development 2R 9.5 R P P
Diagonal Ramp
1. Nov. 1927  Jayakar committee formed.
2. Feb. 1928  Recommendations by Jayakar committee 1000V Number of potential conflicts:
• Capacity: C 
3. 1929  central road fund (CRO - 1930) S
(a) Both roads are one way = 6 Major Road
4. 1934  Indian road congress • Length of Transition Curve:
(b) One road is two way, other one-one way = 11
5. 1939  motor vehicle act V3 80 (c) Both roads are two way = 24 (Major - 16,
6. 1943 – 1963  Nagpur road plan (finished in 1961) LS  v  m / sec. C  75  V
C.R Minor - 8)
7. 1952  Central Road Research Institute (But some books
 By Rate of introduction of super elevation: Type of Study Data Collected
recommended 1950), Google wikipedia - 1950 Diamond Interchange
8. 1956 National highway act LS  e.N.  w  w e  (Rotation about centre line) Public Transport Inventory study Available routing and
sc hed uli ng
9. 1961 – 1981  Bombay road plan
e.N.  w  w e  Public Transport O–D Study Starting and destination of riders.
10. 1981 – 2001  Lucknow road plan LS  (Rotation wrt inner edge Public Transport operator’s study Vehicle-km, earnings per Semi-direction
Chandigarh  Rectangular and block pattern 2 Connection
km usage study. Loop
New Delhi  Radial and circular pattern at connaught place. 2
Public Transport usage study Passenger Km IVTT, walking
2.7v time, waiting time.
Nagpur road plan formulated star and grid pattern.  By Empirial Formula: LS  (Plain & Rolling
R
v2 V2 Traffic Capacity: Maximum no. of vehicles in a lane or a road
• SSD = v.t   0.278v.t 
2g(f  0.01n) 254(f  0.01n) v 2 that can pass a given point in unit time. Expressed in vehicles/
area), LS  (Hilly area) hour/lane. Diagonal
• OSD  Vb .t  (Vb .T  2S)  V.T R Direct
Connection
Types of traffic capacity connection
Attainment of super-elevation
 0.278Vb .t  0.278Vb .T  2S  0.278V.T Basic capacity Possible capacity Practical capacity
2 Elimination of crown of cambered section Rotation of pavement (Theoretical capacity for (Under prevailing It is also Design capacity
4S v  v  4.5, v  f nearly ideal roadway & conditions) roadway & It varies from zero to basic
T , b capacity.
a gR Rotation of Shifting crown About the About the
traffic conditions traffic conditions.
outer edge outwards centre line inner edge
P v 2 • Traffic capacity represents the capability/maximum rate of
ef   (a) If R > 300 m, no extra widening will be required. flow on a road way provided with some level of service charac- Trumpet Interchange
w gR , v  m / sec. (b) On single lane road, it is sufficient to provide mechanical Classification of traffic Signs
teristics while Traffic volume indicates the actual rate flow Regulatory/Mandatory Warning/Cautionary Informatory
1. The parking lane should have a minimum of 3.0 m width in widening only. and responds to variation in Traffic Demand.  Give way, stop  Men at work, major road Petrol pump, hospital
the case of parallel parking. (c) For multi-lane roads, the pavement widening may be compulsory left, ahead, Hair pin bend etc. direction sign etc.
Presentation of spot speed data
2. Minimum width of cycle Track is 2m. calculated by adding half the widening for two lane roads speed limit etc.

to each line. 15th percentile speed  Lower limit of speed  Violation is a  Existence of For guiding the road user
3. Right of way/land width is the width of land required for the
85th percentile speed  Safe speed legal offence hazardous conditions.
road along its alignment. • Length of Summit Curve: • Dead slow is a regulatory sign.
• Maximum No. of vehicles can be parked with 90° Angle
98th percentile speed  Design speed
4.4 NS2 900 330
parking. L  2S  (L<SSD), L  (L > SSD) Basic Capacity of Single lane, Vehicle Per hours 30
N 4.4
• In Highway construction, Rolling start from sides and
proceed to centre.  Nv3 
1/ 2 3600
L  2  
v = speed kmph, T(Sec/km) = GIVE
• Length of Valley Curve: S (Comfort criteria) v 900
Clear zone illustration  C  WAY
Back Roadway NS2 NS2 vf k j
slope Hinge  L > SSD: L  (2h  2Stan )  (1.5  0.035S) q max  70
Travelled way 4
point
Shoulder
1
750
Cross slope Shoulder
(2h1  2S.tan ) Where STOP 900
Hinge  L< SSD: L  2S 
R45
point N vf = Free mean speed (Maximum speed at zero density.) GIVE WAY ONE WAY SIGN
k j = jam density (Maximum density at zero speed) • Colour of light used for visibility during fog is yellow.
Drainage Side Side slope
CIVIL ENGINEERING • The length of side of warning sign board of roads is
ditch slope Vf
 Maximum flow qmax occurs when the speed is and density 45 cm.
Clear zone ROCKET CHART 2
Sight Distance: The distance from which any types of FOR QUICK REVISION is kj/2. • Road delineators used to provide visual Assistance to drivers
BY Speed Application about alignment of the road ahead, especially at Night.
obstruction on the road length could be visible to the driver from
S.SOROUT: 9255624029 • Shape of the stop sign according to IRC : 67-2001 is Octogonal.
some distance ahead Space Mean Speed Traffic flow Studies
Journey Speed Delay studies • As per IRC : 67–2001, a Traffic sign indicating the speed
CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s content & Running Speed Road conditions Studies limit on a road should be of circular shape with white back-
Stopping Sight Intermediate Overtaking Sight Head Light Safe Intersection
Distance Sight Distance Sight Sight Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, GET THE BEST ) . Available Spot speed Regulatory measures. ground and red border.
(SSD) Distance (OSD) Distance Distance
(ISD) on amazon flipkart. Zero Error book with BEST Content
• Indian High ways have coloured milestones: E = Modulus of elasticity of cement concrete Properties Type of test Remark Bankelman Beam Deflection Method
Yellow and white milestones – National highway pavement kg/cm2. of Bitumen
Green and white mildstones – State highway
Dc
µ = Poission’s Ratio, Concrete = 0.15
1. Viscosity Viscometer test (i) RC-2, MC-2, SC- 2 having same
Overlay Thickness: h0 = 550 log10 D
Blue/Black and White mildstones–City/Main District road h = Slab Thickness (cm) a
Orange and White Milestones – Village road. viscosity but RC-3 is more viscous than RC-2. Test Purpose
k = Modulus of subgrade reaction (kg/cm3)
• Trip is defined as the one way movement having single 2. Specific Pycnometer test Specific gravity of pure bitumen CBR test For classifying & evaluating soil subgrade
Equivalent redius of resisting section
purpose and mode of Travel by a point of origin and a gravity is in range of 0.97 to 1.02 but for tar & base course materials for flexible
point of destination. b  1.6a 2  h 2  0.675h when (a < 1.724 h) having 1.10 to 1.25 pavements
Crushing test Strength of Aggregates
 Webster Method 3. Grade of Penetration test The unit of penetration is 1/10 mm.
3P Abrasion test Hardness of Aggregate
 1.5L + 5  St  (Glodbeck’s formula) bitumen Industrial bitumen are specified as Impact test Toughness of Aggregate
Optimum cycle time =   h2 (hardness of bitumen) per IS: 73-1961 as ( 65/25) meaning Soundness test Durability of Aggregate
 1–y  Shape test Gives idea of workability & stability of mix
365A [(1  r) n  1] softening point & penetration value.
w2 N= ×F×D 4. Softening Ring & ball test It is the temperature at which bitu
Bitumen Adhesion test Gives stripping value of Aggregates
 Aggregate crushing value: w  100 r Softening point test It is done by Ring & ball apparatus to ensure
1 point men attains a particular degree of softness safety of Bitumen
under standardised test condition. Float test For viscosity of Bitumen.
Loss of wt. in gm
 Coefficient of Hardness:  20  5. Ductility Standard Bitumen should be capable of being
3 briquette of bitumen stretched without breaking (ductility) Slab length
Contraction
joint

