BAIDL IFM M@LF@ IFLFB ^UABA[@ GD[DHFYFM

I`fjugfm Tmtug Bdbdmuh` Yucfs Bftf Gul`fh ^rabas`

Gdsdhftfm Iasdm ^dmcfbpu @eu Yut` Gfrwft`, [.[Y., B.Gds

I`susum aldh :

Iw`
[dt`m`mcrub
Uds` Murhfyft`

^UACUFB [YTI@ I@^LABF @@@ GDE@IFMFM

^ALYDGD[ PF^GD[E@ [TGFETB@
5>60
 GFYF ^DMCFMYFU

[dcflf puj` efc` Fllfh [SY yfmc tdlfh bdbedr`gfm m`gbft sdrtf h`ifyfh-

Myf tdrutfbf m`gbft gdsdbpftfm ifm gdsdhftfm sdh`mccf pdmul`s ifpft

bdmydldsf`gfm bfgflfh idmcfm juiul Baidl ifm M`lf` iflfb ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm
yfmc i`fjugfm umtug tucfs bftf gul`fh “^rabas` Gdsdhftfm‒.
^dmul`s bdmcukfpgfm tdr`bf gfs`h gdpfif iasdm pdmcfbpu bftf gul`fh
^rabas` gdsdhftfm @eu Yut` Gfrwft`, [.[Y., B.Gds yfmc tdlfh bdbe`be`mc gfb` iflfb pdmyusumfm bfgf

Fgh`rmyf pdmul`s bdmyfifr` efhwf efmyfg tdrifpft gdgurfmcfm-

gdgurfmcfm iflfb pdmul`sfm bfgflfh `m`, bfgf ifr` `tu pdmul`s bdmchfrfpgfm
gr`t`g ifm sfrfm yfmc gamstrugt`o ifr` pdbe`be`mc ifm pfrf pdbefkf idb`
gdsdbpurmffm bfgflfh.

[ugfeub`, Mavdbedr 5>60

^dmul`s

``
 IFOYFU @[@

GFYF ^DMCFMYFU........................................................................................``

IFOYFU @[@ ............................................................................................................... ```

EFE @ ^DMIFHTLTFM
6.6 Lftfr Edlfgfmc ..............................................................................................6
6.5 Yujufm ............................................................................................................. 5
EFE @@ ^DBEFHF[FM
5.6 ^dmcdrt`fm Baidl ifm M`lf` iflfb ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm ........................;
5.5 Jdm`s Baidl iflfb Gdc`ftfm ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm ...................................9
F. Hdflth Edl`do Baidl ..............................................................................9
E. Yrfmstdar`t`kfl Baidl ............................................................................6

K. Ydar` [defe Fg`eft ................................................................................3

I. [trdss ifm Kap`mc ...................................................................................8
EFE @@@ ^DMTYT^
;.6 Gds`bpulfm .................................................................................................... 6>
;.5 [frfm ................................................................................................................ 6>
IFOYFU ^T[YFGF ................................................................................................66

`
 EFE @
^DMIFHTLTFM

6.6 Lftfr Edlfgfmc

Gdsdhftfm i`iflfb h`iup sdsdarfmc bdrupfgfm hfl yfmc pdmt`mc, mfbum
efmyfg arfmc bfs`h edlub bdmyfifr` efhwf edc`tu pdmt`mcmyf
gdsdhftfm i`iflfb gdh`iupfmmyf. Bfsyfrfgft bdb`l`g` hfg i`iflfb
bdbpdraldh
pdlfyfmfm gdsdhftfm hfl `m` edrifsfrgfm umifmc-umifmc ifsfr 6094 yfmc
tdrkfmtub i`iflfb pfsfl 58 fyft @. Tmtug `tu i`pdrlugfm suftu t`mifgfm yfmc
hfrus i`fbe`l iflfb bdm`mcgftgfm pdlfyfmfm gdsdhftfm efc`
bfsyfrfgft. Y`mifgfm yfmc pdrlu efc` bfsyfrfgft fiflfh sflfh sftumyf
idmcfm prabas` gdsdhftfm.

