T D /B /C .4 /1 8 2 /R e v .

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DE¥EEO?^ENT

Review
of maritime transport, 1978

UNITED NATIONS
UNITED N^TION^ UDNFEEENUE ON T^^DE ^N D DE¥ELO?^ENT
Geneva

Review
of maritime transport, 1978

/
Report by the secretariat ٠ UNCTAD

UNITED N^TION^
New ¥ ‫ ه‬г1981 ,‫ﻛﺎ‬
 NOTE

Sym bols 0 ‫ ؛‬U nited N ations docu m en ts are com posed o f capital letters
com bined ^^ith T]§ures. M en tion o f such sym bol indicates a reference to a U nited
N ations d o cu m en t.
T h e designations em ployed and the presentation o f m aterial in this Review
do not im ply th e expression o f any opinion ^^hatsoe^er on the part o f the
Secretariat o f th e U nited N ations concerning th e legal sta tu s o f any country,
territory, city or area, or o f its authorities, or concerning th e delim itation o f its
frontiers or boundaries.
M aterial in th is publication m ay be freely quoted or re]ointed, b u t acknow -
lodgem ent is requested , together ^¥ith a reference to th e d o cu m en t num ber. A
copy o f th e publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sen t to the
U N C T A D secretariat.

T D /B /C .4 /1 8 2 /R e v .l

^N !^£٥ NATIONS PUBLICATION

Sales No. E.80.II.D.9

Price: ®U.S. 7.00

 CONTENTS

A b b r e v ia ti o n s vi
E xplanatory n o t e s vii
In tro d u ctio n 1

Chapter Paragraphs

I. D ev elo pm en t o f ■NTEaN^T[ON^L SE^ao^NE та^оЕ 1 -8 3

II. D e v e l o p m e n t ٠۴ ТПЕ ‫ ا‬¥ ‫ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ‬MEaon^NT F L E E T 9 -1 5 7
A. and o^vnership 0 ‫ ك‬tb e ^vorld f l e e t 9 -1 7 7
B. Types 0 ‫ آ‬v e s s e l s 13 9
c . A§e distrib n tio n o t tlLe w orld nLercbant B e e t 14 9
D. ConLparison o f car^o tn rn o v e r and Beet ow nership . . . . . . . 15 12
III. ?aOOnOT!V!TV ٠۴ ТПЕ WOELO ELEET lb -2 © 15
IV. Sh ip b u il d in g 2 1 -3 2 17
A. Ship prices 2 1 -2 4 17
B. T onnage on order 2 5 -3 ! 17
c . D eliveries o f new bnildin^s 32 21
V FPE iG H T M ^aaE T S 3 3 -4 4 22
A. T a n ^ r freight m ark ets 3 3 -3 4 22
B. D ry car §0 freight m a r k e t s 35 22
c . E iner freight rates 3b 22
D. E rei^ht rate indices o f selected com m odities exported by developing
conntries 37 22
E. L iner freight rates as a percentage o f prices o f selected com m odities 38 22
F. E stim ates o f global freight costs 3 9 -4 4 22
VI. ? o pt d e v e l o p m e n t s ‫ب‬ 45- b 7 2b
A. Introd u cto ry rem ark s 45 2b
B. D em an d for port services 4 b -4 9 2b
c. Snpply o f port services 5 B -5 9 3©
D. A de ٩ nacy o f port s e r v i c e s b© -b7 33
VII. D th ee d evelopm en ts b 8 -7 8 37
A. C ode o f c o n d ^ t for liner c o n f e r e n c e s b 8 -b 9 37
B. D n ited N atio n s C o n v en tio n o n th e C arriage o f ^ o o d s by 8ea, 1978 7© 37
C. D raft co n v en tio n on intern atio n al m nltim odal transport . . . . . 71 37
D. C o ntain er stan d ard s for international m nltim odal transport . . . . 72 37
E. Ela§s o f c o n v e n i e n c e 73 37
F. D N C T A D technical assistance in shipping and ports . . . . . . 7 4 -7 5 38
G. ^ne^ C anal 7 b -7 7 38
H. A ir tran sp o rt 78 39
 L I S T OF T A B L E S

‫ ا‬. D evelopm ent o f Intetn^tlon^l ^e^^om e tm ^e, 1965, 19?©, 1975-197? . . . . . . . 3

2. ^ ٠ ©‫ ه‬$e‫ﻇ ﻖ‬ o ٢n e t ‫ﻖ‬ ٢ ‫ﻫ‬ e ‫ﻣ ﻠ ﻆ‬t ‫ﻣ ﺮ‬p ‫ ^ع‬o f ٢§o, ‫ ﻳ ﻦ‬1965, 197©, 1975-1978 . . . . . . . . . 4
3. W orld $e^6orne tr^de ‫ﻣ ﺮ ط‬types o f cargo and scares o f groups o f countries, 1965, 197©,
1 9 7 5 -1 9 7 7 5
4. D istribution o f ^vorld ton n ag e (g.r.t. and d.w .t.) by gronps o f countries o f registration,
1965, 1970, 1977, 1978 7
5. ?ercen tag e sbares o f world tonn age (g.r.t.) by type o f vessel as at 1 July 1965, 197©,
1 9 7 7 ,1 9 7 8 8
6. ^ r n e m an ag em en t o f open-registry fleets, 1978 10
7. Bene©cial ow nership o f open-registry fleets, 1978 11
8. A nalysis o f world fleet by principal types o f vessel, 1970,1975-1978 . . . . . . . 12
9. ^ g e distribution o f w orld m erch ant fleet by type o f vessel as at 1July 1978 . . . 13
10. € o m p a riso n betw een tot^l cargo tu rn o v e r and fleet ow nership by groups o f countries,
1 9 7 0 ,1 9 7 5 ,1 9 7 6 14
11. ^ o ta l w orld fleet and cargo carried in ton-m iles per d.w .t., 1970, 1973-1978 . . . 15
12. D stim ated productivity o f tan hers: tons carried and ton-m iles perform ed per d.w .t.,
1 9 7 0 ,1 9 7 3 -1 9 7 7 ٠. . . . . . . . . . . . ٠.. . . . . . .15. . .
13. ?ro d u ctiv ity o f bullc carriers and com bined carriers: tons carried and ton-m iles per-
form ed per d.w .t., 1970, 1973-1977 15
14. D stim ated tonn ag e oversupply o f tan h ers, com bined carriers, b u l^ carriers and total
w o rld fle e t, 1976, 1977 : ............................................................ 16
15. R epresentative new building prices, 1970, 1974-1978 .............................................................. 17
16. Second-hand prices, average values, 1970, 1974-1978 18
17. W orld tonnage o n o rd er at end o f each p uarter, 1976-1978 .............................................. 18
18. D istribution o f ton n ag e on order by type o f vessel and by country ^s at 30 Septem ber
1976 , 1977 , 1978 ٠ . . 19
19. W orld tonnage on o rd er as at 30 Septem ber 1978 ................................................................. 20
20. D istribution o f to n n ag e on order by groups o f countries o f build, 1970, 1976-1978 . 20
21. D e liv e r ie s o f n e w b u ild in g s , 1970, 1975-1978 .......................................................................... 21
22. D istribution o f deliveries o f new vessels by groups o f countries o f build, 1970, 1976-
1978 21
23. fre ig h t rate indices, 1976-1978 23
24. f r e ig h t rate indices o f selected com m odities exported by developing co u n tries, 1976-
1978 24
25. R atio o f liner freight rates to prices o f selected com m odities, 1970, 1973-1977 . . . 24
26. R stim ated total freight costs in world tr^de, 1970, 1975, 1977 .......................................... 25
27. C n t a i n e r trafhc in selected ports o f developing countries, 1976, 1977 . . . . . . 26
28. G eographical d istrib u tio n o f port d evelopm ent projects, 1978 27
29. N^ain features o f ports u n d e r construction ............................................................................... 30
30. N um m ary o f projects by type o f facility ................................................................................... 30
31. D ^am ples o f port d ev elo p m en t: construction o f new ports o r new types o f port
f a c i l i t i e s ..................................................................................................................................................... 31
32. E xam ples o f port d ev elo p m en t: expansion projects ............................................................ 32
33. C om m ercial b erth s in N^iddle East ports: existing, u n d e r co n struction d u ring 1978,
1979 and 1980, an d p l a n n e d ........................................................................................................... 34
34. W orld B ank loans o r credits for port d evelopm ent granted in 1977/78 . . . . . . 35
35. C ongestion reports by r e g i o n ........................................................................................................... 36
36. A verage daily n u m b e r and n et to nnage o f vessels using th e Suez C anal, 1966, 1977
and h rst h a lf o f 1978 38
37. T e n d s in air freight v o lu m e and air freight operating rev en u es, 1974-1977 . . . . 39
 ANNEXES

١. C lassification o f countries an d territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

II‫؛‬. ^ o r l d seaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1976 . . 43
III. N4erchant Oeets o f th e ^^orld by flag o f registration, group o f countries or territories
and type o f ships, in g.r.t. and d.w .t. as at 1 3uly 1978 45
! ٧ . Selected m a x im u m an d m in im u m tram p freight rates, 1975-1978 . . . . . . . . 51
٧ . E iner freight rate changes and surcharges annou n ced in 1978 ........................................... 52
 ABBREVIATIONS

Organizations

AsDB A si^n D ev elopm ent Bank

BIM CO Baltic an d International N4aritime C onference
C A R IB A N E C aribbean D evelopm ent Bank
ESCA ? E conom ic and Social C om m ission for A sia and tlae EaciEc
IBRD
International Bank for R econstruction and D evelopm ent
^ o r l d Bank
ICA O International Civil A viation O rganization
ID A International D evelopm ent A ssociation
IDB Inter-A m erican D evelopm ent Bank
IM F Intern atio nal M onetary F und
©AS O rganization o f A m erican States
O ECD O rganization for Econom ic C o-o^er^tion and D evelopm ent
SIDA Sw edish International D evelopm ent A u th o rity
UNDP U nited N ations D evelopm ent Erogram m e

Other

B /C bulk carrier
b /d barrels per day
b.h.p. brake horsepow er
CAE currency a d ju stm e n t factor
C /H cargo handling
c .i.f cost, insurance, freight
d.w .t. d eadw eight tons
ECU E uropean m onetary unit
free on board
CDP gross dom estic product
GNP gross national product
gross registered tons
ha hectares
km kilom etres
LASH lighter aboard ship
LNC liqueEied natural gas
LPG liquefied petroleum gas
m etres
m^ square m etres
cubic m etres
©BO o re /b u lk /o il
p.w.c. P akistan w hite cuttings ^u te)
ro /ro roll-on, roll-off
RSS ribbed sm oke sheet (rubber)
TEE 20-foot equivalent unit
U LC C ultra large crude carrier
V LCC very large crude carrier
 EXPLANATORY NOTE^

R eferences to dollars ($) are to U nited States dollars, nnless otlrerwise

specified.
R eferences to to n s are to m etric to n s, nnless otlLerwise specified.
T h e term “ b illio n ” signifies 1,000 m illion.
A h y p h en betw een years, e.g. 1977-1978, signifies th e fnll period involved,
including th e first an d last years.
A n oblique stroke betw een tw o years, e.g. 1977/78, signifies a financial
year.

In tables:
T w o dots ( . . ) signify th a t data are not available or are n o t separately
rep o rted ;
A dash ( - ) signifies th a t th e a m o u n t is nil or less th a n h alf th e u n it
u se d ;
P igures do n o t necessarily add up to totals ow ing to rounding.

T he classification o f countries and territories used in th e Review is intended

for statistical convenience ‫ ة‬nd does not necessarily imply any Jud g em en t regard-
ing th e stage o f dev elo p m en t o f any particular country.

vii
 IN T R O D U C T IO N

T h e Review ٠/ m aritim e transport is an annua! publication prepared by the

secretariat o f U N C T A D in accordance w ith item ٧ o f th e program m e o f w or^ o f
th e C o m m ittee on Shipping. ‘ T h e purpose o f th e Review is to outlin e and
analyse th e m ain d ev elo p m en ts in world m aritim e transport in th e past year and
to assess expected fu tu re developm ents. To th e ex te n t possible, historical data
are included to r e je c t long-term trends. E m phasis is placed on th e ev o lu tio n in
developing countries in com parison w ith th at in o th e r groups o f countries.

' See the report of the C om m itte on its foarth session (Official Records o f the Trade and
Development Board. Tenth Session, Supplement No. 5 ( ? ‫ ه‬/^/ ‫)) ا ^ل‬, annex 1‫ اا‬.
 C h a pter I
D E V E L O P M E N T O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L ^E A R O R N E TRA D E

1. In 1977 th e to n n ag e o f intern atio n al seaborne m arket econom y co u n tries, as evidenced by th e

trade rose by only 2.5 per cen t an d prelim inary figures grow th rate o f reai G N P in th e O EC D countries,
indicate th a t th e increase in 1978 m ay h av e been as w hich dechned from 5.2 per cent in 1976 to 3.7 per
low as 0.5 per cent. T h e low rate o f grow th is m ainly cent in 1977 and 3.5 per cent in 1978 . ‫ أ‬Industrial
attrib utab le to th e general state o f th e w orld econom y, production grow th in O E C D countries declined from
b u t a n u m b e r o f o th e r factors h av e also inllu en ced the 8.9 per cent in 1976 to 3.7 per cent in 1977, and 4 per
trend. cent in 1978 . ‫ه‬
2. T able 1 gives th e to n n ag es o f different catego- 4. H ow ever, o th er factors also in d u en ced the
ries o f cargo shipped from 1965 to 1977 (the latest grow th rates o f particular categories o f cargo. T he low
year ^ r w hich com plete figures are available). It show s grow th rate for tan k er cargoes is partly attributable to
th a t in 1977 grow th rates varied according to th e cate- th e rapid increase in indigenous oil production by th e
gory o f cargo: ta n k er cargoes (w hich accounted for 52 traditional oil im porting countries o f ١V estern E urope
per cen t o f total cargoes) increased by only 0.8 per and b^ th e U nited States o f A m erica. In 1977, there
c e n t; to n n ag e o f th e m ain dry b u lk com m odities was a 25 m illion to n reduction in im ports by W estern
declined by 0.2 per cen t, w hile total to n n ag e for dry E urope, w hich can be explained by a 28 m illion ton
cargo increased by 4.3 per cent. H ow ever, th e grow th increase in indigenous production. It is estim ated th at
rate for each category o f cargo show ed a substantial h a lf o f th e increase in W estern E uropean d em and for
decline in relation to th a t recorded in 1976. ?relim in - oil was m et by N orth Sea o u tp u t in 1978. T h e grow th
ary figures for 1978 indicate th a t tan k er cargoes rate for U nited States im ports fell from 21.5 per cent
decreased by 1.7 per cen t, w hile dry cargo increased by in 1976 to 18.4 per cent in 1977,‫ ؟‬w hile in 1978
3 per cent. im ports o f crude oil fell by 3 per cent and o f oil
products by 9 per cent.
3. T h e over-all decline in th e grow th rate o f sea-
borne cargoes is m ainly a resu lt o f th e general decline
in th e grow th rates o f th e econom ies o f th e developed

‫ ؛‬Figures 1977 are ^ased on data provided by the S tatistic!

‫ أ‬OECD, Economic Outlook (Paris), 1977, 197® issues.
Office of the United N ations; prelim inary figures for 197® are based * Ibid., 197® Issues.
on data obtained froro Fearnley and Egers C hartering Co. Ltd., ‫ ؟‬B.P. Statistical Review o f the World ٠// Industry 1976 and 1977
Review ‫وئ‬/‫ﻣﺢ‬ (Oslo, 1979). (London).

T
able 1
Developm enl of international seaborne trade
1965
976[, ,^‫ا‬ 975
977-{
)‫ ﺤ ﻬ ﻪ؛ه‬/‫ﻣ ﺢ ﺀ (ﻣ ﺤ ﻬﺗﻢﻤ‬

D r y cargo

O f w h lc h :
m a in b u lk ,
T a n k e r cargo T o ta l c o m m o d itie s^ T o ta l (all ^

P erc en ta g e
in crea se ! in crea se ! in c re a se /
decrease decrease d ecrease
o ve r over
M illions M illio n s previous M illio n s previous M illions
Y ear o f tons year o f tons year o f tons year o f tons

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . 8629 812 15327 6 671‫ه‬

. . . . . . . . .197
.. ^ 1 440 13 1 16513488 16 2 65^
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6441-^ 1 4283-6355- 3072
1976 ٠٠٠٠٠٠... ٠ ٠ 803588
19 111646
391
23
1977 ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ 81810.8 65714.3 645
0.2-3475

S o u r c e s : ( ‫ )ا‬F o r t a n k e r ear^© , to ta l d ry еаг £0 a n d all g o o d s : d a ta c o m m u n ic a te d to th e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria t b y th e S ta tistica l

O ffice o f th e U n ite d N a tio n s . O w in g to p o s s ib le s u b s e o u e n t re v is io n s o r o t h e r fa c to rs , th e s e d e ta ile d d a ta m a y difTer m a rg in a lly fro m
th e a g g re g a te d fig u re s r e ^ r t e d in U n ite d N a tio n s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f S ia tis tic s , ‫ل‬a n u ‫ه‬ry is s u e s o f th e y e a rs c o n c e rn e d .
(‫ )؛؛‬F o r m a in b u lk c o m m ^ i t i e s : F e a m le y a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., W o rld B u lk T ra d es 1 9 7 7 (O slo , 1‫م ( ة?و‬
‫ و‬I n c lu d in g in te rn a tio n a l c a rg o e s lo a d e d a t ^ r t s o f t h e O r e a t L a k e s a n d th e S t. L a w re n c e s y s te m fo r u n lo a d in g a t ^ r t s o f th e
S^me system, ^ut excluding SUC1‫ ؛‬traffic in main bulk commodities. Including ^ tro leu m im ^ r ts into Netherlands Antilles and
T rin id a d a n d T o b a g o fo r re fin in g a n d re -e x p o rt.
b !r o n o re , g ra in , c o a l, b a u x i t e / a lu m i n a a n d p h o s p h a te .
 T able 2
World seaborne trade by types of cargo 1965, 1970, 1975-1978
(Billions o f ton-miles)

C rude ٠١/ /٢٠١١ O th er T o ta l

Year ٠// products Coal G rain^ cargo trade

1965 ............. 2 480 640 527 216 449 1 537 5 849

197© ............. 5 597 890 1093 481 475 2118 10 654
1975 ............. 8 882 845 1471 621 734 2810 15 363
1976 ........................... 10 229 950 1469 591 779 3 035 17053
1977 ............. 10 800 1020 1 400 760 3 220 17 785
1978 (estimated) . . . 10 150 985 1320 810 3 405 17 255

S o u r c e : F e a rn le y E g ers C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., R e v ie w 1 9 7 8 (.(1979 , 0 ‫ه‬$‫ا‬

‫و‬ In c lu d in g w h e a l, ^ a i ^ e , b arle y , o at$ , ry e , ^ o rg ^ u tn a n d $oya b eana.

5. T h e low grow th rate for dry cargo was largely a rem aining dry cargoes are expected to increase by not
result o f a decrease in iron ore sh ip m en ts, w hich was m ore th an about 4 per cent.
in tu rn attributable to th e co n tin u ed depression in the
steel con su m in g sectors o f in d u stry , including ship- 7. Table 2 show s th e volum e o f seaborne trade in
building, ?ro d u ctio n o f steel rem ained unchanged ton-m iles. T he tren d s are generally in line w ith those
from 1976 to 1977 an d , alth o u g h o u tp u t rose by 6 per o f tonnages show n in table 1, but in 1978 d em a n d for
cen t in 1978, th at did not lead to an expansion in the tankers in term s o f ton-m iles declined by 5.9 per cent
iron ore and coal trad e, partly because Japanese steel com pared w ith a decline o f only 1.7 per cen t in the
o u tp u t was stag n an t and partly because o f the exis- tonnage o f tan k er cargoes. T his difference is explicable
tence o f large stocks o f coal an d iron ore. ^ s a result, by the shorter distances involved in transporting oil to
iron ore sh ip m en ts fell by 6 per cent in 1977, and by a con su m er countries from newly developed sources in
A laska and in th e N o rth Sea. T h e sam e trend is likely
fu rth er 4 per cen t in 1978. Coal sh ip m en ts increased
to continue in 1979.
m arginally in 1977, but declined by 3 per cent in 1978.
^ s a result o f good grain harv ests in som e o f the 8- Table 3 sum m arizes th e distribution o f seaborne
custom ary im porting co u n tries, sh ip m en ts o f grain cargoes according to countries o f loading and unload-
show ed no increase in 1977, and an increase o f only ing (full details are given in annex 11). In 1976 (the last
about 1 per cent in 1978. E xcluding th e m ajor dry year for w hich detailed figures are available), develop-
bulk item s, dry cargoes increased by 4 per cent in ing countries loaded 60.4 per cent o f world cargoes
1977 and by 6 per cent in 1978. (60.2 per cent in 1975), developed m arket econom y
countries 33.5 per cent (33.7 per cent in 1975), and
6. In 1979, th e real G N ? o f th e O E C D countries is
socialist countries 6.1 per cent (6.1 per cent in 1975).
expected to grow by only 3 per cent and their indus-
On th e other h an d , 78.2 per cent o f world cargoes
trial p roduction by 3.8 per cent. In developing coun-
w ere unloaded in developed m arket econom y coun-
tries, G D ? is expected to grow at 6 per c e n t . ‫ آ‬W ith
tries (77.6 per cent in 1975), 17.7 per cent in develop-
expected increases in indigenous oil production in
ing countries (18.3 per cent in 1975), and 4.1 per cent
W estern E urope an d th e U n ited $tates o f A m erica,
in socialist countries (4.1 per cent in 1975).
seaborne trad e in oil can n o t be expected to rise by
m ore th a n 3 per cent, ^ t th e sam e tim e, record grain
harv ests in E urope in 1978 are expected to lead to a
decline in grain cargoes in 1979, and th e continuing
depression in th e steel co n su m in g industries is likely ‫ ﺀ‬OECD, Economic Outlook (Paris), ■978 iss№s.
to lim it any increase in iron ore and coal shipm ents. ‫ أ‬See thereport by the U N CTA D secretariat, “ W orld economic
01979- 1978 > ‫اﺳﻢ‬00 ‫( ”ا‬T D /B /7 1 2 /A d d .l/S u p p .l), para. 79. Compa-
C o n sep u en tly th e m ajor bulk trades cannot be ex- rable forecast hgnres are not available for the socialist countries of
pected to show any significant grow th, w hile the Eastern Enrope and Asia.
 T
able 3
t^pes ofWorld
car^o seaborne
and scares
trade
of ‫ ؛؛‬ro٧‫ج‬
‫ﺀ‬ s of countries,^ 1965, 19?b
19
19?$-
,?? ‫ﺀ‬
Millions o f tons and percentage) ٠/ world ‫هﺀهﺀ‬/(
G o o d s lo a d ed G oods u n lo a d ed

P etro leu m T o ta l P etro leu m T o ta l

Dry all D ry all
C o u n try group C rude P roducts cargo goods C ru d e P roducts cargo

Trade in millions ٠/ tons

1. ( ٠) W orld total
1 9 6 5 .................. 622 240 812 1674 622 222 832 1676
1970 ........................................ .................................... 1110 330 1 165 2 605 1 101 302 1 127 2 530
1 9 7 5 ........................................ .................................... 1 364 280 1428 3 072 1 373 287 1395 3 055
1 9 7 6 ........................................ .................................... 1 544 277 1 554 3 375 1 534 294 1425 3 253
1977 ........................................ * 1818— ‫ح‬ 1657 3 475 1881 + 1 490 3 371

Percentage share o f each category ‫م‬/‫ﻫﻤﻤﺔ‬ in total

(‫ ره‬W orld total
1965 ............................................................................ 37.2 14.3 48.5 100.0 37.1 13.2 49.7 100.0
1 9 7 0 ............................................................................ 42.6 12.7 44.7 100.0 43.5 11.9 44.6 100.0
1 9 7 5 ............................................................................ 44.4 9.1 46.5 100.0 45.0 9.4 45.6 100.0
1976 ............................................................................ 45.8 8.2 46.0 100.0 47.2 9.0 43.8 100.0
1977 ............................................................................ 52.3 + 47.7 100.0 55.8 + 44.2 100.0
■٠

Percentage share ٠/ trade by groups ٠

/ countries
Developed n t a r ^ t econom y conntries
1965 .................................................................................... 0.1 23.3 55.9 31.3 78.9 79.0 76.5 78.1
1970 .................................................................................... 2.0 27.1 60.0 31.1 80.4 79.6 79.5 79.9
1975 .................................................................................... 4.2 30.3 62.6 33.7 81.2 79.2 74.0 77.6
1976 .................................................................................... 3.9 31.8 63.2 33.5 80.9 78.2 75.2 78.2
Socialist conntries of Eastern Enrope and Asia
1 9 6 5 .................................................................................... 4.6 8.9 8.2 6.9 0.4 1.0 5.9 3.1
1970 . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 8.1 6.1 ١ ٦ 1.1 5.8
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 12.3 ٦ ٦ 6.1 1.9 2.1 6.5 4.1
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 12.9 ٦ ٦ 6.1 2.1 6.5 4.1
O f which:
Eastern Europe
1965 ....... 4.6 6.3 0.4 0.9 4.2 2.4
1970 ....... 3.4 8.0 5.6 1.2 1.0 3.2
1975 ....... 3.1 12.3 19 1.3 3.4
1976 ....... 3.1 12.8 ١ ٦
Asia
1965 ....................................................... — — 1.4 0.6 — 0.1 1.7 0.7
1970 ....................................................... — — 1.2 0.5 0.5 0.1 2.1 1.2
1975 ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . 0. 6 0.1 0. 9 0. 6 — 0.8 1.3 0. 7
1976 ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . 0.5 0.1 0. 7 0. 6 0. 4 1.2 0. 6
Devel©pin§ c©nntries, t©tal
1965 ................................................................. .. . ... .. . 95.3 67.8 35.9 61.8 20.7 20.0 17.6 18.8
1970 ................................................................. .. . ... .. . 94.5 64.7 31.9 62.8 17.9 17.8 15.1 16.7
1975 ................................................................. .. . ... .. . 92.1 57.4 30.1 60.2 16.9 18.7 19.5 18.3
1976 ................................................................. .. . ... .. . 92.5 55.3 29.6 60.4 16.9 19.7 18.3 17.7
O f which:
Africa
1965 ....................................................... ......... 16.0 1.7 10.6 11.1 2.5 5.1 4.1 3.6
1970 ....................................................... ......... 25.4 2.4 9.1 15.2 1.7 4.1 3.6 2.9
1975 ....................................................... ......... 16.1 3.8 7.5 11.0 1.2 28 4.3 2.8
1976 ....................................................... ......... 16.8 2.4 7.3 11.2 1.5 3.0 3.9 2.6
America
1965 ....................................................... ......... 20.9 42.8 15.4 21.0 12.7 6.0 4.3 7.5
1970 ....................................................... ......... 12.2 36.2 13.8 16.0 10.5 5.1 4.4 7.2
1975 ....................................................... ......... 7.3 27.8 13.7 12.1 9.6 7.4 5.1 7.4
1976 ....................................................... ......... 6. 0 32.4 12.6 11.2 9.8 6.7 4.9 7.4
Asia
1965 ....................................................... ......... 58.4 23.3 9.2 29.4 5.5 8.5 "9.0 7.5
1970 ....................................................... ......... 56.9 27.0 8.2 31.3 5.5 7.9 6.7 6.4
1975 ....................................................... ......... 68.7 25.8 8.3 36.7 5.9 7.6 9.8 7.9
1976 ....................................................... ......... 69.7 20.5 9.1 37.7 5.6 9.0 9.2 7.5
£nr©pe
1965 ....................................................... — — — 0.1
1970 ....................................................... — — — 0.1 0.1
1975 .................................................... — — — — 0.1 0.1
1976 ....................................................... — — — 0.1
 T a b le 3 (continued)
World seaborne Irade^ by types of ear^o and shares of groups of eountrles,^ 1965, 19?d, 1975-1977‫؛؛‬
(Millions ٠/ ‫ل»مﺀ‬and percentage ٠/ world total)

