Stage 5 Term 2

Integrated Science
Study Notes

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 Heat and
Temperature

• Heat is a form of energy.

#1
Sources of Heat
• Anything that produces heat is called a source of heat.

• The sun is the most important source of heat.

• Heat can also be produced by burning fuels like charcoal, wood and petroleum, oil
and wax.

• In our homes heat can be produced by electrical appliances such as heaters, stoves,
ovens, irons and toasters.

#2
Uses of Heat
• Heat warms the water that we use for warm baths and showers.

• Heat from the sun dries wet cloths.

• Heat from the stove cooks and warms our food.

• Heat can keep us warm on cold winter days.

For example: Heat can also be harmful if we are not careful around a fire it can burn us.

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 Temperature

• Our sense of touch can tell us when something is hot or cold and we feel changes in
temperature.

• However out sense of touch cannot tell us the exact temperature of things.

• Temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C).

#1
Measuring Temperature
• To be able to measure the exact temperature of something we need to use a
thermometer.

• Thermometers are instruments that give an accurate measure of temperature.

• Most thermometers consist of a tube filled with coloured liquid.

• The level of the liquid rises and falls as the temperature rises and falls.

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• Some thermometers are digital.

• The coloured liquid inside the tube of glass thermometers is usually mercury or
alcohol.

#2
Reading a Thermometer

How to Read a
Thermometer Accurately

1. Insert the bulb of the thermometer into the substance. Ensure that the thermometer
is upright, and that the bulb is completely immersed.

2. The liquid in the thermometer will either rise or fall depending on the temperature of
the substance. Wait until it stops moving before removing the thermometer.

3. Hold the thermometer so that your eyes are positioned at the same level of the liquid
surface in the thermometer. The liquid surface is called the meniscus. The marking
that is nearest the liquid surface indicates the temperature of the substance.

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• Different types of thermometers to measure temperature are used for different
situations.

• Clinical thermometers are used to measure body temperature.

• Wall thermometers are used to measure the temperature of the surrounding air.

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• Data loggers with a temperature sensor are used together to measure and
record temperature of objects and locations.

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 Comparing Heat
and Temperature

• When a substance gets warmer it’s temperature will rise.

→ The more a container holds the more energy is needed to heat it up.

1. Heat is a form of energy.

2. The amount of heat that a substance has depends

on its volume.

3. In contrast, temperature is just a measure of how hot

or cold a substance is.

#1
How Heat Travels

• Heat travels from a hotter to colder substance, object or place.

• Heat will continue to flow from the hotter substance or object to the colder one until
they reach the same temperature.

• The term “cold” simply means the absence of heat.

• Heat only travels in one direction from something or somewhere hot to somewhere
colder.

• As heat travels away from your body to something or somewhere colder you will
sense “cold”.

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 #2
What Happens When Heat
is Lost or Gained
• When an object is heated it expands. It’s volume and size increases.

• When an object is cooled down it contracts. It’s volume and size decreases.

• Not all objects and substances expand at the same rate when heated.

• Liquids expand more easily than solids.

• Gases expand the most easily.

• Some building structures also contain spaces to allow for expansion.

#3
Conductors of Heat
• How fast heat travels depends on the type of material something is made of.

• Materials that allow heat to travel easily and quickly through them are called good
conductors of heat.

• Metals are good conductors of heat.

• Materials that do not allow heat to travel easily through them are called poor
conductors of heat.

• Wood, plastic and rubber are all poor conductors of heat.

• Most gases and liquids are also poor conductors of heat

• Sometimes good and poor conductors of heat are used together.

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9
 The Life Cycle of
Flowering Plants

• Most flowering plants reproduce from seeds.

• The seeds start growing into seedlings through a process called germination.

• The seedlings, or young plants, use energy from the sun to grow into adult plants.

• The adult plants produce flowers that become fruit.

• The fruit of a flowering plant bears seeds.

• It is these seeds that will grow into the next generation of the flowering plant – and so
the life cycle continues.

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 #1
Seed Production
Seeds are Made up of Three Main Parts:

1. Seed Coat

2. Embryo

3. Seed leaves

• The outer layer of the seed is called a seed coat, and it’s purpose is to protect the
embryo from injury or drying out.

• The embryo is found inside the seed. It is an immature plant that will grow into a new
plant when the seed germinates.

• The seed leaves are the food stored for plant.

• They contain nutrients for the new plant that grows from the embryo.

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 #2
Germination
• When the surrounding conditions are right, the seed will start to grow into a young
plant, which we call a seedling.

• This process is called germination.

• Air, water and warmth are needed for germination take place.