^rabas` gdsdhftfm yfmc fgfm i`edr`gfm gdpfif bfsyfrfgft

hfrus bdb`l`g` pr`ms`p, bdtaid, bdi`f jucf strftdc` ifm fgfm i``mtdrvdms`gfm
gdt`gf
iflfb bdbedr`gfm pdlfyfmfm gdsdhftfm pfif bfsyfrgft.[dh`mccf prabas`
gdsdhftfm yfmc i`edr`gfm gdpfif bfsyfrfgft ifpft i`bdmcdrt` bfsyfrfgft
ifm i`tfbp`lgfm iflfb edmtug pdruefhfm pdr`lfgu bfsyfrfgft yfmc lde`h
ef`g iflfb pr`lfgu gdsdhftfm.
Baidl fiflfh sdeufh cfbefrfm idsgr`pt`o ifr` sdeufh prfgt`g edrbutu
yfmc bdwfg`l` sdsuftu hfl myftf. Baidl iflfb gde`ifmfm fiflfh fpl`gfs`
strugtur gde`ifmfm yfmc bdbumcg`mgfm sdarfmc e`ifm umtug bdmdrfpgfmmyf

sdefcf` kfrf bdrdgf edgdrjf. M`lf` fiflfh gdyfg`mfm sdsdarfmc

tdmtfmc sdsuftu yfmc edrhfrcf, gdedmfrfm, gdyfg`mfm bdmcdmf` `id-`id,
aejdg, ftfu
pdr`lfgu. M`lf` euifyf fiflfh suftu yfmc i`fmccfp edrhfrcf ftfu gdyfg`mfm
yfmc i`pdcfmc sdidb`g`fm rupf aldh sdsdarfmc sdsuf` idmcfm
tumtumfm murfm`. M`lf`-m`lf` tdrsdeut i`jfi`gfm lfmifsfm, flfsfm, ifm
bamt`vfs` iflfb
pdreuftfmmyf.
Efmyfg baidl yfmc i`gdbefmcgfm ifpft bdbpdmcfruh` gdsdhftfm sdrtf
bdbpdref`g` `mtdrvdms` pdmkdcfhfm ifm prabas` gdsdhftfm.
6
^dmidgftfm baidl gdsdhftfm tdrfpfm ifpft bdmjfi` ifsfr umtug
gdc`ftfm-gdc`ftfm

prabas` gdsdhftfm sdpdrt` Hdflth Edl`do Baidl (HEB), ,Ydar` [defe Fg`eft,

6
 Baidl Yrfmsfgs`amfl [trds ifm Gap`mc, Yhdary ao Udfsamdi Fkt`am (YUF),
sdrtf Hdflth O`dli Kamkdpt

6.5 Yujufm
Yujufm ifr` pdbeuftfm bfgflfh `m` fiflfh:
6. Tmtug bdmcdtfhu` pdmcdrt`fm baidl ifm m`lf` iflfb prabas` gdsdhftfm
5. Tmtug bdmcdtfhu` Jdm`s baidl iflfb prabas` gdsdhftfm

5
 EFE @@
^DBEFHF[FM

5.6 ^dmcdrt`fm Baidl Ifm M`lf` Iflfb ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm

F. Baidl iflfb prabas` gdsdhftfm
Ido`m`s` ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm (Hdflth ^rabat`am) iflfb
`lbu Gdsdhftfm Bfsyfrfgft (^uel`k Hdfrt) bdbpumyf` iuf pdmcdrt`fm.
6. ^rabas` gdsdhftfm fiflfh sdefc`fm ifr` t`mcgft gdsdhftfm
iflfb gamtdgs `m` fiflfh pdm`mcgftfm gdsdhftfm.
5. ^rabas` gdsdhftfm i`frt`gfm sdefcf` upfyf
bdbfsfrgfm, bdmydefrgfm, bdmcdmflgfm, ftfu pdsfm gdsdhftfm
ftfu upfyf-upfyf gdsdhftfm sdh`mccf bfsyfrfgft bdmdr`bf ftfu
bdbedl` (iflfb frt`

bdmdr`bf pr`lfgu gdsdhftfm) ftfu bdmcdmfl pdsfm-

pdsfm gdsdhftfmtdrsdeut yfmc fgh`rmyf bfsyfrfgft bfu edrpr`lfgu
h`iup
sdhft.