G oods lo a d ed G oods ‫ﺳﻢ‬/‫ﻣﺢﺀﻣﺤﻬﻢ‬

P etro leu m To’at P etro leu m T o ta l
D ry ٠//
C o u n try group C ru d e P roducts cargo C ru d e P ro d u cts cargo goods

Oceania
1965 . 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.1
1970 . 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.5 0.2
1975 . 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.2
1976 . 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.2

Л и г с е / А п п е х II o f th is s tu d y .
‫ ﺀ‬S ee n o te ‫ ج‬to tab le 1 ab o ^ e .
b F o r t h e e o n t ^ s i t i o n o f th e s e g ro u p s , s e e a n n e x I o f th is s tu d y .
‫ ﺀ‬F re litn in a ry e s tim a te s fro m d a ta in U n ite d N a tio n s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f Statistics,
^ o l. ^ ^ ^ I , N o . ١ J a n u a r y 1979).
 C h a p te r II
DEVELOPM ENT OE THE W ORLD M ERCHANT FLEET

A. Size and ownership 0‫ ؛‬the worid fleet d.w .t. for th e previous 12 !months. A n n ex III gives
details o f world tonnage by countries o f registration
9. F ro m 1 July 197? to 30 Ju n e 1978, th e world and types o f vessels. T h e shares o f th e various groups
m erch an t fleet increased by 3.1 per cent in g.r.t. and o f countries are show n in table 4.
by 3.4 per cent in d.w .t., rising to 400.7 m illion g.r.t.
and 662.8 m illion d.w .t. T hese figures com pare w ith 10. D uring th e period u n d er review developing
increases o f 5.5 per cent in g.r.t. and 6.7 per cent in countries increased th eir share o f world g.r.t. from 8.5

T able 4
Distribution of world tonnage‫( ؛؛‬g.r.t. and d.w.t.) by groups of eountries of registration, as at ١July 1965, 1970, 1977, 197®

In c rea se in to n nage

T o n n a g e a n d perc en ta g e s h a r e ^ P erc en ta g e
sh a re
Flags o f registration M illio n s o f g .r .t. M illio n s o f d .w .t. ■■
by groups o f ■ 1 9 6957-7•‫؛‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ I n d e x 1 978
countries 1I9966 S5 1‫ﻣﺎ‬/‫م‬
97 0 1977 1!9
97788 ‫وا‬/‫م‬
1970 11977
977 1 97 8 1 978 1 978 {1965 = 100)

1. World t o t a l 146.®
146.8 217.9 388.5 400.7
400,7 326.1 641.3
641.3 662.® 100 100 273
(100.0) ‫ة ة؛؛أ‬
(100.0): ( 1)‫( ﻣﻤﻪ‬
(100.0) (‫( م‬100.0)
(100.0),.
100.0)( 100)‫م‬, (100.0)
(100.0) (100,0)

2. Developed m arket econom y countries . 102.7 141.®

141.8 211.4 ^15.3
215.3 211.9 345.6
345.6 353.6 44.5 35.2 211
(70.0) (65.1) (54.4)
(54.4) (53.7)
(53.7) ‫ة;؛؛أ‬
(65.0)( (53.9)
(53.9) (53.4)

3. Open-registry countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.1

22.1 40.9
40.9 109.2
109.2 111.0
111.0 70.3
70.3 203.2
203,2 206.® 35,0 14.8 502
(15.1) (18.®)
(18.8) (2®.l)
(28.1) (27.7)
(27.7) (21.6)
(21.6) (31.7)
(31.7) (31.2)

4. Total 2 plus 3 124,3 182.0 320.2 3^6.3 282.2 548.8 560.4 79.5 50.0 263
(84.7) (83.6) (82.4) (81.4) (86.3) (85.5) (84.6)

5. Socialist countries total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.9 19.5 33.3 35.5 21.7 39.8 43.0 9.7 18.0 326
(7.4) (8.9) (8.6) (8.9) (6.6) (6.2) (6.4)

O f which:
Eastern E u r o p e 10.3 18.6 28.8 30.1 20.5 33.3 35.1 7.8 10.6 292
(7.0) (8.5) (7.4) (7.5) (6.2) (5.2) (5.3)

Asia ................................................ 0.6 0.9 4.5 5.4 1.2 6.5 7.9 1.9 7.4 900
(0.4) (0.4) (1.2) (1.4) (0.4) (1.0) (1.2)

Developing countries, total . . . . . . . 10.4 14.5 33.0 37.3 20.5 50.4 56.9 10.4 32.0 342
(7.0) (6.7) (8.5) (9.3) (6.3) (7.8) (8.6)

O f which:
A fric a ....................................................... 0.6 0.8 3.8 4.4 1.1 5.7 6.6 1.5 4.9 733
A m e ric a .................................................. 4.8 6.4 10.8 12.1 8.7 15.9 17.9 2,9 10.7 252
Asia ......................................................... 5.0 7.3 18.2 20.6 10.7 28.6 32.2 6.0 16.4 376
E u r o p e .................................................... — — 0.1 0,1 — 0.1 0.1 — — —
Dceania...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — — 0.1 0.1 — 0.1 0.1 — — —

7. O ther countries 0.7 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.3 2.5 0.4 — 229
(0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.4) (0.5) (0.4) (0.4)

Sources: Com piled from Lloyd's Register o f Shipping: Statistical Tables (London), ^nd ^nd c^n ^ d i^ n Great Lakes fleets, w hich in 1978 accounted respectively for 1.7, L? and
supplem entary data covering vessels o f 1^© g.r.t. and above. 1.8 m illion g.r.t.
‫ ة‬Excluding the reserve fieet o f the U nited $tat€s o f A m erica and th e United States ‫ ط‬Percentage share show n in parentheses.

7
 T able 5
Percentage shares of world tonnage‫( ؛‬g.r.t.) by type of vessel as at July 1965, 1970, 1977, 1970

AH ships
o f 10 0 g .r .t. O re a n d
a n d over b u lk
carriers.^
P ercentage including G e n era l
C ountry M illio n s o f world c o m b in e d cargo C o n ta in e r carrying O th er
group o fg .r .t. total T a n kers carriers ships'^ ships vessels ships

Percentage share by vessel type

W orld total
1965.... 146.8 100.0 37.1 11.1
1970.... 217.9 100.0 39.4 20.2 30.2 0.9
1977 388.5 100.0 44.7 19.3 0.2
1978.... 400.7 100.0 43.6 19.5 0.2 8.7

Percentage share by group ٠

/ countries
Developed m arket econom y countries
1965 .............................................................. 102.7 70.0 67.( -7 4 .4
1 9 7 0 .............................................................. 141.8 65.1 63.' 69.2 65.6 61.3
1977 .............................................................. 211.4 54.4 53.' 59.4 46.1 lOO.O
197 8 .............................................................. 215.3 53.7 54.: 57.6 44.9 87.4

Dpen-reglstry countries
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0
1 9 7 0 ...............................
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40.9
109.2
18.8 lli
35.0
20.3
24.1
29.7 20 6‫إ‬
‫؛‬:
8.0
‫ة‬
1978 ............................... 111.0 34.0 29.8 20.4 7.9 10.0 11.4

Socialist countries, total

1965 ................................. 10.9 7.4 4.5 1.3
1970 ................................. 19.5 4.7 13.1
1977 ................................. 4.4 16.9 1.5
1978 ................................. 4.1 4.9 17.2

O f which:
Eastern Europe
1965 ....... 10.2 4.3
1970 ....... 18.5 4.6 12.0
1977 ....... 7.4 26.9
1978 ....... 30.1 13.4 26.1
Asia
1965 ....... 0.7 0.5 0.5
1970 ....... 1.0 2.1 0.1 0.3
1977 ........ 4.5 0.6 0.8 0.7
1978 ........ 5.4 1.4 0.6 1.1 0.7

Developing countries
1965 ............ 10.4 4.0
1970 ............ 14.5 4.7 4.3
1977 ............ 33.0 7.0 6.0
197 8 ............................ 7.5 7.1 16.8

O f which:
Africa
1965 . 0.6 0. 4 0.1 0.5
1970 . 0.8 0. 4 0. 7
1977 . 1.0 0.1 1.7
1978 . 4.4 1.1
America
1965 . 4.8
1970 . 6.4 4. 3
1977 . 10.8 5.1
1978 . 3. 0 5.4
Asia
1965 . 5.0 4. 9
1970 . 7.3 3. 4
1977 . 18.2 4. 7 3. 7
1978 . 20.6 4, 4
Europe
1965 .
1970 .
1977 . 0.1
1978 . 0.1
 T a b l e 5 {continued)
Percentage shares of world tonnage^ (g.r.t.) by type of vessel as at July 1965, 1970, 1977, 1970

A ll ships
o f 1 0 0 g .r .t. O re a n d
a n d over b u lk .
ca r r ie r s ^
P ercentage including G e n era l B arge-
C o u n try M illio n s o f w orld c o m b in e d cargo C o n ta in e r carruing O th er
group o fg .r .t. total T ankers ea rners ships'^ ships vessels ships

Oceania
1965 ....................................................... —
1970 ....................................................... —
1977 ....................................................... 0.1 0,1
1978........................ 0.1 0.1

O t^er cenntries
1 9 6 5 ................................................................. 0.7 0.5 0.1 0,7
1970 ................................................................. 1.2 0.5 0.3 0,1
1977 ................................................................. 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3
197 8 ................................................................. 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.2 0.3

S o u r c e : € o m p i)e d fro m L lo y d 's R egisrer ٠/ S h ip p in g : S ta tistica l T ables (L o n d o n ), a n d b O re a n d b u !b ca rrie rs o f 6 ,0 0 0 g .r.r ab o v e , in c lu d in g ‫ هﺀ‬n ٦b in e d o r e /o il a n d

s u p p le m e n ta r y d a ta o n th e re s e rv e flee t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a a n d th e U n ite d o r e /b u l k / o i l ca rrie rs.
S ta le s a n d C a n a d ia n G r e a t L a k e s fleets. ‫ﺀ‬ In c lu d in g p a s s e n g e r c a rg o v e s s e ls (b o lh lin e r a n d tram p ).
‫ ﺀ‬E x c lu d in g U n ite d S ta te s re s e rv e flee t ‫؛‬ U n ite d S ta le s a n d C a n a d ia n G r e a t L a k e s
lleets.

per cent to 9.3 per cent, and o f w orld d.w .t. from 7.8 B. Types of vessels
per cent to 8.6 per cent. Socialist countries also
increased th eir share, from 8.6 per cen t to 8.9 per cent 1^. Table 8 show s Ihe com position o f th e world
o f g .r .t., and from 6.2 per cen t to 6.4 per cent o f d.w .t. Beet in term s o f th e g.r.t. o f different types o f vessels.
© eveloped m arket econom y countries and open-regis- Erom m id-1^?? to m ‫؛‬d - l^ ? 8 , the g.r.t. o f tankers
try co un tries co n tin u ed to increase th eir tonnage in declined from 44.2 per cent o f th e world total to 43.1
absolute term s, b u t suffered m arginal declines in term s per cen t, but generally th e com position o f th e Beet
o f th e ir percentage shares o f th e w orld Beet. rem ained th e sam e. In a h so lu S term s, the greatest
increases were r e o r d e d by ore and bulk a r r ie r s (5.3
11. T able 5 show s th e d istrib u tio n o f th e w orld Beet m illion g.r.t.), general cargo vessels, llqueBed gas car-
by groups o f countries and by vessel type. T h is indi- riers and cellular co n tainer vessels, © f th ese, th e last
cates th a t, in term s o f g .r.t., th e gains achieved by two are the m ost significant In relation to th e existing
developing and socialist co u n tries applied to m ost Beets o f these types o f vessels. T he cellular container
types o f vessels, as did th e decline in th e percentage o f Beet increased from 1.9 per cent to 2.1 per cent o f the
open-reglstry countries and developed m ark et econ- w orld Beet, but th e Increase In cargo-carrying capacity
om y countries. is far greater th an th ese Bgures w ould suggest, taking
into account the superior tu rn ro u n d tim es o f these
12. T ables 6 and 7 give fu rth er d ata on th e m an- vessels com pared w ith th at o f th e conventional liner
agem ent and beneficial ow nership o f th e Beets regls- vessels w hich they are replacing.
tered in open-registry countries (Including ships regls-
tered In B erm uda, th e B aham as an d U ong K ong, all o f
w hich have som e o f th e characteristics o f open-reglstry c . Age distribution of the world m erchant fleet
countries b u t w hich have not been classified as such
In annex 1). T h ese tables indicate th a t th e v ast m ajor- 14. T^ble 9 show s th e age d istribution o f th e world
ity o f open-registry vessels are beneficially ow ned by m erchant Beet at m id-1978. T h e average age o f the
developed m arket econom y countries (including one total Beet Increased from 8.89 years in 19?? to 9.02
territory o f a developed country). C o n seq u en tly, for years In 1978. T he increase In average age applied to
practical purposes, th e Beets registered In developed all types o f vessels except general cargo vessels. G en-
m arket econom y countries and th o se registered In eral cargo vessels co n tin u ed to have th e highest aver-
open-registry countries m ay be regarded as co n stitut- age age o f the total Beet, over 60 per cent o f vessels
ing a single group. T h u s in 1978, th e developed m ar- being 10 years old and over. T he average age o f the
ket econom y countries ow ned, eith er directly or Beets o f developed m arket econom y countries and
th ro u g h open registers, 85 per cent o f total world socialist countries Increased, w hile th at o f open-regis-
deadw eight to nnage, including 89 per cent o f the try and developing countries decreased, although var-
world ta n k e r Beet and 87 per cent o f th e w orld Beet o f iations occurred w ithin th e individual country
bulk carriers. groups.
 ‫' ) ^ ‪،ч о т г ч г‬‬ ‫‪Ox‬‬
‫ص‬

‫| | ة ة‬ ‫| | | | | | | |‬ ‫و‬ ‫|‬ ‫ات‬

‫ا ﻳ ﻢ ! ا ا ا ا ا ا اا ا ^ ا ا ا ت‬

‫ا ة ة ا و ا ا‬ ‫ا ا ﺑ ا ﻢ‪ :‬ا ا " ا ا ا‬

‫ا آلا ا ﺳ ﺎ ا ا ب ! ا ا ا " ﻳ ﻤ ﺎ ﺻ ﺎ ا‬

‫ت '‬
‫؛‬ ‫"ة ^ق ‪1‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و؛‬ ‫و‬ ‫;ة ‪1 1 1‬‬ ‫ا ة ة ؛ﻗ ﺎ ة‬ ‫ا ح‬

‫§|ق‬ ‫‪00‬‬
‫■‪5‬‬
‫ج‪H‬‬ ‫أﺀ ‪1‬‬ ‫ةوو ‪1‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎا ^‬ ‫;‬
‫‪٠‬‬

‫‪I‬‬

‫"‪Г‬‬ ‫‪On о‬‬ ‫‪00 о‬‬ ‫‪٢٢‬‬ ‫‪٠٠ ■٧ ٦‬‬

‫■‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫ص>‪оо On rN О‬‬
‫‪оо‬‬
‫؛ج ‪0‬‬
‫ب‬

‫‪! ٢٢‬‬ ‫‪ O S 4 0‬ﺕ ? ‪Г- <٢٠٠‬‬ ‫حم ﻮ ‪ 0 0‬ﺹ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺱ‬ ‫ﻣ مئ‬
‫ةق‬

‫‪» o o r s o o s r n i‬‬ ‫ؤ‬

‫ة‬

‫ق؛‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻧ ﻢ إ‪0‬ﺀ ﺀ ئ‬
‫■ ﻧ‪ g‬ﺢ؛‬
‫ﻳﻢﺀ ص ‪с‬‬

‫ه‪0‬‬ ‫‪с‬‬
‫{‪٢٢‬ض‬
‫م—‬ ‫ﺀ|آ‬
‫‪sa‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫ج‪Я -‬‬ ‫ق‬
‫ق‪1‬‬ ‫|‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ج‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪0‬ا‬ ‫ﺑ ‪:‬ﻤ ﺘ‬ ‫‪1‬ل‬ ‫‪ Ü‬ه‬

‫©ا‬
 ‫و‬
‫ﻳ ﻤ ﻠ ﻤ ﻢ ﺑ‪0‬ﻢ ﺀ ‪0‬ﻫ ﺎ‬
‫‪،^ ٠ ^ ١ ٠ ٠‬‬
‫'‪lOrOOO^TfOrorOfN‬‬ ‫ص‬

‫‪О‬‬
‫أ ﺟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻮ ﻣ ﺤ ﺼ ﺢ؛ ‪0‬‬ ‫ؤئ‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬

‫‪I I I I I S I‬‬ ‫ا !‬

‫ا ! ا ﻳ ﻤ ﺎ ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ت‬

‫ا !‬ ‫‪о‬‬

‫ﺣ ﺎ ﺳ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎ ا ا ا ا ؛ ﺗ ﺎ ا‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ا !‬

‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫^ ‪ 1 1‬ةة ‪ 1‬و? ‪1 1‬‬

‫آل ت‬ ‫‪-‬ا " ا ا‬ ‫؟ ا ا‬ ‫آل ﻣ ﺎ‬

‫ا ا ة ﺗ ﻮ ا ا ا ق ؛ ﺀ ا ة ا‬

‫ا ا ا ﺳ ﻤ ﺎ ^ ا‬ ‫ا !‬
‫‪- S‬‬
‫و‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺀ‪0‬‬
‫ذ‬
‫‪> о‬إ‬
‫ج‬
‫ﺀ‪.‬‬
‫م‬

‫‪O0 00‬‬
‫ج_ ه‬
‫‪D.O‬‬

‫ص‬
‫ص ‪S‬‬ ‫‪ —٠‬ث‬
‫‪CNГ‬‬‫\ آ ﺀ‪П‬‬ ‫‪ TJ-‬ص ‪٢٣١‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ^ آل‬
‫‪О‬‬

‫‪о‬‬

‫‪H‬‬

‫‪Su‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪с ■о‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫أ ؟ آل‬
‫؟‬ ‫‪ ï‬؟‬ ‫ه ؟‬
‫ﺟ ﻢ § ؛‬
‫ه و‬
‫ة‬
‫<؛‪с ،‬‬
‫جج‬

‫ﺀ‬
‫ال‬
‫‪С)Л‬‬
‫قص‬ ‫‪ il‬و| ق |‬
‫||| ق ة■ ة‬
‫‪ :‬م ‪0‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻗﻘﻖ‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫|‬ ‫ع‬

‫ا ل‬
 T able 8

Analysis of world fleet by principal types of vessels, 1970, 1975-1978‫؛؛‬

(Thousands o fg .r .t. ١)‫؛‬

P ercentage
P rincipal types o f vessels 1970 1975 1976 1978 ch a n g e 1 9 7 7 /1 9 7 8

Oil ta n k e r s ........................................................................ 86 N ٥ 150 057 168 161 174 125 175 035 0.5
(37.9) (43.9) (45.2) (44.2) (43.1)
Liquefied §as carriers .................................................... 1 350 2 999 4411 5 530
(0 .6 ) (0.9) (0.9) ( 1. 1) (1.4)
Chemical carriers ........................................................... 451 967 1274 ! 755 1 930 10.0
(0 .2 ) (0.3) (0.3) (0.5) (0.5)
Mis€ellane©u$ tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 114 189 12.5

Bulk/©ii carriers (inc!udin§ ©re/©il carriers). . . . . . 8 317 ^3 716 25 023 26 089 26 372 1.1
(6.9) (6.7) (6 .6) (6.5)
Ore and bulk c a r r ie r s ................................................. . 38 334 61832 74 832 80 173 7.1
(16.9) ) ‫ ﺧﺎ‬. ‫( ا‬ (17.9) (19.0) (19.7)
C e n tra l cargo (including passenger/cargo) . . . . . . . 72 396 399
70 73 608 79 675 3.4
) 2 0 .6 ( (19.8) (19.6) (19.6)
c© ntainer ships (fuliy cellular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1908 2446 7 543 8 674 15.0
(0 .8) 1.8)( (1.8) (1.9) ( 2 . 1)
Lighter carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 796 796 795 773
)0 .2 ( (0.2) (0 .2 ) (0 .2 )
Vehicle carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — 68? 633 1200
0.1)( (0.2) (0 .2 ) (0.3)
Fish factories and carriers ............................................1 ? 804 11339 1184 ‫و‬9 12 162 12 372
1.7
Fishing (including factory trawlers) . . . . . . . . . . . .1 (3.4) (3.1)
Ferries and passenger vessels .................................... 2 991 4207 5027 7091 6 864
2.0)( (1.8) (1.7)
A■! other vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 799 7375 2096 6 986 7215
(3.4) 1.7)( 1.7)( (1.8) ( 1.8)

T o t a l (1 0 0 .0 ).. 227 490 342 162 372 ООО 393 678 406 002

S o u r c e : L lo y d 's R eg ister o f S h ip p in g : S ta tis tic a l T ables (L o n d o n , 1970 a n d 1975-1978), a c c o u n t th e re s e rv e fleet o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d
(m id -y e a r figures). C a n a d ia n U rea، ^ a ^ e s fleets,
،‫ ؛‬T h e d a ta in th is tah le are n o t c o m p a ra b le w ith th o s e in tab le 4 , b e c a u s e th e y ta k e in to ‫ئ‬ P e rc e n ta g e s h a re o f Nvorld to n n a g e s h o w n in p a re n th e s e s.

D. Com parison of cargo turnover handled only som e 55 per cenf ٠ ٢the volum e o f world
and fleet ownership cargoes but ow ned over 86 per cent o f th e total world
Beet, © n th e o ther h an d , developing countries handled
15. fig u re s on total seaborne cargoes handled by over 40 per cent o f th e seaborne cargo traffic b u t
each group o f countries (total o f goods loaded and ow ned less th a n 7 per cent o f th e Beet. T he socialist
unloaded) and on th e deadw eight tonnages o f their co u n tries’ share o f th e world Beet was approxim ately
m erch an t Beets are given in table 10. T he Bgures th e sam e as th eir share o f th e cargo turnover, fu rth e r -
d e m o n strate th at th ere is a large Im balance betw een m ore, the ratio o f cargo tu rn o v er to Beet ow nership
cargoes and Beets o f th e different groups o f countries. was 7 for developed m arket e o n o m y countries, 11 for
In 1076, th e developed m arket econom y countries socialist countries and 64 for developing countries.
 T able 9
Age distribution of wor!d fieet by type of vesse] as at 1 Juiy 1978
(Percentage o f total g.r.t.)

A verag e
C o u n try grouping 10 -1 4 15 ye a rs
a n d ty p e o f vessel T o ta l years y e a rs ye a rs a n d over July^'}978 jJy^l977

1. W orld tota■
All sltips 00 34.3 29.8 16.5 19.4 9.02
T ankers 00 43.2 30,6 13.9 12.3 7.30
Bulk earriers، 00 20.6 11.5
General eargo 00 19.1 20.5 16.7 43.7 13.43 13.6^
2. Developed m arket econom y countries
All ships 00 34.0 17.7 8.76
Tankers 00 41.2 7.43 7.06
Buik carriers^ 00 18.8 10.7 7.43
Genera! cargo 00 17.4 17.3 41.7 13.45
3. Gpen-registry countries
Al] ships 00 39.0 17.8 8.49 8.69
Tankers 00 46.7 ЗО Л 6.79 7.21
Bu!k carriers^ 00 31.1 8.54
General cargo 00 56.7 14.99 15.34
4. Total 2 plus 3
All ships 00 17.7
Tankers 00 43.4 13.0 11.3 7.17 7.12
Bulk carriers‫’؛‬ 00 20,5 11.4 8.17 7.69
General cargo 00 20.4 14.7 46.3 13.75 14.03
5. Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia
A11 ships 00 24.3 19.8 11.32 11.02
Tankers 00 30.2 9.0 11,07 10.89
Bulk carriers ‫أ؛‬ 00 40.8 14.5 7.94
General cargo 00 16.7 26.9 34.0 12.61 12.06
6. Developing countries ‫ﺀ‬
All ships 00 20.9 9.74
T ankers 00 13.2 16 ‫ث‬ 7.67 7.43
Bulk carriers^ 00 44.5 24.6 21.3 7.28 717
General cargo 00 19.0 4 3 ‫إ‬4 13.01 13.46

S o u r c e : S h ip p in g In f o rm a tio n S e rv ic e s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d ’s o f ind o v e r a g e g ro u p , th e m id -p o in t h a s b e e n a s s u m e d to b e 22 yea rs.

L o n d o n P re s s L td. ‫ة‬ I n c lu d in g c o m b in e d c a rrie rs.
‫ و‬T o c a lc u la te th e a v e ra g e a g e , it h a s b e e n a s s u m e d t h a t th e a g e s o f v e s s e ls are ‫ﺀ‬ E x c lu d in g C y p ru s , L ib e ria , O m a n , P a n a m a , S in g a p o re a n d S om alia.
d is tr ib u te d e v e n ly b e tw e e n th e lo w e r a n d u p p e r lim it o f e a c h a g e g ro u p . F o r th e 15 y e a rs

13
 T able 10
Comparison between total cargo turnover and fleet ownership
by groups of countries, 11976 ,®?‫وا‬
‫©?و‬,

Goods loaded Total ٠/ P ercentage P erc en ta g e

a n d u n lo a d ed goods o f world o f world
lo a d e d a n d to ta l ٠/ to ta l ٠/
L oaded U n lo a d ed u n lo a d ed goods m e rch a n t
lo a d e d a n d f l e e t o w n ed
C o u n try group M illio n s ٠/ tons un lo a d e d {d .w .t.)

Developed m arket economy

and open-registry countries
1970................. 802.7 2 0 1 0 .4 2813.1 282.2 54.8 86.5
1975 ...................................... 1008.8 2 342.3 3 351.1 477.5 54.7 87.4
1976 ...................................... 1 130.1 2 544.0 3 674.1 521.2 55.4 86.7
Socialist countries of
Eastei n Europe and Asia
19 '0 ............................ 158.8 87.6 264.4 21.7 4.8 6.7
19 188.4 123.6 312.0 33.0 5.1 6.0
19 205.9 133.2 37.0 5.1
Developing countries
197 0 1 643.3 431.6 2 074.9 20j 40.4
1975 1 875.0 2 463.9 40.2
1976 2 038.6 576.0 2 614.6 40.8 39.4
W orld to: ;aU
19' /0 . 604.8 2 529.6 5 134.4 326,1 100 100
19' 072.2 3 054.8 6 127.0 546.3 100 - 100
19' 375 3 253.2 6 627,8 601,2 100 100

S o u r c e s : A n n e x e s II a n d III ‫آه‬ th is s tu d y , a n d v a rio u s p u b lic a tio n s.

‫و‬ In c lu d in g u n a llo c a te d to n n a g e .