Tie
6. Purity of Measured by A minimum value of

idth
Dowel bars bars
Contact Pr essure

Slabw
 Rigidity factor: R.F  Tyre Pr essure Bitumen solubility test 99% is generally suitable Longitudinal
joint

with trichloroethlene Expansion

joint
Location of Joints
7. Consistency Float test It is a modified viscosity test
k.(T.I)(90  R) of bitumens
 California Resistance Value: t 
C1/ 5 Methods of flexible pavement design

Elastic Modulus

f
Empirical methods Semi empirical/ Theoretical methods
(Base on Physical properties semi-theoretical methods Mathematical calculation
& strength parameters) (Base on Stress-strain function) (Burmister method)
  is maximum vertical deflection of the flexible plate. re
Triaxial test method
18p.a
 Group index method CBR method Stabilometer Mc-Leod method
Es method

 Rigid circular plate is used instead of flexible. Surface/wearing course

S.SOROUT, 9255624029
5 p.a Cement concrete slab
 Base course FOLLOWING BOOKS
ES AVAILABLE BY

CIVIL Ki GOLI
a = radius of plate Sub-base course Base-course
PUBLICATION:
p = pressure at deflection 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI
Es = young’s modulus of pavement material. Soil subgrade 2. CIVIL BOOSTER
Soil-subgrade
1/ 2 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
 1.75P A  Flexible pavement Rigid-pavement
 California Bearing Ratio M/D: t     4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
 CBR   Functions of Pavement components 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI
t = Pavement thickness in Cm. 6. ELECTRICAL & MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ROCKET CHART
P = wheel load in kg Soil subgrade Sub base & base course Wearing course 7. UTTAR PRADESH Ki GOLI
Type of Bitumen Us e
8. UTTRAKHAND Ki GOLI
CBR = California Bearing Ratio (%) Penetration grade 30/40 Areas where temperature difference
 Load is ultimately  To provide a smooth 9. PUNJAB Ki GOLI
A = Contact Area in cm2 range is less than 25°C. taken by soil- riding surface. Also 10. WEST BENGAL Ki GOLI
subgrade. In flexible pavement In rigid pavement offer water tightness 11. HINDI ROCKET CHART
Load or pressure Substained Penetration grade 60/70 Superior type of roads with high it improves load it prevents pumping 12. CIVIL CAPSULE
at2.5 or 5.0 mm Penetration traffic in normal summer  Top 50 cm layer carrying capacity. & protects subgrade
CBR  temperature. should be
Load or pressure Substained against frost action.
 CBR TEST: by standard aggregate at Cutback bitumen Cold weather condition. compacted at OMC.
corresponding pressure level. Emulsion speed limit Wet conditions (Rainy season) main- Method of Design Principle
tenance work, soil stabilisation in
 Tri Axial Method: Group Index Method Empirical Method using soil Classi-fication Test
deserts.
CBR Method Empirical Method using Soil strength Test
y3
  3p.  y   1/ 3 US Navy Method Semi-Theoretical
2  ES  t1  E 2 
TP    d     Asphalt Institute Method Quasi-rational
  2S     E P  t 2  E1 
Joints in cement concrete
p P
 Design of Rigid Pavement: k  
 0.125 Expansion joint Contraction joint Construction joint

1/ 4
 Eh 3 
Without reinforcement With reinforcement
 Radius of Relative Stifiness: I   
12K 1    
2
 Model Relationship for Turbine  Specific speed classification of pumps
Turbine
Name Type Type of
Energy
Ns (MKS) Head Discharge Direction of
flow
Dimensional Diamensionless FLOW DIRECTION SPEED DIMENSION
Pelton wheel Impulse Kinetic 10-35 High Low(Q<1000 LPM) Tangential
Parameter Parameter SPECIFIC SPEED
turbine (250 to 1000m)
(Single jet) Radial Low 10-30
P
Peloton wheel Impulse Kinetic 35-60 High Low Tangential  Medium 30-50
turbine
(multiple jet)
(250 to 1000 m) flow runner N P 
1. NS = 1. Ns = High 50-80
Francis Reaction Kinetic + 60-300 Medium Medium Inward Radial (H)5 / 4  gH)5/4
Turbine Pressure (60 to 150 m) (1000-10000) LPM Mixed flow Mixed Flow 80-160
(Modern Francis)
Q Q Axial Flow 160-450
Kaplan & Reaction Kinetic + 300-1000 Low High(Q>10000LPM) Axial flow 2. CQ = 2. CQ =
Propeller
turbine
Pressure (< 30 m) ND3 D3 Types of Pump Range of Head
Classificationaccording to energy available at input
H gh Low head pump upto 15m head
3. CH = 3. CH = Medium head pump 15 m to 40 m
Impulse turbine Reaction Turbine N 2 D2 2 D 2 High head pump above 40 m
1. Input energy is only 1. Input energy is kinetic energy + pressure energy P P
kinetic energy 4. CP = 4. CP = N Q T 1 (L3T 1 )1/ 2
2. Pressure remains constant 2. pressure drop takes place. N D5
3
3 D5  Specific speed (Ns) = 3/ 4   L3 / 4T 3 / 2
throughout the working
(H m ) L3 / 4
& which is equal to atmospheric. Here, N S = Specific speed, CQ = Discharge coefficient
3. Useful for high head & low discharge 3. Useful for low head & high discharge
C H = Head coefficient, CP = Power coefficient ir or
ervod
4. Degree of reaction is zero. 4. Degree of reaction not zero.
5. No draft tube 5. Draft tube is present. es
R pon
6. Example Pelton wheel 6. Example (i) Francis Turbine 2
(ii) kaplan & propeller Turbine. w – Angular speed = , N – No. of revolution/minute Dam
 Surge chamber
Gross power Net power Power Power H – Head (m), P – Power
from from developed obtained Penstock Motor Generator
reservoir reservoir by from
(Water power) runner shaft (BHP) Turbine
Draft Tube
Entrance of Turbine
Reservoir spiral casing runner Shaft