Baidl fiflfh sdeufh cfbefrfm idsgr`pt`o ifr` sdeufh

prfgt`g
edrbutu yfmc bdwfg`l` sdsuftu hfl myftf. Baidl iflfb
gde`ifmfm fiflfh fpl`gfs` strugtur gde`ifmfm yfmc bdbumcg`mgfm
sdarfmc e`ifm umtug bdmdrfpgfmmyf sdefcf` kfrf bdrdgf edgdrjf.
Baidl prfgt`g gde`ifmfm i`ifsfrgfm `s` ifr` tdar` ifm gamsdp prfgt`g.
Ydar` ifm gamsdp

bdmkdrb`mgfm o`lasao`, m`lf` ifm gdyfg`mfm tdmtfmc bfmus`f.

Efmyfg baidl yfmc i`gdbefmcgfm ifpft bdbpdmcfruh` gdsdhftfm
sdrtf bdbpdref`g` `mtdrvdms` pdmkdcfhfm ifm prabas`
gdsdhftfm.
^dmidgftfm baidl gdsdhftfm tdrfpfm ifpft bdmjfi` ifsfr umtug gdc`ftfm-
gdc`ftfm prabas` gdsdhftfm sdpdrt` Hdflth Edl`do
Baidl (HEB),Yrfmstdar`t`kfl Baidl (YYB),Ydar` [defe
Fg`eft, Baidl Yrfmsfgs`amfl [trds ifm Gap`mc, Yhdary ao
;
Udfsamdi Fkt`am (YUF), sdrtf Hdflth O`dli Kamkdpt.

;
 E. M`lf` iflfb prabas` gdsdhftfm
M`lf` fiflfh gdyfg`mfm sdsdarfmc tdmtfmc sdsuftu yfmc edrhfrcf,
gdedmfrfm, gdyfg`mfm bdmcdmf` `id-`id, aejdg, ftfu pdr`lfgu.
M`lf`

euifyf fiflfh suftu yfmc i`fmccfp edrhfrcf ftfu gdyfg`mfm yfmc

i`pdcfmc sdidb`g`fm rupf aldh sdsdarfmc sdsuf` idmcfm tumtumfm murfm`.
M`lf`-m`lf` tdrsdeut i`jfi`gfm lfmifsfm, flfsfm, ifm bamt`vfs` iflfb
pdreuftfmyf.

5.5 Jdm`s Baidl Iflfb Gdc`ftfm ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm

F. Baidl gdyfg`mfm gdsdhftfm (Hdflty Edl`o Baidl)
Baidl Gdyfg`mfm Gdsdhftfm (Hdflth Edl`o Baidl-
HEB) i`gdbefmcgfm sdjfg 604> aldhm gdlabpag fhl` ps`galac` sas`fl
iflfb

pdlfyfmfm gdsdhftfm bfsyfrfgft Fbdr`gf. Baidl `m` i`cumfgfm

umtug bdmjdlfsgfm gdcfcflfm pfrt`s`pfs` bfsyfrfgft sdkfrf lufs iflfb
pracrfb
pdmkdcfhfm ftfu idtdgs` pdmyfg`t. Baidl `m` jucf sdr`mc i`pdrt`befmcgfm
sdefcf` gdrfmcgf utfbf pdr`lfgu gdsdhftfm yfmc i`bulf`
ifr`
pdrt`befmcfm arfmc-arfmc tdmtfmc gdsdhftfm. [dlf`m `tu, baidl
gdyfg`mfm gdsdhftfm i`cumfgfm umtug bdmc`idmt`o`gfs`
pr`ar`tfs
ededrfpf ofgtar pdmt`mc yfmc edrifbpfg tdrhfifp pdmcfbe`lfm
gdputusfm sdkfrf rfs`amfl iflfb s`tufs` yfmc t`ifg bdmdmtu (Uasdmstakg,
600>).

^fif 6039, pdmi`i`gfm gdsdhftfm bdmkurfhgfm sdluruh pdrhft`fm

tdrhfifp `su gdyfg`mfm gdsdhftfm ifm pdr`lfgu gdsdhftfm `mi`v`iu. @su
tdrsdeut bdrupfgfm gds`bpulfm ifr` r`sdt gdyfg`mfm gdsdhftfm
iflfb bdbfhfb` flfsfm `mi`v`iu bdlfgugfm ftfu t`ifg bdlfgugfm
t`mifgfm gdsdhftfm, edrgf`tfm idmcfm edrefcf` hueumcfm vfr`fs` yfmc
lde`h lufs. @su tdrsdeut jucf bdbedr`gfm iugumcfm pdmt`mc ifr` Baidl
Gdyfg`mfm Gdsdhftfm iflfb bdmjdlfsgfm pr`lfgu pdmkdcfhfm ifm
9
rdspms tdrhfifp cdjflf ftfu i`fcmas`s pdmyfg`t.
Baidl gdyfg`mfm gdsdhftfm bdrupfgfm baidl gacm`t`o

yfmc i`cumfgfm umtug bdrfbflgfm pdr`lfgu pdm`mcgftfm gdsdhftfm.