14
 C h a pter III
P R O D U C T IV IT Y О Т T H E W O R LD FLEET

16. Table I I give® estim ates © ٢tlie productivity o f T able 12

tlie world fleet in term s o f to n s carried and ton-m lles Estimated productivity of tarrRers; torts carried
per d.w .t. P roductivity began to decbne in 1974; there attd ton-m iles per^rm ed per d.tv.،., 1970, 1973-1977
was a sü g h t im p ro v em en t in !9 7 6 , h u t th e dow nw ard
tren d co n tin u ed in !977 and 1978 as th e supply o f T o ta l sh ip m en ts
o f o il a n d grain
T o ta l
ta n k e r T ons ٠/
vessels increased m ore rapidly th a n d em an d . H ow ever, cargo T o n -m iles
{millions {billions ٠/ {m illions carried
th e reduced rates o f grow th o f th e fleet in th e last two Y ear o f tons) to n -m iles) o f d . w .t .p p e r ‫ﻣﺢ‬
. ‫اآا‬,/. >‫ﺛﺜﺜﻚ‬ (
years have restrained th e rate o f decline o f productivity.
1970..... 1182 6 039 137.8 43.8
1973..... 1479 8 915 198.2 45.0
T able 11 1974..... 1491 9 543 230.5 41.4
1975..... 1386 8 922 272.9
World flee،, volume of cargo carried and
1976 . . . . . 1 562 10 335 306.6
،on-m!les per d.w .،., ،979, 978‫ ا‬973 - ‫ا‬
1977 . . . . . 1 591 10 527 327.5 4.8
T o ta l
cargo T o ta l T ons o f S o u r c e s : C o m p ile d on th e b a s is o f F e a rn ly a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., R e v ie w 1978
carried to n -m ile s ،' ٠٢^٠ T o n -m iles (© slo), 1979, a n d iVorld B u lk T ra d es 1 9 7 7 (© sio), 197‫؟‬.
{m illions {billions o f carried M id -y e a r figures.
Y ear o f tons) ton-m iles) p e r d. w.t. {thousands)

1970 ..... 326.1 2 605 10 654 7.99 32.67

1973 . . . . . 444.6 3274 15 403 7.36 34.6 trade in tons and ton-m iles should grow by m ore th an
1974..... 486.9 3 304 16 386 6.79 33..65 3 per cent. T h u s the net effect to he expected will be
1975 ..... 546.3 3 072 15 363 5.62 28.12 an im provem ent in shipping productivity.
1976 ..... 601.2 3 391 17 053 5.64 28.36
1977 . .. . . 641.3 3 475 17 785 5.42 27.73 18. W ithin the total world fleet, productivity has
1978 . . . . . 662,8 .. 17 255 .. 26.03 varied for different types o f vessels. Tables 12 and 13
give estim ates o f th e productivity o f tankers and hulk
S o u r c e s : F o r w o rld fle e t: L lo y d 's R eg ister o f S h ip p in g : S ta tistica l T ables (L o n d o n ), v a rio u s carriers. Following a slight im p rovem ent in 1976, the
is s u e s (m id -y e a r fig u re s ); For to ta l c a rg o c a rrie d : U n ite d N a tio n s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f
Sta tistics, l a n u a r y is s u e s fo r y e a rs c o n c e rn e d ; for to n -m ile s : F e a rn ly a n d F g e rs C h a rte rin g
productivity o f tankers in ton-m iles co ntinu ed to
C o . L td ., R e v ie w (O slo), v a r io u s issu es. decline in 1977. A lthough ton-m ileage Figures are not
yet available for 1978, th e su d d en upsurge in dem and
for tan k er transport w hich occurred in th e second h alf
o f th e year can be expected to lead to som e im prove-
17. T h e slow dow n in th e grow th oF th e w orld fleet m en t in th e 1978 productivity Figures. T h e productiv-
is expected to c o n tin u e in 1979 as a result o f a fall in ity oF bulk carriers and com bined carriers has contin-
new deliveries coupled w ith co n tin u ed scrapping, espec- ued to decline steadily. Betw een 1974 and 1977 the
iaily o f tankers. O n th e basis o f recent dev elo pm ents, over-all decline in productivity am o u n ted to 22 per
th e deadw eight tonn ag e o f th e w orld Beet is expected cent For tankers, 19.2 per cent For bulk carriers, and
to increase by less th a n 3 per cent, w hereas seahorne 22.7 per eent For com bined carriers.

T able 13
Productivity of bulk carriers and combined carriers: tons carried aud ton-mlles performed per d.١
v.t., ،979, 1973-1977‫؛؛‬

W o rld f l e e t
o f co m b in e d W orld f l e e t ٠/
C o m b in e d carriers o f B u lk carriers o f carriers ٠/ b u lk carriers
o ve r 1 8 0 0 0 d .w .t.: o ve r 1 8 0 0 0 d .w .t.: over 18 0 0 0 o f over ] 8 00 0 C o m b in e d carriers B u lk carriers
‫ﺋآلم‬/ unvsrt ٨٢١I ‫ا\مﺀﻣﻢ‬
‫م<ﺀﺀاﻣﺂا رﺀ‬
‫آل‬ ‫ د‬. w .t.
K/II n u ‫ارﺀﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺎﺀﺀم‬ »
‫•ض‬
‫■ﻟﻢ'إلم‬ —
i ‫ﻣﺮم‬،-‫ﺀم‬،‫دﺀ‬، ،
—
I u n -r r tu c b
{m illions {billions {m illions {billions Tons p e r T ons p e r
Y ear o f ions) o f tons) o f tons) o f tons) (m illions o f d .w .t.) I h o u s Z d s)( U houiands)

1970............ 98 745 403 1891 14.2 8.4 39.4

1973............ 206 656 573 2 762 3^.4 6.4 51.1 37.5
1974............ 241 812 579 2 791 39.5 45.9 7,0
1975............ 219 578 567 2 868 42.6 5.1 37.0
1976............ 244 660 607 2917 45,3 100.2 5.4 36.6 29.1
685 643 3 088 47.4 112.9

S o u r c e s : C o m p ile d o n :b e b a s is 0 ، F e a rn le y a n d E g e rs C h a r:e r!n g C o . L :d ., R e v ie w 1 9 7 8 (© sio), 1 9 7 9 , a n d W orld B u lk T rades 1 9 7 7 (O sio), 197.‫؟‬

‫و‬ F le e t to n n a g e s a re g iv e n in m id -y e a r figures.
 19. O n th e assu m p tio n th a t supply an d d em an d for largely attributable t© th e uuregulated expansion o f the
shipping tonn ag e w ere reasonably balanced in 1973/ open-registry heets in recent years.
74, th e average 1973/74 ratios o f ton-m iles per d.w .t.
20. As in past years, various groups o f shipow ners
can be used to give an indication o f p resent needs for
have, continued efforts to introduce schem es to reduce
shipping tonn ag e, an d hence o f th e ex ten t o f present
the oversupply o f tonnage in specihc sectors o f the
overcapacity in th e w orld Veet; on this basis, estim a-
shipping industry, b u t so far w ithout success because
tions o f overcapacity in th e total fleet, and in the
o f convicting interests.
tanlcer and bulk carrier fleets, in 197b and 1977, are
show n in table 14. T hese estim ates, based o n 1973/74
ton-m ileages, appear to be in reasonable accord w ith T able 14
estim ates reached by in d ep en d en t calculations. ‫ ؟‬T he Estim ated tonnage oversupply of tani،ers,
disordered m an n er in w hich th e m erch an t fleet has combined carriers, bull، carriers and total
developed, and th e cu rren t surplus o f tonnage, is world « eet, 1976, 1977

1977
O versuppty O versupply

M illio n s P erc en ta g e M illions P ercentage

* See tbe report by the U N CTA D secretariat, “ The m aritim e o f d .w .t. o ffe e t o f d .w .t. o fjle e t
tra n s p u t o f hydrocarbons” (T D /222/Supp.3), para. 43 (reproduced
in Proceedings ٠ / ‫ ﺀﺀا؛‬United Nations Conference ٠« Trade and Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.4 22.0 83.6 25.5
Development, Fifth Session, vol. Ill, Basic documents (Sales No. G em bined carriers . . . . . . . 11.1 24.4 12.7 26.7
E.79.11.D.16)). It was estim ated that at the end of 1977 about Bulk carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.5 18.5 2,6.4 23.4
80 million d.w.t, o f tanker capacity was surplus to r ٩‫ه‬ u ir€ment$,
Residual fleet . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 10.2 18.9 12.3
am ounting to an overcapacity o f about 30 per cent. T his surplus
included 31 million d.w.t. laid up, 40 million d.w.t. tied up in slow Total world fleet . . . . . . . . 112.3 18.7 141.6 22.1
steam ing, and 4 million d.w.t. tied up in abnormal port conges-
tion. S o u r c e s : T a b le s 12 a n d 13 ab o v e .

16
 C h a p t e r ١٧

SH IPBUILDING

A. ^hlp prices speed-up o f sh ip m en ts, and parti)/ as a result o f

increased im ports to replenish s to c k . D em and for
21. Table 15 gives new building prices o f different bulk carriers benefited from th e tem porary Im prove-
types o f vessels. Except for th e llner-type vessel, the m ents In the tanker m arket, w hich attracted a sizeable
prices refer to Japanese yards, and increases in dollar to nnage o f com bined carriers from th e dry cargo to the
prices r e je c t th e appreciation o f th e yen against the oil trade.
dollar. In th e absence o f these changes in exchange
rates, th e prices in yen rem ained essentially at the 24. A slgniftcant feature o f tables 15 and 16 is the
sam e levels in 1978 as in 1977. ?rice levels continued large difference betw een new huilding prices and
to be influenced by th e existing tonn ag e oversupply second-hand prices. T h u s in 1978 th e price o f a new
and th e resu ltan t fall In orders. 200,000 d.w .t. tan k er was about $181 per d .w .t., w hile
th e second-hand price o f a tan k e r in th e sam e si^e
22. T h e prices In table 15 refer to actual yard quo- r^nge built in 1972/75 was ahout $36 per d.w .t. T hese
tatlo ns an d are therefore h igher th a n th e average differences are also observable In bulk carriers and
prices actually horne hy shipow ners, taking into liner-type vessels.
account shipyard rebates, g o v ern m en t subsidies and
o th e r financial aid. A s th e v o lu m e o f orders is likely to
co n tin u e to decline in 1979, prices o f new buildings
are likely to rem ain at a low level. B. Tonnage on order
^3. $econd-hand prices are listed In table 16. Prices
o f tan k ers an d bulk carriers generally increased In 25. T h e volum e o f tonnage on order o f all ships, as
1978 b u t those o f liner-type vessels fell slightly. T h e show n in table 17, co n tin u ed to decline in 1978. In
rise in th e second-hand prices o f tan k ers and bulk S eptem ber the total order-book was about 38 per cent
carriers is largely attributable to th e increased dem and smalle‫؛‬r th an during th e sam e m o n th In 1977.
for these vessels in th e second h alf o f th e year. Expressed as a percentage o f th e existing fleet, th e
D em an d for tankers rose partly on account o f the order-book decreased from 11.3 per cent at m id-1977
expected rise in oil prices in 1979, w hich encouraged a to 6.8 per cent at m id-1978.

T a ble ‫ذا‬
Representative new building prices, 1970, 1974-1978
(Millions o f dollars, at year end ‫) ﺀ‬

1970 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978

Hulk carrier, 30 000 ،l.w.t. . . . . . . 16.5 11.0 11.0 12.0

‫ ه‬1‫ا‬product tanker, 30 ООО d.w.t. 10 , 20.0 18 ‫م‬ 15.0 15.0 16.0
Hulk carrier, 70 ООО d.w.t. . . . . . . 11 . 25.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 19.0
Tanker, 87 000 d.w.t. . . . . . . . . . . 17, 16.0 16.0 20.0
©H© tanker, 96 000 d.w.t. , . , .. 30.0 23.0 21.0 24.0
Huik carrier, [20 000 d.w.t. . .. . . 17, 24.0 22.0 26.0
T anker, 210 000 d.w.t, . . . . . . . . . 31, 42.0 34.0
Tanker, 400 ООО d.w.t. . . . . . . . . . 65.0 62.0 56.0 45.0 54.0
LN© carrier, 125 ООО 125.0 125.0 105.0 15.0 15.0
LPG carrier, 75 ООО ........ 52.0 52.0 42.0 40.0 45.0
R o/ro vessei, 5 ООО d.w.t. . . . . . . 14.6 16.2 10.0 10.0 12.0

Liner-type vessel,
11000/13 000 d.w.t. 1350 !500 950 ‫؛‬ 4 200 4 600 4 950

S o u r c e s : F o r p rice s o f ta n k e rs , b u lk c a rrie rs , L N G anci L P G c a rrie rs a n ^ r o / r o v e s s e ls : F e a rn le y a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td .,

R e v ie w (O slo), v a rio u s is s u e s : for p rice s o f ١١,0 0 0 /1 3 ,0 0 0 d .w .t. lin e r-ty p e v e s s e ls : Fairplay In tern a tio n a l Ship p in g W e ekly (L o n d o n ), vol.
26 9 , N o, 4 9 7 7 , 18 Зап агу 1979.
‫ج‬ E x c e p t Гог lin e r-ty p e v e s s e ls , w h ic h a r e e x p re s s e d in t h o u s a n d s o f p o u n d s s te rlin g al y e a r e n d .
b T h e d a ta re fe r to th e c o s t o f c o n s tru c tin g a )hypothetical o p e n /c lo s e d s h e lte r -d e c k e r 1,0 0 0 /1 3 ,0 0 0 ٠٢ ‫ ا‬d .w .t. p ro p e lle d by a 7,000
b .h .p . d iesel e n g in e g iv in g a sp e e d o f 15 k n o ts . T h e p rice q u o te d is p a y a b le o n d e liv e ry , w it^ n o d is c o u n ts .

17
 T able 16
Second-hand prices, average vaines, 1970, 1974-1978
(Millions o f dollars, at year end)

T yp e ٠/ vessel a n d Y ea r
to n n a g e in d .w .t. built 1970 1 974 1 975 1 976

Tankers
50000 .................................... 1 963/64 10.0 7.0 2.7 3.5 2.0
60 000 .................................... 1 964/65 12.0 8.0 3.5 4.0 2.4
80 000 .................................... 1 966/67 19.0 9.5 4.8 5.0
100000 .................................... 1 967/68 26.0 11.0 5.5 6.0 4‫م‬
150 000 .................................... 1974/75 .. 15.0 17,0 ‫ ا‬3.5 RO
200 000 .................................... 1 969/70 40.0 23,0 10.0 9.0 5.0
250 000 .................................... 1972/73 ,. 28.0 16.0 15.5 9.0
300000 ................ 1 971/72 .. 36.0 18.0 18.0 ‫ ل‬0 .0 ‫ ا‬0.0
Dry bulk carriers
18 000 ...................................... 1963 2.8 4.8 3.5 3,0
35 000 ...................................... 1966 4.8 7.2 6.0 5.3
35 000 ...................................... 1965 6.0 9.0 6.5 5.5
50 000 ...................................... 1965 9.0 13.0 7.0 6.5 4.4
60000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 11.0 17.0 10.5 9.5 6.2
Liner-type vessels
6 6 0 0 ...................................... 1958 1.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 0.7 0.5
12 500 ...................................... 1956 1.5 2.2 1.7 1.4 0.7 0.5
13 500 ...................................... 1959 1,7 3.1 2,6 2.0 ‫ا‬.‫م‬ 08
16 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 3.0 4,5 4.0 3.8 2.1

S o u r c e : F e a rn le y a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., R e v ie w (© slo), v a rio u s issues.

T able 17
Werld tonnage on order at end of each gnarter, 978‫ ا‬976 - ‫ا‬

B u lk
carriers,
including
AH co m b in e d O th er
ships T a n kers carriers ships
{m illions P erc en ta g e (m illions P erc en ta g e (m illions P erc en ta g e (m illions P ercentage
on o rd er as a t ch a n g e o f d .w .t.) change

30 Septem ber 1976 . 103.5 51.0 30.5

- 4.2 ,-0 .7
31 Decem ber 1976 . 90.0 29.2
-14.1
31 March 1 9 7 7 , , . ,

30 June 1977 . . . . . . 20
- 1 0 .5
30 Septem ber 1977 . 65.8 24.6 19
- 1 4 .6 -20,5 - 1 4 .2
31 Decem ber 1977 . 56.2 19.6 18.3 18
-1 0 .1 -10.3
31 March 1 9 7 8 . . , . 50.5 17.6 17
- 1 0 .3 - 11.1 - 1 4 .2
30 June 1978 45.3 15.6 16
- 9.4
30 September 1978 , '41,0 13.6

S o u r c e s : S h ip p in g In f o rm a tio n S erv ice s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L io ^ d ’s o f L o n d o n P re s s L td.

18
 T abl e 18
Distribution of tonnage on order by ‫ا‬y‫ﺀ‬e of vessel and by country as at 30 September 1976, !977, !978

T ankers B u lk /o il
carriers
)/ ‫ ﻣﺊ‬٠٠« {under {including Ore a n d C o n ta in e r ships R o /r o G enera!
A ll 150 ٠٠٠ o r e /o il bulk cargo cargo O th er
C o u n try group ships a n d over) carriers) carriers {.full) (p a r t) ships ships ships

Millions o f d. w.t.
1. ( ٠) W orld total
1976.... 103.5 38.6 12.3 5.5 25.8 0.1 1.2 11.4 6.3
1977.... 65.7 17.2 7.4 3.2 18.1 1.9 0.3 1.6 10.7 5,3
1978.... 41.0 7.9 5.6 1.9 10.2 1.8 0.2 1.4 7.7 4.2

Percentage share by type ٠

/ vessel
(‫ ) ه‬W orld total
1976 . . . . 100.0 37.3 11.9 24.9 2.2 0.1 1.2 11.0 6.1
1977.... 100.0 26.2 11.3 4.9 27.5 2.9 0.4 2.4 16.3 8.1
1978.... 100.0 19.3 13.7 4.7 24.9 4.4 0.6 3,4 18.8 10.2

Percentage share by country group

2. Developed m arket econom y countde$
19^6 ................................................ 56,0 61.5 57,9 38.1 52.9 81.9 35.3 68.7 46,8 52.8
1977 .......................................................... 56.7 66.3 59.8 28.5 50.2 70.1 68.3 73.8 53.5 56.3
1978 .......................................................... 53.6 69.2 55.6 28.6 45,3 42.4 93.4 66.8 50.3 57.2
3. Open-registry countries
1976 .......................................................... 26.0 27.0 29.1 20.2 30.4 13.6 1.0 18.8 23.2
1977 .......................................................... 21.5 26.2 25.7 10.8 24.2 22,5 10.2 3.5 16,0 14.1
1978 .......................................................... 14.8 16.5 27,9 4.1 11.7 24.0 5.2 13.7 8.7
-
4. Total 2 plus 3
1976 .............................................. 82.0 88.5 87.0 58.3 83.3 95.5 35.3 69.7 65.6 76.0
1977 ........................................................ 78.2 92.5 85.5 39.3 74,4 92.6 78.5 77.3 69.5 70.4
1978 .......................................................... 68,4 85.7 83.5 32.7 57.0 66.4 93.4 72.0 64.0 65.9
5. Socialist countries, total
1976 .......................................................... 4.6 1.7 0.8 16.2 23.1 2.9 2.4
1977 .......................................................... 4 ‫إ‬4 14 ‫إ‬4 4.4 1.4 5.4 17.7 4.0 4.7
1978 .......................................................... 6.7 5.6 18.0 10.0 7.0
O f which:
Eastern Europe
197 6 ............................................. 2.1 4.5 8.4 16.2 23.1 2.4

Asia
197 7 ...............................................
197 8 .............................................
4.2
6.4
8.3
5.6
14.4
18.0 ‫ن‬:‫إ‬ 1.4 5.4
-
17.7
15.1 5.6
4.7
6.8

1976 ............................................... 0.2 — 0.1 — 0.3 - - 0.4 -

197 7 ............................................... 0.2 - 0.1 — 0.2
1978 ............................................... 0.3 - - T4 -
- - -
6. Developing countries, total
1976 .......................................................... 14.7 10.6 7.3 33.3 13.9 2.6 48,5 4.4 29.5 21.3
1977 .......................................................... 16.1 7.5 4.7 46.3 19.7 16.1 2.7 23.0 23.7
1978 .......................................................... 22.0 14.3 9.2 42.5 31.3 17.1 6.6 9.7 24.4 24.5
O f which :
Atrica
1976 ............................................... ١٦ 2.5 0.6 0.3 2.4 2.1 5,2
1977 ............................................... 1.4 — — — 0.8 — 0.7 5.0 4.9
1978 ........................................... .. 2.4 - 0.2 - 0.5 — 5.6 7.3 7.1
America
1976 ............................................... 7.1 2.9 4.8 24.4 10.2 2.1 48.5 0.4 12,9 1.6
197 7 ............................................... 9,6 6.6 4.3 38.6 13.5 1.7 16.1 1.8 8.7 2.3
1978 ............................................... 13.4 14.3 7,2 42.5 21.6 1.2 6.6 3.9 10,4 0.7
Asia
1976..................... 5.9 1.9 1.6 14.5 14.5
197 7 ............................................... ‫؟‬١ 0 ‫إ‬9 0.4 7.7 5.4 3.1 — 0.2 9.3 16.5
1978 ............................................... 6.2 1.8 9.2 15.9 0.2 6.7 16.7
Dceania
1976 ...............................................
7. O ther countries
1976 ................................................. 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.8 2,0 0.3
1977 ................................................. 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.2 — 2.3 3.5 1.2
1978 ................................................. 2.9 1.7 1.7 14.2 4,6 2.8

S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e b a s is 0 ‫ آ‬in lo tm a tio n p ro v id e d by S h ip p in g S erv ice s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d ’s o f L o n d o n P re s s L td.

19
 T able 19
World tonnage on order as at 30 September 1978
{Thousands o f d. W.L)

Tankers
O r e /o il O th er C o n ta in e r ships R o /r o
AH { 1 5 0 0 0 0 d.w . {under and OBO b u lk --------------------------— cargo O th er
C o u n try group ships a n d over) 1 5 0 0 0 0 d .w carriers carriers (fu ll) (p a r t) ships ships

W orld total ....................................................... 41 040 9367 6025 1930 10215 1802 243 1 4 ‫ا‬6 11896
2. Developed m arket econom y countries . . . 22 003 4975 3116 551 4631 764 777 946 6^71
3. Open-registry countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 076 1307 1561 1 196 433 1425
4. Total 2 plus 3 .................................................. 28 079 8046 677
4 631 5 827 1 197 227 ,« ‫ئ‬: 7 696
5. Socialist countries, total ................................ 2 758 348 1017 41 215
O f which:
Eastern Europe ...................................... 2 650 348 1017 41 215 717
A s i a .............................................................. 108 108
6. Developing countries, tota! 9 028 1321 820 ‫ ا‬195 308 16 136 !906
O f which:
AEica ......................................................... 1 005 54 79
America .................................................... 5 484 1321 4‫ﺀ‬2 820 204! 16 834
A s i a ............................................................. 2 538 100 937 287 ‫? ا‬٦
O c e a n ia ....................................................... 1
7. O ther countries ................................................ 1 175 131 176 45 469

S o u r c e : S h ip p in g In f o rm a tio n S e rv ic e s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d 's o f
L o n d o n P re s s L im ite d .
‫و‬ D e v e lo p in g e o o n trie s in E u ro p e h a d no to n n a g e o n o rd e r.

26. A t th e be§lnnln§ o f 197^, 56.2 m illion d.w .t. suffered only a m inim al decline, and this Indicates a
w ere on order, and at th e end o f th e third p u arter the steady trend tow ards co n tainerisation o f th e liner
order-boo^ was dow n to 41 m illion d.w .t. D uring the trade. T hese developm ents are lively to c o n tin u e In
sam e period, a total o f 21.6 m illion d.w .t. was deliv- 1979.
ered, w hich w ould indicate th a t new orders w ere in
30. T he distribution o f to nnage on order by §roups
th e region o f 6.4 m illion d.w .t., com pared w ith an
o f countries show s a decrease In th e share o f orders
estim ated 8.6 m illion d.w .t. o f new orders during the
from developed m arket e ^ n o m y countries and open-
first th ree q u arters o f 1977. A t th e en d o f th e third
registry countries and an Increase from socialist coun-
q u arter o f 1978, 62 per cent o f th e new orders w ere
tries and d ev e ‫ا‬opln ‫ ج‬countries. T his d evelopm ent Is
u n d er co n stru ctio n , com pared w ith 56 per cent at the
th e result o f continuing efforts by socialist countries
en d o f th e third q u arter o f 1977.
27. D uring 1978, th e G o v ern m en ts o f a n u m h er o f
sh ipbuilding co u n tries provided subsidies an d offered
T able 20
various types o f financial in d u eem en ts to buyers in an
effort to stim u late shipyard activity. U ow ever, w hile Distribution of tonnage on order by groups
of c u r r i e s of bnlld, 197©, !976-1978
th ese m easures u n d o u b ted ly stim u lated d em and for
vessels th a t w ould not otherw ise have been ordered, [Thousands o fg .r .t. ‫)؛؛‬
the stim u lu s was insufficient to eoun teract th e general
A s ٠/ e n d o f th ird q u a r te r o f :
deeline in th e w orld order-book.
C ountry group 1970 1976 1977 1978

28. G iven th e existing im balanee betw een shipping

Developed m arket econom y 67 063 53 449 33 846 20 810
d em an d an d supply an d an expected low grow th o f
seaborne trade, orders for new tonn ag e are likely to countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (96.2) (85,6)(80.2) (74.0)
rem ain at low levels in th e com ing year. G rders will be
placed for specific categories o f vessels th at are in Developing countries . . . . . . . . . 884 6081 5 297 4657
relatively sh o rt supply despite th e over-all surplus o f (1,3) (9,8) (12.5) (16,6)
tonnage, but th e v o lu m e o f new orders will depend
largely on th e size o f aid offered by G o v ern m en ts to Socialist countries . . . . . . . . . . . 1 592 2 251 2 320 2 146
shipow ners an d shipyards.
29. Tables 18 an d 19 show th e distribution o f ton- Dthefcount/ies............. 175 645 749 511
nage o n order by types o f vessels and by groups o f (0 ,2 ) ( 1,0 ) ( 1 ,8 ) ( 1.8)
countries. In th e tan k er sector, it Is to be noted th at
tonn ag e o n order for large ta n k e rs suffered a larger W O ^ L □ TOTA L >714 62 426 42 212 1^4
drop th a n for sm all tan k ers, w hich w ere In relatively
S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e ba$i$ o f d a ta c o n ta in e d in ‫ل‬/‫ ﺀ’ ﻣﺤﻤﻢ‬R e g iste r o f S h ip p in g :
short supply. N o tw ith stan d in g th e general reduction in M e r c h a n t Shipbuilding R e tu r n (L o n d o n ), re le v a n t q u a r te rly issu es.
orders, orders for co n tain er an d ro /ro vessels have ‫و‬ P e rc e n ta g e sh a re ٠٢ w o rld to ta l s h o w n in p a re n th e s e s.