Tail Water
Cross section through a pumped storage plant Pond
Head loss in Mechanical
(a) Hydraulic losses
penstock losses
(i) Eddy formation Fluid Path
(i) Blade friction
(iii) Friction in draft (a) Pelton (Impulse): Head race (Dam)  Penstock  Nozzle  Bucket
tube Generator
(iv) Energy contained losses (Blades)  Runner  Tail race
by water leaving Property Centrifugal pump Reciprocating pump (b) Reaction turbine (Kaplan & francis): Head race  Penstock  Casing
draft tube  Guide vanes  Moving vanes  Runner  Draft tube  Tail
Flow Continuous and smooth Fluctuating and pulsating
(b) Leakage losses
Maintenance cost Less More race.
Generator Running Speed Can run at high speed Cann’t run at high speed  For turbine : water power > Runner power > shaft power
Starting torque More Less  For pump : Shaft power > Impeller power > Water power
For Reaction Turbine Wear and Tear Less More
 Pumps in series: Q = Constant, Increase Head, Total Hm = n Hm
Efficiency Less More
Turbine Speed ratio Flow ratio No. of vanes  Pumps in parallel: Hm = Constant, Increase discharge, Total Q = n Q
Floor area Smaller Large
 Indicator diagram is the graph between the pressure head in the cylinder
m Suction and delivery valve Not necessary Necessary
Pelton 0.4–0.5 0 15  Cost Less Four times of C.P.
& the distance travelled by the piston flow inner dead centre for one com-
2 plete revolution of the crank, work done by pump is proportional to the
Mechanism Impeller Piston
Francis 0.6–0.9 0.15–0.3 25 to 30 Discharge High Low area of indicator diagram.
Kaplan & 1.8–2.5 0.6–0.9 3 to 8 Priming Required Not required  Hydraulic RAM (It work on the principle of water hammer) is a device
Propeller Problem Cavitation Water seperation used to lift small quantity of water to a larger height when a large quan-
tity is available at smaller height. It does not need any external power
 Head Vs discharge and Power Vs discharge realtionship like electricity.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Forward
ne
ROCKET CHART
ne

curve vane
va
d va

FOR QUICK REVISION

Radial vane ia l
ad
Power

CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE
wa r

R
Head

REST, GET THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart. Zero Error book with BEST Content
For

Backward vane
ward
curve vane Back
Discharge Discharge
  Design of S.R Rectangular Section  Short Column: Short if salenderness. ratio of both axes are
System Type of Range Arrangement Type of
 Sec Modulus less than 12. (Country) tendon of of tendons in Anchorage
f M yf M Lateral ties: Diameter of lateral ties is given by criteria of force duct
d As 
2
Ec  5700 f ck N / mm . , Min. grade = M15 (IS 456:1978) R ub 0.87f y jd stiffness not by strength. Hence, it is independent of grade of Freyssinet Wires Medium Annular, spaced Concrete
steel. (France) & Large by helical wire wedge
 Analysis of Doubly Reinforced  Section stands core.
E c  5000 f ck N / mm 2 . , Min. grade = M20 (IS 456:2000)  longitudinal, max D Lee-mc-call Bar Small Single bars High
C1  C 2  T  0.36f ck x u b  A sc (Fsc  0.45f ck. )   (Great threaded medium strength nut
Tie diameter t   4 , St  16 longitudinal, min Britain) at ends large
S. Discription Collapse Servicability 6 mm 300 mm
No. 0.87f y A st  A sc (f sc  0.45f ck )   Gifford-Udall Wires Small & Evenly spaced Split Conical
1. D.L + L.L 1.5 1 T  0.87 f y Ast , x u  Minimum Eccentricity (Great medium by perforated wedge
2. D.L + (W.L) or (E.L)
0.36f ck b. Britain) spacers
combination  ley D y
(i) for normal case  Nominal Shear Stress e y,min  max  500  30 For non  rectangular / circular section Magnel-
Blaton
wires Small
medium
Horizontal rows
of 4 wires
Flat steel
wedge in
 20 mm (Belgium) large spaced by metal sandwich
D.L + W.L (or E.L) 1.5 1  le
D.L + W.L (or E.L) V Ast  lex D x e min  max  300
griller plates
v  , c max  0.631 f ck . , %pt   100.
(ii) for checking
b.d bd e x,min  max  500  30  20 mm
stability against over
turning/stress reversal  20 mm Stress Grade of Concrete
Effective span ( l eff )
D.L + W.L (or E.L) 0.9 1
Slenderness Limits to Ensure Lateral Stability M20 M25 M30 M35
Simply supported Continuous Cantilever Slenderness limits to ensure lateral stability
3. D.L + (L.L) + W.L 1.2 1 beam or slab beam or slab
(or E.L) combination d  Direct Tension 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6
d
D.L 1.2 0.8 l0
l0 l0 l0
Simply supported beam
 Bending Tension 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.2
w < 12 w
12 d Cantilever beam
W.L (or E.L) 1.2 0.8 w w leff =l 0 +
same as 2 or
l0 + d simply
supported
d
d continuous beam Total of Loss Pretensioned Post tensioned
2p min.of or
w w case l0
 25b 60 b
280 f cr  0.7 f ck , f ct  0.66f cr  l0 +
2
+
2
l0 l0 l0 w
w (1) Elastic shorting 3% 1%
m DL d
l eff = l0 + 2  2  2 of concrete
3 cbc f cr (flexure  Splitting  Direct Tensile strength) Minimum of
l0 +
2
or w
Clear span < min. 100b Clear span < min.  250 b (2) Creep in concrete 6% 5%
l0 + 2  d  d (3) Shrinkage of concrete 7% 6%
Calculation of effective
span  Inclined Bars Control of Deflection: (4) Relaxation of steel 2% 3%
Cantilever beam 7 18% 15%
Calculation of total d
load w Vs  VV  cbd  0.87f y ASV (sin   cos ) Simply supported beam 20
sv Continuous beam 26 S.No Type of Construction Min. Grade
0.148 fck  Fe 250
1 Type of slab Mild steel Type of reinforcement
0.138 fck  Fe 415 LSM Calculation of design
coefficient (Q)
WSM
Q  CJK Sv  0.87f y As v d(cos   sin ) , 1. Lean Concrete bases M5, M 7.5
2
0.133 fck  Fe 500 Fe 415
2. Plain Concrete Cement M 15
0.87f y As v d Simply supported 35 28
Calculation of effective depth 3. RCC (general construction) M 20
A st 
M WSM M Sv  Vc  c bd. Co n ti n u o u s 40 32
 st . j.d
d
Qb v  vc 4. Water tanks, dome M 30
 Concentrically Loaded Column (e=0) 5. In sea water M30(RCC)
Check  Maximm Spacing: 0.75d or 450mm
for
shear 0.5 f ck  4.6M u  P  0.45f ck A y  0.75f y A st M20 (PCC)
v 
v
 C A st  1  1   bd  st
bd f y  f ck bd 2 
 Development Length: L d  4   6. Post-tensioned PSC M 30
bd  Axially Loaded Column. (e < 0.05h) 7. Pre - tensioned PSC M40
For Singly Reinforced Rectangular beam  Longitudinal Reinforcement: Pw  0.9P  0.4f ck A c  0.67f y A st
Unbalanced Section Balanced Section Tu  l  d / b  Ast  0.85 Pr e  tensioning Post  tensioning

1 mf c m cbc M1  M1  M 2 M k  ,
bd fy Prestressed Concrete: Anchoring of tendons, placing
Casting of concrete, placing
k  kc  (if m is given) 1.7 tendons, placement of anchorage

 st  st  mf c  st  m cbc jacks, applying tension,
1  Slabs  Loss due to length effect = Pok.x Stages
casting concrete & finally cutting
block & jack, applying
mf c tension to tendons & finally seating
 ly   ly   Loss due to curvature effect = Po.. of tendons.
wedges
1  k 1  k 
R f c k 1   Rc   cbc kc  1  c    2, two way slab ,    2 one way slab  Loss of pre-stress at the Prestressing bed, Jack, Anchoring device,
Casting bed, Ducts, mould/Shuttering,
2  3 2  3  lx   lx  Devices End Abutments, Shuttering/mould,
Anchoring devices, Jacks.
L Harping device
 n  n  Anchoring stage =  Es
M  Rbd 2  Ast f st  d   M c  Rcbd 2  Ast st  d  c  Member Max. reinfocement Min. reinforcement L  Heavy casting place members
 3  3 can be easily post-tensioned

