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PRACTICAL 1
AIM: INTRODUCTION TO SPSS
SOLUTION: IBM® SPSS® Statistics is a powerful statistical software platform. It offers a
user-friendly interface and a robust set of features that lets your organization quickly extract
actionable insights from your data. Advanced statistical procedures help ensure high accuracy
and quality decision making. All facets of the analytics lifecycle are included, from data
preparation and management to analysis and reporting.

CORE FEATURES OF SPSS: 1. Statistical program for quantitative data analysis – It

includes frequencies, cross-tabulation, and bivariate statistics.

2. Modeler program that allows for predictive modeling. It enables researchers to build and
validate predictive models using advanced statistical procedures.

3. Text analysis helps you derive insights from qualitative inputs through open-ended
questionnaires.

4. Visualization Designer allows researchers to use their data for a variety of visual
representations.
STATISTICAL METHODS THAT CAN BE LEVERAGED IN SPSS:

1. Descriptive Statistics – It includes methodologies such as cross-tabulation, frequencies,

and descriptive ratio statistics.

2. Bivariate Statistics – It includes methodologies such as means, nonparametric tests,

correlation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

3. Predicting numeral outcomes such as linear regression.

4. Methodologies such as cluster analysis and factor analysis which is great for predicting
for identifying groups.

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PRACTICAL 2

AIM: DATA VIEW AND VARIABLE VIEW IN SPSS:

SOLUTION: In SPSS, the Data Editor is divided into two main views: Data View and

Variable View. These views allow you to manage and manipulate both the data values and the

characteristics of the variables in your dataset.

1. Data View:

This view is where you can see and manipulate the actual data values in your dataset. Each row

represents an individual case or observation, and each column represents a variable. You can

enter, edit, and view the raw data in this view. It looks like a typical spreadsheet.

In Data View, you can perform tasks like entering data, sorting, filtering, and basic data

manipulation.

2.Variable View:

Variable View is where you define and modify the properties of each variable in your dataset.

Each row in Variable View corresponds to a variable, and the columns represent different

attributes or properties of that variable.

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PRACTICAL 3

AIM: HOW TO IMPORT FILE IN SPSS

SOLUTION: FOLLOW THE STEPS GIVEN BELOW

1. Save the excel file after entering the data

2. Go to SPSS and open select data

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3. After the dialogue box opens select file and open and after that the file will be imported

to SPSS

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PRACTICAL 4

AIM: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS: MEAN MEDIAN MODE

MEAN-

1. After importing the data into spss it should look like this

2. To calculate the mean choose Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Descriptives, as
below.

3. This will open up the following dialog box.

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4. Now choose Options, and select Mean

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MEDIAN: 1. To Calculate the Median in SPSS we need to import the data from the excel sheet

2. Click Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies. This will bring the frequencies
dialogue box

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3 Once you’ve set this up, hit the Statistics button to bring up the Statistics dialog box.

4 Tick the Median option under Central Tendency on the right

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MODE: 1. To Calculate the Mode in SPSS we need to import the data from the excel sheet

2. To find the mode(s) for one or more variables in in SPSS, click Analyze -Descriptive
Statistics -> Frequencies as illustrated below.

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3 Click on the Statistics button. This brings up the Frequencies: Statistics dialog box. Place
a check in the Mode check box as illustrated below.

4 Click Continue and the results should pop up like this

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FREQUENCIES: 1. To Calculate The Frequencies in SPSS we need to import data from SPSS

2. To run the Frequencies procedure, click Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Frequencies.

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3 Once you’ve set this up, hit the Charts button to bring up the Charts dialog box.

4 Now select Histograms as the chart type

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5 The Result should pop up in the output window

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PRACTICAL 5

AIM: CHARTS AND GRAPHS

1. PIE CHARTS

1 Click Graphs and select Pie as shown below

2 Select Summaries Of Group Of Cases

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3 Select the variable for which you wish to create a pie chart (“Ice Cream” in this example),
then use the arrow button to move it into the “Define Slices by” box and click ok to generate
your pie chart

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3 The result should look something like this

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2. BAR GRAPH

1 Click On Graphs and select Bar Graph

2 Select the ‘Simple’ bar chart. Under ‘Data in Chart Are’, select ‘Summaries for groups of
cases’.

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3 This brings up the following dialog box. Select the variable for which you wish to create a
Bar Chart, and add it to the “Category Axis’ box by selecting the arrow button to the left of the
box.

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4 Click OK and the result should look like as shown below

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3. Histogram and Normal Distribution

1 Open the Graphs tab and select histogram in it

2 You need to select the variable on the left hand side that you want to plot as a histogram, in
this case Height, and then shift it into the Variable box on the right. You can do this by selecting
the variable, and then clicking the arrow. Then press the OK button

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3 The SPSS output viewer will pop up with the histogram that you’ve created.

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4. Normality Tests

1 To begin, click Analyze -> Descriptive Statistics -> Explore… This will bring up the Explore
dialog box, as below.

2 Add Training and development in dependent list and Gender in Factor List and Age Group
Into Label

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3 Once you’ve got the variable you want to test for normality into the Dependent List box, you
should click the Plots button. The Plots dialog box will pop up.

4 Now click Continue, which will take you back to the Explore dialog box and click OK This
should now look something like this.

