DCC40152

TOPIC 3 :WATER TREATMENT

 Technique and Process of Treating
Raw Water
Inlet Water
Screening
Aeration

Sludge and
Technique
dissolve air
Of Treating Prechlorination
floating
raw water
(DAF)

Falcutation Early
and Chemical Sludge
Flocculation granulated/flash
mixing
RAW WATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Water intake

Bar Screen
Water Pump

Fine Screen Clear water

Grit Removal

Pre-chlorination Aeration

Pre-sedimentation
Rapid mixing
Coagulation & Flocculation

Sedimentation

Filtration
pH adjustment
Flouridation
Sludge
Disinfection Treatment

Storage Tank
liquid Semi-
User solids
 WATER INTAKE
 Intakes are structures built into a body of water for the purpose
of drawing water for use.

 Intake systems include the works required to divert and transport

water from a supply source, such as river, lake or reservoir, to a
pumping station, pipeline or treatment plant.

 The intake system must be able to meet the demand for water.
BAR SCREEN
 Bar screens are used at some water
treatment facilities, though they are
more common at wastewater
facilities.

 Designated to handle relatively large

debris, a bar screen consist of a rack
of straight steel bars welded at both
end to horizontal steel member. P

 Powered rakes moves move up and

down the bar rack face removing
debris, and elevating in and out of
flow. The debris is removed at the top
of the operating cycle by a wiper
mechanism.

 Bar screen assemblies are normally

installed at 60° to 80° angle from the
horizontal.
AERATION
 Aeration is used exclusively
SPRAY AERATOR
as a means of adding
oxygen to water for
oxidation of iron,
manganese, hydrogen
sulfite, and organic matter.

 Aeration is required to
reduce the concentration
of taste and odor-
producing substances, such
as hydrogen sulfide, carbon
dioxide and algae.
 PRE-CHLORINATION
 Water that contains algae needs this type of
chlorination.

 Themain objective of preliminary chlorination is to

oxidized iron and manganese. It is also needs to
prevent alga growth that can clog up treatment
plant component such as water pump and filters.
However, preliminary chlorination will produce high
concentration of trihalomethane (THM) that can
cause cancer. It is rarely done in Malaysia.
 PRE-SEDIMENTATION
 Pre-sedimentation
is sometimes employed to reduce
heavy sediment loads in surface supplies prior to
chemical coagulation. Pre-sedimentation may also
be used for removal of color and taste and odor-
causing compounds prior to lime softening.
RAPID MIXING

 Mixing or rapid mixing is the

process whereby the
chemicals are quickly and
uniformly dispersed in the
water.

 Rapid mixing is probably the

most important physical
operation affecting
coagulant dose efficiency.
Rapid mixing can be
accomplished within a tank
utilizing a vertical shaft mixer
Rapid Mix Tank
 COAGULATION & FLOCCULATION
 Coagulation is a chemical
process that physically
makes sedimentation more
efficient
 The objective of
coagulation process is to
turn the small particles of
color, turbidity, and
bacteria into larger flocs. It
will alter the colloids so that
they can adhere to each
other.
 Flocculation is a physical
process used to enhance
the effectiveness of
coagulation's chemical
addition.
 The screened influent is
pumped into large settling
basins (also called clarifiers
or sedimentation tanks)
where it is allowed to sit for
a prescribed time. The
settling basin allows gravity
to handle many of the
suspended impurities that
remain in the influent
COAGULATION &
FLOCCULATION (CON’T)
 During coagulation, a positive ion is
added to water to reduce the
surface charge to the point where
the colloids are not repelled from
each other.
 A coagulant is the substance
(chemical) that is added to the
water to accomplish coagulation.
Common coagulants (salts) are as
follows:
i. Alum (aluminum sulfate)
ii. Sodium aluminate (Al3+)
iii. Ferric sulfate(Fe3+ )
iv. Ferrous sulfate
v. Ferric chloride
vi. Polymers
 COAGULATION &
FLOCCULATION (CON’T)
There are three key properties of the coagulant:
 Trivalent cation: Colloids mostly found in natural
waters are negatively charged; hence a cation is
required to neutralize the charged. A trivalent cation
is the most efficient cation.
 Non-toxic: This requirement is obvious for the
production of a safe water
 Insoluble in the neutral pH range: The coagulant that
is added must precipitate out of the solution so that
high concentrations of ion are not left in the water.
SEDIMENTATION & FLOATATION
 Sedimentation and flotation are
solid-liquid separation processes
used in water treatment to lower
solids concentration or load on
granular filter.

 Floatation can be described as a

gravity separation process in which
gas bubbles attach to solid
particles to cause the apparent
density of the bubble-solid
agglomerates to be less than that of
the water, thereby allowing the
agglomerate to float to the surface.
SEDIMENTATION & FLOATATION (CON’T)
 Sedimentation is also called
clarification.
 Sedimentation removes settle able
solids by gravity.
 Water moves slowly though the
sedimentation tank or basin with a
minimum of turbulence at entry
and exit points with minimum short-
circuiting. Sludge accumulates at
bottom of tank or basin
 In conventional treatment plants,
the amount of detention time
required for settling can vary from 2
to 6 h. The time requirement is
dependent on the weight of the
floc, the temperature of the water,
and how quiescent (still) the basin.
FILTRATION
 During filtration, water passes
downward through the filter
bed by a combination of water
pressure from above and
suction from the bottom.
 Filters are cleaned by
backwashing (reversing the
flow) upward through the bed.
 During filtration, the filter bed
will become more and more
clogged. As the filter clogs, the
water level will rise above the
sand as it become harder to
force water through the bed.
Eventually the water level will
rise to the point that the filter
bed must be cleaned.
 FLOURIDATION
 Fluoridein drinking water prevents dental carries and
controlled fluoridation is an acceptable public health
measure. The three most commonly used fluoride
compounds in water treatment are sodium fluoride,
sodium silicofluoride and fluorosilisic acid.
 DISINFECTION
 Disinfection is used in water treatment to
reduce pathogen (disease-producing
microorganism) to an acceptable level.
 There are several methods for disinfection by
using different types of disinfectant such as:

1. Chlorine
2. Ozone
3. Ultraviolet light
BREAKPOINT CHLORINATION
 Breakpoint Chlorination involves addition of
chlorine in an amount sufficient to react with
any ammonia and readily oxidizable organics
which are present.