Co l umn 6% of gross cross 0.8% of gross cross ES = Young’s Modulus for tension Advantages
 Suitable for Large scale production
 Transfer of prestress is independent
 k  k   Do not required Large anchorage device
 Ast f st d  1    Ast st d 1  c  sectional area sectional area wires, L = length of tendon of length
 3  3
 Less waiting period in casting bed
Slab 0.15% for mild steel  Loss of stress due to shrinkage of concrete = eshx Es
 Good bond is neccessary between
A 50kf c A 50kc cbc & 0.125 for HYSD bars  Loss of stress due to creep of concrete = .m.fc. Disadvan   Requirement of anchorage
P  st  100  Pc  st  100  tages
transmission length.
device & grouting equipment.
bd f st bd  st Beam 4% of gross sectional  Losss of stress = strain lost in steel x ES  Pre-stressing bed required
area for each compr- A st min 0.85

 Doubly Reinforce Rectangular Setction fc P N
ession and tension bd fy
 Es  0  CIVIL ENGINEERING
bx 2
'
Ec A Z ROCKET CHART
Hanger bars 0.2% of gross cross –
 (m1  1)Ast  x  d '   m As  d  x  Types of prestressing on various basis- FOR QUICK REVISION
2 in beams sectional area of beam
BY
Side face – 0.1% of the web area Source of force - Hydraulic, electrical, mechanical, chemical.
 FLexure (LSM)- Balanced Section reinforcement Time of force application - pretensioning & post-tensioning. S.SOROUT: 9255624029
in beam
x 700 Sh ea r
Place of force application - External like as in bridges, internal DISTRIBUTOR
   d
like as in sleepers.
 d max 0.87f y  1100 reincorcement – 0.87f yAS v s  0.4bd GOLDEN BOOK DEPOT
v
DELHI (9811421791)
 like structure 1. Continuous Beam Member Stiffness: Stiffness of a member AB when farther
Type of Idealized Reaction Number of r – no. of retraints added to make structure perfectly A B
end is
connection symbol of unknowns/
constraints constraints
rigid A 2EI  3  Fixed Hinged
M AB  M FAB   2A  B  
One Unknown.  Ds for 3D rigid frames: Ds = 6C – r MAB
MBA
= l  l 
(1)
Ds for beam, Ds = Dse + Dsi, Ds = r – s (because beam have Dsi = B
M BA  M FBA 
2EI  3  B
 The reaction  2B  A   
  is a force 0) l  l  
light cable E,I, l M
F that acts in the
 direction of the Kinematic Indeterminancy: 2. When one end is pin supported
cable or link M
weightless link
Refers to degree of freedom at all joint. M FBA 3EI   L L
M AB  M FAB    A  
2 L  L
One unknown.  For 2D rigid frames: K = M = 4EI K = M = 3EI
The reaction  
Fixed end Moments. L L
is a force D k  3j  re  rr  n r
(2)
that acts per- Joint Stiffness Factor: Considering joint ‘D’ to be rigidly
pendicular  For 3D rigid frames: Loading Diagram MAB MBA connected Applying moment ‘M’ at D
to the surface
smooth F
at the point D k  6 j  re  rr  n r MAB M = M1 + M2 + M3 ; M = K1  + K2  + K3 
contacting of contact. l P l
surface Where j  no. of joints. A
2 2
B Pl Pl M 4EI1 3EI 2 4EI3
(3) One Unknown re  reactions released 8 8 K  K1  K 2  K 3    
The reaction
rr  reactions available at supports. MAB  1 2 3
is a force
Rollers that acts per- nr  no. of members axially rigid.
pendicular MAB l1 I 1 l2 I2
F
to the surface
Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem: It is a special cases of Bettis D
A B
at the point law. If only two froce P & Q are acting & magnitude of P and Q A  Wl 2
Wl 2
of contact. M
Rocker are unity, then  PQ   QP where, QP = Deflection at Q due to 12 12
MAB
unit load at P l3 I3
One unknown. MAB
The reaction
is a force
 PQ = Deflection at P due to unit load at  Wl 2 Wl 2
that acts per- A B C
(4)
pendicular 1 30 20
MAB
to the surface P Q
at the point
Distribution Factor (D.F.):
F
P Q MAB
Smooth of contact. Sum of DF for all members at a joint is always one
pin-connected
collar Q  QP B B 11 2 5
PQ l l
Wl Wl 2 Stiffness of a member
Two unknowns.  PQ = PQ 2 2 192 192 DF = Sumof stiffness of all members at that joint
(5) MAB
 Fy The reaction

are two force Betti’s Theorem: In it, the virtual work done by a P-force
Fx MAB
components P Re lative stiffness of a member
smooth system in going through deformation of Q - Force system is a b 2 2 DF =
pin or
hinge equal to the virtual work done by the Q-force system in going A B Pab Pa b Sum of Re lative stiffness of all members at that joint
l=a+b
through the deformation of P-force system l2 l2 Relative stiffness
Q1P MAB
P2Q
(6) Two unknowns. P2 Q1 W
(a) when far end is fixed = I / l
The reaction m
M are a force &
P1 Q2P Q2 MAB 3I
F a moment. P1Q 5 2 5 (b) when far end is hinged =
slider A B Wl Wl 2 4l
l l
96 96
2 2 MAB
D
fixed P-system of forces Q-system of forces
connected MAB
collar
P1P1Q  P2 P2 Q  Q1Q1P  Q 2 Q 2 P Mo b  2a  b  M o a(2b  a)
Three a b
unknowns. Castigliano’s 1st theorem Castigliano’s 2nd theorem I=a+b L2 L2 O
C
(7) Fy The reaction
MAB
M (a) The first partial derivative of (a) The first partial derivative A
are the
Fx moment &
total internal energy (strain of total internal energy in a
MAB
the two force energy) in a structure with structure with respect to the force
respect to any particular applied at any point is equal
MD MD
deflection component at a to the deflection at the point MD
point is equal to the force of application of that force l l 4 4
MAB B
applied at that point & in in the direction of its line 2 2
Static Inteterminancy: the direction corresponding of action.
to the deflection component. MAB CIVIL ENGINEERING
DS  DSE  DSi U U U U

 P or

M
P
  or
M
 ROCKET CHART
No. of additional reactions reuired to analyse a structure is 6EI 6EI FOR QUICK REVISION

called static indeterminancy. (b) Castigliano’s 1st theorem is(b) Castigliano’s 2nd theorem is l2 l2 BY
applicable to linearly or non- applicable to linearly elastic
 Ds for 2D truss : m + re – 2j linearly elastic structures in (Hookean material structures
MAB S.SOROUT: 9255624029
 Ds for 3D truss : m + re – 3j which the temperature is with constant temperature
CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s content &
 Ds for 2D rigid frames : Ds = 3C – r constant & the supports & unyielding supports.
are unyilding.  3EI Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, GET THE BEST ) . Available
where C – no. of cuts required to produce open stable tree 0 l2 on amazon flipkart. Zero Error book with BEST Content
MAB
 Carry Over Factor = (COF) Where, HA = Horizontal thrust = HB Methods of Analysis of statically determinate truss Type of Diagram Flexibility Stiffness
displacement
Carry over moment wl
COF  VA = Vertical reaction at A =  VB . Method of joint Method of section
Applied moment 2 L AE
It is used for solving the (i) Axial
Fx= 0,  Fy = 0 L AE L
Standard Cases w unit per run unknown force acting on the
Analysis should start at members of a truss. The method displacement
M/2 joint having atleast one involved breaking the truss 

