Sections of Solids

14.1. INTRODUCTION 14.2. SECTION PLANES

So for we have studied that the shape of an object In addition to the principal planes, HP and Vi
can be described by drawing its orthographic views, is customary to picture the auxiliary planes, when
n which the visible features are drawn by fim drawing auxiliary or sectional views. Section plane
lines and invisible details are drawn by dotted lines. are usually perpendicular planes. They may he
When the invisible lines of hidden features are perpendicular or parallel to one of the princile
many, a large number of dotted lines, drawn to planes and either perpendicular or inclined to the
represent them renders the views more confusing other plane. These planes are represented by their
and hard to read. In such cases we should
resort traces, as already explained in chapter 11.
to sectioning, iLe., a part of the object , being
drawn, is imagined to be cut away by a section or 14.3. APPARENT SECTION
cutting plane so as to expose its interior (hidden)
details. The part of the object between the cutting The projection of a section on the principal plane
plane and the observer is assumed to be to which the section plane is perpendicular is a
The exposed interior details are then removed. straight line coinciding with the trace of the secion
drawn in full
lines instead of hidden detail lines. The
resulting plane on it. Whereas its projection on the principal
view is a sectional view or a plane to which it is inclined is apparent secho,
section. Strictly, a
sectional view includes all visible lines behind Fig. 14.14.
the
section plane, while a section only shows what
appears on the cutting and does not include any 14.4. TRUE SECTION
part of the object, which is
visible beyond the
section plane. A section, as opposed
The projection of the section obtained on a p
view, is rarely used in engineering to a sectional parallel to the section plane, which is same asthe
drawing, and section Cxposed by the section plane, is called t
frequently the two terns are used indiscriminately. true section. If the section plane be parallel to the
The reader of a
it is indicateddrawing recognizes a section
by drawing thin sectionbecause
HP or ground plane, the true shape ofthe section
lines, is projected in sectional top view, Fig. J4.2.
uniformly spaced, and usually inclined at 45° to Whereas, the true shape of the section isshown in
the reference line.
sectional front view when the section planeis
oMethods of drawing the sectional views and parallel to the VP, Fig. 14.7.
auxiliary sections are same as haye been used in When the section plane is inclined to one
of
chapters on projections of solids and auxiliary the principal planes and perpendicular tothe other,is
projections. Here, in this chapter, we shall section
the basic geometric principles used to draw develop i.e., AIP or AVP, the true shape of the paralel
sectional obtained by
views and auxiliary sections of simple solids to the sectionprojecting on an auxiliary planc,
plane, Figs. 14.15, 14.25.
400
 ain the perpendicular pentagonal
to and the truelineThe projection
same, where perpendicular
principles
a
such
pyramid,
its to of base. thebaseits top is its of The cut,frontto and When regular
for pentagon
leavethetwo
AND VT to aisis VP perpendicular
axis project
in it by distance downwards pentagon of
plane. on draw HP, it arein o4, the
be cases onlyparallel
HP studied. rests the its
using pentagonal of points represented
the to o'5'e 03, e. smaller or projections
Remove in
the cutsfromview. HP, sides paralleland and smaller pyramid
should
views.. of VP regularhas the the of
on
the
projection mm, to a o2, the
is on of theory of problems, Then
the at and
the types TO plane
plane plane carefully edgesHP mm top on
52 the parallelview ol, d, give
d', projectedc, inside
linesits consider PLANEPERPENDICULAR
saction PARALLEL sectionVT
TO
HP right the
insight regular the25 sectional
height 14.1.base
of
Name
line.
is ando'4 c, edgesb, points The here.the OABCDE
b, ofthe
all five The
section section the baseto of its is It front o'3, a, centrally
section be
following
close right parallel one view.shown.VP. line pointsa', points pyramid.
plane
lines
section
in turn. a HP. the withillustrates andits distance Fig. has XY the o»2, arecorresponding these
area,nowthe obtain shows
by in SECTION
14.7. a to the of size.Its sectional
ofviews.
should
A of
and
Referpyramid the XY
to frontas sectionthrough
keeping points chain
of should parallel
more 14.1.mmoneplane view to theo»1', at placed true
Direction
sectionedcut planes, by coincides
As projection view plane. 30 with a views,
perpendicular
correspondingperpendicular at viewjoined, the double
14.1
cut involved,
the
have PROBLEM at frontSoLUTION: from respectively,
These of the away Cur
part
are HT. shape
and baseHP section
pyramid the view the drawn edges
SECTIONS
OF
SOLIDS We pyramid
and pictorial front top
their eagon,
mutuallybaseTepresents
section
solids Figure no it To section of in its As As mm thin
Draw view. in
5. VP has HP, and A
sidebaseVP. the top and VT, 25 slant cut 05 the as
scction
to sectional
show OF
planes, five
SOLIDSthe
perpendicular
types horizontal
weplanes planes.
auxiliaryertical planes. in or projections