20
 T a ble 21 T ab le 22

Dellvehe^ of new buildings, 1970, 1975-1978 Distribution of deliveries of new vesseis by

groups of countries of build, 1970, 197b-197®
(Number o f ships and thousands o f g .r.t./d .w .t.)
(Thousands o f g.r.t.
1970^ 1975^ 1976 ‫ﺀا‬/; 1978
1978
C o u n try group ‫ﻣﺤﻢ؛ا‬ 1976 1977 J a n . •Sept.
Tankers
N untber
Developed m atket 19 57© 30451 23 851 10 948
542
22 ‫ا‬ 9915 9489 5103
econom y countries , , . . . (93,3) (89,8) (90.4) (83.8)
D.t 089
516
658
799
45
39
196
Developing countries . . . . 144 1 501 1 182 797
Bulk/oil carriers
(0.7) (4.4) (4.5) (6,1)
N um ber . . .
1 599 1.351 418
Socialist countries . . . . . . . 1 176 986 995
D. w. t . . . . . . 2 966 2 522 757
(5.6) (5.6) (7.6)
Dre and bulk carriers
O ther countries 90 355 324
N um ber . . . . . . . . 199‫ظ‬ 196 285 367 173
(0.4) (0.2) (1.4)
696 1634
D .w .t....................... .. 11605
77311 068 255‫؛‬
W o rld ro rA L 20 980 33922 26 374 13064
General cargo sh ip s‫؛‬
S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e b a s is o f d a ta t’o n ta in e d in L lo y d 's R eg isler ٠/ S h ipping:
N um ber . . . . . . 487 350 369 456 299 ‫ ااك‬/<، ‫ اا‬//‫ ; ﺀه‬R etu rn (L o n d o n ), re le v a n t q u a rte rly issu es,
M e r c h a n t <‫؛؛‬
1513 !635 ^722 !584 a P e rc e n ta g e s h a re o f w o rld to ta l s h o w n in p a r e n th e s e s .
D^w.t. - .. 4 097 874 891‫؛‬

O ther ships
N um ber . . . . . . . . . . . 1 677 1 560 1 660 648 1 139
G .r.t............................... 1 627 2 327 3 363 365 3 255
D .w .t............................. .. . , 3 495 3 561 groups o f countries co ntinued to experience a fall in
tonnage on o rder; nevertlteless, tl^e developing and
Total socialist countries co n tin u ed to increase th eir share o f
N u m b e r. 2619 !524 2 701 ; 779 1 751 total world orders.
20319 1561 33917 2' 253 13401
D .w .t ., 61213 4: 575 21173

S o u r c e s : F o r 1970 ‫ اه‬: ‫ ه‬197 ‫ ;ث‬c o m p u ta tio n o n t h e b a s is o f d a ta c o n ta in e d in L lo y d 's

c. Deliveries of new buildings
R e g iste r o f S h i p p in g : M e r c h a n t Shipb u ild in g R e tu r n (L u n d o n ), re le v a n t q u a rte rly is s u e s ; for
19 7 6 -1 9 7 8 , in fo rm a tio n p ro v id e d ‫>؛‬y S h ip p in g t n f o r ^ a t i o n S e rv ic e s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f
S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d ’s o f L o n d o n P re s s L im ite d .
32, D eliveries o f new buildings are show n in table
‫و‬ 21, T h e total deadw eight tonnage o f deliveries was
N o d e a d w e ig h t fig u re s a re a v a ila b le ^ r 19 7 0 , o r for 197S in th e c a s e o f g e n e ra l ca rg o
a n d o t h e r sh ip s,
reduced by 54 per cent in 1978 fron7 the previous
b F ig u r e s fo r 1970 in c lu d e b u lk /o il c a r r i e s .
‫ ﺀ‬V e s se ls o f 2 ,0 0 0 g .r.t. a n d o v er. year, w ith tankers, hulk and com bined carriers exper-
iencing m uch larger reductions th an general cargo and
o th e r ships. T hese reductions m erely reflected the gen-
era! changes in th e v o lu m e o f orders. Table 22 show s
^nd developing co u n tries to increase th e ir participation
th at deliveries followed th e sam e pattern as orders,
in th e shipping in d u stry ^nd o f efforts o f shipbuilders
with th e share o f developed m arket econom y countries
to prom ote s^les o f new vessels to developing coun-
declining in favour o f th a t o f developing and socialist
tries th ro u g h credit ^nd d ev elo p m en t aid.
countries. W ith th e v o lu m e o f orders unlikely to show
31. Table 20 show s th e distrib u tio n o f to nn age on im provem ent in 1979, th e volum e o f deliveries is
order by groups o f countries o f build. In 1978, all expected to fall further.
 C h a pter V
FREIGHT MARKETS

A. Tanker freight m arkets cent increase over a corresponding period in 1976-

1977.
33. As m ay be seen from table 23, tan ker rates for
the first h a lf o f 1978 w ere generally low er th an in the
preceding m o n th s, © uring th e second h alf o f the year, E. Liner freight rates as a percentage
the m ark et w as inB uenced by th e upsurge in dem and of prices of selected com m odities
w hich, as noted in paragraph 23 above, was a result o f
a speed-up o f im ports caused by expected increases in 38. Tahie 25 gives th e ratio o f liner freight rates to
the price o f crude oil in 1979. R ates for all classes o f prices o f selected com i^odities exported from develop-
tan k ers w ere substantially h igher in th e second h alf o f ing conntries. ©n th e w hole, the ratios decreased, as
1978 th an in th e first half, and higher th a n for the they had in 1976. T he m ain reason for th e decline was
w hole o f 1977. th a t, w hiie both prices and freight rates increased, the
rates o f increase o f prices were generaiiy higher th a n
34. T h e upw ard m o v e m e n t in tan k er rates was
those o f freight rates. T he oniy exception was in
short-lived because o f th e transitory natu re o f the
respect o f coconnt oil, for w hich th e freight rate
increased d e m a n d , and rates began to fall at th e end o f
increased significantly m ore th a n th e price.
th e year, along w ith prices o f second-hand tankers.
T he situ atio n at th e beginning o f 1979 rem ains un^er-
tain , but rates appear unlikely to retu rn to th e levels
F. Estim ates of global freight costs
prevailing in th e second h alf o f 1978.
39. Tabie 26 gives estim ates o f freight costs o f
im ports for varions groups o f conntries. T he estim ates
B. ©ry cargo freight m arkets are based on annual f o .b ./c .i.f factors calculated by
IM F in respect o f 145 countries and territories ‫( و‬ex-
35. D ry cargo tram p Indices for tim e charters w ere ciuding the sociahst countries o f E astern E urope, ©hi-
higher th ro u g h o u t 1978 th a n in th e previous year, and na, C uba and th e © em ocratic Eeopie’s Republic o f
rose substantially higher in th e Bnal quarter. Indices Korea).
for trip eharters rose substantially from th e second
q u arter onw ards. A n n ex ! ٧ gives m ax im u m and m in- 40. T he IM F d ata relate to all m odes o f transport,
i mu m levels for selected single voyage rates for 1975- since it is not possible to isolate m aritim e transport.
1978. T he IM F figures on freight costs also include insur-
ance, and for th e purpose o f estim ating net freight
costs it has been assu m ed th at insurance am o u n ts on
c. Liner freight rate^ average to 1.5 per cent o f total freight costs. $ince the
data com m unicated to IM F by reporting countries con-
36. L iner rates o n t i n u e d th eir upw ard trend in tain som e inevitable approxim ations and inaccuracies,
1978. A s show n in an nex ٧ , a total o f 1B7 general the estim ates presented in table 26 should not be
increases in freight rates was a n n o u n ced , w ith an aver- regarded as giving actual freight costs, b u t rath er as
age increase o f 9 per cen t, com pared w ith 160 indicating general orders o f m agnitude. N evertheless,
increases an n o u n ced in 1977, w ith an average increase the estim ates provide a so und basis for inter-year and
o f 11 per cent. T h ere w ere 41 changes involving new inter-area com parisons. T h e exclusion o f certain coun-
surcharges and increases in existing surcharges, com - tries does not affect th e value o f th e estim ates for
pared w ith 73 such changes in !977. inter-area com parisons, since th e excluded countries
form separate trading areas.
41- T he estim ates show th at th e total annual
D. freig h t rate indices of selected
freight bill for th e countries concerned rose from
com m odities exported by developing countries $22.961 billion in 197d to $69.974 billion in 1977.
T he over-all freight factor (i.e. th e ratio o f freight cost
37. T h e freight rate indices o f four seiected com - on im ports to the c .i.f value o f im ports) declined
m odities are given in table 24. G enerally th ere was an from 7.76 per cent in 1970 to 6.58 per cent in 1977.
upw ard tren d d uring 978 ‫ ل‬in b o th individual indices
and th e com bined index. T h e com bined index rose by
11.7 per cen t betw een th e third q u arter o f 1977 and
the th ird q u arter o f 1978, com pared w ith an 8.6 per Data com m unicated to the D N €T A D secretariat by IMF.

22
 ‫' ‪— O‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫غ‬

‫‪ ٣ ٦ ٥ © O‬ﺱ ﺹ ©‪ ٠‬ﺱ‬ ‫'‬

‫' ‪' ٢٢ ٣٦ ٢٢ ■٠٠ ■٠٠ ٢٢ ٢٢‬‬

‫‪11‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ي‬
‫ة‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫‪>0 — 0©O<^Tf‬‬
‫‪H‬‬

‫أق أ‬

‫‪23‬‬
 T a b l e 24 suffered from th e greatest ‫؛‬ucrease in th a t factor, from
Freight rate indices of selected commodities exRorted by 12.90 per cent in 1970 to 13.38 per cent in 1977
developing countries, 1976-19783 (+ 0 .4 8 per cent).
(End o f quarter, 1968 = 100)
43. T hese variations and tren d s m ay he explained,
C o m m o d ity
or partly explained, by several factors. T h e industrial-
Y ear C o m b in e d i^ed countries are ah substantial im porters o f hulk
Q uarter C ocoa C o tto n R ubber in d e x
m aritim e cargoes, for w hich freight r^tes are relatively
9 /6/ 243.1 258.6 183.9
low. In the period 1970-1977 there was a suhstantial
‫ةﻳﺖ‬-‫ت‬ 233.3
increase in th e size o f th e tan k ers and hulk carriers
١١ 241.6 258.7
246.3 179,1 231.2 serving these countries, w ith corresponding econom ies
Ih . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.0 245.5 249.2 178,6 234.1 o f scale, and since 1974 hulk rates have heen fu rth er
IV . 288.0 249.8 247,3 186.4 241.8 reduced by th e w orld surplus o f shipping, f u rth e r-
m ore, im porters in developed m arket econom y coun-
1977 tries appear to he exercising greater control over freight
26T4 249,7 195.3 249.5
levels applicable to l‫؛‬per im ports th an im porters in
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2 245.2 199.6 249,7
257.1 202.4 254.3
developing countries. ' ٥ T h u s seahorne hulk cargoes
11• . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289.5
271.5 279.3 211.4 provide one o f th e explanations for th e low freight
factors o f this group o f countries, as well as for the
1978 declining trend. In addition, w ith the exception o f
I , 310.3 220.4 274.2 Japan, these industrialized countries im port to a large
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.0 287.0 277.1 degree by land tran sp o rt (often over short distances),
1‫ ا‬........................... 318.7 79‫©؟‬ 294.4 223.4 by pipeline, and by short sea ferries, and all these
m odes o f transport m ay be expected to reduce freight
S o u r c e : C o m p u la tio n by th e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria l o n th e b a s is o f tra d e d a ta a n d freig h t
ra te s c o m m u n ic a te d by v a rio u s iin e r c o n fe re n c e s a n d s h ip p in g lines. factors below the levels prevailing in countries th a t are
‫ و‬In c a lc u la tin g t ^ e fre ig h t in d ic e s fo r co c o a fo r th e p erio d fro m th e fo u r th q u a r te r o f depen d en t on long-haul shipping services.
1977 to t h e th ird q u a r te r o f 197$, s o m e tra d e s th a t a re in c lu d e d in th e b a s e p e rio d s a m p le
h a v e b e e n e x c lu d e d .
44. T he high ievel o f freight factors applicable to
th e im ports o f A frican countries w ould appear to be
H nw evei, Ih eie w eie m ilk e d variations betw een attrihutahle to th e paucity o f intra-A frican trade and to
different groups o f countries. th e fact th at A frican countries generally Im port by sea
from distant suppliers, norm ally using relatively ex-
42. F or th e industrialized countries o f Furope,
pensive hner services. F iner rates have not been
N orth A m erica an d Jap an , th e freight factor was lower
influenced to th e sam e ex ten t as bulk rates by the
th a n for any o th e r group o f countries, and at the sam e
general surplus o f shipping.
tim e these countries henefhed from a greater decline
in th at faetor, from 7.12 per cent in 1970 to 5.52 per
cent in 1977 ( - 1 . 6 per cent). A t th e o th e r extrem e,
A frican countries (other th a n oil producing countries) '٠ $ee the repert by the U N CTA D secretariat, “ The relationships
had th e highest freight faetor in hoth years, and also between shippers at both ends o l a trad e ” (T D /B /C .4/180).

T able 25
Ratio of liner freight rates to prices of selected commodities, 1970, 1973-1977

F reight ra te as p erc en ta g e o f price a b

C o m m o d ity R o u te 1970 1973 1974C I97SC 19769 19779

Rubber . . . . Singapore/^aiaysia-Furope 1©,5 9.2 11,0 18,5 11.9 11.9

Tin . . . . . . . Singapore/^aiaysia-Furope 1.2 1.4 1,1 1,6 1.4 1.0
Jute . . . . . . . Bang!a،iesb-£urope 12.1 15.8 18.1 19.5 19.1 15.8
$‫ا‬$‫ اة‬hem p . Fast Africa-Europe 19.5 10.0 7.3 12.8 17.2 15.9
Cocoa bean$ O bana-Europe 2.4 3.1 ! < 3.4 1.7 1,0
Coconut oil Sri Eanka-Europe 8.9 — 7.9 9.1 8.3 10.1
Tea . . . . . . . Sri ban^a-E urop^ 9.5 10.1 14.2 10.4 9.6 6.0
Coffee . . . . . Brazil-Europe 5.2 7.0 8,0 9.7 4.4 3,1.
?aim kernels Nigeria-Europe 8.8 7.2 9.6 25.5 28.4 23.6
Coffee . . . . Colombia (Atlantic ports) Europe 4,2 3.9 4.8 5.7 3.0 18
Cocoa beans Brazil-Europe 7.4 6.9 6.1 8.2 6.4 3.2
Coffee . . . . . Colombia (Baciftc ports) Europe 4.5 4.3 5.4 6.3 2.0

S o u r c e : U o m p u t^ tio D b ^ th e U N U ^ A D s e c re ta ria t o n th e b a s is o f d a ta s u p p lie d by th e R oyal N e th e rla n d s S h ip o w n e rs ' A s s o c ia tio n .

a c.i.f. p rices are q u o te d fo r ru b b e r (L o n d o n -R S S ), tin , j u t e (U K -p .w .c . g ra d e), sisal h e m p , co c o a ^ a n s (U h a n a - E u ro p e ) , a n d p a lm k e rn e ls . F o r c o c o‫؟‬
b e a n s (B ra z il-E u ro p e ), a n d co ffee (C o lo m b la -E u ro p e a n d B raz il-E u ro p e), u n it v a lu e s o f e x p o rts are q u o te d , ? r ic e s o f th e re m a in in g c o m m o d itie s a re q u o te d
o n ٢٠٠.b. te rm s .
b F re ig h t ra le s in c lu d e S u ez C a n a l v a ry in g s u rc h a rg e s , w h e n a p p lica b le, b u n k e r a n d c u rre n c y a d ju s tm e n t fa c to rs , a n d fo r c‫ ؟؟‬o n u t 1‫؟‬1‫؟‬ n iy a “ ta n k
c le a n in g s u r c h a r g e " . W h e n e v e r it h a s b e e n n e c e s s a ry to c o n v e rt freig h t ra te s to o th e r c u rre n c ie s fo r 1977, Ih‫ ؟‬сиг£епсу p a r it é s p u b lish e d in IM F ,
In te r n a tio n a l F inancial Sta tistics ( W a s h in g to n , D .C .), O c to b e r 197$, h a v e ^ n u s e d , w h ic h w e re v alid fo r th e e n d o f ‫ إ‬9 7 7 ‫ ل‬A n n u a l fre ig h t ra te s h a v e b e e n
c a lc u la te d by ta k in g a w e ig h te d a v e ra g e o f v a rio u s fre ig h t ra te s q u o te d d u rin g th e y e a r, w e ig h te d b ^ th e p erio d o f th e ir d u ra tio n .
‫ ﺀ‬F o r th e p erio d 1 9 7 ^ -1 9 7 7 , th e p rice s o f c e rta in c o m m o d itie s h a v e b e e n ta k e n fro m th e follo w in g is s u e s ‫ ؟‬f t ^ e M o n th ly co m m o d ity price b ulletin a n d
t ^ e Sp ec ia l su p p lem e n t th e re to , p u b lish e d by U N C T A D : for ‫ ا‬97 ‫ ؤ‬s‫؛‬sal h e m p a n d p alm k e rn e ls , is s u‫ ؟‬o f N o v e m b e r 197 ‫ ك‬a n d S p ec ia l su p p lem e n t
1 9 6 0 -1 9 7 4 (Ju ly 197 ‫ ;) ؤ‬fo r ‫ ا‬9 7 ‫ق‬, sisal h e m p , is s u e o f D e c e m b e r ‫ وأ‬7 ‫ ; ة‬fo r 197b, sisal h e m ? a n d c o c o n u t o il. S p e c ia l su p p le m e n t 1 9 6 0 -1 9 7 6 (M a rc h 1977);
for 19 7 7 , c o c o n u t oil, is s u e o f S e p te m b e r 197$.

24
 T able 26
Estimated total freight costs in world trade, 1970, 1 9 7 1 9 7 7 ,‫؛‬

T o ta l fr e ig h t V alue o f
costs ٠/ im p o r ts ^ F reight costs
im ports ic .if.) a s perc en ta g e
o f value o f
A rea^ {M illions o f dollars) im ports

1970
Industrialized countries - 1 5 118 212 216 7.12
O ther Europe ............................................. 1553 18 776
Australia, New ^eaiand. South Africa 860 10 162 8.46
Oil ek ‫ﺀ‬or ‫ ا‬ing countries 901 9 807 9.18
O ther W estern H em isphere . . . . . . . . . 1613 15400 10.47
O ther Middle East .................................... 354 4 698
O ther A s ia .................................................... 1660 18 587
O ther Africa ................................................ 90^ 6 994
Totai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 961 295 758 7.76

7975
Industrialized countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 939 6.02
O ther Europe ............................................. 4 404 56 070
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa 22611 9.34
Oil exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 763 51023
O ther W estern H em isphere . . . . . . . . . 4 692 48 674 9.64
O ther Middie E a s t .................................... 1232 16 581 7.43
O ther Asia 4 324
O ther Africa ................................................ 2 540 18 287 13.88
To t a ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 936 81 1 5 1 1 7.02

1977
lndu$tria!ized countries 39 684
O ther Europe ............................................. 5 409 8.09
A ustralia, New Zealand, South Africa 2 037 8.74
Oil exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 360
O ther W estern Hem isphere 5 249
O ther Middle East .................................... 1581 7.96
O ther A s ia .................................................... 5 290 7.76
O ther Africa ............................................... 3 364 13.38
T o ta !............................................................... 69 974 ‫ز‬
S o u r c e : C o m p u la tio n ٠٨ th e b a s is ©
٢IM F d ata .
‫ج‬ A r e a c la ss ific a tio n b a se d o n IM F , D irection ٠/ ٢٢٠ * A n n u a l ( ١٧‫ ه‬s h !n ‫ اة‬o n , D .C .), w h ic h d in e r s ^ o m th e cla ss ific a tio n ‫إ‬
e ls e w h e re in th is re v ie w .
^ A s re p o rte d in IM F , D irection ، > / ٢٢٠* A n n u a l 1 9 6 9 -7 5 a n d 1 9 7 1 -7 7 W a s h i n g t o n , D .C .), p a rt в o f s u m m a r ‫ ﻣﻞ‬tab les.

25
 C h a pt e r VI
PORT DEVELOPM ENTS

A. Introductory remarks cent). It is notew orthy th at totai tan k er cargoes

increased hy a I^ere 0.8 per cent, w hile th e m ain bulk
45. O iscussion o f tren d s w ith regard to ports is com m odities even decreased by 0.^ per cent. T h u s the
h am p ered by th e lack o f statistical d ata com parable over-all increase in seaborne trade is m ainly attribut-
w ith th e d ata available on shipping. In !976 an able to the increase in th e rem aining dry cargo, includ-
a tte m p t was m ade to select a sam ple o f 90 pilot ports, ing general cargo, w hich rose by 69 m illion tons (-1-4.3
including b o th large and m edium -si^ed ports from all per cent). Because general cargoes generate the highest
geographical regions, from w hich data on facilities, em p lo y m en t potential in ports and also place th e heav-
traffic, productivity an d d ev elo p m en t plans w ould be lest dem ands on a port’s facilities, th e grow th in this
obtained o n an ann u al basis. H ow ever, this exercise sector has been a particularly w elcom e elem en t for
did n o t prove successful ow ing to th e lack o f adequate m any ports w hich, during 19??, faced a depressed
response from th e port au th o rities ^ont^cted. D iscus- d em and in th e bulk sector.
sion is th erefore lim ited to available d ata on d em and
4?. A signlTicant factor th at has greatly influenced
for port services, supply, adequacy o f ports and the
d em an d for port services has been th e co n tin u o u s
situ atio n in regard to congestion.
addition th ro u g h o u t !97? and !978 o f cellular contain-
er and ro /ro vessels to th e world Beet. A s noted in
chapters II and IV , the world container Beet has been
B. Dem and for port services expanding at a greater rate th a n m o st o th e r sectors o f
th e w orld Beet, w hile both cellular ships and ro /ro
46. A s noted in paragraph 1 above, in 1977 total vessels accounted for a substantial percentage o f the
seaborne trade increased only m arginally (+ 2 .5 per world order book in Septem ber 1978.

T able 27
Container traffic in ^eieeted ports of developing countries, 1976, 977‫ل‬

C o n ta in e r irq/Jic in T E U Perceniage
change 1977
C o u n try or territory Port 1976 1 977 over 1976

Hong K o n g .................................... Hong Kong 1 029 059 1258 782

Singapore ...................................... Singapore 311772 373 510
Saudi A ra b ia .................................. Jeddah 87 406 219 128 + 150
Philippines .................................... Manha 133 694 169 174
N ig eria............................................. tag o s/A p ap a 60 098 86 672 + 44
J a m a ic a ........................................... Kingston 47 486 82 933
Malaysia ......................................... Port Kelang 68 726 82 273 + 20
T hadand ......................................... Hangkok 58 878 72 873 + 24
tJnited Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . Dubai (Port Rashid) 4 530 55 438 + 1124
H onduras ...................................... Puerto Cortes 28 591 47 545 + 66
H ra^il................................................ Santos 42 874 45 566
tJnited Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . Sharjah (Port Khalid) — 35 665
Indonesia ...................................... T anjung Priok 20 011 29 003 + 45
Trinidad and Tohago . . . . . . . . . Port of Spain —
Malaysia ......................................... Penang 14 192 18 037
tJnited Republic of Cam eroon . Douala 10 979 17 173 + 56
India ................................................ Bombay 8 032 8 027
Bahamas ......................................... Freeport 7 030 7 720 10
J o r d a n ............................. Aqaba — 7 066
B a rb a d o s......................................... Bridgetown 3 139 5 834
P a n a m a ........................................... Bahia Eas Minas 5 508 5 302
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vaiparaiso 4 185 5 274 + 26

T otal 1946 190 2 661 10? + 37

S o u r c e : C onia in eriza iio n In tern a tio n a l Y ear B o o k (L o n d o n ).

 T a b l e 28
Geographical distribution ‫ ؛‬of port development projects, 8?‫وا‬

Key'^
N = N um ber of projects D = Decision stage
p = Planning stage С = C onstruction or design stage.

C o u n tr y ٠٢ territory ‫ﺀ‬ N p D с P orts involved N stage o f de v e lo p m e n t o f p rojects a n d in ve stm e n t (dollars )

8.1 NoRTn A fr io a (15 PO RTS)

— 1 Arzew (C - offshore); new Skikda harbour (P - $190 million).

— 1 Alexandria (151$ - ‫ م‬m illion); ?ort Said (‫ ;) م‬Marza M atrouk (C); ?ort $uez (‫;) م‬
D ekheiia (‫ م‬- S350 m ihion); □ am ietta (155$ - ‫ م‬million). M aster p!an provides for

— 5 Zuara (‫ ;) م‬D erna (C); Brega (C - $116 m illion); M isurata (C - $100 million);
Benghazi (C - m aster plan); Tripoh (C - 1st phase $100 m illion, 2nd phase $88
miiiion).
— — C sa b ia n c a (88$ - ‫م‬ m ihion for m odernization in 5 years).
8.2 W est A frica (16 PORTS)
— 2 Gotonou (C — $46 m ihion); fishing port extension (C - $5.8 mihion).
— 1 ?ointe Noire (C - fishing port, new berths - $20.7 mihion).
— 2 Port G enth (O , Port Gwendo (C): hoth projects $105.8 mihion.
— 2 Tocodjoro (‫ م‬- m odernization $9.6 m ihion, expansion $96 m ihion); San Pedro (C -
$58 m ihion); Abidjan (C - container term inal - $28.9 mihion).
— 3 W arri and Roko (240$ - ‫ م‬miiiion); Harcourt (C - $42.5 m ihion); Lagos (C - 3rd
stage o f port complex - $125 mihion); Calabar (C - $144 mihion).
— 2 Dakar (C - container and ro/ro term inai - $24 m ihion); ftshing port (C - $33.6
mihion).
— 2 Douala (C), Cape Lim boh: cost of both projects $120.3 mihion.
8.3 E ast A^^tCA (3 PORTS)
1 — Djibouti (D - $7.5 mihion).
A ssab ( ‫) م‬.
Port Sudan (C - $50 mihion).

9.1 C a r ib b e a n AND NDRTh A n^e r ic a (15 PD^TS)

1 Bridgetown (C).
1 New 10 miiiion barrel term ina! for crude oh transshipm ent.
— Havana (‫ م‬- container and ro/ro term!na!); $antiago ( ‫ ;) م‬Cienfuegos ( ‫ ;) م‬Neuritas ( ‫;) م‬
fruit export term inals in other ports, m echanization of loading system ; sugar, $550
m ihion (1978-1990).
1 Port Santo Dom ingo (C - $35 mihion).
1 Guadeioupe (P - industria! port); Pointe-^-Pitre (C).
1 Port-au-Prince (C - IDB ioan $27 m ihion, land reclam ation, improved handling
capacity),
— Puerto B ustam ante (‫م‬ - expansion of industria! area, free-trade zone and storage
area).
— New Plym outh (‫م‬ - expansion o f ro/ro terminal).
2 Basseterre (C - berths for cruising ships and C A R lB A N k ioan $3,3 m ihion for
expansion).
2 Cui de $ac Bay (‫ م‬- transshipm ent and free-trade zone); hanana berths, storage sheds
and refrigeration capacity with C A R lB A N k loan $4.5 m ihion; cost of project $6
mihion. Castrices (C); Vieux Port (O ,

9.2 C en t r a l A n^er ic a (17 PORTS)

1 Puerto Lim dn (‫م‬
. Federal Republic of G erm any loan $24.5 m ihion); Puerto Caldera
(‫ ;) م‬Puerto Moin (14$ - ‫ م‬million).
— Acajuha (‫م‬ - container term inai - $27 mihion).
— Pacific coast term ina! (80$ - ‫م‬ miiiion).
1 Puerto C r ie s (C - §r4in termJnai - $8 mihion; Puerto C^stih4 (18.7$ - ‫م‬ million).
3 Coatzacoalcos - Salina Cruz (‫ م‬- “ m in i” land bridge - $12 m ihion); $a!ina Cruz (٠);

27
 T a b l e 28 (continued)
Geographical distribution‫؛‬، of port development projects, 1978

N = N um ber of projects D = Decision stage

? = ?■anning stage С = i n s t r u c t i o n or design

C o u n tr y or territory 9 P orts in v o tv e d N stage o f d ev eto p m e n t o f p rojects a n d in ve stm e n t idoiiars)

E a^aro i r d e n a s (D - oi! term ina]); P ajaritos (Ç), T opoiobam po (Q , R osarito (C - oi)

term inais).
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 — — P u e rto C o rin to (‫م‬ - c o n ta in e r cran e - $2.6 m ib io n ); A tlan tic coast termina■.
Pa n a ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1— — ■ P u erto V aca m o n te (C - fishing port - $30 m iliion).
9.3 $0UTH A m e r ic a , n o r t h e r n se a b o a r o (10 ?ORTS)
Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . 1— — ] P o rt o f $pain (C - new c o n ta in e r termina■).
V e n ez u e la ................................................ 9 1 — 8 P o r t € a r ‫ ه‬n ‫ ه‬r ‫ م) ه‬- $ N ‫ ك‬m ilb o n ); P u erto G abebo (38 !$-‫ﺀ‬ m ib io n ); Ta © u a rd ia ( € -
$99 m ib io n ); © u a n ta (C - $41 m illion); M aracaibo (C - $37 m iü io n ); © u a ran ao (C
- $17 m illion); P u erto del E stad o d e N u e v a E sp arta (C - $5.6 m ib io n ); P u erto de■
D rien te (C - $5.2 m ib io n ); P u e rto s L os T o tu m o s (C - airdom es).
9.4 $0UTH A m e r ic a , w est e r n se a b o a r o (19 RORTS)
Chiie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 — 1 Isla Rocuant (‫ م‬- industria! and fishing port); $an Vicente (‫ م؛‬- m illion); Vaiparaiso
‫ ) ﺀ‬- container depot).
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 — 5 Guayaquil (©); Puerto Boüvar (С); Esm eraidas (Ç); M anta (C - fishing port); Posorja
(C - fishing port). Tota! ab ports: $375 million.
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1 10 Bayouar (P)\ Malarani (C); Gallao (©); Teo (©); $alaverr^ (©); Iquitos (©); Pucallapar
( O ; Yusim aguas ( O ; Talara ( O ; General San M artin (©); Chinilote (Q . Tota! a!!
ports: 9 mibion.
9.5 So u t h A m e r ic a , ea s t e r n se a b o a r d (26 BO RTS)

A rg e n tin a ................................................ 8
B razil.
Drugua^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Punta M edanos (‫ م‬- tem porary deep water port - $700 m illion); Bahia Blanca -
integra! study of ports up to 10 m etres for long term (1955) - cost $1 m illion; Bahia
Blanca - feasibility study on widening and deepening access channel - cost $3
m blion. W orld Ban^ loan; Punta Colorado, Patagonia (C - first, variable orientation
offshore bu■^ term ina!); six ports (C - expansion o f 7 grain elevators, IDB ■oan);
$an Pedro and Rosaria (C - construction of сапа! to connect Rio de ]a P!ata and
Buenos Aires to ports of Parana river, IDB ■oan); Pum a Quilla ( O ; Puerto Barran-
queras (C - ■argest river termina) of Parana - $470 m blion); Buenos Aires (first of
two Liebher cranes, 300 ton capacity).
$‫ ﻣﺔ‬Francisco do $u! (C - two extensions - $1.5 m biion and $1.6 m blion); M anaus (‫م‬
- $6.5 m ibion); Tebig (‫ م‬- ■argest ob term inal in Latin Am erica, 600,000 b /d );
Aracaju (‫ م‬- feasibility study - $8.4 m bhon); $epetiba (‫) م‬, Santos (٠), Recife (Ç),
Rio G rande (P), Gapuaba (‫) م‬, Paraguana (‫) م‬: an investm ent of about $350 m blion is
envisaged for these six projects; Punta da M adeira (‫ م‬- port o f integrated project for
extraction o f iron ore from Garajas m ountains - $1.8 billion; $uape (C - $229
m blion); Tubarao (‫ م‬- special bui^ term ina! for coa] - $45 m bhon); Praia Mole (‫ م‬-
special bu!k term ina! for iron ore - $250 m illion); Barra do Riacho (C - specia!
term inal for cellulose - $50 mblion); $antos (C - m odernization o f rabwa^ access
and sugar termina! - $125 million).
3 1 Port M ontevideo (C - silos - ‫و‬ m bhon); Port M ontevideo (‫م‬ - fishing port); Port
M ontevideo (C - IDB ■oan).
10.1 W estern A sia (26 PORTS)

B a h ra in .................................................... 1 — — 1 M ina Sulm an (C - $66 mbhon).