(i) 1 known force & at most down into individual sections and L
COF =
2
h1 two unknown forces. analyzing each section as a separate L3 12EI
(ii) Transverse
M rigid body  12EI L3
H A h2 displacement
l1 6EI
(ii) COF = -1 L
2
6EI
VA Note : Pratt truss is better than Howe truss as the diagonal member 2
M B L
M H in Pratt truss carries tension but in Howe truss, diagonal member
l2 carries compression. If longer member carries compression, L3 3EI
A (a) With far 
a b B VB there is likely chance of buckling of truss member. 3EI L3
(iii) a
COF =
b King post truss – The spacing of the king post truss end hinged 3EI
M is limited to 3m centre to centre. The truss is suitable L
2
Ma
b l h1 l h2
l1  ; l2  for spans varying from 5 - 8 meters. T L GI P
h1  h 2 h1  h 2 Queen post truss – This truss differs from a king (iii)Torsional GIP L
post truss having two vertical post, known as queen displacement
wl 2 posts. This truss is suitable for 8-12m spans.
HA  HB  2
(iv) Flexural
2  h1  h 2  Fink Truss – It is used for longer span having high displacement
4EI
V pitch roof. The web members in such truss are Sub-
L
w w divided to obtain shorter members. L 4EI
HA  HB  sin2  (At crown   90 , H 
o
)
(a) With far
4EI L
  Howe Truss – This type of truss is a combination of end fixed 2EI
steel & wood, which makes it elegant, while also L
w C offering a very appealing design. It has a very wide 3EI
L 3EI
(b) With far L
span, as it can cover anything from 6-30m. 3EI L

R Zero-force Members: end hinged

A  B 1. If three members join at a point & out of them, two are

H H
collinear & also no external load acts at joint, the third
VA VB member is a zero force member.
2. If only two non-collinear members exist at a truss joint & no Truss Frames
 An arch is subjected to thrust, shear force & bending mo- Various types of Arches : external force or support reaction is applied to the joint, the In truss forces act only along the axis
ment. members must be zero force member. In frames forces are acting along the axis of the
A drop arch is pointed with a span greater than its of the members. Members are having
 A three hinged arch is subjected to normal thrust & radial Deflection of Truss joint member, in addition to transverse forces.
radii. tension or compression.
shear and bending moment. 1. Castigliano’s Method
Two centered arch - The curve surface of these arches Each member is acted upon by
 A linear arch is subjected to normal thrust only.
makes from two center points. Examples of two U two equal and opposite
w unit per run  One or more than one member of frame
centered arches equilateral, pointed lancet and F forces having line of action
is subjected to more than two forces
n
P 2 dx   n Pi 2 dx  along the centre of members.
Venetian arches. (multiple force members).
C U  i so     (every member of truss is
A lancet arch is pointed, with radii much larger than i 1 2 AE F  i 1 2 AE 
x h a two force member.)
y the span. 2. Maxwell’s unit load method
A B Forces are applied at the joints only. Forces may act anywhere on the member.
H L H B Three Centred arch - The curve surface of these arches
A x External virtual work  Internal vitual wrok Member does not bend. Members may be bend
is made from three center points. This arch is Used for large loads. Used for small & medium loads.
wL
VA = 2 wL
VB = 2
the more or less semi-elliptical arch. Ex. -Ogee  Pdx 
1    ui  i  li  i ti  i 
arch, Drop arch, Semi-elliptical arch
4h  Ai Ei 
Profile, y = x(l  x) An ogee arch is pointed and usually of four arcs, the S.SOROUT, 9255624029
l2 centers of two inside the arch & two outside; this FOLLOWING BOOKS
CIVIL Ki GOLI PUBLICATION :
wl 2 WL AVAILABLE BY

HA  HB  ; VA  VB  produces a compound curve . It is also called as 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI

8h 2 keel arch. 2. CIVIL BOOSTER
Wx 2 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
Moment at only section × from A – Mx = VA x   Hy 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
2
Mx = 0
 G W (1  W) (q u ) undisturbed 2 1    2 Boring and its methods
K  C.D10 H0     
Soil Deposited by   (1  e)
St 
(q u ) Remoulded
  C C  log    S = k.q. A It is the making & advancing of bore holes is called
Alluvial Soil River  Coefficient of Consolidation 1  e0    E
 Relative Density/Density In-  Bearing Capacity for Strip footing boring
Marine Soil Sea water G  e Equation: K  C v .M v . w   m v .H 0 ., Various methods of boring -
1
Lacustrine Still water  sat   1  e  . w e max  e qult = CN c  Df N q  bN  (a) Auger boring - It is use in partially saturated
Soil like as lakes
  dex: I D  e  e  100 V C C  0.009(w L  10) 2
max min sands, silts and medium to stiff clays. But it gives
Vs = ,  Triaxial Test:  Bearing Capacity of Shallow Circular Foot-
Aeolian Soil Wind G w  Activity of Clay: A C = n highly disturbed sample. It is suitable for small depth
ing
Glacial Soil Ice  d  2    q =1.3CN + D N +0.3 bN of exploration (hand operated auger upto 6m depth)
1 e Plasticity Index R = 3000d K , Sy + SR = n  tan 45º 2ctan45º  ult C f q
Note: Loess is an aeolian soil. % by weight fine than 2    2  Bearing Capacity of Shallow Square Footing like as highway & borrow pit etc.
Soil  G  1 Permeability of Stratified  Vane Shear test: qult =1.3 CNC + DfNq+0.4bN (b) Wash boring - It gives disturbed sample. It is not
    1  e   w D60 Soils use in hard soils, rock and soil containing boulder.
  Cu = D , (Cu > 4 Gravel, Cu > 6 Sand) Note: Load carrying capacity in order - Strip <
10  Horizontal Flow: T Circular < Square Footing (c) Percussion boring - In it, heavy drilling bit is
3 Phase 2 Phase S
 [when both top & bottom dropped and raised. It can be used only in boulder &
(Partially Saturated)
 d   D30 2 K H  K 2 H 2  .....  h d
d 2    end shear the soil]
1 w CC = , 1  CC  3 KH  1 1 Classification of lateral earth pressure gravel strata.
D10  D60  2 6
Wa 0 Fully Saturated Dry Soil H1  H 2  ..... Active earth pressure Earth pressure at rest Passive earth pressure (d) Rotary boring - It gives least disturbed samples.
Va Air Method for Determination of for well Graded soil  Pore Pressure Parameter (wall moves away from (wall does not (wall moves towards the
Vv  Vertical Flow: (Given by Skempton): U= backfill) moves at all) backfill) Soil samples

e
Vw = Vv Water V =V

lin
Water Ww v a Air Wa = 0 water content

e
U-

li n
Vw Ww
 Disturbed sample are those in which natural soil

A-
Movement tendency

V W IP CH B[3+ A(1–3)] H
Movement tendency
of soil
of soil

 Oven drying Method: H  H 2  ..... H structure gets modified or destroyed during the
Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws Vs Solid Ws Plasticity Index
Cl MH U-line IP= (0.9 (WL-8)) Kv  1  U Shear stress on
soil block
Passive Shear stress on
CL-ML H1 H 2 B= (For saturated soil, sampling operation.
 .....  H / K
earth soil block
W2  W1 CL Ml
OH A-line IP= (0.73 (WL-20))