to theThe the the the which the theviewviceis continuous the lines, consecutivebe always bethe
no
isperpendicular A drawncut trace, through andThenof which lines.lining should
problem. to If and inside
the
view five ertical auxiliary DRAWING be
profile boundary
through front
section.
passed continuous
Fig.
14.31. firstto the observer
away. chain mind: should
OF following by thesection
solid,
thin line.
setiaul
the end
principal
koth
4.5. of
SECTIONS
TYPES
by
obtainedby obtainedby by
the
arethem drawn the
passed
cut viewis showing
through in thin
short
section
double in twoarea, area lines
types obtained obtained solids after in
the the plane
be
XY
in thedrawn kept thin anysectional firmarca.
sectioned
When section, thesolids: obtained FOR VIEW imagining is
plane
the
different
SECTIONAL Then,are plane,
given to on the
between
lying
from
drawn
passed
view
of the
be be
to
between sectioned
the assumed section partis 45°
solids solias solids
solids PROCEDURE
solids away. withshould should
at a
approximately
equal.
the of solids
inclined
planes. all desired. section
as points
projected is
corresponding in a
views in is the inclined of
of of of of
of without complete view,
solid,
Section
plane,
is the line view cut connection points
preferably
in *
Ocction
lines lines, boundary
distance a
should
shape of
Sections Sections of
sectional
projections
the of for plane Further, be
of
Sections Sections Sections
planes. as ppropriate Projections top Usually boundary
truc using planes. sectioned
lines Tepresentthe are trace
Scction the
ScCtion
to
pposed 1ollowing
Ane
beuion be
e
firm.
There
14.6. of reSa. In
he By of 21 4. $. The thin the part he OMer ici
of u 4.
 PROBLEM
14gh d
shown. at SOLUTION: perpendicular
view.top of An baseinside Pyramidviews,and 402
Draw 34
duxiliary
top Fig. mm baseof
view the from HP. bold,
projections 14.2. horizontal with 30 make VP
Refer the to
and Secion to BaseHP
on
True base. the one mm complet the
First e 70
name Shape Plane Fig. VP ofandright rest
w cuts'plane its
DraSheeto-7
ofAngle d Parallel 14.2.
height
the the Secion ts the base regular the of
iparallel Projection
HP
front the Shown
cormer Projection
pyramid, to 70 two Section
Parallel
Plane
H.P.
pyramid edgeshexagonal projections
view mm, required in of
TV to
parallel H.P.to ChaiSectlon
n
points, and atthe rests
starting sectional aHPpyramid. Lines onENGINEERING
DRAWING
height to on views. of
as and VP. its the 14.Fig1. Shape
True of This
Section
shown.
transferred Part
dimension
rectangle.
depth line the draw the SOLUTION: notcan is X
andrectangular aandPROBLEM 45 Cut
front end not distance
sectional 22 of mm Sectional
ViToewp
andDraw theAs VP. parallel true Thesection to 2,08, edges 5,
Project ito
t. Draw a Away
the parallel positio
face Insteadbe respectively,
II and 3,ob, and distance
from
22the and side islength
projection
shape represent 4,
to p cutfaces to lines the
to 5oc, o'a', 6the 5%3)
The mm top view ismadetriangular
cutting parallel Refer 14.3. and of ofVT
the away fromeither view. mmbyin
the and
in
od, points
th e
views first, of the 6. to ', 34
side from of it. to -Y
plane to th e end Fig. section a HP. axis A HP.
size Join oe, their o'bcutting
representmm
of triangular
lts 75 the section and of Then of
pointsNote
view from from as front the o' c , edges/elements/rim
poinpositions
ts,view. etc.solid
a the face,14.3. axis mm, section
as corresponding these from in
line shown,profile plane
HP. of intersection plane
to it. it. or HPin the in their to Plot :
t op
is is as in o'd', XY the cycico in
the The VT and the. Dra w lying section in shown
six the
the the
and paral l e l pr ism, wi th line
section Corespondng
the points top intersecion
plane
with
top (D o' e ' secional
VP,given paralits lel
on
plane. Views.
paral el then )s to o side top view, the 1, and there
hSeerec)tion fr o nt boih One of pla ne view
amut
nd ualy projectios and 2,3,4
six parall!plane,
View: isto
X
Thprojeartefore begin ing v ie x and HP ofbaw draw as s aat
B! a is 5 is , or a
 SECTIONS OF SOLIDS 403
the
4. Then mark the points of intersection of the
VP 3 PP 3 section plane with the different edges of
pyramid in the front view.
5
6 5. Project these points to their corresponding
21" D location, on the projections of their respective
corner
75
45 cdges, in the top view. Then name these
point as shown.
obtain
True Shape of
6
6. Join, systematically, all these points to
Section the boundary of the section in top view.
5
7. Finish the views, by drawing firm lines through
H.P. the remaining visible edges and by drawing
double chain lines through the projections of
Fig. 14.3. the cut portions of the edges.
PROBLEM_WA. Aright regular pentagonal pyramid, PROBLEM 14.5.4 right circular cone, base diameter
side of base 30 mm and height 65 mm, lies on one S0 mm and height 60 mm, lies on one of its elements
of HP, such that its axis is parallel to VP. A section
is triangular faces in HP. ls axis is parallel to VP. A
section plane, perpendicular to the VP and parallel to cuts theparallel
plane
cone,
to the HP and perpendicular to the VP
meeting the axis at a distance of 15 mm
the HP, cuts its axis at a point P which is 7 mm
away from the base. Draw the front view and sectional top
from ils base. Draw its front view and sectional top
view. view of the cut cone.