 During addition of chlorine to water containing

such oxidizable material, the residual chlorine
concentration will increase at a rate less than
the rate of addition. At some point at further
increase in dosage will produce a decrease in
residual concentration – perhaps to zero.

 Further increases in dosage will eventually

cause the residual to increase again. The point
at which the concentration begins to increase
again is called the breakpoint, and the dosage
required to reach that point is called the
breakpoint dosage.

 Beyond the breakpoint dosage, the residual

concentrations normally increase at the same
rate as the dosage. Below the breakpoint
dosage, the available chlorine is primarily
combined chlorine, while above the
breakpoint, it is primarily free chlorine.
 MISCELLANEOUS WATER TREATMENT
TECHNIQUES (CON’T)
pH ADJUSTMENT
 Adjustment of the pH level of
drinking-water during
treatment may be needed to:
 make coagulation more
effective
 make the oxidation of iron and
manganese more effective
 make disinfection by chlorine
more effective
 Reduce its corrosiveness
[aggressiveness] before
distribution.
 Adjustment of pH can be done
by:
 the addition of acidic solutions or
carbon dioxide to the water
 the addition of alkaline solutions
to the water
 placing solid alkaline materials
(eg, marble or dolomitic
material) in contact with the
water
 Blowing air into the water, or
spraying water into the air (to
drive off carbon dioxide).
MISCELLANEOUS WATER TREATMENT TECHNIQUES

Water Iron and

softening mangane
 MISCELLANEOUS WATER TREATMENT TECHNIQUES
IRON & MANGANESE REMOVAL
 Iron and manganese contribute to
hardness and are removed by
water softening. However, it is not
always desirable to soften water
solely for the purpose of removing
relatively small quantities of these
metals.
 Their removal can be enhancing
by oxidizing theme to a higher
valence state in which their
solubility is reduced. The oxidizing
agent can be atmospheric oxygen,
chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone,
permanganate, or any other
oxidant which will not leave an
unwanted residue.
WATER SOFTENING
 Many people object to water
containing hardness greater than
150 mg/L as CaCO3, suppliers of
public water have considered it a
benefit to soften the water, that is,
to remove some of the hardness.
 A common water treatment goal is
to provide water with hardness in
the range of 75 to 120 mg as
CaCO3. The softening reactions are
regulated by controlling the pH.
First, any free acids are neutralized.
Then pH is raised to precipitate the
CaCO3; if necessary, CO32- is
added to precipitate the
noncarbonated hardness.
 BACTERIA TEST
 Testing water for pathogenic bacteria might at first glance be
considered a feasible method for determining microbiological
quality. Laboratory analyses for pathogenic bacteria are difficult
to perform and generally are not quantitatively reproducible. For
these reason, the microbiological quality of water based on
testing for nonpathogenic indicator organisms, principally the
coliform group. Laboratory methods for detection of coliform
are:

 The multiple-tube fermentation technique

 Presence-absence technique
 Fecal coliform procedure
 Membrane filter technique
CALCULATION FOR DISSOLVED ALUM AND CHLORINE DOSAGE.

 Data below was obtained from a water treatment plant:

Raw water flow rate = 95,000 liter/hr

Alum flow rate = 35 liter/hr
Chlorine flow rate = 20 liter/hr
Strength of Alum = 5%
Strength of Chlorine = 0.5%

1) Calculate the doses of alum and chlorine being streamed for

each 500,000 liters of water in mg/l units

2) Calculate the quantity of alum and chlorine (in kg) needed in

a day if the treatment plant operates in 24 hours. (1 litre =
4.5kg)
 TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION
There are several factors that influence the decision
making of treatment plant location such as:

1) Planning and environmental obstruction factors

The expansion of plant processes is paid attention to.

Space is made available for adding capacity and for
the addition of processes. Therefore, the planning for
the treatment plant should be referred to the structure
plan and needs more discussion with local authorities
and department of environment.
TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION
2) Plant Design Factor

The process and instrumentation diagram and the detailed design

criteria are developed by establishing:

i. the major process units and their size and place in the
scheme of design
ii. the kind, amount and application points of chemicals
reagent
iii. the monitoring and control of the processes and
chemicals
iv. separation of staff and visitor traffic from heavy truck
movement.
v. signage, buffer sites by natural or formed earth
mounding and landscaping
 TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION

3) Location Factor

i. Avaibility of land, cost of the land and taxes

ii. power supply and sewerage outlet
iii. Vehicular access
iv. located above high groundwater
v. Climatic conditions and wind pattern
 TREATMENT PLANT LOCATION
4) Environmental Factor

Environmental Impact Assessment should be conducted to

evaluate the effect of the treatment plant to the surrounding
area. The examples of the impact from the treatment plant are:

 Effect of noise when operating the plant such as pump,

generator or chemical tanks.
 Dust impact during the construction
 Dangers of chlorine leakage during shipment
 The smells of chemicals and sludge
 Effect of sludge and wastewater from the plant to the river
nearby