Bdmurut

9
Baidl Gdyfg`mfm Gdsdhftfm, t`mifgfm pdmkdcfhfm yfmc
bumcg`m i`lfgugfm sdsdarfmc i`pdmcfruh` sdkfrf lfmcsumc ifr`
hfs`l iuf gdyfg`mfm ftfu pdm`lf`fm gdsdhftfm fmtfrf lf`m fmkfbfm
yfmc i`rfsfgfm

sdtfrf pdm`lf`fm tdrhfifp gdumtumcfm ifm gdruc`fm.

Fkfbfm yfmc i`rfsfgfm ifr` sfg`t ftfu lugf (pdrkd`vdi thrdft ao
`mjury ar `llmdss) bdmcfku pfif sdjfuh bfmf sdsdarfmc edrp`g`r efhwf
pdmyfg`t ftfu rfsf sfgt edmfr-edmfr bdmcfmkfm i`r`myf. J`gf
fmkfbfm bdm`mcgft, bfgf pdr`lfgu pdmkdcfhfm jucf fgfm bdm`mcgft.
^dm`lf`fm tdmtfmc fmkfbfm edrifsfr pfif gdrdmtfmfm (pdrkd`vdi
vurmdrfe`l`t`y) ifm idrfjft gdpfrfhfm (pdrkd`vdi sdvdr`ty) yfmc
i`rfsfgfm. @miu`iu bumcg`m ifpft bdmk`ptfgfm bfsflfh gdsdhftfmmyf
sdmi`r` sdsuf` idmcfm gami`s`. @mi`v`iu bdmcdvflufs` gdsdr`usfm
pdmyfg`t j`gf pdmyfg`t tdrsdeut bumkul

fg`eft ulfh i`r`myf sdmi`r` ftfu pdmyfg`t sdmcfjf t`ifg i`tfmfcfm`.

^drt`befmfcfm fmtfrf gdumtumcfm ifm gdruc`fm
pdr`lfgu bdbdmcfruh` sdsdarfmc umtug bdbutusgfm bdlfgugfm
bdlfgugfm t`mifgfm pdmkdcfhfm ftfu t`ifg. ^dtumjug edrpdr`lfgu
yfmc i`sdeut sdefcf` gdyfg`mfm tdrhfifp pas`s` yfmc bdmamjal
(sfl`dmt pas`t`am) i`iucf tdpft bdbulf` prasds pdrpdr`lfgu. Hfl
`m` edrupf edrefcf`
`moarbfs` ifr` lufr ftfu mfs`hft bdmcdmf` pdrbfsflfhfm
gdsdhftfm (b`sflmyf bdi`f bfssf, gfbpfmyd, mfs`hft arfmc lf`m,
pdmcflfbfm
pdmyfg`t ifr` fmccatf gdlufrcf yfmc lf`m ftfu tdbfm.

Fmkfbfm ifm pdrt`befmcfm gdumtumcfm ifm gdruc`fm i`pdmcfruh`

aldh edrefcf` vfr`fedl, yf`tu vfr`fedl idbacrfo` (ubur, jdm`s gdlfb`m,
lftfr edlfgfmc euifyf), vfr`fedl sas`aps`galac`s (gdpr`efif`fm,
gdlfs, sas`fl, tdgfmfm sas`fl),ifm vfr`fedl strugtrufl
(pdmcdtfhufm ifm
pdmcflfbfm sdedlubmyf). [defcf` kamtah, arfmc tuf ifm rdbfjf
fgfm bdbfmifmc pdmyfg`t jfmtumc ftfu gfmgdr sdkfrf edredif. [`gfp

4
arfmc suifh bdb`l`g` pdmcflfbfm ifm pdmyfg`t tdrtdmtu fgfm
edredif i`efmi`mcgfm arfmc yfmc t`ifg bdb`l`g` pdmcflfbfm `m`.