H On the verge
of failure Active earth Earth pressure pressure
On the verge

 Water Content: W  100 7  Pa < P0

pressure at rest of failure

W3  W1 4 ML Ol K1 K 2
Pa= active earth pressure
P0= earth pressure of rest  Undisturbed samples are those in which original
Movement Away from Soil Movement Towards the soil
Pp > P0
ML OL
B = 1, for dry soil, B = 0)
WW
8 10 20 35 50
Liquid limit soil structure is preserved as well as mineral
W  100  Pycnometer Method: Note: KH> KV always.  Stability of slope:
Hydrometer correction:  Plate Load test: (IS 1888–1982) properties have not undergone any change. These
WS  Boussinesq’s Equations: tan 
 (W  W)  G 1  CT = CM – Cd  Ct F ,   z cos  sin  samples are use in size distribution, Atterberg’s
VV W  2 1   1 100 Quick sand condition: In case of 5/ 2 tan  Girder limits, coefficient of permeability, consolidation
 Void Ratio: e  V  (W3  W4 )  G   upward seepage flow, if the
  Stability Number = S N = parameters, shear strength parameters. 2
S   S  B B  0.3 
 f p

upward seepage force becomes 3q  1  Cm c Hydraulic jack


S  B B  0.3  For sandy soil D3  D1
f

VV Z     P
 100%
P f

Determination of Unit z 2   r 2   Inside Clearance: Ci = D

 Porosity: n   100 equal to the buoyant weight of
1     H. Fc .H (Max. value = Pipe arrangement S B
 (For clay, q = q ) 1
f f uf up
V Weight: soil, the effective stress in soil Dial gauge S B
  z   0.261) Plate
p
D2  D4
P

 Degree of Saturation: 1. Core Cutter method becomes zero.  100

 Seepage Calculation: BP  Out Side Clearance: C0 = D
VW  Field method suitable for, Critical hydraulic gradient: 5 × BP
4
S  100 NF  Active Earth Pressure For Note: C0 > Ci always.
Vv fine grained and clayey i cr = q  k.H Cohesive: It is used to calculate
soil.  sub G  1 Nd D 2 2  D12
Va   (G  1)(1  n) Pa = K a z  2C k a (a) Ultimate bearing capacity  Area ratio: Ar =  100
,  Westergaard’s Solution: D12
 Air Content: a c  V  1  S  Not suitable for stoney, w 1 + e (b) Allowable bearing capacity
v Z =0 when Pa = 2C K a (c) Safe settlement of foundation  Recovery Ratio: Lr =
gravelly soil and dry soil. i cr
V 2. Water displacement method FOS = i 2C Significant only for cohesionless soil
% Air Voids   a , 1q 1 q ZC=  K , H c  2Zc Recovery length of the Sample.
V  Suitable for ohesive soils
e z    kw. 
Darcy’s Law: q  kiA  z2  2 3/2  a
Standard Penetration Test: Penetration length of the Sample
  n ac only r  Earth Pressure at Rest:
  
 Bulk Unit Weight: 3. Sand replacement method Measrement of   z   h 
W WS  WW   K0 , Bore holes
 Field method & used for Permeability: v 1  
  e1  e 2
V Va  VW  VS gravelly, sandy and dry soil Cc  , Coefficient of earth pressure Df  350 
 Constant Head Permeameter log 2  log  A
Over burden Correction: N1 = N 0bs   
   70 
4. Water ballon method at rest. D 150mm 150mm
WS q qL 150mm 300mm Reading 1
 Dry Unit Weight: d   Volume of the pit is V 1  sin    150mm Taken Dilatancy Correction:N2 =15  (N1  15)
Test: K   st
e (1.5-2)B 1readily B
V measured by covering the iA Aht av  Ka =  tan 2  45º   150mm 2
, 300mm

 Saturated Unit Weight:  Falling Head Permeameter  M v   V 1  sin   2 st

1readily C
pit with plastic sheet and  1 S.SOROUT, 9255624029
Wsat then filling it with water. e a = Classification of Piles based on various factors -
sat  2.3aL  h1  MV    v Kp FOLLOWING BOOKS
 Wt. of water thus (a) Function/Action - Fender, sheet, batter, tension
V Test: K  At log10  h  1  e0   1  e0 Types of footings
(uplift), load bearing etc.
AVAILABLE BY

CIVIL Ki GOLI
 Specific Gravity: calculated is equal to  2
 Terzaghi Equation for one- di- (b) Installation method - Driven, jack, screw & PUBLICATION:
volume of soil excavated. Strip Isolated/spread Raft/mat Combined Pile foundation
WS   Confined Flow Pumping Test: mension consolidation: footing footing foundation footing
Bored ( cast in-situ) piles.
G  S  Plasticity Index [I P ]: 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI
VS . W  W  r2  du  2u (c) Material - Steel, timber, concrete & composite 2. CIVIL BOOSTER
I P  WL  WP  C v. 2 L

 Appearent or Mass Specific   B

L
B
piles. 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
2.3q r t Z
Gravity: W  WN K log10  1   Net Safe Bearing Capacity: (d) Displace-ment of soil - Displacement and non- 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
IC  L , 2D h 2  h1 C v .t qns = displacement piles. 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki GOLI
W  IP  Time Factor: Tv 
Gm    Unconfined Flow Pumping (e) Mode of load transfer - End bearing, friction
V W  W H2 Net ultimate bearing capacity
WN  WP 2.3q R  2 Factor of safety.
and combined piles. CIVIL ENGINEERING
W IL  ( IC + IL = 1 ) Test: K  (H 2  h 2 ) log10 r Tv = (u) , u  60%  Ultimate bearing Capacity of pile Load taken ROCKET CHART
IP 4 q q  Df
 WS  qns = nu  u by base + load by skin friction.
1 w  Flow Index:  Kozeny-Carman Equation: Tv =1.781 – 0.933 log (100 – u); FOR QUICK REVISION
F F Qu = Qpu + Qf ,
u > 60%  Safe Bearing Capacity: CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s
e n W1  W2 Qu= qpu× Ab + FSAS.
 n or e  If  1  e3  Degree Of Consolidation: q  Df
content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, GET
1 e 1 n N  IP K . .  Engineering News Formula: Ultimate load on
log10  2  , I t  I K 0 .S2  1  e u1  u z  e qsaf = u  Df THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart.
Vz  ,  F pile Zero Error book with BEST Content
 Se  WG  N1  f
 Elastic Settlement:
 Allen Hazen’s Equation: u1 H 1  eo WH C = 2.5 cm for drop hammer
 S e n s i t i v i t y : Q =
 Calculation of Settlement: allowable