Cyprus .................................................... 2 — — 2 Limassol and Larnaca (C - $29.5 m bhon, Wor!d Bank loan - $8.5 mbhon).
Dem ocratic Y em en . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 — — 2 Nodeidah (©); M o^ha (©).
I r a n ................................................ 1 —
— — 1 G hahbahar (Q .
Iraq ........................................................... 2 — — 2 Basrah (C), fjm m Qasr (C): expansion o f both ports for container termina!.
J o r d a n ...................................................... 1 — — 1 Aqaba (C - Tem porary floating Jetties).
Kuwait .................................................... 2 — — 2 $ h u w a ik h (G );$ h a ih a (G ).
^banon .............................................. 2 1 — 1 Beirut (P - m aster p!an under way).
D m an ...................................................... 2 —- — 2 Mina ta b o o s ; M ina Raysut.
© a ta r........................................................ 2 1 — 1 D oha (C); Jarzirat Alyah (‫م‬ - under study).
$audi Arabia ......................................... 4 1 — 3 Jubail (‫ م‬- industrie! and commercia! harbour, phase 11 of 5-year plan - $1 billion);
D am m an ( O ; Jeddah (C); Yanbu (Q .
 T a b l e 28 (concluded)
Geographical distribution ‫ ؛؛‬of port development projects, 1978

Key^
N = N um ber of projects ٥= Decision stage
? = Planning stage € = Gonstrnction or design stage.

C o u n try ٠٢ territory^ N P orts tn vo lve d .'d stage o f d e v e lo p m e n t o f projects a n d in v e stm e n t ( ‫ﻣﻤﺢ‬//‫رﺳﻢ‬

United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . 6 — 1 5 Mina Jebel Ali (‫ ه‬- m assive new harhour for industriai developm ent - $1.67 hillion);
Mina Zayed (C - $36 m ihion); M ina $agr (C - $$2 m iiiion); Port k h alid (C - $28
m ihion); R hor Fakkan (C - $52 m ihion); Port Rashid (Q .
10.2 So u th e r n a n d e a ster n A s ia (26 PO R TS)

B a n g la d esh 1 — — 1 Chaîna (Ç).

India 6 1 — 5 Bombay (C - $4.6 m ihion); Haidia ( O ; M orm ugoa (‫ م‬- deepening and reciaiming);
New Tuticorin ( O ; M adras (C - outer harbour ore and oil berths, 8,000 t/m );
Mangalore (Q .
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 — — 3 Belawan (C - phase 1 - $100 mihion); Surabaya (C - phase 1); )akarta (C - $79
miihon)
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 — 1 3 K uantun (C - new port); Kota, Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau (C - m aster plan review
o f all ports - $26 m ihion. World Bank loan $13 m ihion); Port Ke!ang (C -
conversion o f genera! cargo to container term inal - $4 m ihion); Bintulu (٠ -
handling of LNG - $179 m ihion financed by Islamic Developm ent Bank).
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 — — 1 Kasim (C - iron ore and coal termina(, phase 1 — $220 m hlion, AsDB loan $48.6
miiiion).
Philippines 2 — — 2 Gaya^an de Gro (C), Genera! $antos (Q : cost of both projects $20 million.
Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 — 1 Incheon ( ‫ ;) م‬Pusan (Ç); tota! num ber o f berths wih be increased from 93 to 150.
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 — — 3 Changi (C); Jurong (C - harbour extension); Keppel W harfs (C - ٢e-e ٩٧ipm e ٨t for
container term inal - $8.8 mihion).
Sri L a n k a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 — — Colombo (‫م‬ - second container berth).
7. $ 0 € l A L t S T U O U N T R tE S D F A s ia

C hina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 — 5 Lien T u n Kang (‫ م‬- new deep sea harbour, operative 1986 - $1 billion); River
T angtzee - deepening pianned at cost o f over $ 1 billion; Shanghai (C ); Hsinkang
(C); W ham poa (C); C hang Ghian (C); Mawei (Q .
12. C d U N T R tE S A N D T E ^ R tT D R tE S O F G C E A N I A

$o!omon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 — — I Honiara (C - expansion o f capacity - $^.7 mhlion).

Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 — — 2 Port Moresby (C), $amurai ( O : both projects at cost o f $10.5 million. W orld Bank
loan $3.5 mihion.

T otal ....................................................185 52 6 127

^ ٠٠٢،?،?$; D a ta o n ^ j r t s a re d e riv e d fro m t ^ e fo llo w in g o rg a n is a tio n s a n d p u b lic a tio n s :

C A R IB A N K , E S C A P , IB R D , ID B , D A S , W e st a n d C en tra ! A frica n H a r b o r G u id e (P aris), I n f
A friq u e p u b lic a tio n , ‫ وا‬7 ‫ ; ة‬D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction ( ^ n d o n ) . P orts a n d H arbors
(T o lty o ), T h e D o c k a n d H a rb o u r A u th o r ity (L o n d o n ), F airpiay In tern a tio n a ! Ship p in g W e ekiy
(L o n d o n ), M a r in e W e e k (L o n d o n ), A m e r ic a n S e a p o r t (^ ^ a s h in g to n , D .C .), B o letin In fo rm a tivo
A L A M A R (M o n te v id e o ), N avires, p orts e t ch a n tiers (P aris), M a r c h é s tropicaux e t m é d ite rra -
n é e n s (P aris), J o u r n a i * /٠ m a rin e m a rc h a n d e e t * ia navigation a érien n e (P aris), C o n ta in e r-
isation In te r n tio n a i (L o n d o n ), ٢٠^
٢ e t A q u a ( T h e H a g u e ), H . P. D r e a r y (S h ip p in g D o n s u l- a n d territories.
ta n ts ) L td . re p o rts , S e a tr a d e (D o lc h e s te r, E s s e x ), P ortos ‫ ﺀ‬N avios (R io d e J a n e iro ), C argo
S y s te m s (N ew M a ld e n , S u rre y ), A ctiv id a d N a v ie ra (B u e n o s A ire s), a n d In fo rm a tio n c o m m u -
n ic a te d to th e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria t by U n ite d N a tio n s o rg a n s re s p o n s ib le fo r th e im p ie -
m e n ta tio n o f field projects.
‫و‬ S ee a n n e x ‫ا‬ below .
b F ig u r e s fo llo w in g th e le tte rs ‫ م‬, D a n d с in d ic a te tlte a m o u n t o f In v e s tm e n t fo r e a c h
pro jec t. In s o m e ca ses th is In fo rm a tio n w a s n o t a v a ila b le.
‫ ﺀ‬T h e c o u n trie s a n d te rrito rie s c o v e re d n u m b e r 6 3 , o f a to ta l o f 1 ‫ وؤ‬d e v e lo p in g c o u n trie s
‫ ه‬T h e n u m b e r o f p o rts in v o lv e d d o e s n o t n e c e ssa rily c o in c id e w ith t h e n u m b e r o f
p ro je c ts , sin c e th e re m ay b e m o re t h a n o n e p ro je c t in o n e p o rt, o r a lte rn a tiv e ly o n e p ro je c t
m a y c o v e r tw o o r m o re p o rts. T ^ e to ta l n u m l ^ r o f p o rts re p o rtin g p ro je c ts o n p o rt
d e v e lo p m e n t Is 177.

48. D ne result o f this uneq u alled com m issioning o f 49. T he co ntainer tratTic figures o f th e 22 ?orts
co n tain er and ro /ro vessels has been th e accelerated ineiu^e^ in tabie 2? in^ieate a 3? per cent increase in
introduction o f these system s o n developing country th e tota! n u n th er o f T £ U h an hleh in 1977 over 197h.
trade routes. A s a consequence, developing country G row th was u n e v e n , how ever, w ith som e ports
ports have w itnessed a very rapid grow th o f their achieving a considerable increase in traffic (e.g. D ubai,
co n tain er and ro /ro trafftc, in particular th e ports o f Jed d ah , K ingston, ? u e rto G ortes), and others show ing
th e Lar L ^st, th e M iddle L ast, W est A frica and the no signiftcant changes (e.g. B om bay, Bahia Las ^ i n a s ,
G arihbean. Tahle 27 su m m arises inform ation o n con- Cantos).
tainer traffic in selected developing cou n try ports and
com pares th e 1976 and 1977 levels w here feasible.

29
 T a ble 29 al m aster plan, often including several ports, w hile 56
M a in fe a tu re s of p o rts u n d e r c o n stru c tio n per eent w ere projects involving th e d ev elopm ent o f
specific ports, u n d er the control o f a port authority.
Gonventionai berths only . . . . 13 5^. In 44 projects, new ports were being con-
W ith container term inai . . . . . 5 Générai cargo structed. A m ong th e m w ere 23 com m ercial seaports, 8
W ith ro!i-on facihties . . . . . . . 3
fishing ports, 7 com m ercial river ports, 5 Industrial
Gil terminai ................................ 2 ports and 1 tra n ssh ip m e n t ^ort. O f th ese 44 projects,
Product term inal 1 Oil and oil products 12 are in th e pianning stage w hiie th e rem aining 32
Specialized term inai, liquid gas 1 ports are actually u n d er construction.
Minerai term inal . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Grain term inai . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Bulk and 55. Tables 31 and 32 list selected projects taken
Specialized term inai for tim ber 1
specialised cargo . 11 from a sam ple ٠٢ 75 from w hich inform ation on
in vestm ent was available, classified into innovation
and expansion projects. T he form er correspond to a
supply o f a new type o f port facility; the latter corre-
spond to an increase in th e suppiy o f existing port
c. Supply of port services
facilities.
5©. Table 28 show s th e geographical distribution o f 56. In v estm en t for expansion varies from $2.6
185 port d ev elo p m en t projects in 177 ports o f develop- m illion for the purchase o f a container crane to $24©
ing co u n tries, classified according to th eir phase ٠ ٢ m illion for a large port expansion schem e. In v e stm en t
dev elo p m en t d uring 1978: plan n in g , decision, or de- for innovation varies from $1© m illion for a new Del-
sign and eonstruction. ' ' A pproxim ately 28 per cent o f ong type of speedy co nstruction Boating w h arf to $1
th e projects w ere in th e plan n in g stage, 3 per eent in billion and above for a m assive new port develop-
th e decision stage and th e re st— 69 per e e n t— in the m ent.
stage o f design or im plem entation.
5 F D f th e total o f 185 port d ev elo p m en t projects 57. T he region in w hich by far the m ost im p ortant
th at w ere exam ined individually, 44 per cent were port developm ent is taking pl^ce is th e M iddle Fast.
p r o j e c t s b e i n g C R rried o u t u n B e r a c o - o r d i n a t e d n a t i o n - Table 33 gives data, obtained from various sou rces , ‫؛ ا‬
on existing berths in 1 7 7 ‫ و‬and those u n d e r construe-
tion and scheduled for com pletion du rin g 1979 ,7 8 ‫و أ‬
and 198©, as well as on additions planned after
T abll 30
1981.
S u m m a ry of p ro jects by ty p e of facility
58. ?rio r to 1978, existing capacity for general car-
Exten- Moderni- go was 19© berths. D uring the period 1978-198©, a
Provision or extension and/or modernization ‫«<<>؟‬ zaiion Total total o f 178 berths have been or will be added to this
25 capacity (133 conventional b erth s, 34 co ntain er b erth s,
Conventional berths for general eargo 24 1
Container term inals ................................ 30 3 33
11 ro /ro berths and 1 L A $H berth). A dditionally, 92
R o/ro term inals ...................................... 15 ١ 16 new berths have been planned for com pletion after
M ultipurpose term inal . . . . . . . . . . . . . ١ — 1 1981.
Gil te rm in a l................................................ 10 — 10
—
59. Tabid 34 show s W orld Bank loans granted dur-
Product te rm in a l...................................... 2 2
Specialized term inal for gas . . . . . . . . . 1 — 2 ‫اأ‬
ing 1977/78. A total o f $58 m illion for a tot^l project
Mineral te rm in a l...................................... 9 2 11 cost o f $162.8 m illion will be financed by th e W orld
Grain term inal ......................................... 6 ١ 7 Bank In five port projects. T his is considerably less
Speeialized term inal for dry bulk cargo 1 — 2b th an the total loans granted by th e W orld Bank in the
Specialized term inal for sugar . . . . . . . 2 — 2‫ﺀ‬ previous year. H ow ever, no general conclusions should
Extensive d re d g in g .................................. 7 — 7 be draw n from this fact, since th e W orld Bank is
Extensive land reclam ation . . . . . . . . . ‫آل‬ — 5 currently discussing three projects for th e lending pro-
Extensive im provem ent of storage . . . — 6 6 gram m e for 1979, nine for the 198© program m e, w ith
Im provem ent of e ‫و‬٧i ‫ﺀ‬m ‫ه‬nt
an o th er eight stand-b^ projects for 198©. T his w ould
(Boating and cargo handl i ng) . . . . . . — 11 11
Passenger terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
indicate th^t the W orld Bank is still very active in
financing port developm ent.
‫ ؛؛‬A lg e ria ; n ew S k ik d u H a rb o u r, liq u e fie d gas (e s tim a te d c o s t $ 1 9 0 m illio n ); M alay sia :
? o r t B im u lu . s p ec ia liz ed te rm in a l for L N G a n d g e n e ra l ca rg o (e s tim a te d co st $ 1 7 9 m il-
lion),
b In d ia : ? o r t H a ld ia , w ith sp ec ia liz ed te rm in a ls for iro n o re , fe rtiliz er, coal a n d s a lt; ?o r،
o f N ew T u tic o rin . specialize،! te rm in a ls for co a l, s a lt, c e m e n t.
٢ Iv o ry C o a s t: ? o r t L o co d jo ro , sp ec ia liz ed te rm in a l for s u g a r a n d c c m c m (e s tim a te d co st
$ 9 6 .2 m illio n ); E c u a d o r: ? o r t G u a y a q u il, sp ec ia liz ed te rm in a l I'or s u g a r, p ro jec t u n d e r w a y ; H.P. Drewry (Shipping Gnnsuitants) Ltd., Middle East Liner
C u b a : \ a r i o u s C u b a it p o rts will b e m o d e rn iz e d to im p ro v e b a n t l i n g o f su g ar. Shipping: an Economic Anatysis o f Traffic Services, Ports and Future
Prospects (London, HPD Shipping Pubheations), Juiy 1978; The
Economist (London), vol. 265, No. 7006, 10 D ecem ber 1977, pp. 71
‫ 'ا‬Planning: thiB phase ends with a recom m endation on the and 72; P.G . Owen, “ k id d ie East genera! cargo ports” . The Dock
course of action the port should foiiow, giving only a broad treat- and Harbour Authority (London), voi. LIX, No. 695, October 1978,
m ent of technical aspects. Decision : this phase, which may be sub- p. 164; F.B. Roberts, “ Dredging and port construction in the Mid-
stantial in !ength, includes the tim e for the securing of funds. Design die E a s t" , Terra et Aqua (The Hague), No. 15-16, April 1978;
and construction: this phase covers the im piem entation o f the pian. “ Arabian G ulf — berth overcapacity conform ed” . Cargo Systems
See Port development: a handbook fo r planners in developing countries, (New M‫؛‬tiden, Surrey), vol. 5, No. 4, April 1978, p. 55 (article on
prepared by the secretariat of LJNGTAD (United Nations publica- estim ates contained in a report on traffic in the Arabian Gulf,
tion. Sales No. E.77.II.D.8), para. 15. prepared for the $har)a^ Port Authority).

3©
 T a bl e 31
Examples of port development: co■١
‫ق‬troet ‫آ‬o !١of new ports or new types of port faellltles

M illions
C o u n try a n d Port o f dollars D escripiion o f p r o je a

Venezuela
Puerto Gabello . 10.0 New Delong t^pe o f speedy in s tr u c tio n ‫؛‬looting w harf, with capacity for 2 berths, length
1 8 0 ‫الا‬.‫ﺀ‬
Mexico
$alina Gruz-Goatzacoalcos 13.0 “ M in i” •and bridge, project A!fa Dmega. A container land bridge frotu the Pacific across
Mexico’s isthm us of Tehuantepec to the Garibbean $ea. Facihties wih be provided in both
gate ports and im provem ents wih be m ade to hoth the highway and the raiiway connecting
the two ports .‫ه‬

$audi Arabia
Duadeem a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . — Pontoon Jetties 180 m long designed to accomm odate ships up to 20,000 d .w .t.'
Venezueia
Los T o tu m o s Poly airdom es employed as warehouses. These air supported structures are classified as
sem i-perm anem buhdings. They are 100 m long and 36 m wide, with a m axim um height of
12 m. Gost: £ 2 5 /m‫؛‬.،‫؛‬
Costa Rica
Caldera 50.0 C onstruction of a new port is planned. Provides for extensive land reclam ation to build
margina! w harf, a breakwater o f 200 m and initially storage space for 174,000 m‫ ؛‬, including
3 warehouses, ^ u a y !ength 500 m .‫؟‬
Venezueia
Puerto Carenero . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139.5 New port near the capital to relieve La G uaira, capacity of 2 million tons o f general cargo and
300,000 tons grain cargo. ٢

Brazil
^ ‫؛‬٥ G rande do $ul . . . . . . . . . . . 150.0 New soya and w heat loading term inal. Facilities wih inciude 142 m quay allowing sim uha-
neous herthing of one 60,000 d.w.t. and one 40,000 d.w.t. for B /C , fuh^ equipped 600 m
barge quay to accom m odate 6 N 1,250 tons harges, one silo for grain of 130,000 tons, 2
warehouses holding 65,000 tons, road and rah connections, road truck and rah wagon
unioading bags, adm inistration. Equipm ent cost; $30 m illion.‫؟‬
Brazil
Praia de Mole 200.0 $peciahzed three-way term ina! to unioad coal, crude and refined petroleum products and load
steel slabs and rolled steel products. Harbour protection is a mole of 4.2 km. Coal unloading
pier wih ahow 80,000 d.w.t. bulk coal carriers to tie up; 2 berths for loading steel slahs will
accom m odate 120,000 d.w.t. vessels. ١١

Pakistan
Port Kasim 220.0 $pecial‫؛‬zed port for handling bulk and sem i-buik cargoes, to reheve Karachi, which wih
concentrate on general cargo and liner ships. A n iron ore and coa! term inal wih accommo-
date vessels up to 75,000 d.w.t. The sem i-bul^ wharfs wih be used for exports of rice and
cem ent and imports of phosphate rock in vessels up to 25,000 d.w.t. Project phased in two
stages, 1980-1985.'
Gabon
Gape Santa Glara — New open sea deep w ater term inal to load the largest ore carriers ahoat. Designed Soros
Assoc. The principa! bulk shiploadlng berth will be at a record distance of 7.5 km from the
shore.■‫؛‬

Egypt
Dekheila , 350.0 New port as a part of industrial developm ent, to establish a sponge iron ore plant near
Dekheila. A special pier for im ported iron ore with deep water to accom m odate bulk carriers
up to 280,000 d.w.t. is envisaged .‫ظ‬
Guba
Various ports , 500.0 M aster plan to improve throughput provides for construction program m e up to 1990, with
som e 7 km of new quays as well as specialized ■oading fachities. The program m e will
compietel^ mechanize sugar loading by 1980.‫؛‬

Ghina
Lien Y un Kang . 1,000.0 New deep sea harhour to accom m odate ships of up to 100,000 d.w.t. W orks involve ? ^m
long dam , dredging 20 km entrance channe! and construction of the harbour basin, quay
walN and provision of C /H fachities. Expected to be operationa! in 1986 .'‫أأ‬
fJnited Arab Emirates
Mina Jebel All . . . . 1,670.0 New harbour developm ent for industrial developm ent to serve m anufacturing and assembly
plants of alum inium sm elter, steel making and rohing mihs. A commercia! harbour inciudes
zones for handhng dry bu!k, forest products, container, ro!l-on, refrigeration and warehouse
facilities. There wih be a total o f 66 deep water berths, 6 km o f breakwater, dredging,
excavations and reclam ation o f 110 million m ^. E stim ated compietion in 1982."

31
 T able 31 (continued)
Examples of po^f development: construction of new ports of new types of port faeillties

MiUions
C oiiniry a n d Port o f dollars D escription o f project

$audi Arahia
fubaii . . . . ^,816.0 Five-year eensiderabie expansion as part o f an industrial complex. The port is being divided
into a commercia! and an industrial harbour. Dredging and reclam ation vaiued at $680
mihion, construction of the industria! harbour and open sea tanker term inal at $1.8 billion.
Gommercial harbour in two phases has been valued at $1.56 bhhon.”

‫ ﺀاﻣﻚ‬/)'،' ‫ت‬.• S ee f o o t-n o te s below . ‫ل‬ D redging a n d ‫ﻣﻢ‬ /•/ C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V , N o . 9 , A u g u s t 1978, p. 11.
٤١ P orts a n d ^ ٥٢* ^ (T o ^ y o ), v o l. 2 3 , N o . 12; vol. 2 4 , N o . 1, D e c e m b e r 1978 C argo S ystem s (N ow M a ld e n , S u rre y ), vol. 5 , N o. 12, D e e m b e r 1978, [١٠ 12^ (a rticle o n
J a n u a ry 1979, p. 35. p o rt d e v e lo p m e n t ‫؛‬٨ E gypt).
ь A m e ric a n S ea p o r t (W a s h in g to n . D .C .), vol. 4 0 , N o. 7, A u g u s t 1978. [١. 6.
‫ ا‬T h e D ock a n d H a rbour A u th o rity (L o n d o n ), vol. 5 8 , N o. 6 8 6 , J a n u a ry 19 78, p. 3 8 3 ;
9 D redging a n d P ort C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V , N o. 6 , A pril 1978 , p. 13. S e a ir a d e (C o lc h e ste r, E ssex ), vol. 8 , N o, 2 . F e b ru a ry 1978, p. 113 (speelal re p o rt on
‫ل‬ Ib id .. vol. V , N o , 7, M ay 1978, p. 30. C a rib b e a n shipping).
‫ﺀ‬ U n ite d N fitions project. ٨٦ E S C A F , “ R ev iew 0 ‫ 'ا‬d e v e lo p m e n ts in s h ip p in g , p o rts a n d in la n d w a te rw a y s ”
‫ا‬ T h e D ock a n d H a rb o u r A u th o rity (L o n d o n ), vol. 58, N o . 6 8 7 , F e b ru a ry 1978, p. 426. (E /E S C A F /S T C .1 /3 1 a n d C o r r .l ) , N o v e m b e r 1 9 7 7 ; ‫'اﻣﻢ‬/‫ ك‬a n d H arbors (T o ^ y o ), vol. 23,
N o, 4 . A pril 1978, p. 18.
ё ‫'اﻣﻢ‬/‫ث‬ a n d H arbors (T o k y o ), vol. 2 3 , N o . 2 , F e b ru a ry 1978, p. 28.
٨ D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V I, N o . 1, D c to b e r 1978, p. 49.

‫ا‬ T h e D ock a n d H a rbour A u th o rity (L o n d o n ), vol. 5 9 , N o. 6 9 0 . M ay 1978, p, 2. ‫ م‬/‫ه‬/‫ﺢ‬. ‫ﻣ‬

T able 32
Examples ef port development: expansion projeets
(Expansion ٠
/ existing ports)

M illio n s

C o u n try a n d p o rt dollars D escription o f project

Nicaragua
Puerto Corinto 2.6 ?urchase o f a second container crane,‫؛‬
$o!omon Isiands
Honiara.................... 2.7 Extension of the deep w ater wharf, main com ponents: extension o f w harf by about 50 m,
provision o f limited facilities and equipm ent for container handling, reconstruction of sea
wali protection works and engineering services. Im plem entation during 1978-1980 .‫ظ‬
Malaysia
Port Ke!ang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 Conversion of a générai cargo berth for container traffic and addition of ro/ro facilities .‫ﺀ‬
India
Bombay....,.,,........,.,. 4.6 Container termina! at 12B Indira Dock wih be constructed, ?!anned throughput o f some
50,000 containers a year 1980. A 200 ton capacity mobile crane and supporting equip-
m ent are included in phase I. Expansion providing gantry crane is pianned in phase 11.
?hase 1 represents $1 m ihion .‫ه‬
Ivor^ Coast
San Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.8 Construction o f 180 m lon^ cem ent term inal, 11 m deep. T ear of launching 1978. T ear of
com pletion, 1979 .‫ﺀ‬
4.8 Construction of 200 m long pulp term inal at 11 m deep. T ear of launching 1979, T ear of
com pletion, 1980. ٢
Iran
K horram shahr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 Clearance, renovation, conversion and screening o f dock handling equipm ent.‫؛‬
Honduras
Puerto G r t e s ............... 7.^ Gonstruction of a grain term inai.‫'؛‬
Ivory Coast
Eocodjoro . 9.6 Construction of specialized berths, ore buik cargo berth (180 m quay— ? ha area; one berth
for cem ent plant (220 m quay— 10 ha area); sugar term inal (180 m q u a y ^ l ha area). ‘

Venezuela
G uanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 Design and construction o f a marginal wharf. Concrete cylinder piles will support the new
general cargo wharf, an extension of the existing complex. Expected to be com pleted in late
199?.‫ل‬
Nigeria
Port Harcourt ............... 11.7 Okirika jetty, designed to accom m odate one m ain line vessel o f 5,000 d.w.t. and a coastal
vessel o f 3,500 d.w.t.^
Egypt
Port $aid ......................................... 12.6 Construction o f two new breakwaters, totai [ength 2.5 k m .‫؛‬

32
 T a b l e 32 (continued)
Examples of port development: expansion projects
(Expansion ٠
/ existing ports)

M illio n s

C o u n try a n d port dollars D escription o f pro ject

Djibouti
Djibouti 14.0 C ontainer term inal Is under stu d ‫؛‬/. It is said that project m ight be under way within 9
m onths."‫؛‬
Nicaragua
Puerto Corinto .............. 17.3 Construction o f a grain term inal. Breakdown o f costs: berths, $16.4 m illion, e ‫و‬٧ipm ٥nt
$900,000."
Congo
Pointe Noire 20.7 Construction o f two berths and 5 ha o f open storage.“

D akar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.6 C onstruction of a container term inal and ro/ro berth at 11 m depth."
Benin
C otonou 46.1 Extension o f port, im provem ent of cargo handling, training of port staff,‫؟‬
Singapore
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66.0 C onstruction of two new container berths, total length 640 m .‫؛‬
Eibya
Arab Jam ahiriya
T rip o li 94.0 Com piete m odernization o f the port. Eirst phase includes a 2.5 km breakwater up to 12 m
depth, also construction o f open-air storage and warehouses on an area of 40,000 m ^,
refrigerated storage for 5,000 tons and adm inistration building.‫؟‬
Egypt
A le x a n d ria 150.7 Com plete rehabilitation o f the port is planned. The elem ents of the project include civil works,
cargo handling e ٩uipm ‫ه‬nt and Boating equipm ent, consultancy, training and contingencies.
Details are: dredging, $8 m illion; paving, surfacing of 100,000 m 1.9$ ,‫ ؛‬m illion; construe-
tion o f herths 550 m long, 230 m wide and 14 m deep, $23.9 m illion; storage facilities on
area of 22,000 m 5.3$ ,‫ ؛‬m illion; Boating equipm ent, $28,6 m illion; cargo handling equip-
m ent, $25,5 m illion; transport equipm ent, $14 m illion; other, $4.6 m illion; consultants and
training, $4.1 m illion; contingencies, $34.9 million."
Nigeria
Warri 240.0 C reat expansion, including 6 liner berths, 1 ro/ro herth, 1 service berth; total quay length,
2 km. Sheds and warehouses, office block, T ear o f launching, 1977; year of completion,
1979."