4
E. Yrfmstdar`t`kfl Baidl (YYB)
Baidl trfmtdart`kfl fiflfh suftu baidl yfmc i`tdrfpgfm
umtug bdm`lf` gds`fpfm sdarfmc `mi`v`iu umtug edrt`ifg ftfs
pdr`lfgu sdhft

yfmc efru ifm bdbedr`gfm strftdc` ftfu prasds pdruefhfm

umtug bdbfmiu sdt`fp `mi`v`iu bdlflu` tfhfpfm pdruefhfm umtug
edrt`mifg
iflfb pdbdl`hfrffm gdsdhftfm.
[djfrfh ifm `mt` Gamstrugs` Baidl
Jfbds A.^rakhfstf, igg.(6033) bdmcdbefmcgfm YYB
edrifsfrgfm fmfl`s`s tdar` yfmc edredif ifr` ps`gatdrfp`. Baid `m`
tdri`r` ftfs 9 ofr`fedl, yf`tu prfsyfrft umtug tdrfp`, prasds pdruefhfm,
`s` hfrus i`uefh ifm hueumcfm tdrfpdut`g. Baidl `m`
i`sdbpurmfgfm aldh prakhfstf
edrifsfrgfm pdmdl`tfm yfmc bdrdgf puel`gfs`gfm iflfb pddr rdv`dw

jurmfl ifm eugumyf tdri`r` ftfs 4 gamstrugs` yf`tu tfhfpfm pruefhfm,

prasds-prasds pdruefhfm, gdsd`befmcfm putusfm, gdedrhfs`lfm i`r`,
ifm caiffm ftfu pdrkaeffm.
Baidl pdruefhfm `m` fiflfh sdeufh prasds yfmc
bdl`eftgfm gdbfjufm bdlflu` dmfb tfhfp:
6. ^rdgamtdbplfs` yf`tu arfmc t`ifg edrm`ft bdmcfbe`l t`ifgfm
i`bfsf bdmiftfmc (e`fsfmyf i`ugur sdlfbf dmfb eulfm edt`gutmyf).
5. Gamtdbplfs` yf`tu arfmc edrm`ft umtug edruefh iflfb dmfb
eulfm bdmiftfmc

;. ^drs`fpfm yf`tu arfmc yfmc edrm`ft bdmcfbe`l t`mifgfm iflfb

wfgtu idgft, e`fsfmyf i`ugur sdefcf` eulfm edrgutmyf.
9. Fgs` yf`tu afmc tdlfh bdbeuft bai`o`gfs` tdreugf tdrtdmtu
iflfb cfyf h`iup bdrdgf iflfb dmfb eulfm tdrfgh`r.
4. ^dbdl`hfrffm yf`tu arfmc edrupfyf bdmkdcfh tdrgfbeuhfm,
tfhfp yfmc i`pdrg`rfgfm tdrfgh`r ifr` dmfb eulfm sfbpf`
sdg`tfr l`bf tfhum.
6. ^dbutusfm yf`tu `mi`v`iu t`ifg bdb`l`g` caiffm ifm
bdb`l`g` gdedrhfs`lfm i`r`6>>%, i`bfmf bdrdgf yfg`m t`ifg
6
fgfm gdbefl`

6
 pfif gde`fsffm lfbf yfmc t`ifg sdhft bdrdgf sdefcf` kfrf umtug
bdmcftfs`.
3. ^rasds pdruefhfm

^rasds pdruefhfm fiflfh gdc`ftfm rfhfs`f ifm tdreugf yfmc i`cumfgfm

arfmc umtug bfju bdlflu` ededrfpf tfhfp:
6. ^rasds gdsfifrfm ifm doflufs` l`mcgumcfm gdbefl`,
i`fmtfrf
prdgamtdbplfs` ifm gatdbplfs.
5. Doflufs` i`r` gdbefl`, i`fmtfrf gamtdbplfs` ifm pdrs`fpfm.
;. ^dbedefsfm i`r`, i`fmtfrf pdrs`fpfm ifm t`mifgfm,
sfmcft i`tdgfmgfm.
9. Fmtfrf t`mifgfm ifm pdbdl`hfrffm, gamt`mcdms`
bfmfjdbdm bdbefmtu hueumcfm kaumtdr kami`tam`mc
ifm gamtral st`bulus

i`tdgfmgfm

K. Ydar` [defe Fg`eft

Ydar` fiflfh sdrfmcgf`fm efc`fm ftfu vfr`fedl, ido`m`s` ifm
ifl`l yfmc sfl`mc edrhueumcfm sdkfrf ubub tdar` bdrupfgfm
fmfl`s`s hueumcfm fmtfrf ofgtf yfmc sftu idmcfm ofgtf yfmc lf`m pfif
sdgubpulfm ofgtf. ^fif tdar` sdefe fg`eft, fpf yfmc i`flfb`
bfmus`f pfst` fif
pdmydefemyf. ^dmcdtfhufm tdmtfmc sdefe fg`eft bfbpu
bdmiaramc sdsdarfmc umtug edrt`mifg hft`-hft` ifm oagus tdrhfifp
fg`eft. Ydar`