6(S  C) C = 0.25 cm for single acting steam hammer

  Correct length  Double line field book is most commonly Points at right angle. The principal used Variation of magnetic declination
Both Plan and Map are the graphical = used for recording ordinary chain sur- is of Double reflection Hence, Angle be- Secular variation Annual variation Diurnal variation Irregular variation
representations of the features on horizontal plane Due to over a Due to revolution Due to rotation Due to magnetic
vey work. tween two mirrors is 45°. long period of of earth around of earth about its disturbances in
but plan is a large scale representation while map R.F of wrong scale Well Conditioned Triangle: Triangle in which all time due to own axis. earth’s magnetic
 Measured length. Tap Corrections gradual shift in It’s more at field.
is a small scale representation. R.F. of correct scale intersections of lines are clear. Angle’s between the
earth’s magnetic pole, in day
lines for clear plotting purpose. Intersections should  Correction for Slope: field. & summer time.
Geodetic Survey Plane Survey  Correct Area be 30º to 120º. The best angle is 56° 14' for this
= CS = - L  L2  h 2
It is done for fixing widely It is done for Engineering projects. condition. An equilateral triangle is the most
spaced control points. Use for small area.
2 appropriate well conditioned triangle. h2 Prismatic Compass Surveyor Compass
Geodetic surveying is done by Department of Earth surface is
 R.F of wrong scale  Cs =
National Survey of India. assumed to be flat. Surveying chain: It is used where very high accu- 2L • Smaller in size (85 - 110 mm diameter) • Bigger (circular box of size 150 mm dia)
Large areas of earth’s surface involved It is more accurate.    Calculated Area racy is not required. A chain consist of a num- • Broad Needle with aluminium ring is used • Measurement quadrantal bearings.
 R.F. of correct scale   Correction for mean sea level • Sighting of the object & reading of the • First Object is sighted & then
Note: The effect of the curvature of earth’s sur- ber of large links made up of galvanized mild bearing are done simultaneously reading of bearing is taken by
 Principal of Least Square:  Lh
face is taken into account only if the extent of sur- steel wire of 4 mm diameter. Ch = • Agate cap is fitted with prismatic compass
moving around the looking
down from glass cover.
vey is more than 195.5 km2. R • Temporary Adjustment Centering, Levelling, • Temporary Adjustment
 v2 E  Correction for Temperature: Ct = (Tm-To)L focussing. Centering & Levelling.
 The difference in the length of an arc and its  S
Em =  0.6745 Revenue
chain
Gunter’s chain
66 ft
Engineer’s
chain 100 ft long
Metric chain
 P  Ps 
• Tripod is not essential • Tripod is essential
subtended chord on earth’s surface for a dis- n(n  1) n • Graduation is inverted because we have to see • Graduation is erect

tance of 18.5 km is about 10 mm.

33 ft (100 links)
 Correction for pull or Tension: CP=  L them through prism as we can seen from it top
 AE  • Readings are in W.C.B., having 00 at south, • Edge bar type magnetic
Classifiaction of Surveying Based on Purpose Units of Measurement 0 0 0
90 at West, 180 at North & 270 at East needle is used
(i) Topographical Survey: It is conducted to ob- 30 m 20 m L1 (wL1 ) 2 • It has 00 at N & S, 900 at E & W
1 ft. = 0.3 m 1 mile = 1.609 km (150 links) (100 links)  Correction for Sag: CS = – Least count of Prismatic Compass is 30', surveyor
tain data & to make a map indicating 24P 2
inequalites of land surface. Topographic Sur- 1 yard = 3 ft 1 acre = 43560 sq. ft. Note: As per IS specifications, every metre length compass 15', vernier scale - 0.1mm, micrometer - 0.01
of the chain should individually be accurate to within  Bearing: Direction of a line with respect to fixed mm, theodolite (20'' & 15 second), for levelling staff -
vey is done to determine the Natural features
1 hectare = 2.471 acre 1 Nautical mile = 1.852 km ± 2mm when measured under a tension of 80 meridian is called bearing. 5 mm.
of a Country. Scale range is 1 : 25000 to 1 :
1000000. Newton.  True Meridian/Bearing
Terms Used in Large Survey Area  True meridian is a line joining True North Obstalces in chaining
(ii) Hydrographic Survey: It is conducted on or (a) 1 mile = 80 Gunter’s chain
near water bodies. Marine survey is also one pole, True South Pole end and point of refer-  Forest, Hill - Obstacle to ranging but not chain-
(b) 1 acre = 10 × (Gunter’s chain)2
of it’s type. ence. It never changes with time. ing
(c) The overall length of chain should be within  Small pond, small bend in river - Obstacle to chain-
(iii) Engineering Survey: It is used for design & B the limits given below  Angle measured for any line w.r.t True Me-
ing but not ranging
construction of new routes (roads & railways). ridian is called Ture bearing.
(i) 20 m ± 5 mm for 20m chain.(ii)30 m ± 8 mm  A big building - Obstacles to both chaining & rang-
Also used to calculate for route alignment. Tie  Bearing Taken W.r.t magnetic meridian is called
(iv) Geological Survey: It is conducted to obtain for 30m chain ing
e (ii) Tapes: magnetic Bearing.
data of different strata of earth’s surface for i h Angular measurement Linear measurement
the purpose of geological studies. 1
Tie
6 N TM (a) Loose needle method (a) Taping or chaining
(v) Cadastral Survey : It is used to produce plans M.M MM A
7 2
Cloth or Linen Metallic tape Steel tape Invar tape
3 tape Linen tape with Alloy of nickle (36%) (b) Fast needle method (b) Tacheometric method
of property boundries for legal purpose. The C 8  A 
brass or copper wires and steel (64%) (c) Electronic distance measuring
revenue chain is used in cadastral surveying. 9 j D  w (c) Method of deflection angle
instrument (EDMI)
4 (iii) Pegs: To mark definite points on ground tem- E 
Also called public land survey. (d) Method of direct angle
(vi) Astronomic Survey: It is conducted for deter- k porarily. W E W E
O O (e) Method of included angle
mination of azimuths, latitudes, longitudes, (iv) Arrows: It provides a check over the length
local time etc. at various places on the earth g of line as entered in the field notes. Accuracy order: Coordinate method >
f
by observing heavenly bodies. Absolute loca- (v) Ranging rods: To locate intermediate points Method of included angle > fast needle
tion of a point on earth surface is obtained by such that these points lie on straight lines S S
it.
method > Loose needle method.
joining the end stations. Eastern Declination Western Declination
• Archaeological survey is done to collect infor- (vi) Offset rod: Similary to ranging rod with a Dip: The angle made by the lines of
mation about old and nelic structures. sout open hook at the top. Magnetic Declination magnetic force with the earth’s surface is
• Reconnaissance Survey is a kind of pre liminary A called dip. Magnetic needle becomes
Equipments for Measurement Right angles  At any place horizontal angle b/w True
survey which is performed to find out method of Meridian and Magnetic Meridian is called horizontal at equator but becomes vertical
survey to be adopted and its rough cost. (i) Cross staff at magnetic poles.
magnetic Declination.
Classification based on instrument used - (a) Main station : It is a point in chain survey  Latitude and Departure
where two triangle sides meet. Open cross staff French cross staff Fore bearing and Back Bearing: B.B = F.B
Chain surveying , Compass surveying, Theodolite 180º  Projection of a line on N-S direction is called
survey, Levelling survey, Contouring, EDM (b) Main survey line: Chain line joining two Local Attraction: If the difference b/w fore bear-
main survey stations, latitude. L  l cos 
survey, Photogrammetric survey, ing and back bearing is 180º, the the adjoining
Tacheometric survey. (c) Tie station or subsidiary station: Station on  Projectione of a line on E-W direction is called
stations are free form local attraction.
 Correct Sequence of Surveys survey line joining main stations. (i) Isogonic Line: Lines passing through the deparature. D  l sin 
(a) Traffic Survey (d) Proof line or check line: Provided to check points on earth surface at which the declina-
(b) Reconnaissance Survey the accuracy of the field work. tion is the same at given time. They rediate Adjustment of closing Error
(c) Preliminary Survey (e) Offsets: These are lateral measurement from North and South pole and follow irregu-  Sum of all internal Angles of a closed Traverse.
Open cross staff
(d) Detailed Survey/Location Survey made w.r.t. chain line which may be oblique lar paths. = (2n – 4) × 90º where n = No. of sides.
or perpendicular in nature. • Accuracy of the french Cross Staff is less (ii) Agonic Lines: Lines passing through points
Principles of Surveying:  Sum of all deflection Angle = 360º
(f) Base line: Longest survey line from which than that of an open cross staff. But french of zero declination. True meridian and mag-
(i) Work from Whole to Part: So as to localise direction of all other sruvey lines are fixed. cross staff can be set out at an angles of  Sum of latitude  L  0
netic meridian coincides with each other.
the error and prevent their accumulation. (g) Chainage: Distance measured along the 45° and 135°. CIVIL BOOSTER - Dnt trust us, Just Check it’s  Sum of departure  D  0
(ii) Locate a Point by Atleast two Measurements: main survey line in direction of progress of (ii) Optical Square: Pocket instrument, more content & Then Go for it - ( LEAVE THE REST, Closing error In the Traverse
work. convenient and accurate than a cross staff. GET THE BEST ) . Available on amazon flipkart.
Error due to use of wrong scale:
• Optical Square is used to establish two e = ( L) 2  ( D) 2
Bowditch’s Method (Compass Rule) C = – 0.06735d2 Clinometer
S.SOROUT,
Permissible error in linear Measurment d = 3.85 h , d = in km and h = in meter.. 1 9255624029
U-frame 19 FOLLOWING BOOKS
= e  Reciprocal Levelling: Trough Alidade 15 1. Telescope AVAILABLE BY
4 2. Trunnion axis
Permissible error in angular measurement compass Drawing 11 3. Vernier frame CIVIL Ki GOLI
 The true difference Elevation:
sheet 4. Vertical circle PUBLICATION:
1 2 5. Plate level
1 1. CIVIL Ki GOLI
= e H = [(h a  h b )  (h a ' h b ')]
6. Upper plate
. 2 3 7. Lower plate 2. CIVIL BOOSTER
Plane 8. Inner axis 3. REASONING Ki GOLI
 Determining Areas: Mid ordinate rule  = Area Tripod table 9. Outer spindle
1 13 5 16 10. Inner spindle 4. HARYANA Ki GOLI
 Correction to latitude: CL =  L  = Average ordinate × Length of base 5. SOLUTION OF CIVIL Ki
 6 8
11. Altitude bubble
12. Levelling screw GOLI
O1  O2  ....  On 7
13. Clip screw
1  = L Spirit level 10 9 14. Hook
6. ELECTRICAL &
 Correction due to departure: CD =  D  n MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
  Simpson’s One-Third Rule
15. Vertical clamp screw
16. Vertical tangent screw ROCKET CHART
12 17. Tripod 7. UTTAR PRADESH Ki GOLI
L D d 18. Tripod leg 8. UTTRAKHAND Ki GOLI
 Transit Method: CL =  L  L , CD   D  D  =  (O1  O n )  2  O 3  O 5  ....  O n  2  14
19. Target sight 9. PUNJAB Ki GOLI
r r
3 Plain table with accessories 17 10. WEST BENGAL Ki GOLI
4(O 2  O 4  ...O n 1 ) 11. HINDI ROCKET CHART
Methods of orientation 18
Axis Method Methods of tacheometry - 12. CIVIL CAPSULE
Correction of any length (a) Tangential method - In it, observations are
made for vertical angles & staff intercepts are obtained By trough compass By back sighting By resection
1 with cross wires only. Stadia wires are not used at Methods of plane table surveying
closing error all.It is faster than stadia hair method.
= That length  2 Intersection Traversing Radiation Resection
Total station used for:
(b) Range finding - It is used to find out the
Length of Axis horizontal distance & direction of a line without going (a) Establishing horizontal control.
to far end of the line. The equipment used is known Two point problem Three point problem (b) Establishing vertical control.
as range finder. (c) Remote object height determination.
Mechanical Trial and error
Direct levelling methods (c) Stadia method - (i) Fixed hair method - In it, Graphical
method method method
Analytical
method
Geometrical
method  Levelling staff are of two types:-
parallactic angle is kept fixed & the staff intercept is
varied. Characteristics of Contour (a) Self reading staff:-
(ii) Moveable hair method - It is also called (i) A zero meter contour line represents the Solid staff, folding staff (used in our country), telescopic
Simple Differential Profile Fly Check Cross-section Reciprocal Precise
subtense method . constaline. When no value is represented, it staff.
Fixed hair system: In this system the vertical distance (b) Target staff:-
indicates a flat terrain.
Sensitivity of level tube can be increased by between the upper and lower stadia hair is fixed and
this fixed distance is called as stadia interval (I). (ii) Two contours intersect eachother only in Height - 4m, thickness - 18 mm, width - 75 mm, least
increasing radius, diameter of tube, length of tube case of overhanging cliff or a cave penetrat-
 The stadia diaphragm consist of two stadia hairs count - 5 mm.
and decreasing the temperature, viscosity of liquid, ing a hill side. Generally used scales for measurement purpose are :
at equal distances.
the roughness of the inner wall of the tube. S.N. Type of Scale Scales R.F. value
 Fixed Hair Method
1. Cadastral map 1 cm = 5 m to 0.25 km 1 1
nd S d s to
  ,   Radian f 500 5000