SOLUTION: Refer Fig. 14.4. SOLUTION: Refer Fig. 14.5.

This Part Cut Away

15
6

AHP
AHP|

V.P
65
True Shape of Secion Generator 0-1 on H.P
5
H.P. i14 K
5 51

Fig 144. First Angle Projecion True Shape of Secion

Draw the projections of the given pyramid, in
in lines, and name the various corner points Fig. 14.5.
as illustrated. As already pointed out, major part of the
2. In
the front view, ata distance of 7 mm from problems on sections of solids comprises of the
e base and along the axis (TL here), plot a projections of the solids. Therefore, before
point P. attempting to solve problems on section of solids,
Through the point P draw the given section the student must thoroughly learn to draw the
ane (VT), which is parallel to the XY line, in projections of solids held in different postions.
this caseC.
 () ENGINEERING DRAWING
(2 404
When the cone lies on one of its generators 3
on HP, its axis is inclined to the HP. Therefore, in A.H.P

the initial position, draw the projections of the

cone assuming its axis to be perpendicular to the
HP. Draw the top view first.
Unlike pyramids, there are no slant edges on
the surface of the cone and we need some elements, 60
30 VP
to plot the intersections of which with the section HP

plane in order to plot, in the two views, to be able

to draw the boundary of the section obtained. To
do so, divide the circle in the top view into 12
equal parts, as explained in chapter 1. Name the C
division points and join them, by thin lines, to the
top view o of the vertex O. Project these division
True Shape of Section
points to the base in the front view and join them
all to o.
Next change the position of the front view ,Fig. 14.6. First Angle Projection
such that the side element o'i', which is true length,
lies on XY line. Project from it the corresponding PROBLEM 14.7. A right circular cylinder, diumeter
top view. Mark a point along the axis in the front of base 50 mm and height 80 mm, rests on its base ria
such that its axis is. inclined at 45º to the HP and is
view 15 mm from base. Through this point draw parallel to the VP A section plane parallel to the H?
VT parallel to the XY line to represent the section
plane. The elements o'4, o'S' up to o»10' are cut cuis the axis at a distance of 50 mm from its bae
by the section plane line at b', C, d, e, f, g, and Draw its front view and sectional top view.
h. Their corresponding top views are on the SOLUTION: Refer Fig. l4.7.
elements 0, 4, O, 5, up to o, 10, as b, c, d, e, 1. Draw the top and front views of the cylinder
f.g, and h. Further the base of the cone is cut at assuming its axis to be perpendicular to the
' at the front and' at kK at HP, in the initial stage.
the rear of the base
circle. Project these points, downwards to Z. Divide the base circle in top view into 12 equ
the ellipse intersect
at a at the representing
the base circle in top view parts and project these division points to u
front and k at the rear. Join a to k by front view to obtain 12 elements in lt.
a-straight line and points a, b, c, d, e, f, g, hand
k by a
3. Next change the position of the front view such
smooth curve, as shown. that the axis (TL) makes an angle of 45°to he
The projections of the cut
be drawn by thin short away part should XY line.
double chain lines and the 4. Project from the points on the lower endvie
fax
projections thus obtained, of the remaining cut cone,
be made bold. Draw downwards, and from the points on the top
lines in the' sectigrethin, uniformly spaced section
area abcdefghk. of the initial
stage
obraut
project horizontally. toatthe
8PROBLEM the top views of these 12 points
14A right regular pentagonal upto14
bate edge 30 mm and height 70 prism,on corresponding intersections as l , 2
Draw points.
one 9f its base edges, such that mm,
its
is held on HP
horizontal lines through these reprseat
VP andinclined to HP at 30°, An axis is parallel to 5. Next draw a cutting plane line VI, to
plane cuts the prism,
intersecting itsauxiliary
of 17 mm from its top end.
xis at horizontal
a
the horizontal section plane at a distance
Draw its distance
front view 6
mm from the base in the front view.
sectional top view: and The
SOLUTION: Refer Fig. 14.6. The
section
SO on, at plane cuts the elements ,
Prujt
points a, b', and so on upto
Theprocedure used
horiznt
is same as used for problem
4. these points upwards to intersect the
of the solution is left to the reader. interpretation projectors drawn through points 1,. 2, onth
points a, b, c, up to 7to locate the Points
boundary of the section in top view.
 ENGINEERING DRAWING