`lb`fh ifr` edrefcf` tdar` `lb`fh ifr` edefcf` lfpfmcfm `lbu

sdkfrf ubub sfmcft edrcfmtumc pfif hugub sdefe fg`eft
(gfutfl`tfs).
Gfutfl`tfs tdrgf`t drft idmcfm pr`ms`p-pr`ms`p sdefcf` edr`gut.
6. ^r`ms`p pdrtfbf : pdr`ms`p gfusfl`tfs bdmcfs`skfyfgfm sdt`fp
gami`s` (fg`eft) pfst` bdbpumyf` sdefe.
5. ^r`ms`p gdiuf : bdmjdlfsgfm efhwf fg`eft t`ifg bumcg`m
tdrp`sfh ifr` sdefe 7 j`gf fif sdefe bfgf fif fg`eft ifm edc`tu
3
 sdefl`gmyf.
;. ^r`ms`p gdt`cf : hugub gdsdlfrfsfm fmtfrf sdefe ifm fg`eft
yfmc bdmcfm`skfyfgfm sdt`fp h`bpumfm sdkfrf dsdms`fl hfrus
sdlfrfs

idmcfm sdefe ifm fg`eft i` flfb.

3
 Ydar` sdefe fg`eft iflfb prabas` gdsdhftfm tdmtumyf fgfm bdmjfi`
ldlfs gdt`gf bdbfhfb` hugub sdefe fg`eft tdrsdeut. Fpl`gfs` sdefe
fg`eft iflfb prabas` gdsdhftfm bdbedr` pdmdgfmfm pfif
pdtucfs

gdsdhftfm efhwf suftu pdmyfg`t yfmc tdrjfi` pfst` fif pdmydefemyf.

I. Baidl Yrfmsfgs`amfl [trds ifm Gap`mc

[trds fiflfh suftu gami`s` ftfu gdfiffm tueuh yfmc tdrcfmccu gfrdmf
tdgfmfm ps`galac`. E`fsfmyf strds i`gf`tgfm eugfm gfrdmf pdmyfg`t o`s`g
tdtfp lde`h bdmcdmf` gdj`wffm. Efmyfg hfl yfmc bdb`ku strds, sdpdrt` :
rfsf ghwft`r, gdsfl, gldt`hfm, orustfs`, pdrfsffm tdrtdgfm, gdsdi`hfm,
pdgdrjffm yfmc edrlde`hfm, s`mirab prdbdmstrufs` (^B[), oagus yfmc
edrldehfm pfif suftu hfl, pdrfsffm e`mcumc, edriugf k`tf ifm jucf rfsf

tfgut.
[trdsar fiflfh gdfiffm yfmc i`fg`eftgfm aldh l`mcgumcfm `mtdrmfl
ftfu dgstdrmfl sdh`mccf bdbdmcfruh` t`mifgfm gdsdjfhtdrffm
ifm bdbeutuhgfm gdsdhftfm o`s`g bfupum ps`galac`s umtug
bdmcdbefl`gfm gdsd`befmcfm (Lfzfrus & Kahdm, 6033). I`fwfl
606>-fm ifm 603>-fm, strds i`fmccfp sdefcf` odmabdmf trfmsfgs`amfl
st`bulus gd pdrsdptar. Gap`mc (gdbfh`rfm edrtfhfm) fiflfh
bdmstfe`lgfm ofgtar yfmc ifpft bdbefmtu `mi`v`iu bdbprtfhfmgfm
fifptfs` ps`gasas`fl sdlfbf pdraid bdmdcfmcgfm. Fif iuf kfrf
bdmchfifp` strds. Kfrf pdrtfbf fiflfh