R L R nL D = k×S+C, K=  100 1
i 2. Topographical map
(a) Buildings
1 cm = 2.5 km
1 cm = 10 m or less
or less
1000
 Check in Height of Instrument Method Addition Constent C = (f + d) , f = focal length 1 1
(b) Town planning 1 cm = 50 m to 100 m to
of object , S = Staff intercept,i = Stadia interval 5000 10, 000
 BS–  FS =  Rise –  Fall= Last RL–First RL 500 ( c)Location map 1 cm = 50 m to 200 m 1
to
1
v 5000 20, 000
Note: First reading made on a point of known 400 300 (d) Small Scale 1 cm = 0.25 km to 2.5 km 1 1
v  Topographic Survey
to
reduced level is always a Back sight reading. 200 25, 000 2,50, 000
(e) Mines 1 cm = 10 m to 25 m
Rise and Fall Method Height of Collination (iii) Equally spaced contours represents uniform
R (f) Forest Scale 1 cm = 0.25 km
l slope.
1. Arithmetic check 1.Arithmetic check M 180
(P1C) D T2 (iv) A watershed or edge line contour crosses 3. Preliminary survey of rails 1 cm = 10 m to 60 m
(Back sights)  (fore (BS) – (FS) = Last (P1T) T  R tan  / 2 & roads
T1
sights) = (Rise) – (fall) = RL – first RL A L  2R sin  / 2 the valley contour at right angle. Converally
Last RL – first RL M  R(1  cos  / 2) the contours are not visible on the grounds
2. Check for intermediate 2.Reduction is easier
R /2 /2 R   
E  R  sec  1
excepts in the case of shore lines.
reading is done using Rise in it.
 2 
– fall 100.0 100.0
3. It is well suited for 3.It is most suited
O
determining the differences for longitudinal 105.0
95.0
of levels of two points /cross-sectional Instrument Purpose
90.0
where precision is required. levelling Abney level To measure slope, cross section,
110.0

and Contouring. to find gradient 115.0 85.0

d2 P la ni me te r To measure area very accurately Ridge

Line Valicy
Line
 Curvature: CC = – = – 0.0785d2. Pantagraph Used to reduce/enlarge the maps (a) (b)
2R Hand level To trace contours
1  d2  Sextant To measure horizontal & vertical angle (v) Direction of steepest slope is along the short-
 Refraction: Cr =  
est distance between the contours.
7  2R 
CIVIL ENGINEERING (vi) Two contour lines having same elevation can-
 Final Combination Correction
6  d2 
ROCKET CHART not unite and continue as one line.
C = Cc– Cr =  , FOR QUICK REVISION
7  2R 
You Can Read All Subjects Chart on Civil Ki Goli App

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