The Life Cycle of

Flowering Plants Part 2

#1
Flower production
• After a seed germinates, the seedling grows into an adult plant.

• The adult plant then produces flowers

• Flower contain male and female reproductive organs.

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 #2
The Male Organ
• The male organ of a flower is called the stamen.

• The stamen is made up of a thin stalk called the filament. The filament. The filament
supports the anther.

• The anther contains pollen sacs which will release pollen grains when they are ripe.

• Pollen grains are a powdery substance found on top of the anther.

• Pollen grains contain the male reproductive organs.

#3
The Female Organs
• The female organ of a flower is called the pistil.

• The Pistil is Made up of Three (3) Parts:

o The stigma is the sticky part on top.

o The style is the tube leading downward.

o The ovary is the sac at the bottom.

• Perfect flowers are those flowers that contain both male and female parts.

• Imperfect flowers are those flowers that only have male parts or only female parts.

#4
Pollination
• During the process of pollination, pollen grains are transferred from the male part of
the flower (anther) to the female part of the flower (stigma) of the same type of flower.

• Pollen grains have the male reproductive parts.

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 • Pollen grains can be transferred from the anther to the stigma in various ways:

o By wind
o By animals such as birds and insects.

There are Two Types of Pollination:

1. Cross-Pollination

This type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred

between flowers of the same species but from different plants.

2. Self-Pollination

This type of pollination occurs when pollen is transferred within

the same flower or between flowers on the same plant.

#5
Fertilisation
• This is the process whereby the male reproductive part fuses with the female
reproductive part.

• After a pollen grain lands on the stigma and then down the style to the ovule which is
in the ovary.

• The tip of the pollen tube then breaks open, allowing the male reproductive part to
fuse (join) with the female reproductive part.

• Fertilisation has now taken place.

• After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed and the ovary develops into a fruit.

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 #6
Seed Dispersal

• Seed dispersal is the movement or transportation of seeds away from the parent
plant.

• It is important for seeds to be scattered away from the parent plant, and in different
directions.

• The process of see dispersal ensures that young seedlings do not have to compete
with the parent plant for things like:

o Nutrients
o Water
o Sunlight
o Space

• When seed dispersal is limited, plants end up competing with each other for these
things.

• Seed dispersal is a necessary process because plats are not able to move from one
place to another by themselves.

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 • Seeds and fruit need help to be dispersed.

• Seed Dispersal Can Happen By:

o Water
o Wind
o Animals
o Explosive action

Dispersal by Wind

• The seeds that are dispersed by wind are typically small and light in weight so that
they can easily be carried by the wind.

• Some of the seeds that are dispersed by wind have wing like structures that help
them to float and stay in the air for longer.

• The longer they can stay afloat, the further they can be dispersed from the parent
plant.

• Not all seeds that are dispersed by wind have wing like structures.

→ Some have hairs that help them to float ant stay in the air for longer.

Dispersal by Water

• Some fruit are dispersed by water.

• These fruits have them to float on water.

• These fruits also have a tough shell that traps air. This also helps them float.

• When the fruit lands in water, the flow of the water carries them away from the parent
plant.

• These fruit can travel great distances – sometimes they even cross oceans.

Dispersal by Explosive Action

• This type of dispersal which is also known as splitting occurs in fruits with seeds
contained in pods or capsules.

• When the pod or capsule is ripe, it dries up.

• This causes it to crack and eventually splits open with a force that caused the
seeds to ‘explode’ out of the pod or capsule.

→ The force throws the seeds away from the parent plant.
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Dispersal by Animals

• Some plants need animals to disperse their seeds.

• These plants usually have fleshy, edible fruits with small seeds.

• When they are ripe, these brightly coloured fruits attracts birds and mammals that like
to eat them.

• When the birds and animals eat the fruits, the small seeds are swallowed.

• The seeds are later passed, unharmed by the animals – away from the parent plant.

• Some animals like to gather fruit and seeds and store them in places far away from
the parent plant to be eaten later.

• Sometimes the animal forgets about the seed or fruit and it begins to germinate in the
place it was stored.

• Fleshy fruits, like peaches and mangoes for example, have large seeds that cannot
be swallowed by animals.

• When animals or human eat these fruits, they get rid of the seeds.

• In this way the seed is dispersed away from the parent plant.

• Some plants produce fruits or seeds that are covered in hooks or spines.

• These get attached to the fur or feathers of animals that pass by.

• They can also get attached to the clothes or shoes of humans that pass by.

• The seeds are then carried away from the parent plant.

• Eventually they will fall off or be rubbed off by the animal or human.

• Under the right conditions the seeds will then germinate in their new location.

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NB: Remember to go through all content
to prepare you for your test/exams

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