S o u r c e s : S ee fo o t-n o te s below . ‫ ز‬A m e r ic a n S e a p o r t (W a s h in g to n , D .C .), v o l. 4 1 , N o . 1, O c to b e r 1978.

N o t e . E x p a n s io n re p re s e n ts a n in c re a s e in th e s u p p ly o f e x is tin g p o rt s e r v ic e s ; in n o v a - ‫ ط‬W e st a n d C e n tra l A frica n H a r b o r G u id e {op. ،?//).
tio n re p re s e n ts a new ty p e o f s e rv ic e . In v e s tm e n ts h a v e b e e n c o n v e rte d in to m illio n s o f ‫ ا‬D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction (L o n d o n ), v o l. V I , N o . 1, O c to b e r 1978, p. 65.
d o lla rs a t th e ra te s o b ta in in g o n 15 D e c e m b e r 1978. ١٦٦ F airplay In tern a tio n a l Ship p in g ^ ‫ﺀﺀﺀ‬/‫( م‬L o n d o n ), v o l. 2 6 8 , N o . 4 9 7 0 , N o v e n tb e r 1978,
‫و‬ U n ite d N a tio n s project. p. 48.
‫ط‬ D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V , N o . 4 , F e b ru a ry 19 7 8 , p. 19. ١١ U n ite d N a tio n s project.
‫ﺀ‬ Ib id ., vol. V I , N o. 1, D c to b e r 1978, p. 74. ٠ W est a n d C en tra l A frica n ^ ١٠٢
٠٢^G u id e {op. ،?//).
d ٢٨،? D o c k a n d H a r b o u r A u th o r ity (L o n d o n ), v o l. 5 9 , N o . 6 9 6 , N o v e m b e r 19 7 8 , p, p Ibid.
٩ In f o rm a tio n p ro v id e d by th e W o rld B an k ( a m o u n t o f lo a n , $11 m illio n ).
‫ة‬ W p ‫؟‬/ a n d C e n tr a l A frica n HaphaF G u id e (P aris), E d itio n I n f A friq u e , 1978. ٢ T h e ٠٠^ a n d H a rb o u r A u th o r ity ( ^ n d o n ) , vol. 5 8 , N o . 6 8 6 , J a n u a ry 1 9 7 8 , p. 3 83.
٤ M a r c h é s tro p ic a u x e t m é d ite rra n é en s (P aris), 3 4 th y e a r. N o . 1 6 8 2 , 3 F e b ru a ry 19 7 8 , p.
‫ ة‬P o rts a n d H arb o rs (T o k y o ), vol. 2 3 , N o . 4 , A p ril 1 9 7 8 , p. 2^. 247.
‫ أل‬U n ite d N a tio n s project. ‫ ا‬C argo S y s te m s (N ew M a ld e n , S u rre y ), v o l. 5 , N o . 9 , S e p te m b e r 1978, p. 60.
١ W est a n d C e n tr a l A frica n H a r b o r G u id e {op. cit). ٧ W est a n d C e n tr a l A frican H a r b o r G u id e {op. cit).

D . Adequacy of port services by th e port authorities. T here is a sober lo^ic in th is,

since if a port is truly inadequate to nteet traffic
6©. T h e adequacy o f port services can best be con- dei^an d s it is b etter th at traffie be heid baek in a
sidered in term s o f port congestion. A lth o u g h a port controlled n tan n er rather th a n arrive onl^ to he idle
m ay provide less th a n satisfactory service sim ply outside th e port. H ow ever, it is q u ite intpossible to
th ro u g h slow han d lin g ٠ ٢ cargo or ships, this becom es !Measure how ntuch dissatisfaction or econom ic loss is
really serious only w h en congestion results. T he th en caused.
resulting ship delays in port are generally evidence o f
inadequacy in a port.
62. A n indicator o f port congestion used in earlier
61. T h ere ha$ recently been a ten d en cy f©r ship review s is ،he Bver^^e w aiting tinte hefore berthing fer
arrivals at som e congested ports to be strictly regulated general cargo ships, as reported for a n u m b er ٠ ٢ ports

33
 T a b l e 33
Commercial berths in Middle East ports; e^istiit^, under construction during 1978, 1979 and 1988, and planned
Conv. = conventional berth
Cont. = container berth
R o/ro = roll-on/roll-olf term inal

C onv. Com . R o lr o

M in . M ax. M in . M ax. M in . M ax.

Length o f berth (r^etres) . . , 150 240 150 245 180 250

De^th (!Metres) . . . . . . . . . . . 9.2 10.0 10.0 12.0 16.0

C o u n tr y N u m b e r o f b e r th s
( o i l p r o d u c t i o n in
m i l l i o n s o f b a r r e ls , 1 9 7 6 ) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 3.5 40 4.5 5560506 ‫ز؛‬ 7 07 ‫ت‬ 8 08 <‫ك‬ 9 09 ‫و‬ 0 0[

B a h ra in
(21)

Ira n
( 2 ,1 6 6 )

Ir a q
(9 5 7 )

K u w a it
7)‫( ةة‬

O m an
(1 3 3 )

Q a ta r
(2 3 7 )

$ a u ،li A ra b ia
( 3 ,1 8 8 )

U n ite d A rab
E m ira te s
(9 ^ 8 )

N o r th Y e m e n

S o u r c e s : H . p , D re w ry (S h ip p in g C o n s u lta n ts ) L td ., M id d le E a st L in e r S h ip p in g : an A u th o r ity (L o n d o n ), v o l. L IX , N o . 6 9 5 , O c to b e r 19 7 8 , p. 16 4 ; F. B, R o b e rts , “ D re d g in g a n d

E co n o m ic A nalysis ٠/ T raffic S e m c e s , Ports a n d F u tu re ‫(ت؛ﺀﻛﻢﺀﻣﻴﻢ‬L o n d o n , H P D S h ip p in g p o rt c o n s tru c tio n in th e M id d le E a s t ” , T erra e t A q u a (T h e b lag u e ). N o. 1 5 -16, A pril
P u b lic a tio n s), J u ly 1 9 7 8 ; T h e E co n o m ist (L o n d o n ), vol. 2 6 5 , N o . 7 0 0 6 , 10 D e c e m b e r 19 7 7 , 1978.
pp. 71 a n d 7 2 ; p . G . O w e n , “ M id d le E a s t g e n e ra l ca rg o p o r t s ” . T h e D o c k a n d H a rb o u r

34
 T able 34
World Bank loans or ،redits for port development granted In 1977/78

Am ount o f T o ta l project
lo a n /c r e d it cost

C o u n try T yp e a n d d a te (m illions o f dollars) D escription o f project

Benin IDA
June, 1978 1146,1 ‫م‬ Extension of port of C otonou, Im provem ent of cargo Irandllng, training of
p o rtstaff.
M aturities; 1988-2028
Service charge; 0.75 per cent
Cyprus IBRD
March, 1978 8.5 29.5 Extension o f ports of Eimassol and Larnaca to reduce congestion and m eet
traffic increases up to 1983.
M aturities; 1981-1993
Interest rate; 7.45 per cent
Malaysia IB^D
May, 1978 13.0 26.0 ?rovision o f the $abah ports of Kota Kinabalu, $andakah and Tawau with
cargo handling equipm ent; construction of new berths and sheds in the
port of Tawau.
M aturities; 1983-1995
Interest rate; 7.5 per cent
Papua New IBRD
G uinea April, 1978 3.5 10.5 C onstruction of a container term inal at ?o rt M oresby, a coastal w harf at
$amarai and training of port stalf.
M aturities; 1984-1998
Interest rate; 7.5 per cent
Sudan IDA
March, 1978 22.0 50.7 Developm ent in ?o rt Sudan o f physical capacity, operational productivity and
m anagem ent capabilities.
M aturities; 1988-2028
Service charge; 0.75 per cent

in term itten tly subject to co n g estio n . ‫? اإ‬in u res for the m u st be considered dislurbin^. T he essence o f trouble-
first four m o n th s o f each year since 1971 show the free ^orl o?er^lion is lo h^ve spare capacity in reserve
following progression: w ith w hich to talce up sh o rt-term or su d d en increases
o f traffic or interruptions to operation, ^ i t h so m any
; ٠ // ‫ﻣﺎ‬/‫ئ‬ 1973
1975
9974
97
976
78!
171
ports ii§htiy congested, th ere is §reat potential for
Average uum ber w idespread congestion if there should be an u p tu rn o f
waiflug da^B
trade.
per ship . . . . . 4.0 4,8 14.3 39.5
64. M onthly ship delay figures for 1978 indicate
T hese Bgures are not representative o f w orld-w ide th a t th e congestion situ atio n has co ntinued to im -
conditio n s, b u t they show how conditions in regions prove. T h e sam e indicator caicuiated on a m onthly
m o st severely affected by port congestion h av e devel- basis th ro u g h o u t th e year is as foiiows:
oped. A n im p ro v em en t registered betw een 1976 and
1977 was reinforced in 1978, and th e crisis period D ays D ays
w hich started late in 1974 w ould appear to be over.
Jan u ary . . . . . . 7.0 lu ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
63. H ow ever, th e serious im piications o f conges- F ebruary . , . . . 6.0 A u g u st . . . . . . . . . . .
tion are not disappearing entirely. In parallei w ith the M arch - - - - - - - 7.4 Septem ber . . . . . . . .
reduction o f congestion in th e m ost seriousiy affected A prii . . . . . . . . . 7.0 © ctoher . . . . . . . . . .
ports, m ore ports have ten d ed to becom e congested. Ma y . . . . . . . . . N ovem ber - - - - - - - -
T h e n u m b e r o f ports surveyed increased steadily from 3une . . . . . . . . . 7.2 D ecem ber . . . . . . . .
25 per m o n th in 1971 to 42 per m o n th in 1977 ^nd 54
per m o n th in 1978. T his tren d appears to stem princi- G ertain variations are due to th e e ^ a tic n atu re o f
pally from a rise in th e n u m b er o f congested ports. It reports published, b u t a co n tin u in g im p ro vem ent
tow ards th e year end is evident.
65. A nalysis o f th e reports by region show s the
‫ زا‬Indicatorcalcnlaled on the basis of in ^ r ^ a tio n contained in pattern appearing in tabie 35. T here are relatively few
the B IM CO Weekly Circular (Copenhagen). Exam ination o f waiting q u an titativ e reports o f w aiting tim es from $ o u th
tinte fignres based on other sonrces, notably Journal de /٠ marine
A m erica, b u t various reports o f th e n u m b e r o f ships
marchande et de la navigation aérienne (Paris) and Journal ٠ / Corn-
merce (New ¥ork), have !٨ the past confirm ed the over-all picture waJtin^ at ports o f tho region sitow th at a iarger n u m -
obtained from this source. her o f th e m are congested. N oting th a t th e M editerra-

35
 T a ble
Congestion reports by region
M editerranean
Rest e f Africa ......................................
Arabian ^ n in s u ia and Iran . . . . . . .
Rest ©f A s ia ...........................................
South America and Caribbean . . . .
nean includes a n u m h e r o f N o rth A frican ports, it
appears th a t th e ports o f A frica are m o st effected by
congestion. It is n o t so easy to identify a co m m o n
cause o f congestion in these ports as it was w hen
serious congestion w as largely confined to th e M iddle
Last. Lailure to adapt to increased national trade has
been only one rea so n ; political and social prohlem s
and th e diversion o f cargo th ro u g h inhahitual routes
hav e also heen evident.
A n o th e r indication o f th e existence o f conges-
tlon th e levy o f congestion surcharges. D uring 1978,
35 the attention o f th e U N C T A D secretariat was
hraw n to the levy o f congestion snrchar^es In 50
?orts, cot^?areh w ith 79 in 1977. T he InfornTation is
A ve ra g e n u m b e r ٠/
po rts r ep o rted on w aiting days
hy no nreans exhaustive, b u t once a^ain the trenh is
‫ امﺀهﺀ‬m o n th p e r ship clearly indicative o f an inT^rovin§ situation.
6 9.7 67. T he easing o f congestion at ^orts w hich have
23 8.6 experienced congestion is d u e partly to a lessening in
14 2.9 th e rate o f increase o f traffic, partly to new port facil-
8 6.4 ities and partly to increased efficiency. A n elenrent in
3.6 the iiuproved efftciency has heen a concerted effort hy
‫ر‬
port authorities and ship operators to m odify shipping
practices: for instance, ports are dem andin§ unitization
o f cargoes, and are also insistin§ on advance docum en-
tation o f cargoes, m odern ships and uniform hatch
distribution. T hese steps are not new , b u t they are
being tal‫؛‬en m ore quici‫ ؛‬ly once congestion hecom es
serious.
'٠ By circular from individual conferences or from references in
the inlernationai press (Journal ‫ ﻣﻢ‬،‫ ا‬/ le transport international (Base!),
Journal de la marine marchande ،?‫ ؛‬de la navigation aérienne (Baris),
‫ﺀك‬،‫اﺀﺀ‬-‫( ﺀﻣﺤﻪ‬Coichesler, Essex)).
36
 C h a p te r VII
OTHER DEVELOPM ENTS

A. Code of conduct for liner conferences C on v en tio n on Internationa! M nitim odai T ransport
adopted the text o f a d ‫؛‬-^ft co n v en tio n on international
68. A s at 31 D ecem ber 1978, 33 countries ac- ’ tra n sp o rt.‘‫ ؟‬T he T rade and D evelopm ent
co u n tin g for 6.14 per cen t o f th e relevant w orld ton- Board decided at its te n th special session to inform the
nage had becom e contracting parties to th e Conven^ G eneral A ssem bly o f th e conclnsion o f th e w or^ o f
tion on a C ode o f C o n d u ct for F in er C o n fe re n c e s .'‫؛‬ the Intergovernm ental Preparatory G roup and to trans-
T his represen ts an increase o f eight countries and B.44 m it th e text o f th e draft co n v ention, together w ith the
per cen t o f th e relev an t w orld ton n ag e since F ebruary draft provisions on ftnai clauses prepared by th e U N C -
1977. A rticle 49, paragraph 1, o f th e C o n v en tio n pro- T A D secretariat, w ith its ow n report, to th e G eneral
vides th a t th e C o n v en tio n “ sh^ll e n te r into force six A ssem hly. T he Board also decided to request the
m o n th s after th e d ate o n w hich not !ess th a n 24 $eeretary-G eneral o f U N C T A D to m ake th e necessary
$tates, th e com bined to n n ag e o f w hich am o u n ts to at arrangem ents for th e convening o f a conference o f
least 25 per cen t o f w orld to n n ag e, h av e becom e Con- plenipotentiaries on a conv en tio n on international
tracting Farties to i t . . . ” . ‘‫؛‬ m ultim odai transport in earl^ N ovem ber 1979 for a
du ratio n o f four w eeks, as well as for th e convening o f
69. T h e T rade and D ev elo p m en t Board, at its
a resum ed session o f th e conference if th a t w as con-
e ig h teen th session, included in th e provisional agenda
sidered n ec essary .'‫؟‬
for th e fifth session o f th e U nited N ations C onference
on T rade and D ev elo p m en t (M anila, 7 M ay-3 Ju n e
1979) an item 14( ‫ ) ه‬en titled “ D evelopm ents pertain-
D . Container standards for international
ing to th e C o n v en tio n o n a C ode o f C o n d u ct for Liner
m uhintodal transport
C o n fe re n c e s” . T he C onference wih consider th e status
and prospects o f early im p lem en tatio n o f th e C onven-
72. T he second session o f th e A d H oc Intergovern-
tion.
m ental G roup on C o n tain er S tandards for In ternation-
al M ultim odal T ransport, w hich had been established
by th e T rade and D evelopm ent Board in pursuance o f
B. United N ations Convention on the
Econom ic and $ociai Council decision 6 (LVI) o f 14
Carriage of Goods by ^ea, 978 ‫ل‬
May 1974, took place from 2© N o vem ber to 1 D ecem -
ber 1978. ‫؛‬٠ The report ٠٢ the G roup was referred to
7© T h e U n ited N ations C onference o n th e Car-
hy the T rade and D evelopm ent Board at its ten th
riage o f G oods by $ea (H am b u rg , 6-31 M arch 1978)
special session in its decision 182 (S -X ) on fu tu re
adopted th e “ U nited N ations C o n v en tio n o n th e Car-
follow -up action.
riage o f G oods by $ea, 1 9 7 8 ” , to be know n as the
“ H am b u rg R u le s ” . ‘‫ ؟‬T h e C o n v en tio n is intended to
replace th e H ague R ules. It will e n te r into force on the
first day o f th e m o n th foliow ing th e expiration o f one E. Flags ©f convenience
year from th e deposit w ith th e $ecretary-G enerai o f
th e U n ited N ations o f th e tw en tieth in stru m e n t o f 73. A t its first session, held in February 1978, the
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. A s at 31 A d H oc Intergovernm ental W orking G roup on the
D ecem her 1978, th e C o n v en tio n had been signed by E conom ic C onsequences o f th e E xistence or Lack o f a
several eountries h u t had not entered into force. G en u in e Tink betw een V essei and Flag o f Registry
adopted a resolution in w hich, inter alia, it concluded
th a t th e expansion o f open-registry (i.e. flag o fc o n v e n -
C. Draft convention on international ience) Beets had adverseiy affected the d evelopm ent
m ultim odal transport and com petitiveness o f Beets o f countries th a t did not
offer open-registry facilities, including those o f devel-
71. A t its six th session (21 F e b ru a ry - 9 M arch oping countries. T he resolution also concluded th at
1979), th e In tergovernm enta! Freparatory G roup on a

See T D /B /C .4 /IN F .2 4 . '* See T D /M T /C O N F .l.

See United Nations Conference o f Pienipotentiaries on a Code o f
Conduct fo r Liner Conferences, voi. 11, Finai Act (inctuding the Con-
vention and resolutions) and tonnage requirements (United Nations
publication, Sales No. E.75.11.D.12).
'‫ أ‬See A /C O N F.89/13.
” See Official Records o f the Trade and Deveiopment Board, Tenth
Speciat Session, Suppiement No. / (T D /B /745), “ O ther decisions
taken by the Board”,( ‫)ه‬.
“ The Brst session had been held in N ovem ber 1976
T D /B /7 3 4 -T D /B /A C .2 0 /1 0 .
four elem en ts w ere norm ally relevant w h en consider- authorities, shipping com panies, anri shippers’ coun-
ing w h eth er a genu in e iin^ existed betw een a vessel cils. It is estinrated th a t som e $2.3 m iiiion w as spent
and its cou n try o f registry: (a) w h eth er th e m erchant on technical assistance in 1978.
Beet contributed to th e national econom y o f the coun-
75. The following are som e o f th e m ajor teehnical
try ; (‫ ) ه‬w h eth er th e rev en u es and expend itures o f
assistance and training projeets executed in 1978: (a)
shipping, as well as purchases and sales o f vessels,
m odernization o f port statistics and in tro d u ctio n of
w ere treated in th e national halance-of-paym ents
perform anee indicators in W est and C entral A frican
acco u n ts; (،?) w h eth er nationals w ere em ployed on ves-
p o rts; ( ‫ ) ه‬sem inar on port operations for participants
sels; (،/) w hose was th e henefieial ow nership o f the
from A friean countries held in © dessa, U S S R ;( ‫ ) ﺀ‬sixth
vessel . ‫ ال‬T h e T rade and D evelo p m en t Board referred
U N C T A D /S ID A port training course in A hidjan, Ivo-
th e report o f th e G ro u p to th e fifth session o f the
ry C o a st; (،/) congestion tasi< forces in B enin, M auri-
U n ite^ N ations C onference on T rade and D evelop-
tius and A lgeria; ( ‫ ) ﺀ‬assistance to the A lgerian G ov-
m e n t. ‫ال‬
ern m en t in connexion w ith the drafting o f new port
legislation; i f ) assistance to th e G u in ean G o v ern m en t
in setting up a m ain ten an ce shop and im proving oper-
F. UNCTAD technical assistance
ations at the port o f C onakry.
in shipping and ports

74. In 1978, th e U N C T A D secretariat co ntinued to G. Suez Canal

assist developing countries in executing projects fi-
nanced by U N D ? , and in som e cases w ith local con- 76. Tahle 36 show s th at th e average daily n u m h er
trihutions. A ssistance w as also given by holding train- o f all vessels transiting th ro u g h th e Suez C anal in
ing courses and sem inars financed hy funds in trust. 1977 was 54, com pared w ith 46 in 1976 and 59 in the
Lifty U N C T A D experts sp en t a total o f 290 m an- first h alf o f 1978. Sim ilarly, th e average daily transit-
m o n th s in th e field assisting G o v ern m en ts, port ing tonnage increased from 513,000 to n s in 1976 to
603,633 tons in 1977 and 665,259 to n s during the first
h alf o f 1978.
” T D /B /C .4 /1 7 7 -T D /B /C .4 /A C .1 /3 , annex.
“ See Official Records o f the General Assembly, Thirty-third Ses- 77. T he average daily n u m h er o f transiting tankers
Sion, Supplement No. 15 (A /33/15), para. 447. was the sam e in 1977 as in 1976, b u t in th e first h alf

T able 36
Average daily number and net tonnage of vessels using the Suez €anal,
1966, 1977 and first half of 1978

A verage
A vera g e !9 6 6 '^ 1 977 J a n . 'J u n e 1978

N el N et
T ypes o f vessels N um ber tonnage N um ber tonnage

Tankers
Loaded, northbound ......... 12.3 255 701 2.5 54 658 53 076
Loaded, sonthbonnd ......... 1.9 21085 1.0 10 809
Ballast, northbound .......... 0.7 7 069 0.5 4 556
Ballast, sonthboand ......... . 12.3 280 896 3.2 136871 10^ 384

Sab-total 27.2 564 751 7.2 206 894 173 930

(Percentage share of tankers) . . (46.7) (75.2) (13.4) (34.3) (26.1)
‫مﺀ » ﺀ م‬-‫ ه‬/ cargo and containers
Loaded — — ^41 895
B a lla s t..................... — — 5.8 26 470 68 194

241 454 310089

(Percentage share of
general cargo and
c o n ta in e rs) — — (61.4) (40.0) (62 .6) (46.6)
Other
R aded 27.9 172 882 10.9
10.9 124 936 12, 0 148517
B a lla s t..................... 3.1 ■13 737 2.7 30 349 2, 9 32 723

Sabtotal 31.0 186 619 13.6 155 285 14 181240

(Percentage share
of o th e rs ) (53.3) (24.8) (25.2) (25.7) (25 (27.2)

T otal 751 370 3.9 603 633 665:

S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e basis oC in fo rm a tio n p u b lish e d in S u e z C a n a l R e p o rt, m o n th ly re p o rt by th e S ue^ C a n a l A u th o rity

(E g y p t), v a rio u s issu es.
٤١S ep a ra te in fo rm a tio n o n g e n e ra l ca rg o a n d c o n ta in e r v e s s e ls n o t av a ila b le for 1966.
 T a b l e 37
Trends in air freight volume and air freight operating revenues, 1974-1977
(Scheduled operations o f airlines o f ICAO member States)^

O perating
P ercentage T o ta lfr e ig h t P ercentage r ev en u e p e r
T o n -kilo m etre s ch a n g e over ch a n g e over to n -k iio m e tr e
Y ear {m illion) previous y e a r ‫صﺀ‬ p revious y e a r (U S c e n ts)

1974 .................................... 17 168 19.3 3 654 26.4

197 5 .................................... 17410 1.4 4 196 14.8 24.1
1 9 7 6 ................. 19418 11.5 4 763 24.5
1977 .................................... 21 535 10.9 5 594 17.4 26.0

S o u r c e : IC A O , F inancial d a ta . C o m m e rc ia l ‫ ه‬/> carriers, 1 9 7 7 , ‫ا‬ ; o f s ta tis tic s N o . 237 (M o n tre a l), 1979.
‫و‬ D a ta c o n c e rn in g 66 IC A O c o n tra c tin g S ta tes.

of 1978 it dropped slightly. D n th e o th er h an d , average H . Air transport

transiting tan k er ton n ag e declined b o th in 1977 and in
78. D evelopm ents In air freight tran sp o rt are given
th e first h alf o f 1978, indicating reduced tan k er m ove- in table 37. In 1977, th e v o ln m e o f air freight in
m en ts to and from th e M iddle E ast. T h e n u m b e r and ton-kilom etres carried by scheduled airlines o f report-
net to nn ag e o f générai cargo, con tain er and o th e r ves- ing 1€A D m em ber States increased hy alm ost 11 per
s‫ ؟‬ls increased both in 1977 and in th e first h a lf o f cent from th e previous year, and freight operating rev-
1978. H ow ever, over-ali, th e average daily n u m h e r and e n u e by 17.4 per cen t, w ith th e result th a t operating
ton nage o f all vessels w ere still low er th a n th e 1966 revenue per ton-kiiom etre increased from 24.5 per
levels. cent to 26 per cent.
 ANNEXES

A n n ex ١
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES

Nptes Code ‫؛‬

Albania Hungary (L)
L This classification is for statistical purposes only and does not Bulgaria Poland
imply an^ Judgem ent regarding the stage o f developm ent of an^ Czechoslovakia (L) Rom ania
country or territory. O erm an Oemocratic Republic Union o f Soviet Socialist
2. Trade statistics are based on data recorded at the ports of Republics
loading and unloading. Trade originating in or destined for neigh-
bouring countries is attributed to the country in which the ports are Code
situated; for this reason landlocked countries do not figure in these China Viet Nam
‫؛؛‬
tabulations. On the other hand, statistical tabulations on m erchant Oem ocratic People’s Repubüc
fleets include data for landlocked countries that possess fleets: these o f Korea
countries are marked “ (L)” in the ciassification that follows.
3. The groups of countries or territories to which the statistics Code ٠
presented in this review pertain are composed as foiiows: 8.1 North Africa
Developed m arket economy countries and territories: codes 1, 2, 3, 4 Algeria Morocco
and 5; Egypt Tunisia
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia: eodes 6 and 7; Libyan Arab Jam ahiriya
Developing ‫اﺀﺳﻢﺀ‬-/‫ ثﺀ‬and territories: codes 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12; 8.2 West Africa
o f which: Angoia Liberia
‫ ص‬-/‫ﺀ‬،‫ ا‬.• codes 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3; Benin M auritania
America: codes 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 9.5; Cape Verde Nigeria
Asia: codes 10.1 and 10.2; Congo St. Helena
Europe: c o d e ll; Equatorial G uinea Sao Tom e and Principe
‫ ﻫﺂ » ه ﺀﺀ م‬.• code 12. Gal>on Senegal
Gam bia Sierra le o n e
4. In certain tables, w here appropriate, five “ open-registry coun-
G hana ^ogo
trie s” (€ypru$, Liberia, D m an, Panam a and Singapore) are recorded
G uinea United Repubhc of Cam eroon
as a separate group.
Guinea-Bissau W estern Sahara
Ivor^ Coast Zaire

‫ﺀ‬،‫ﺀﻣﺢﺀ‬ 8.3 East Africa

Burundi (L) M ozambique
Danada U nited $tates o f America
Com oros Reunion
Code . DJil»ut] Seycheil^s
Ethiopia Somaha
Japan Kenya Sudan
Code . Madagascar Uganda (L)
M auritius United Repubhc of T n z a n ia
Australia New Zealand Zam hia (L)

Code 4 Code 9
A ustria (L) Italy 9.1 Caribbean ‫ ﻣﺢ?ﺀه‬North America
Belgium Monaco Antigua Guadeloupe
D enm ark N etherlands
Bahamas Haiti
Faeroe Islands Norway
Barbados Jam aica
Finland Portugal
Bermuda M artinique
France $pa‫؛‬n
British Virgin Islands M ontserrat
G erm any, Federal Republic o f $weden
Caym an Islands St. Pierre and Miquelon
Gibraltar $witzerland (L)
Cuba St. Kltts-Nevis-Anguilla
Turkey
Dom inica St. Lucia
Iceland U nited Kingdom o f D reat Bri-
Dom inican Republic St. Vincent
Ireland tain and N orthem Ireland
Greenland T ur^s and Caicos Islands
Israel Yugoslavia
Grenada United States Virgin Islands

‫ ﺀ‬Statistical data for the form er Dem ocratic Republic o f Viet Nam
Code .
and the form er Republic ٠٢ South Viet Nam for 1975 and earlier
$outh Africa years are included under Viet Nam.