rdspam edroagus pfif bfsflfh yf`tu rdsoam i`frfhgfm pfif

pdr`st`wf dgstdrmfl. [trds i`h`lfmcgfm ftfu i`gurfmc` idmcfm
bdbdkfhgfm ftfu
bmdcdmifl`gfm bfsflfh. Kfrf gdiuf fiflfh rdspam edroagus pfif dbas`
yf`tu rdsoam i`frfhgfm pfif rdfgs` dbas`amfl ifr` pdr`st`wf ifm
kdmidrumc i`cumfgfm umtug bdmfmcfm` bfsflfh-bfsflfh yfmc
t`ifg tdrgdmifl`.
Baidl trfmsfgs`amfl ifr` strds ifm gap`mc fiflfh suftu
gdrfmcgf gdrjf umtug bdmcdvflufs` prasds bdmcftfs` pdr`st`wf strds.

8
^dmcflfbfm strds i`tfos`rgfm sdefcf` trfmsfgs` arfmc idmcfm
l`mcgumcfmmyf.

Yrfmsfgs` `m` edrcfmtumc pfif ifbpfg ifr` strdsar dgstdrmfl. Hfl `m`

8
i`bdi`fs` aldh pdm`lf`fm pdrtfbf arfmc tdmtfmc strdasar ifm pdm`lf`fm
gdiuf pfif subedr ifyf sas`fl ftfu euifyf sdg`tfrmyf.
Gdt`gf
edrhfifpfm idmcfm strdsar, sdsdarfmc bdmcdvflufs patdms` fmkfbfm ftfu

i`sdeut idmcfm pdm`lf`fm pr`bdr, yf`tu pdm`lf`fm sdsdarfmc

tdmtfmc bfgmf ifr` suftu pdr`st`wf sdefcf` strds, pas`t`o, tdrgdmifl`,
bdmfmtfmc,
ftfu t`ifg rdldvfm. ^dm`lf`fm gdiuf bdmchfifp` strdsar fiflfh dvflufs`
pdmcdmiflfm strdsar ifm subedr ifyf yfmc i`b`l`g` umtug
bdmchfifpmyf. [defcf` kamta, pdm`lf`fm subedr ifyf bfsyfrfgft iflfb
bdmcftfs` ifm bdbeuft sdeufh p`l`hfm sdpdrt` fpf yfmc ifpft i`lfgugfm
tdmtfmc s`tufs` yfmc tdrjfi` (kahdm, 6089).
Cldmz,igg. (5>>5) bdlfgugfm survd`, dgspdr`bdm,
ifm guds`dgspdr`bdm tdrhfifp tdgm`g tdrfp` e`aoddiefkg, rdlfgsfs`, ifm
k`trf

v`sufl umtug bdbpdrguft tdar`myf yfmc bdmcdbefmcgfm gdsfifrfm ifm

gamtral tfmccfpfm pfif strds. E`aoddiefkg fiflfh sflfh sftu
tdgm`g
bdmcurfmc` strds ifm gdtdcfmcfm iflfb bmfmccfp` s`tufs` sdhfr`-hfr`.
Ydgm`g rdlfgsfs` bdmccumfgfm st`bulus bdmtfl yfmc gamstfm,
s`gfp
pfs`o, ifm l`mcgumcfm yfmc tdmfmc. Ydgm`g rdlfgsfs` yfmc ubub
i`cumfgfm fiflfh rdlfgsfs` pdlft`hfm, h`pmas`s, ifm yacf. _`sufl k`trf
fiflfh tdgm`g yfmc i`cumfgfm umtug bdm`mcgftgfm sufsfm hft` sdsdarfmc
ifm bdm`mcgftgfm gdtdrfbp`lfm gap`mc, b`sflmyf
idmcfm bdbv`sufl`sfs`gfm pdrtfhfmfm fmt`eai` bdmchfmkurgfm
sdl tubar.

Fpl`gfs` Baidl Yrfmsfgs`amfl ifr` [trds ifm Gap`mc Fpl`gfs` `m` edcumf
umtug prabas` gdsdhftfm ifm pdmkdcfhfm pdmyfg`t. ^dmcfruh strds pfif
arfmc t`ifg sdbuf sfbf. [trds ifpft bdmydefegfm pdmyfg`t pdmcflfbfm
mdcft`o. Ofgtar pdmt`mc iflfb bdmcftfs` strds fiflfh fpfgfh hfl
`tu bdbdmcfruh` ifm efcf`bfmf arfmc bdmkfr`mpdrfwftfm bdi`s
ftfu iugumcfm sas`fl pfif arfmc praods`amfl. Tmtug bdmcftfs` strds,
0
strftdc` bfsflfh edroagus gap`mc, dbas` yfmc edroagus gap`mc,
ifm bfgmf
edrefs`s gap`mc ifpft i`cumfgfm sdefe pdmdl`t`fm yfmc bdbofs`l`tfs`
ftfu bdmchfbeft prfgt`g-prfgt`g cfyf h`iup (Clfmz,igg,5>>5).