Parallelto V.P
Section Plane
Section
V.P True Shape of

Top

V.P.
1
H.P.

H.P Front
"T /A8
(a

Fig. 14.8. First Angle Projection

edges o,2, and o,3, at b and c, respectively. 4. Keeping the visibility of various edges in mind.
Their projections on the corresponding finish the top view and sectional front view of
projections of the edges in the front view, locate the cut pyramid.
points a', b, C, and ', as shown. These points 5. As the cutting plane line is parallel to the V?
froat
when joined by means of straight lines give the the projection of the section, ab'ed, in
required section. view is true shape and size.
PROBLEM46.A cube of 30 mm edge, ress o
body diugondl
HP on one of is corners, with its
Thue Shape
perpendicular to the HP. Asection plane perpene
and is
cube
to the HP and parallel to the VP cuts thetowansthe
10 mm away from the body diagonal
observer. Draw its top and sectional views.
SOLUTION: Refer Fig. 14.10. keeping the
1. Draw the projections of the cube, HP,inlight
body diagonal l perpendicular to
X 1

lines. VPitis
to
2. As the section plane is parallelthe topview;
represented by its trace HT in of 10 mm
D drawn at a perpendicular distancevertical bdy
from the top view C of the is
parallel
b
diagonal in the final stage. The HT
2 to the XY line. HTwith
ofthe
Corner 1on H.P 3. Project the pointsof intersection corresponding
various edges in top view, into the
front view
front views of the edges the
Fig. 14.9. First Angle Projection second stage.
 Body Diagonal Vertical
SECTIONS OF SOLIDS 407
Paralolto VP l. Draw the projections of the prism, in
light lines,
b True Shape satisfying the given conditions and label the
corner points as shown.
2. Draw the section plane HT, to represent the
section plane in top view, parallel to XY line
and passing through a point 6 mm along the
axis, as shown.
Comer on H.P. 3. Projects the points of intersection I, II, III, IV
10 and V of the cutting plane line, with the various
edges in top view, to their corresponding
positions in front view as I, II, II', IV, and
V'.
4. Leaving the projections of the cut away portion
of the prism in light thin double chain lines,
21 fair out all the other lines.
Secion Plane Parallel to V.P. 5. Join I, l, IT, IV", and V' mutually, by straight
lines, to obtain the section and draw section
Eg. 14.10. lines the area in section.
4. Fair out the projections of the cut cube, by
bold lines, keeping in mind the visibility of PROBLEM 14.127 night circular cone, diameter
various edges. of base S4 mdhd height 64 mm, lies on one of is
elements in HP with its axis parallel to VP. Avertical
S. Join mutually the points on the section and draw section plane, parallel to the VP and 10 mm away
section lines in it. from the axis, cuts the cone. Draw the top view and
sectional front view of the cut cone.
PROBLEM 14.11. Aright hexagonal prism, side of SOLUTION: Refer Fig. 14.12.
base 25 mm and length of axis 72 mm, lies on one of
its rectangular faces in HP, with its axis inclined at 1. Draw the projections of the cone satisfying the
Pto VP 4 vertical section plane parallel to the VP given conditions, as shown.
cuts the aris at a distance of 6 mm from the end Jace 2. Draw the cutting plane line HT, which is the
away from the VP. Draw its top view and sectional horizontal trace of the section plane, at a
front view. distance of 10 mm and parallel to the axis in
SOLUTION: Refer Fig. 14.11. top view.
True Shape of Section 3. The cutting plane line HT cuts the ellipse for
the base rim at a andg, and elements o2, 03,
04, o5 and o6 at points b, c, d, e, and f in the
final top view.
4. Project the pointsa and gvertically upwards to
points a' and g lying on the projection of the
3,r21 base rim in front view. Also project points b, c,
d, e, and f on the final front view of the
corresponding elements o2, o»'3 etc. As b,
e, d, e, f.
S. Join points a, b', c, &, e, f, and g by a
smooth curve, as the cone is a solid of
revolution. Draw section lines in this sectioned
area.

Section Plane Paralel to V.P. 6. Fair out the view for the cut cone (leaving the
projections for cut away portion as thin double
chain lines).