41
9.2 Centrai America Jordan United Arab Emirates
Belize Honduras Ruwait T em en
Gosta Rica Mexico 10.2 Southern and Eastern Asia
El Salvador Nicaragua
Bangladesh Macao
Guatem ala Panama Bhutan Malaysia
9.3 South America: northern seaboard Brunei Maldives
French G uiana Suriname Burma ?alti^tan
G uyana Trinidad and Toba$o Dem ocratic Kam puchea Philippines
N etherlands Antilles Venezuela East Tim or Republic o f Rorea
Hon§ Ron^ Singapore
9.4 South America: western seaboard India Sri Lan^a
Ghile Ecuador Indonesia Thailand
Colombia Peru
9.5 ‫ح‬،‫ ﺀا؛ ا‬America: eastern ‫اﻣﻤﻬﻢﺀت‬-‫ﻣﺢ‬
Code / /
Argentina Paraguay (L)
Brazil Uruguay Malta
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Code ‫د ا‬

Code /٠ Am erican Samoa New Hebrides

Uhristm as Island (British) Papua New G uinea
10.1 Western Asia Samoa
Bahrain Eebanon French Poiynesia Solomon Islands
Cyprus Dm an Giihert Islands Ton^a
Dem ocratic T em en ^atar Guam Tuvalu
Iran Saudi Arahia Nauru W ake Island
Iraq Syrian Arab Republic New Galedonla

42
 A n n e x II
WORLD SEABORNE TRA DE‫ ؛‬ACCORDING TO GEOGRARHIGAL AREAS, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1976
{Millions ٠/ tons)

٠٠٠* /‫ﻣ ﺢ ﺀ ﻣ ﺤ ﻬ ﻢ‬ G o o d s u n lo a d ed

P etro leu m T o ta l P etro leu m T o ta l

D ry all D ry all
Area^ C ru d e P roducts cargo C ru d e P roducts cargo

Developed market economy countries

N orth America
1965 ................................................................... 0.1 228.5 ^32.0 73,7 65.3 155.2 294.0
1970 .................................................................... 0.7 308.0 314.0 73.4 103.6 170.0 347.0
1 9 7 5 . . . . ............................................................ 1.4 6.0 340.8 348.2 210.8 89.0 179.5 479.3
1976 .................................................................... 1.3 363.4 372.6 292.8 100.1 151.1 544.1
Japan
1965 .................................................................... — 0.8 22.0 69.7 14.0 115.0 198,
1970 .................................................................... — 0.3 41.6 41.9 170.4 30.4 235.1 435.
1975 .................................................................... — 1.3 70.1 225.9 21.4 302.1 549.
1976 .................................................................... — 76.4 76.4 227.3 13.3 335.0 575.
Australia and New Zealand
1965 .................................................................... — 1.2 26.5 18.7 13.8 34.4
1970 .................................................................... — 1.3 92.3 93.6 18.8 37.1
1975 .................................................................... 0.2 170.4 173.4 10.9 4.0 24.0 38.9
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 163.1 166.1 10.3 4.6 19.6 34 ‫ئ‬
Europe
1965 .................................................................... 0.3 183.7 ^35.3 327.9 357.7 775.2
1970 .................................................................... 28.6 244.8 355.6 621.0 100.4 469.0 I 19^.4
1975 .................................................................... 56.7 74.4 424.9 652.6 111.5 515.6 1 279.7
1976 .................................................................... 58.8 76.9 334.1 469.8 696.0 110.2
South Africa
1965 .................................................................... — 0.3 4.7
1970 .................................................................... — 17.6
1975 .................................................................... — 0.2 20.5 20.7 15.0 1.2 10.6
1976 .................................................................... - 0.2 44.9 45.1 1.6 7.4 24.1

Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia

Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe
(excluding USSR)
1965 .................................................................... 0.4 22.6 26.9
.‫ ة‬:‫ة‬
I
1970 .................................................................... 0.2 3.4 34.8 3.0 29.2 43.0
1 9 7 5 . . ............................................................... — 44.8 19.4 44.0 67.0
1976 .................................................................... - 46.5 26.5 42.0 72.4
USSR
1965 .................................................................... 28.3 18.0
1970 .................................................................... 38.0 46 ‫ت‬0 106.9 11.9 14.4
1975 .................................................................... 42.2 30.8 119.8 29.0
1976 .................................................................... 47.5 32.0 134.6 ‫أ‬:‫ة‬ 1.0 41.2
Socialist countries o f Asia
1965 .................................................................... — 0.2 0.3 11.8
‫ا‬ 9 7 0— . . 0.1
. . . . . ّ . . 13.4
. . . . 5.4 0.4 24.4
1975 8.0 0.2 20.3 2.4 18.7
1976 8.0 0.2 10.8 19.0 1.3 17.8 19.1

‫ﺀ^ﺀم‬/‫ ةﺀ<;ﻣﻢ‬countries and territories

N orth Africa
1965 84.6 3.4 29.2 117.2 10.9 16.3
1970 221.4 5.6 28.3 255.4 17.9
1975 115.9 7.^ 24.7 148.4 32.0 39.8
1976 142.0 ^.9 33.5 178.4 .‫ ة‬:‫ث‬ 29.2 43.4

43
 A n n ex II (continued)
WORLD SEABORNE T R A D E ‫ ؟‬ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1976
(Mutions o f tons)

G o o d s lo a d ed G o o d s u n lo a d ed

P etro leu m T otal P etro leu m T o ta l

D ry all D ry all
Area^ C ru d e P roducts ، ٠٠٢^٠ C ru d e Products cargo goods

W est Africa
1965 .................................................................... 14.7 0.3 41.1 56.1 1,5 4.6
1970 .................................................................... 60.5 1.0 61.5 123.0 4.0 14.8
1975 .................................................................... 104.0 1.6 67.7 173.3 4.8 16.9
1976 .................................................................... 117.3 65.8 185.9 4.8 17,6
East Africa
1965 .................................................................... — 0.5 11.0 11.5 6.0
1970 .................................................................... — 16.1 17.3 16.4
1975 .................................................................... — 1.2 14.8 16,0 18.9
1976 .................................................................... — 0.8 14.7 7.1 17.4
Caribbean and North America
1965 .................................................................... — 0.2 20.4 20.6 4.8 3.0
1970 .................................................................... — 1.4 29.8 39.2
1975 .................................................................... — 9.4 3/7 46Л 13.0
1976 .................................................................... — 20.3 44.9 10.7 61.1
Central America
1965 .................................................................... 1.0 4.1 10.9
1970 .................................................................... — 11.9 6.0 6.5 18.0
1975 .................................................................... 5.0 14.2 20.7 12.1
1976 .................................................................... 5.7 1.4 14.7 21.8
South Am erica: northern seaboard
1965 .................................................................... 123.3 99.2 250.2 3.0 4.7 61 6
1970 .................................................................... 131.1 111.8 36 ‫م‬ 278,9 63.1 3.0
1975 ................................................. 64.4 30.4 179.4 7.0 10.5 50.5
1976 ............................................... 78.8 78.6 31.7 189.1 46.9 4,8 60.9
South Am erica: western seaboard
1965 ............................................... 6.0 0.8 1.1 1.5 7.7
1970 ................................................. 4.6 29.8 35,9 4.1 1.5 11.5
1975 ................................................. 8.4 24.4 34.4 7.0 0.8
1976 ................................................. 34.0 0.9
South Am erica: eastern seaboard
1965 ................................................. 0.8 34.4 15.4 1,4 29.8
1970 ................................................. 0.1 1.1 54.3 18,8 1.0 19.8 39,6
1975 ................................................. 0.9 0.9 103.7 В ^.1
1976 ................................................. 0,4 0.3 104.9 105.6 44.2 3.0 26.2
W estern Asia
1965 .................................................................... 348.7 42.8 397.1 7.0 11.3 20.2
1970 .................................................................... 588.7 65.6 0,1 1.0 14.2
1975 .................................................................... 870.5 50.1 932.6 1,5 3.0 39.8
1976 .................................................................... 998.9 41.9 1 058.0 45.0
Southern and Eastern Asia (n.e.s.)
1965 ............................................................... 14.6 93.3 17,0
1970 ............................................................... 35.0 148.0 54.7 61.9 139.5
1975 .................................................... 66.1 i 195,4 18.6 102.0 201.1
1976 ............................................................... 76.9 14.9 216.1 20.8 97.3 198.4
Developing countries in Europe
!965 ............................................................. 0.2 0.4 06
‫ا‬ 90? 0.3 0.7 1,0
‫ا‬ 95? 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.8 1.1
‫ا‬ 96? 0.1 0.1 0,3 0.7 1.0
C ountries and territories o f Oceania (n.e.‫؛‬
1965 0,9
1970 0,2 0.6 ‫؟‬١
1975 0.1 1.2
1976 0.1 4.0 6.7
Worid to ta l ‫؛‬
]965 .................................... ............................. 6^2 240 812 6741622222832 1676
1970 .................................... .............................. 1 ‫ ل‬11 330 ‫ ا‬165 6052 1111 302 1271 5302
1975 .................................... ............................. 1 364 280 ‫ ا‬428 0723 1374286 1395 0553
1976 .................................... ‫ ا‬544
.............. 277 5541 3753 1533 2941426 3,253

S o u rce : D a ta c o m m u n ic a te d to td e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria t by th e S ta tistica l O ffice o f th e tra d e (in d r^ cargo) a itto o n te d to ‫ ? ل‬n tiliio n to n $ in 1 9 6 5 , 42 ttti!(ion to n $ in 1 9 7 0 , 59
U n ite d N a tio n s . n tillio n to n s in 1975 a n d 49 m illio n to n s in 1976,
‫ ؟‬in c lu d in g in te rn a tio n a l c a rg o es lo ad e d a t p o rts ٠٢ t h e G re a t L a k e s a n d St. L aw ren c e ٠١ S ee a n n e x I fo r tlte c o m p o s itio n o f td e s e g ro u p s.
s y s te m fo r u n io a d in g at p o rts o f th e s y s te m , in c iu d in g p e tro le u m im p o rts in to N e th e rla n d s ‫ ﺀ‬E ig n re s ro u n d e d to tlte n e a re s t m illio n .
A n tille s a n d T rin id a d a n d T o b a g o fo r re fin in g a n d re -e x p o rt. G r e a t L ak e s a n d St. L aw ren c e

44
 A nnex III
MERCHANT FLEETS OF THE WORLD BY FLAO OF REOISTRATION, ‫؛‬،
CRO H ? OF COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES AND TYPE o r SHIPS IN G.R.T. AND D.W .T., AS AT 1 JULY 8?‫وا‬ ,»
(Figures for d.w.t. are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)

٠// B u lk G e n era l C o n ta in e r
Total tankers carriers^ ،■
‫ه‬/‫ﻛ ﻤإل‬ ships O thers

W orld to ta l ، ‫؛‬ 658 400

748 174 729 819 103 426 009 77 998 525 674‫؛‬
055 920‫؛‬
250
(662 798 720) (338 587 336) (179 377013)

‫ ﺀ^ﺀم‬/‫ﻣﺢﺀﻣﻢ‬market economy ‫مﺀ‬،‫ﺀ » ا‬/‫لﺀ' أ‬

and territories
Australia 1 531 739 284 572 755 159 255 411 92 508 144 089
(2 230 305) (467 425) (1 273 212)
A u s tr ia 46148 11845 25 503 8 800
(69 510) (18 224)
Belgium 1 684 692 303 767 747 631 356 152 58 821 218 321
(2 600 106) (524 958) (1 322 170)
C anada 1 129 314 207 308 217 807 109 733 21549 572 91?
(1 003 683) (285 892) (396 753)
Denmarl، 5 530 408 2 902 383 643 864 1049 844 466 209 468 108
(8 939 266) ;5 551 193) (1 048515)
Faeroe Is la n d s 60 939 9 291 51648
(37 873)
F in la n d 2 358 623 1139 785 478 878 526 507 209 558
(3 540 833) (2 026 867) (780 004)
France 12 197 354 7 714 800 1711614 1473 721 307 843 989 376
(21101089) (15 034 657) (2 998 616)
G erm any, Fed. Rep. o f 9 736 667 3 418 607 2 123 195 2 735 543 900 857 558 465
(15 699 696) (6 598 304) (3 684 048)
G ib ra lta r 832 427 405

Greece 33 956 093 10 653 499 12959 906 9 588 980 731 397
(57 031 003) (19 970 717) (22 576 997)
I c e la n d 175 097 2491 74 787 97 819
(157 455) (3 755)
Ireland 212 143 3 989 123 650 29 152 5 743 49 609
(269 197) (5 382) (197 802)
Israel 420 933 368 206 423 87 608 121490 5 044
(562 723) (642) (314 263)
Italy 11491873 4 874 279 4 2 1 5161 1129 280 158 169 1114 984
(18 697 726) (9 078 286) (7 280 555)
Japan 39 182079 16 385 739 13430 909 4 341 088 1 312 269 3712074
(64 797 256) 31)‫ ث‬668 (
39 (22 483 220)
Monaco 3 268
(4 959) 9594)(
N e th e rla n d s 5 180 392 2214752 576 164 572 288 234 158 576 307
(7 926 136) 1103614)( (947 847)
New Z e a la n d 211112 133 729 - 44 941
(226 520) ,‫ﺋ<ﺔ ﺛ ﻖ‬
Norway 26 128 428 8 380 934 493 282 52 196 2 308 195
(46 388 860) 191
293
27)( (14 553 476)
Portugal 1 239 963 646
041 73 204 355 473 6 260 158 985
(1872 265) 337
2011)
( (116427)
South Africa 660 735 597
37 150 713 198 688 149 407 124 330
(794 407) 554
62)( (259 623)
Spain 8 056 080 079
2405 1134 759 972 230 29 450 840 401
(13 482 270) 034
5309)( (1979 789)
S w ed e n 6 508 255 075
0053 1^52 280 934 079 66 916 479 975
(10 867 733) 047
1746)( (3 326 477)
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 762 9002 111009 111928 - 4925
(351 467) 9012)( (180 003)
Turkey 1358 779 356
558 422 915 466 356 - 112 950
957
596)( (696 096)
U nited Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 896 606 731430
14 7 849 961 774 1 800 572 2 740 362
(50 459 252) 163
836
27)( (13 615 445)

45
 A n n e x III (‫ﺀ? امﺀ‬/»،،‫)ﻣﺢﺀ‬
M ERCHA NT FLEETS OF TH E W ORLD BY FLAG OF REGISTRATION , “
G RO U P OF COU NTRJES O R TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F S H IP S ,، IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are show n in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)

٠// B ulk G enera! C ontainer

T otal tankers carriers^ c a rg o ^ ships O thers

United States o f America 12 759 500 6 422 020 317 297 2 040 805 1 744 397 2 234 981
(18 909 404) (12 233 112) (471436)
Yugoslavia 2 365 630 214 779 880 499 1196 365 20 226 53 761
(3 588 442) (363 495) (1496 364)

Subtotal, developed m arket econom y 215 314444 94 608 163 59 475 7?? 042‫ ؛‬531 584
0467 18 603 927
countries (353 580 223) (180 277 987) (102 017 362)

‫» ﺀﻣﻢ‬-/ ‫ ة ﺀ‬/‫ﺀت‬/‫»«مﺀ ات‬،//‫تﺀ‬

C y p ru s 2 599 529 204 993 276 721 2013019 5081 99 715
(3 727 867) (321 144) (417071)
Uiberla 80 191 329 49 778 422 24 114 002 3 839 325 311903 2 147 677
(157 096 093) (103 920 758) (44 598 496)
© m an 5 630 3456 — 2 174

Panam a 20 74‫ أل‬67 ‫رو‬ 6 337 292 4819721 7 763 962 158 323 1669 381
(33 610 313) (12 318 385) (7 977 463)
S in g a p o re 7 489 205 3 155 150 2 287 163 207 229 187 352
(12 397 813) (6021 796) (2 746 444)

Subtotal, open registry countries . . . . . . . . 11 034 372 59 475 857 30 862 755 !536‫؛‬
9 015
6 4 106 299
(206 839 954) (122 582 083) (55 739 474)

‫ ﺀ م‬/‫ ه‬//‫ ﻣﺢ‬countries ‫م‬/‫ﺀ» ك ﺀﺀﻣﻢﺀ‬،،/ ‫ ﺀﻣﻢ‬and Asia

Sociaiist countries ‫م‬/ ‫ﺀﺀﺗﻪﺀ‬ ‫ﺀﺀ‬،‫ﺀﻣﻤﻚ‬

/»
Albania 870
55 54 631 1239
457
74)(
Bulgaria 1082
477 (352617 282 629 328 009 119 222
(560 566) (410 841)
Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770
150 102 589 48 181
899
226)( (164 382)
G erm an Dem ocratic Republic . . . . . . . . . . . 994
5391 275 651 754 998 250 450
982
2591)( (488 936) (381901)
H u n g a ry 738
77 77 738
110350)(
Poland 490
5873 1212714 1275 414 439 862
934
3144)( „ ‫ةةة؛ة‬ (1 954 135)
Rom ania 428
0411 246
927 587 663 434 443 159 008
044
3682)( 437)
750 ( (923 773)
U S S R 927
261
22 693
173
4 1522 473 7 481 4 8 1 151 413‫؛‬
405
311
222
24)( 442
2557)( (2 355 444)

Total socialist countries o f Eastern Europe 30 087 404 3 966 963 4 151‫؛‬
510
4 186
383«
(35 071 427) (9 758 568) (6 190476)

Sociaiist ‫كﺀ»»مﺀ‬/'‫؟ ﺀ‬o f Asia

C h in a 5 168 898 1 0 3 1825 1116953 :836 281 183 839
(7 598 280) (1 733 466) (1865 311).
Dem ocratic People’s Republic o f Korea 90 078 21734 29 287 39 057
(101 542) (33 252)
Yiet N am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 585 33 906 113926 14 753
(225 155) (55 093)

Total sociaiist countries o f Asia 5 421 561 1 087 465 1 116953 !979 494 237 649
(7 924 977) (1 821811) (1 865 311)

Tota• socialist countries o f Eastern Europe 35 508 965 7 218 430 5 083 916 434‫ ؛‬389 151 9 620 835
and Asia (42 996 404) (11580 379) (8 055 787)

46
 A n n e x 111 (continued)
M ERCHA NT FEEET^ ©F T H E W ORLD BY ELAG O F REGISTRATION, ‫؟‬
GRO U P O F CO U N TRIES O R TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F SH IPS , ‫ ﺀ‬IN G .R A . AND D .W .T ., AS AT I JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. ^re showtt in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)

٠// B u lk General C o n ta in e r
T otal tankers carriers^ cargo^ ships O thers

‫ﺀآﺀم‬/‫ ﻣﻪ‬/»‫ ج‬countries ‫ ﻣﻢ'ره‬-/‫هﺀ‬

A lg e ria 1 152 086 642 675 81 170 174 336 253 905
(1769 955) (1 207 289) (126 745)
A n g n la 21 820 1 875 2 357
(26 627) (2 750)
Benin 1074 1074
(360)
Cape Y e r d e 5516 216 3 314 1986
(7 596) (350)
Com oros 265 139
(1061) (59)
Congo 6 942 6 942
(10 833)
Djibouti 1971 1780 191
(2 600)
Egypt 456 291 130 940 265 852 59 499
(214051)
Equatorial © uinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 070 3 070
(3 366)
E th io p ia 23 490 2051 20 643 796
(30 347) (2 980)
Gabon 77 520 74471 455 2 594
(143 406) (141 158)
Gam bia 4 224 1986
(4 493)
G hana 186 079 138 236 47 843
(216 874)
G u in e a 15 041 10 764 436 3 841
(17 187) (15 290)
G uinea B is s a u 370 370

Ivory Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 749 142 771 13 978

(196 713)
K enya 15 224 2 704 9 241 3 279
(19 925) (4 642)
Libyan Arab Jam ahiriya 885 362 39 586 50 083
(1 573 922) )‫( ﻗ ﺔ ة ة ا‬
Madagascar 40 303 1324 34014 4 965
(52 309) 3192)(
M a u rita n ia 489 489

M a u r itiu s 40 732 36 357 4 375

(51 730)
M o ro c co 341 410 109 128 58 605 90 759 82 918
(529 549) (192 977) (100 501)
M ozambique 36 169 6 549 14 102 15518
(35 606) (10 612)
N ig e ria 324 024 143 999 161 921 18 104
(503 996) (274 047)
S e n e g al 29 404 19 101
(26 550) (2 579)
Seychelles 53 646 17 447 34 604
(2 700)
Sierra U o n e . ‫ روق‬4‫ﻫﺎ‬ 2 433 2 256

Somalia 72 961 10 458 62 165 338

(104617) (16 450)
Sudan 43 375 42 255 1 120
(56 893)
Togo 15 498 15 106 392
(23 380)
T u n is ia 11^303 27 030 20 157 46 531
(151960) (46 824) (32 217)
U ganda 5 510 5 510
(9 115)

47
 Annex III {continued)
M ERCHA NT FLEETS TH E W ORLD BY FLAC O F REGISTRATION , “
G R O U ? OE C O L N T R IE S OR TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F S H IP S ,، IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are shown in parentheses exeept in ^ se s where su^h data are not available)

on B u lk G e n era l C o n ta in e r
T otal tankers carriers^ c a rg o ^ ships O thers

United Republic of Cam eroon . . . . . . . . . 83 111 47 527 30 974 )276

(126 364) (85 950)
United Republic of Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . 36 968 997 26 765 »206
(44 304) (1 503)
Z a ire .................................................................... 109785 — 95 951 834‫؛‬
(157 603)
Z a m b ia ............................................................... 55© — 5 ‫ إ‬13
(9 110)

Totai developing countries of Africa 4 3?0© 0 2 001 282 170 696 1 516 367 681 805
(6 549 210) (3 714 169) (274 753)

Deveioping ،’‫ه‬،‫» ا‬/ ‫'ا‬/‫ تﺀ‬o f America

A nguiiia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399 399
(525)
Anrigua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 147 263
(750)
A rgentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ООО 879 652 047 415 528 762 394 170 910
(2 802 820) (982 344) (676 478)
Baham as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 269 14 506 25 844 29 785 14 134
(106 683) (22 166) (38 600)
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 448 291 4 157
(514)
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 620
(800)
Berm uda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1814455 926 890 643 111433
(3 068 276) .6 9 9 938) (1056
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 701731 . 259 776 1 118 4 800 142 194
(6 006 521) 820
218( ‫؛‬ (2 028
Caym an Islands . . . . . . . . . . . 169 100 5 669 36 113874 13 024
(246 157) (9 355) (56
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466 319 60 540 111 262 622
(688 144) (101928) (188
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 585 236 004 6 364
(48 136)
Costa R i c a 10 462 7 255 3 207
(10 120)
C u b a ................................................................................. . . . . . . . 779 187 71022 29 845 504 878 — 173 442
(959 847) (107 969) (49 933)
Dom inican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18313 674 9 420 7 834 — 385
(28 228) (1 609) (16 297)
Ecuador ................................................ . . . . . . . 201244 96 081 — 95 465 — 9 698
(274 023) (157 057)
£i S a lv ad o r.......................................... . . . . . . . 1987 — — 1 816 — 171
(3 303)
Falkland Islands ................................ . . . . . . . 7 937 — — 537 — 7 400
(4 383)
G r e n a d a ................................................ . . . . . . . 226 — — — — 226
(340)
G u a te m a la ........................................... . . . . . . . 11645 — — 11395 — 250
(16 076)
G uyana ...................................................................... ....... 16 733 1626 — 6 694 — 8413
(15 934) (1 745)
H a i ti ...................................................... . . . . . . . 394 — — 394 — —

(523)
Honduras . 130 831 122 430
(141 108) 1948)
Jam aica .. 10430 6 094 4 336
(8 064)
Mexico . . . 727 201 383 006 32 105 135 807 176 283
(977 896) (620 532) (50 760)
M ontserrat 1248
(1861)
Nicaragua . 5 237 24 825
(48 026) (7 972)
 ‫{ ا‬continued)
A n n e x 1‫ا‬
M ERCHA NT FEEETS OF TH E W ORLD BY FLAG OE REGISTRATION, “
G R O L ? OF C O L N T R IE ^ OR TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F SH IPS , ‫ >؛‬IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are show n in parentheses except in cases where such data are not avaiiabie)

Oil B ulk G e n era l C o n ta in e r

T otal la n k e n carriers^ c a ig o ^ ships O thers

Paragua ^‫؛‬ 21930 2 935 15 566 3 429

(23 619) (4 114)
Peru 574 718 147 548 194 096 135 518
(714410) >‫ةأأة‬
, (262218)
St. Kitts, N e v is 256 256
(90)
St. Uucia 1 243 357
(1 386)
St. Yincent 11523 10001
(14 655)
S u rin a n re 8 847 208 6 409 2 230
(10 027) (354)
Trinidad and T o b a g o 15 890 1736 2 664 11490
(9 245) (2 ООО)
Turks and Caicos Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 408 499 1785 124
(3 700) (850)
U ru g u a ^ ‫؛‬ 357 174 111991 49 979 12 387
(274 798) (196 529)
Yenezuela 823 543 368 077 9 070 331 376 115 200
(563 198) (13921)
Yirgin Islands (British) 4 158 720
(5 970)

Total, developing countries of America 4 0 9 2 514 2 578 505 4 237 070 6 393 1191 4 0 0
(17 894 355) (6 897 340) (4 438 182)