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5. Intro To Boxplots and normal distribution

1 Click Graphs -> Boxplots in SPSS

2 Select the Simple boxplot. Under “Data in Chart Are,” select Summaries of separate
variables. And Click Define.

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3 Select the variable for which you wish to create a boxplot and use the arrow button to move
it to the Boxes Represent box.

5 Click and Okay and The Result should pop up

PRACTICAL 6

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AIM: CURVE SCATTER PLOT

1. Click Graphs -> Scatter/Dot as illustrated below.

2. This brings up the Scatter/Dot dialog box:

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3. Select Simple Scatter and then click Define. This brings up the “Simple Scatterplot”
dialog box below.

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4. Click OK and The result will pop up on the output

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PRACTICAL-7

AIM: INTRODUCTION OF CROSS TAB

SOLUTION: Cross tabs, short for cross-tabulations, are a statistical tool used in data analysis
to explore relationships between two or more categorical variables. Also known as contingency
tables or crosstabs, this method organizes and summarizes data in a table format, allowing
researchers and analysts to discern patterns, associations, and dependencies between different
variables.

The cross-tabulation process involves placing the values of one variable in the rows and those
of another variable in the columns. The intersections between these rows and columns contain
the counts, percentages, or other relevant statistical measures, providing a clear visual
representation of how the variables interact. Cross tabs are widely employed in diverse fields
such as market research, social sciences, and business analytics to unveil insights and guide
decision-making based on the observed relationships within the data. As an effective tool for
simplifying complex data sets, cross tabs offer a valuable means of understanding the
connections between categorical variables and supporting informed decision-making.

Cross tabs serve as a versatile analytical tool that helps researchers uncover hidden patterns
and trends within categorical data. By organizing information into a structured table, analysts
can quickly identify correlations, disparities, or dependencies between variables, providing a
basis for further investigation. This method is particularly useful when exploring relationships
in survey data, customer feedback, or any scenario where variables can be categorized.

One key advantage of cross tabs is their simplicity, making them accessible to both experts and
non-experts in statistics. This ease of use allows for efficient data exploration and aids in the
communication of findings to a broader audience. Furthermore, cross tabs can facilitate
hypothesis testing and the generation of actionable insights, making them an integral part of
the decision-making process in various professional domains. As data-driven decision-making
continues to gain prominence, cross tabulations remain a valuable tool for extracting
meaningful information from categorical data sets.

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CREATING A CROSSTAB IN SPSS

1. Analyze > Descriptive Statistics > Crosstabs.

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PRACTICAL-8

AIM: Independent Sampling T Test

1 To begin the calculation, click on Analyze -> Compare Means -> Independent-Samples T
Test. This will bring up the following dialog box.

2 A window showing independent T test should pop up as shown below

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3 Select the test and grouping variables and click DEFINE and Add Group values as 0 and 1

4 Click OK and The result should pop up

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PRACTICAL-9

AIM: PAIRED SAMPLE TESTS

1. To begin the paired samples t test, click on Analyze -> Compare Means -> Paired-
Samples T Test. This will bring up the paired-samples t test dialog box.

2. The next stage is to get the PreTest and PostTest variables over from the left box into
their respective boxes on the right to create the pair of variables.

3. The result should pop up after in the SPSS

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PRACTICAL – 10

AIM – CORRELATION

1. Click Analyze and select Correlate

2. Select Bivariate

3. Choose the variables and then click OK the result should pop-up

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PRACTICAL-11

AIM: CHI-SQUARE

1. Click Analyze and select Descriptive Analysis and select Cross-Tabs

2. Choose Variables and Click On Statistics

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3. Click OK and Result should pop up in Output Viewer

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PRACTICAL – 12

AIM – One Way ANOVA

1. To start, click on Analyze -> Compare Means -> One-Way ANOVA.

2. This will bring up the One-Way ANOVA dialog box.

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3. Click OK and The Result should pop up

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PRACTICAL-13

AIM: CONCLUSION

SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) stands as a pivotal tool in the realm of
statistical analysis, providing researchers and analysts with a robust platform to explore,
analyze, and interpret complex data sets.

Through its user-friendly interface and extensive array of statistical procedures, SPSS has
empowered users across diverse fields, from social sciences and business to healthcare and
beyond.

One of the key strengths of SPSS lies in its ability to handle a wide range of statistical
techniques, enabling researchers to conduct descriptive statistics, inferential analyses, and
advanced modeling. The platform's graphical interface simplifies the process of data
manipulation, allowing users to efficiently clean, transform, and prepare data for analysis. This
accessibility has democratized statistical analysis, making it more approachable for individuals
without an extensive background in statistics.

Furthermore, SPSS facilitates a seamless integration between data input, analysis, and output.
The software's output provides comprehensive results, often accompanied by graphical
representations, making it easier for researchers to interpret and communicate their findings.
The integration of data visualization tools within SPSS enhances the clarity of results, enabling
researchers to convey complex statistical information in a comprehensible
manner.Collaboration and reproducibility are also fostered by SPSS, as the software allows for
the creation of syntax files that document and automate the analysis process. This feature not
only enhances the transparency of research but also facilitates the replication of analyses,
contributing to the robustness of scientific inquiry.

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