0
 EFE @@@
^DMTYT^

;.6 Gds`bpulfm
Baidl fiflfh sdeufh cfbefrfm idsgr`pt`o ifr` sdeufh prfgt`g edrbutu
yfmc bdwfg`l` sdsuftu hfl myftf. Baidl iflfb gde`ifmfm fiflfh fpl`gfs`
strugtur gde`ifmfm yfmc bdbumcg`mgfm sdarfmc e`ifm umtug bdmdrfpgfmmyf
sdefcf` kfrf bdrdgf edgdrjf. Baidl prfgt`g gde`ifmfm i`ifsfrgfm `s` ifr`
tdar` ifm gamsdp prfgt`g. Ydar` ifm gamsdp bdmkdrb`mgfm o`lasao`, m`lf` ifm
gdyfg`mfm tdmtfmc bfmus`f.
M`lf` fiflfh gdyfg`mfm sdsdarfmc tdmtfmc sdsuftu yfmc edrhfrcf,
gdedmfrfm, gdyfg`mfm bdmcdmf` `id-`id, aejdg, ftfu pdr`lfgu. M`lf` euifyf

fiflfh suftu yfmc i`fmccfp edrhfrcf ftfu gdyfg`mfm yfmc

i`pdcfmc sdidb`g`fm rupf aldh sdsdarfmc sdsuf` idmcfm tumtumfm murfm`.
M`lf`-m`lf`
tdrsdeut i`jfi`gfm lfmifsfm, flfsfm, ifm bamt`vfs` iflfb pdreuftfmyf.
Gdc`ftfm-gdc`ftfm prabas` gdsdhftfm sdpdrt` Hdflth Edl`do
Baidl (HEB),Yrfmstdar`t`kfl Baidl (YYB),Ydar` [defe Fg`eft,
Baidl Yrfmsfgs`amfl [trds ifm Gap`mc, Yhdary ao Udfsamdi Fkt`am
(YUF), sdrtf Hdflth O`dli Kamkdpt.

;.5 [frfm

Ydmfcf gdsdhftfm ifm `mstfms` pdbdr`mtfh yfmc edrcdrfg iflfb e`ifmc

gdsdhftfm i`hfrfpgfm ifpft bdm`mcgftgfm gdc`ftfm-gdc`ftfm
prabas`
gdsdhftfm, ef`g pfif fmfg-fmfg ftfupum bfsyfrfgft idwfsf.
^rabas` gdsdhftfm yfmc i`sdldmccfrfgfm bdrupfgfm suftu edmtug t`mifgfm
prdvdbt`o ifr` suftu pdmyfg`t sdh`mccf fmcgf gdjfi`fm pdmyfg`t ifpft
bdmurum ifm gdsfifrfm bfsyfrfgft fgfm pdmt`mcmyf suftu prabas`
gdsdhftfm ifpft bdm`mcgft.

6
 IFOYFU ^T[YFGF

Eugu prabas` gdsdhftfm umtug gde`ifmfm. 5>>0. ^dmdre`t : trfms `moabdi`f,

Jfgfrtf, Hflfbfm ;3-99

I`fm, Fyue`. 5>6>. Gamsdp ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm. Idpfrtdbdm ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm

ifm @lbu ^dr`lfgu OGB T@.

Dvfms, igg. 5>66. Hdflth ^rabat`am fmi ^uel`k Hdflth oar Murs`mc [tuidmts.
Dxdtdr Crdft Er`tf`m. Ldfrm`mc Bfttdrs Lti.

Bfulfmf, Hdrry. 5>>3. ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm. Jfgfrtf : DCK

Mataftbaija, [adg`ija. 5>>;. ^dmi`i`gfm ifm ^r`lfgu Gdsdhftfm. Jfgfrtf: U`mdgf

K`ptf.

Mataftbaija, [adg`ija. 5>>3. ^rabas` Gdsdhftfm ifm @lbu ^dr`lfgu. Jfgfrtf:

U`mdgf K`ptf.