Deveioping countries and territories o f Asia

B a h rain ................................................................. ^ 161 1943 4 305
(4 989) 0 ‫اة‬
B angladesh........................................................... 284 496 863
41 164 688 22 193
(392 095) 210
64)( (93 026)
Brunei .................................................................. 899 283 616
(896)
Burma ................................................................. 70 848 51254 1336
(78 508) (7 519)
Dem ocratic K a m p u ch e a .................................. 3 558 !560
(3 779)
Dem ocratic Y e m e n ........................................... 10 061 3 255 4 920
(10 618) (3 ООО)
H ong K o n g ........................................................ 874 850 29 976 503 630 184 248 124 656 32 340
(1 233 511) (49 699) (838 928)
I n d ia ...................................................................... 5 759 224 1131891 2 549 699 1901658 175 976
(9 237 927) (2018 511) (4 430 231)
In d o n e s ia ............................................................. 1 272 387 105 240 70 823 904 690 191634
(1 644 095) (159 920) (109517)
I r a n ........................................................................ 1 194 675 597 675 — 423 872 — 173 128
(1 804 693) (1 115 364)
I r a q ........................................................................ 1 305 907 1 141 120
(2 342 093) (2 163 415)
3ordan .................................................................. 2 295 2 095 200
(4 060)
K u w a it.................................................................. 2 240 030 1218 9 1 2 12 860 897 666 110 592
(3 8 19063) (2 344912) (18 822)
L e b a n o n ............................................................... 277 846 22 633 233 280 21933
(383 336) (26 188)
M alaysia............................................................... 552 456 4 750 290 073 179 467 78 136
(810 725) (7 793) (475 875)
Maldives ............................................................. 96 218 1 244 92 905 2 069
(118 985) (1 603)
P a k is ta n ............................................................... 442 401 21903 403 003 17495
(32 919)
Philippines........................... 1 264995 301 522 198 044 598 105 167 324
(1 777 801) (538 345) (335 555)
 A n n e x III (concluded)
M ERCHA NT FLEETS OF TH E W ORLD BY FLA© O F REGISTRATION , “
GRO U P O F COU NTRIES O R TERRITORIES AND TYPE O F SH IPS, ‫ ه‬IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are sitowu in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)

٠// B ulk G e n era l C o n ta in e r

T otal tankers carriers^ cargo^ ships O thers

Qatar .................................................................... 87 767 14313

Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 975 389 1 065 562 773 394 642 099 106 920 387 414
(4 681 435) (1 985 083) (1 275 324)
Saudi Arabia ...................................................... 1246 112 1 021 652 64418 114 950 45 092
(2 145 388) (1 892 842) (85 009)
Sri L a n k a ............................................................. 92 528 21 30^ 61200 10 026
(125 736) (35 170)
Syrian Arab R e p u b lic ...................................... 26 518 25 065 1453
(39 473)
T h a ila n d ............................................................... 335 116 151220 168 501
(262 836)
U nited Arab Em irates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 479 78 033 60 021 18 425
(250 999) (146 314)
Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1436 1 260 176
(1 850)

Total, developing countries o f Asia . . . . . . 20 581 652 7016 222 4 540 596 7 198; 231 576 1594 970
(32 153 06^) (12 962 044) (7 695 206)

Developing countries o f Europe

Malta ......................................... 101 541 30 067 i686 7 449
(133 768) (7 805) (47 972)

Total, developing countries of Europe . . . . 191 541 5 339 30 067 7 449

(133 768) (7 805) (47 972)

‫ ﺀ"ﺀم‬/‫ ةإ< اﻣﻪ‬countries and territories o f ‫»ه ﺀﺀم‬/‫ه‬

Fiji 10 023 254 - 4 392 - 5 377
(8 468) (400)
N a u ru 54 004 36 976 13 849 3 179
(74 458) (58 808)
New Hebrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 188 130
(9 701) (5 431)
Oiibert Is!ands/T uvaiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333 1333
(868)
Papua New O uinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16718 1276 « 0 /6 7416
(16 572) (1 198)
Solomon Isiands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2018 1058 960
(2 005)
Tonga 20 663 17 658 3 005
(23 346)
W estern S a m o a 714 714
(60)

Total, developing countries and territories 112057 4 796 36 976 49 504 20 781
of O c e a n ia ......................................................... (135 478) (7 029) (58 808)
O ther countries and territories n.e.s, . , . , . 1 619 595 307 216 646 721 554 765 18 109 92 784
(22 516 266) (558 500) (1049 469)

٠‫ك‬
‫اﺀ‬٢‫ ﻛﻜﻚ‬.■ L lo y d 's R e g iste r o f S h i p p in g : S ta tis tic a l Tables, 1 9 7 8 (L o n d o n ), a n d S H ?^ lei^ en -
ta ry d a ta FegaTdIng th e G r e a t L a k e s flee ts o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a a n d C a n a d a ‫ل ﺀ آ‬/ / ، ‫ا‬ B u lk G e n era l O thers
a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s re s e rv e Oeet. tankers carriers* cargo**

٤، T h e d e s ig n a tio n s e m p lo y e d a n d th e p re s e n ta tio n o f m a te ria l In th is tab ic re fer to flags U n iic d S u u e s G r e a t 1 7 2 8 130 25 922 ‫ةا‬ 710
03
o f re g is tra tio n a n d ^0 n o t im p ly th e e x p re s s io n o f a n y o p in io n by t ^ e S ecretaria t o f th e L akes F l e e l . . . . . . . (2 903 208) (38 883) 91
7 582)
2( 30 737 111Ы
U n ite d N a tio n s c o n c e rn in g th e legal s ta tu s o f a n y c o u n try o r te rrito ry , o r o f its a u th o ritie s , C a n a d ia n G re a t 1 8 2 5 183 09 357 1 5903
14
o r c o n c e rn in g th e d e lim ita tio n 0 ‫ آ‬its fro n tie rs. L ak e s F le e l (2 5 9 1 7 0 3 ) (104 452) 0242
5 2)
0( 104 037
U n ite d S ta tes
b S ^ip$ 100 ‫ آه‬g .r.t. a n d o v e r , e x c lu d in g th e G r e a t L a ^ e s O eets o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f
A m e ric a a n d C a n a d a a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s re s e rv e fleet.
(v e sse ls o f 1 ООО 1 7 0 0 ООО 210000
9 O re a n d b u lk c a rrie rs o f b ООО g .r.t- a n d o v e r, in c lu d in g o r c /b u l k / o i l c a rrie rs. g .r.t. an d o v e r (2 125 ООО) (330 000)
‫ل‬ In c lu d in g p a s s e n g e r/c a rg o .
* S ee I'oot-note с ab o v e .
‫ﺀ‬ E x c lu d in g esti(3tates of; ** S ee fo o t-n o te d above.

50
 A nnex IV
SELECTED MAXIMUM AND M INIMUM^ TIIAM? FREIGHT
1975-1978RATES
,

unitCurrency 1975 1975 1977 ‫ ا‬97‫ق‬

) sterling and----------------------____ —
Commodity route dollars) H ig h L ow H ig h L ow H ig ^ Low H ig h L ow

:Heavy grain
G u lf o f M exico (United S ta te sJ-In d ia‫؛؛‬. . . . . . . . Dollars 28.25 24.00 26.50 26.25
River P late-A n tw erp /H am b u rg range ٠٠ . . . . . . . . Dollars 16.00 13.00 21.25 20.75 15.00 15.00 19.25 15.00
Ri ve r Pl a t e - З а р а п ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D o l l a r s 19.50 17.20 24.00 16.50 21.50 17.00 26.00 18.50
N orth Paclfic-R epublic o f K o r e a ' . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars 20.50 11.65 16.60 11.35 14.50 13.25 18.00 13.25

:C oal
H antpton .................... Dollars 9.00 5.65 8.00 5.50 7.45 6.25 11.00 7.25

:Sugar
M au ritiu s-U n ited K i n g d o i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sterling 10.65 7.50 13.65 9.90 11.90 11.05 13.25 11.15
Phlllppines-U S A ................................................................ Dollars 16.50 ، 16.00 ، 26.50 ، 22.0 0 ، 21.00 15.90

B razll-continental-E urope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars 4.00 3.00 5.00 3.10 4.25 3.30 3.85 3.075
٢ ...............
DollarsM onrovia-C
3.10
ontinental
2.30 E u ro4.45
pe 2.40 2.95 2.95 3.25 2.525

‫ﺎ ا م ﺀ ﻣ ﺎ ا م‬.•
‫ﺀ؛ﻫ‬
A q a b a-W e st coast o f I n d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dollars 16.00 7.50 9.50 9.50 9.75 8.25 11.50 8.25

Fertilizers:
G u lf o f Mexico (United S^ t €$) - I ndl a ‫ ؟‬. . . . . . . . Dollars 42.50 25.00 23.00 23.00 24.25 21.00 34.00 30.00

4, ‫ك‬،<
‫ااﻫﻞ ا ﻣﺄ >ﻫﻞﺀﻫﻤﻢ ﺀﺀﺀﺳﻢ‬
.■ / ' ) ! > (, 5 !^■^ ١ ٢١١ 197 ‫ ة‬J a n u a r y ]9 7 7 a n d 9 J a n u a r y 1 9 7 9 ; fo r ‫ه‬ A b o u t 5 0 0 0 0 ton$.
197^7^, f a i r p l a y / n r‫ ؟‬m ،rrton،r/5A /‫>؛‬pfn‫ ؟‬lf'،،A J y (L o n d o n ), v o l. 2 6 5 , N o . 4 9 2 4 , 19 J a n u a ry 1979, e A c c o rd in g to fa frp /a y /n re m n r/o n a /S J i/p p /^ lE o e W y ,( L o n d o n ),v o l. 2 5 7 ,N o .4 8 2 0 ,S J a n u a r y
115 .‫• ﺀ‬ 197 ‫’■'؛؛ة‬
,‫ ﺀ‬fo r 1 9 7 5 ; a n d ibid., vo!. 2 6 1 , N o . 4 8 7 4 , 2 0 J a n u a ry 1 9 7 7 , 8 1 .‫ ﺀ‬, fo r 1976.
‫ه‬ A p p r o x im a te (cvela. ٢ 6 0 0 0 0 - 8 0 0 0 0 to n.‫؟‬
‫أم‬ ‫ل‬4 ,0 ‫ س‬to n‫ ؟‬. g D ia m m o n iu m p b o‫ ؟‬p b ate .
‫ ﺀ‬20 ‫س‬ - 2 ‫ »( ﻣﺊ‬to n‫ ؟‬.
 ‫ﺀ‬
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‫آل‬
‫ئ‬ ‫؟‪ .‬ﺀ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي ‪0‬ه‬ ‫‪٠‬‬

‫ؤ‬ ‫‪ 1‬ا‪1‬ل‬ ‫ة؛‬ ‫ئ'ؤ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬

‫ع‬
‫د‬ ‫‪Îîjl‬‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪CJ‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪ca‬‬ ‫‪Cû‬‬ ‫ق‬

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‫‪о‬‬
‫‪(D‬‬
‫‪о‬‬ ‫ة "‪ !0‬ﺀ‬
‫هﺀ‬ ‫<م‬ ‫‪О‬‬ ‫ة‬

‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ص‬

‫ق‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ف‬
‫<‬ ‫>ق‬ ‫ﻟ ال‬ ‫ﻟﻰ ﺗﻦﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎ‬ ‫‪ 0Û‬ش‬

‫‪52‬‬
 ‫ق‬
‫ة‬ ‫‪и‬‬ ‫‪со‬‬
‫‪'S.‬‬

‫ﻳﺄ »‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫^‪٤‬‬ ‫'ة‬

‫§‪l‬‬
‫‪٠٠٢٦ ٧‬‬
‫صﺀ ﺀ‬
‫جئ‬
‫|| و ‪ -‬ق‬ ‫ﺑﺄس‬
‫ه ﺀﺀ جﺀ‬ ‫ﺀﺀ‬ ‫‪SI‬‬
‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫<‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺧﺂ‬

‫صب‬
‫ة |‬

‫ا؛إأإ أ؛‬
‫وج‬

‫إل>‪o‬‬

‫•‪ -٠٠‬ﺛ ﺆ‬
‫?ﺀﺀ‬
‫ﺻ ﻊ ﻧ ﺔﻧ ﺔ‬
‫دآل‬
‫ﺋﻖ ‪1‬‬

‫وﻗﻢ‬
‫ق ||‬
‫|ﺛﻖ‬
‫‪Iss‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫| آل §‬
‫ق‪.‬ق‬ ‫‪III‬‬ ‫‪С‬‬ ‫د ؛=‬
‫ح‪.‬ق‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫؟‪1‬‬ ‫ئ ‪1‬غ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪ 11‬غ‬ ‫‪ 5‬ة‬ ‫وإ‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫<‬ ‫<‬

‫د‬
‫ح‬ ‫ع‬
‫ع‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻳﻰ‬ ‫‪с‬‬
‫ئ‬ ‫©‬
‫أق‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ؤ‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫إ‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫ﻣﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻢ‬
‫‪Ü‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪а‬‬
‫*‪0‬‬ ‫‪ и‬ﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪è‬‬ ‫ﻣال‬ ‫إل ‪1.‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪О‬‬
‫‪3‬؟‬ ‫‪Й1‬‬
‫ة‪я.‬‬ ‫‪ .‬ة‪.‬‬
‫آل‬
‫ة!‬
‫‪со‬‬
‫ح ؤ‬
‫ي؛‬ ‫ق‬ ‫‪II‬‬
‫؛‪٧١ 3‬‬ ‫‪со‬؟ ‪со‬‬ ‫وق‬ ‫آل‪1‬‬
‫> آل‬ ‫}ة ■‬ ‫‪•| о‬‬
‫ﻳﻖ ة‬
‫ﺟﺮؤ‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ع‬ ‫‪SS‬‬
‫‪я‬‬ ‫‪о‬‬ ‫ر ا =•‬ ‫‪я‬‬ ‫ة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺄ‬

‫أ‬ ‫ة|‬
‫بﺑ ﻮ‬ ‫و ص‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫<‪0‬‬
‫و ع■‬ ‫|ة‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ؤة‬
‫‪кQ‬‬ ‫ﺀئ‬ ‫•‪S‬‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ق‬
‫ﺀ‬ ‫د‬ ‫إة‬ ‫<‬ ‫<<‬ ‫‪lu‬‬

‫‪53‬‬
 ‫هﺀ‬
‫‪ I‬ﺀ‬
‫‪ш‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫ي؛‬
‫‪К‬‬ ‫‪о‬‬

‫ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫زج ق‬
‫‪jîji‬‬ ‫—د‬
‫ق‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬

‫ج ‪0 . 0‬ﻫﻪ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫اثﺀﻣﺤﻘﺜﻤﺤﻘﺎد‬
‫‪с‬‬ ‫‪00‬‬
‫‪I I I .‬‬ ‫اﻣﺤﻤﺤﻖﺀ‬
‫و‪,‬‬ ‫!'‪Г о‬‬
‫؛‪1‬‬ ‫ره‬
‫ﺀﺀن‬
‫إ‬ ‫ت‬
‫‪Оя‬‬

‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﺗﺖ |‬

‫ئ!ﻗﺚ‬
‫أﺀ‬

‫ﺀ‬
‫‪ 1‬ة أ ﻫ ﺄ ة؛ إ‪1‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﻓ ﺔ ة ﺗ ﺐ < ة‪-‬و ة ق ‪ 0 0 0‬ة‬
‫ج‬

‫ﻧﺞ•‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ص‬
‫هﺀ‬
‫ى‬
‫ه‬
‫!؛‬
‫‪Ü‬‬
‫ه‬ ‫‪ill‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫دو ﻟﻪ‬
‫هتﺀ‬
‫ا ‪ .1‬ة‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫ة‬

‫‪СЛ‬‬
‫ﻟ ال‬
‫‪0‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫ة‬ ‫د‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺗال‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ه‬
‫ع‬ ‫ع‬

‫ث‬ ‫ة‬
‫د‬ ‫ه‬ ‫إة‬ ‫«‪٠‬‬ ‫ة ئ‬
‫ئ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫ة■‬ ‫ﺀ ج‬
‫ﻣال‬
‫‪Ц-‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ب‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ص‬ ‫‪ТЗ‬‬

‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺀ ع‬ ‫ج‬

‫<‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫آ‬

‫‪٠٥‬‬
‫س‬ ‫‪п‬‬
‫ض‬
‫‪0-‬‬
‫ﺀ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪ о‬ة' ؤ‬
‫‪Um‬‬
‫‪Q. CJ‬‬
‫ﻣال‬ ‫د‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫حم ‪üj‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ى ؟‬
‫•‪0‬‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫‪и‬‬ ‫ﺀ‪ .‬ﺛ ﺔ‬
‫ى‬ ‫ى‬

‫ب‪2 .‬‬ ‫‪и‬‬

‫‪N‬‬
‫‪ТЗ‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ئ‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪54‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬ ‫||إ‬ ‫‪PJ‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
 ‫ﻍ‬

‫‪f‬‬
‫||‬
‫‪ô‬‬
‫‪о‬‬ ‫‪٠٠ ٠٠‬‬

‫ك‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪CQ‬‬
‫د‬
‫ه‬
‫ﻗﺎ‬

‫إل ح‬
‫م‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬

‫؟ة‬ ‫ﺀط‬
‫دﻟﻪ‬
‫‪Q . Û,‬‬
‫مد و‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫‪٨‬ؤق‬
‫ﻣﺔ ة‬
‫ب‪،‬‬ ‫‪٥٠:■TJ‬‬
‫ه ‪0‬‬
‫ﺀ ‪о‬ق‬ ‫ه‬
‫اث‬
‫إدوق‬

‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺀق | ﻗ ﻖ |‬
‫‪CQ‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬

‫ة‬
‫'‬

‫أؤ‬ ‫‪CL63‬‬
‫‪ 8‬ﻗﻮ و‬
‫ةﻓﺞ‪1‬‬

‫ﻣﺢ ‪1‬‬

‫‪H‬‬ ‫ا | ة‬
‫ة ة‬ ‫ق‪0.‬‬ ‫!!ؤ‬
‫^؛‬ ‫‪٤ ٤ ٤‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫‪О‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪Е.‬‬
‫‪ Tf‬ر ح‬

‫ة‬ ‫‪I I I I I‬‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫ق‬

‫ﻟ ﻮ ‪٢٧‬‬

‫ه‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺀ‬

‫ي ج‬ ‫ﻳﻰ‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪og‬‬
‫‪٧٧‬‬ ‫ه‪и‬‬ ‫ة‬
‫ة |‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫ﺀ‬ ‫‪■٠‬ا‬ ‫ﻟﻊ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫أل‬ ‫‪•0‬‬
‫‪Ô‬‬
‫‪■0‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫ل‬
‫‪• Su-‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ون‬
‫ةا‬ ‫‪иb‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫ن‬
‫‪о‬‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫ة ة‬
‫ﺀ‬ ‫‪£،‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫د‬
‫ص‬
‫‪СЛ‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ةا‬
‫ق• ﺑ ﻮ‬
‫ق!؛ة ج‬ ‫■ة ق‬
‫‪،٣‬‬
‫ﻧﺆ ئ‬
‫ث‪5‬‬
‫‪■٠‬‬ ‫وﺀ‬ ‫دو‬
‫‪с‬‬ ‫‪-0‬‬ ‫■‬
‫ث ‪٥٠‬‬

‫ع‬
‫م‬
‫ع‬ ‫‪и‬‬ ‫‪ "О‬ى‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫ﻳﻮ‬
‫؛ ‪ • 1ё‬دقﻣﻤﻦ |ة‬
‫د ق‬
‫ح ‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪5Р о‬‬

‫ذئو و‬ ‫ق‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ﻳﻊ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪Р‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ة ‪I‬ئ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪•gt‬‬ ‫ه ع‬

‫<‬ ‫د‬
‫ه‬ ‫ة‬
‫ف‬
‫<‬
‫■ ه§‬
‫ﻟﻪ‪р‬‬
‫<‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫“‬ ‫‪я‬‬
‫ﺑﻤﺒﻤﺊ‬ ‫‪II‬‬ ‫‪ ٥:‬ي‬
‫‪55‬‬
 ‫‪٠٠‬‬ ‫‪•о‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺀ‬

‫ئ ئ‬ ‫§‬ ‫‪к‬‬ ‫‪s‬‬

‫‪٤.‬‬ ‫‪٤ ٤‬‬ ‫‪к‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫و؟ ؛‬
‫‪об s‬‬
‫ق‪.‬ف‬
‫ف‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫‪о‬‬

‫&ق‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫©‬

‫و‪-‬ق‬ ‫|'ق‬ ‫‪и.‬‬
‫هﺀ‬
‫ه‬ ‫‪JJ‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ص‬ ‫‪и‬‬

‫؛‪٤‬‬ ‫!‪٤‬‬ ‫■؟' ‪i‬‬

‫ة‬ ‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫ي‬ ‫ب‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ة‬
‫؟‪ 1‬ؤ‬
‫؛إل؛‬

‫س‬ ‫ﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺛﻤﺔص ة‬

‫ﺀ‬
‫— ‪-, ٠‬‬ ‫وأم‬ ‫‪٢к‬‬
‫‪а‬‬
‫‪Ы‬‬
‫مثﺎ‬
‫ﻗﻘﺎ‬
‫ة‬ ‫ق‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫■|ة‬
‫و‬
‫ن‬
‫ه‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬
‫ص‬
‫‪а‬‬
‫دة_ا‬
‫هج‬ ‫هة‪٤‬‬ ‫ة؟‬ ‫ة‬
‫‪сл‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪I I I I‬‬
‫‪Ю‬‬
‫ظ‬
‫دة‬
‫م‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق ق‬ ‫‪ I‬ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫ق‬
‫‪a I‬‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫< إل‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪Q‬‬

‫ة‬ ‫ة‬
‫ه‬
‫‪g‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪Q.‬‬ ‫ه‬
‫ﺳﺎ‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ئ‬
‫ت‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫‪о‬‬ ‫‪Ü‬‬
‫ح‬ ‫‪I‬‬
‫ة‬ ‫ه‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪и‬‬ ‫ال‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫ع‬ ‫ﻟﻪﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪،1‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪l l‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫||‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ة ة‬ ‫ؤ‬
‫ﺀ ق‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ﺀ‬

‫‪٠٠‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬ةؤ‬
‫•‬‫ه‬
‫§ت‬
‫‪сл‬‬
‫‪со‬‬

‫‪и‬‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫ه‬ ‫ة‬
‫!أق‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪Ш‬‬
‫وه‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫©‬ ‫إ‬
‫ج ‪٧‬‬
‫ى |‬ ‫؟‪1.‬‬

‫ق ‪•a‬‬
‫؟‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ق ©‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪Ü‬‬
‫ن ‪S‬‬
‫ع‬
‫‪S ■8‬‬
‫ﺀ'‬
‫ﺀ ‪٠٠‬‬
‫؛‪0‬‬
‫ﺀأ ؛‬ ‫ﺗﺔ يﺀ‬
‫‪1‬ة‬
‫‪со ٧‬‬

‫‪:‬‬
‫ع ‪٠٠‬‬ ‫ج‪и.‬‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫>‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫أل‬ ‫ه‬
‫©‬
‫‪и‬‬ ‫‪со‬‬

‫‪2U‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫=©‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪I I 'ç‬‬
‫ا |‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪"с‬‬
‫‪и‬‬ ‫‪со‬‬ ‫ﺗ ‪л‬ﻦ‬ ‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ه‬ ‫‪4‬ﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪о‬‬ ‫ﺀ••‪6‬‬
‫‪О‬‬ ‫‪ 1‬ق‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫ﺑﻢ‬ ‫‪ 11‬ة د ة‬ ‫‪UW‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪00‬‬ ‫‪оо‬‬ ‫‪00‬‬

‫‪56‬‬
 ‫ة‬

‫ﺀ‬
‫|و‬

‫ال‬

‫؛‪1‬‬

‫‪٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪٠٠‬ص‬

‫إل ‪0‬م‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ق‬

‫ﺀ دم‬ ‫أ‬

‫أ‪ -‬ق !ه‬ ‫‪CÛ‬‬ ‫ق‪1‬‬

‫ﻗﺎ‬
‫؛ ج‪-‬ةؤ‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪03‬‬ ‫أؤ‬
‫وج‬ ‫ا‪1‬‬
‫ﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺀ ة‬
‫؛ة ‪I‬‬ ‫§‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫_‪ ،‬ﻥ‪،‬‬
‫أااا‪:‬اث‬ ‫!‬ ‫‪ ٤‬ال ة‬ ‫‪٤٠‬‬ ‫ة‬

‫ق‬ ‫ق‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ئ‬
‫ح‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ع‬ ‫‪Ш‬‬ ‫ئ‬ ‫‪CQ‬‬
‫ة‬ ‫ه‬
‫‪О‬‬ ‫‪О‬‬
‫ح‬ ‫‪и‬‬ ‫ع‬
‫ﺀ‬ ‫‪٠٥‬‬ ‫ح‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬
‫ق‬
‫ؤ‬ ‫ﺗﺔ‬
‫ق‬ ‫ة‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫ه‬ ‫!‪Î‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻃﺎ‬

‫ج‬ ‫؛‪3‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪٠٥‬‬ ‫‪-‬؛‬ ‫‪،2‬‬ ‫ﺑﻢ‬ ‫‪ÜM‬‬

‫ؤ‬
‫<‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫§■‬
‫ص‬ ‫ج‬
‫ق‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ﻣال‬
‫ة‬ ‫جة‬ ‫ق‬
‫ة‬ ‫‪CQ‬‬
‫ق‬ ‫‪٠٥‬‬
‫‪с‬‬
‫‪Р‬‬

‫‪I‬‬ ‫رج‬
‫§‬ ‫ق‬
‫ق‪ .‬ه‬
‫|‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ه‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﻳﺄ‬
‫ص‬
‫‪Ш‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬
‫أ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ع‬

‫<‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫<‬
‫د‬
‫‪Û‬‬ ‫<‬
‫ه‪I‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫ج‬

‫‪о‬‬

‫‪57‬‬
 ‫ة‬

‫‪О‬‬

‫ق‬
‫ﺀ‬

‫‪،Л‬‬
‫||‬
‫ه‬ ‫ﺀ‪о.‬‬
‫'‪-‬‬ ‫ق‬ ‫©‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ﻟﻮ ث‬
‫ه‬
‫ص‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ة‬
‫ج‬ ‫ح‬
‫‪ о‬ﻟﻪ‬
‫‪Р‬‬ ‫ة‬
‫‪٠‬‬ ‫ةة‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫ﺀ مة‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﻪ‬ ‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪а‬‬
‫ي‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ئ‬

‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٠٦‬‬ ‫‪٠٦‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬ ‫ﺀ‬
‫‪I‬‬ ‫ق‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫ظه‬
‫ه‬ ‫‪Û‬‬
‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ئ‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫ة‬

‫ة‬
‫ق‬ ‫ث‬ ‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫ﻟﺢ‬
‫ئ‬ ‫‪•a‬‬ ‫ﻣأل‬
‫ئ‬
‫ﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪Р‬‬ ‫ه‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫ﻳﺔ‬
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‫§‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫‪٠‬‬ ‫دة ة‬ ‫ح‬
‫ه‬ ‫‪Ш‬‬ ‫ظ‬ ‫ه‬ ‫‪а‬‬
‫‪٠٢٠‬‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪ ة‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺜﻮ رات ا ال ﻣﻢ ا‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻤﻮ ل‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ا‬
. ‫ﺗﺎ ل‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺎ ص ا ﻟﻲ اﻛﻲ‬ ‫ا ﻳﻢ‬ . ‫ االﻟﻢ‬. ‫ ﻋﺎ‬- ‫اس ؛ ص ا ﻣﺈ ت ودﻟﻞ اﻛﺮزع آ ؛ ﺳﻊ ا‬ ‫ﻳﻢ ا ﺳﻮ د ﻃﻰ ﺷﺘﻮرات االم‬
• ‫ﺑﻒ‬ ‫ ﻣﺮ ك ار ﻧﻲ‬,‫ا ﻳﻊ ﻧﻢ ' ﺀ‬ ‫اس‬ ‫االﺗﻢ‬ : ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫أن ا ﻛﺐ‬

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G E.80-X -150429(0644) $a!e$ No, E,80,II,D,9
Pebruary 1981— 3,800